History and History and Approaches of Approaches of PsychologyPsychology

Let’s BeginLet’s Begin

Do not expect to answer the Do not expect to answer the ultimate questions of ultimate questions of life…….life…….

The study of psychology will The study of psychology will help