History and Geography of the Middle East Historical Understandings of the Middle East.
-
Upload
kristin-doyle -
Category
Documents
-
view
228 -
download
7
Transcript of History and Geography of the Middle East Historical Understandings of the Middle East.
History and Geography of the Middle East
Historical Understandings of the Middle East
The Middle East Many people refer to this
region as the Middle East because of its location.
For centuries empires and kingdoms have fought for control of these lands.
One reason is the location-whoever held control of the region influenced trade.
Trade=$$$$$$$
Trade Routes
What are the types of climate?
Arid-extremely dry due to lack of rain.
Semi-arid-dry with 10-20 inches of rain-difficult to farm.
Desert-dry barren land, often sandy.
Arable-land that can be farmed.
Write these definitions down
How Would Water & Rainfall affect the Middle East????
Climates in the Middle East
A large majority of the Middle East is desert and semi arid.
How might the climate affect the environment?
Turn to your neighbor and think of two ways this might harm the environment.
Desert
Conclusion
• The Middle Easts climate is changing more rapidly than in other regions.
• More frequent and intense heat waves (strong impacts)-much higher temperatures
• Deteriorating air quality, high ozone, human-induced aerosols, on top of high natural dust levels.
• Urban environment expected to be strongly affected by heat waves and air pollution.
How Does Location Affect Population?
Name three geographic
features that might affect population.
Where do you predict the
most people will live???
How climate affects Agriculture
Huge portions of the Middle East cannot be farmed without water.
Israel uses desalination plants.
What is desalination?
Water & Access Determine Where People Live in the Middle East!
People and crops
need WATER!!!
How does land and water affect travel?
Where people live….Read Climate and Geography-Pair share answers
Look where most people live.
How People Make a Living????
Between 10%-35% of all the people make a living in agriculture.
Between 65% and 90% are involved in services and industry.
Why is the Middle East so low in agriculture and high in services and industry?
How does Oil Affect the Middle East? Many people
make a living in oil processing.
People live near water or places with job opportunities.
Oil and Everyday LifeOil is used in many everyday objects -
more than you may have ever imagined.
http://www.priweb.org/ed/pgws/uses/uses_home.html
Copy in Your Notebook
Middle East
Called Middle East because of
location
Water and rainfall affect
crops
Many people make a living in
service and manufacturing
People live near water or jobs
Some people grow crops
Oil provides jobs and boosts
the economy
Travel is based on
geography
Section 2 Ancient Mesopotamia Pages 423-427
Hammurabi-famous emperor of ancient Mesopotamia-also wrote code of 282 laws know as Hammurabi’s Code
Fertile Crescent-area also known as Mesopotamia
Sumerians-around 3000 BC the first inhabitants of Mesopotamia.
City-states-a city and area that it controls. City-states faced 3 challenges: threat of hostile
invaders, lack of water and trade issues.
Mesopotamia 101
This great culture is responsible for : Creating the way in which we keep time The wheel/and push cart Banking Horoscope and beginning astronomy Cuneiform the first system for writing
Government in City States City-states were religious centers Sumerians worships numerous
Gods-these gods were responsible for rain and sun.
Temples were built for each god. Temples built on pyramid shaped
towers were called “ziggurats.” Temple priests were the first
governors of the Mesopotamia city-states. After elections were held to elect rulers, priests controlled religious and economic life and the kings controlled the political and military life.
Kings to Emperors Empire-group of countries under one
rulers control. Mesopotamia had a class system-three
levels Kings, priests and wealthy property
owners were at the top of the class system
Middle class is made up of skilled workers, merchants and farmers
The bottom level was made up of the enslaved worker.
Even the enslaved had rights.
Three Religions Evolve-Judaism
Jews recognize Abraham as the father of their faith.
Believe that there is only one god named Yahweh (monotheism).
They worship in temples and synagogues.
The Torah, their holy text is the first five books of the bible.
They believe they are Gods chosen and the land he promised them is Israel.
Christianity Begins
Around the 1st century, a Jewish teacher named Jesus founded Christianity.
Jesus claimed to be the promised Messiah and son of god.
After his death the religion was spread throughout parts of Asia, Africa and Europe.
Jerusalem is a important site for Christianity, there is the Church of the Holy Sepulcher where Jesus was to have been crucified.
Islam
Emerged in the 7th century, Muhammad claimed that the angel Gabrielle spoke to him and revealed God’s will.
Many of the poor were impressed with Muhammad’s messages –he called for social justice and equality for all.
Rich and powerful merchants and leaders saw him as a threat.
In 622 Muhammad and his followers fled Mecca concerned for their safety and went to Medina
Muhammad related Gods messages for 23 years before he died.
Five Pillars of Islam
There is one God and his name is
Allah
Pray 5 times a
day
Donate money to the poor
Fast during
Ramadan
Hajj to Mecca
NotesJudaism Christianity Islam
• Began by Abraham-father of two sons-and two ethnic groups
• Believe they are god’s CHOSEN
• MONOTHEISTIC (one god)
• Yahweh is god, study the Torah and Talmud
• Worship in temple or synagogue
• Western Wall in Jerusalem is holy location
• Observe Yom Kippur, Hanukkah and other holidays
• Based on the teachings of Jesus
• MONOTHESTIC-one god
• Worship in church• Bible is holy text• Church of the Holy
Sepulcher is holy to Christians and is thought to be located on the hill of Calvary.
• Observe Christmas, Easter, and other holidays
• Muhammad is the founder and prophet.
• Angel Gabrielle spoke to him.
• Worship in mosque, very plain, no clergy
• Qur’an is the holy text• Belief in the 5 pillars-
one god, prayer, fasting, hajj. Helping the poor
• Monotheistic-one god and Allah is his name
How did Religions Spread???
The Ottoman Empire
The Ottoman Empire began in Turkey around1299 AD.
The Turks rose to power when the Byzantine Empire declined.
Osman was the first Ottoman Sultan (ruler of a Muslim state)
Growth
The Ottoman Empire grew fast by taking over many regions.
Soon it was one of the largest empires in the world ruling over many Middle East and European regions.
Constantinople became the capital and was one of the largest cities of its time. It was a center for culture, art and education.
Golden Age of Ottoman Empire
From 1512 until 1520 the Ottoman Empire spread with strong rulers Selim the 1st and his son Suleiman.
The Ottoman empire was dedicated to art, writing, architecture, music, medicine, astrology and mathematics.
When Suleiman died in 1566, he had expanded the empire and was the best known Muslim leader in the world.
More on the Ottoman Empire
From 1520 to 1566 Suleiman I ruled the Ottoman Empire.
He was called “Suleiman the Magnificent” by Christians, and “The Lawgiver” by the Muslims.
He published a code of laws that established justice throughout his empire.
His chief architect Sinan, transformed Christian Constantinople into a Islamic capital. Sinan created famous mosques all over the empire.
As long as Suleiman ruled the empire it was the richest and most powerful in Europe and SW Asia.
Janissaries
Special group of soldiers loyal to the sultan Developed in late 1300s from
small force of slaves By 1600s were so powerful that
sultans feared them 1826 Janissaries turned on the
sultan, forces loyal to the sultan
fought back and killed 6000
Janissaries Sultan disbanded the force
How the Ottomans Affected the Region
As the Ottomans conquered new lands they spread the Islamic culture.
They controlled trade routes and became powerful-trade spread ideas and goods.
Many European groups were afraid of the Ottomans and looked for new trade routes.
This opened discovery of new lands.
The Fall of the Ottomans
In 1566 with the death of Suleiman, the empire declined.
Many wars hurt the empire and they lost land, men and power.
Sometimes the empire was called the “Sick man of Europe” showing that the empire was dying.
Ottomans in the 20th Century
Ottoman Empire sided with Germany in WWI against the Allied powers of the United States, England, France and Russia.
They won only one battle-the battle of Gallipoli.
They lost their lands and empire after the war. The Treaty of Serves split the Ottoman Empire and the lands were ruled by mandate.
Mandate-rule of another country by agreement of nations.
A New Land
In 1923, the Republic of Turkey was created after being granted their freedom from Britain.
Turkey was one of the first members of the UN.
Today they are an ally of the United States and have a secular government. The country is primarily Islamic.
Notes on Ottoman Empire
Ottoman Empire
Began in 1299 with Osman the Sultan
Ottomans were Turks and were
ruled by Sultans or Kings
Grew fast, became large
powerful empire
Many sultans were educated and interested in
education, art and music.
Ottomans affected trade, spread of
Islam and culture in region.
Empire fell due to war, loss of land and
people.
When empire fell after WW l the lands were divided at the Treaty of Serves
Today Turkey is a republic, secular country that is
primarily Islamic.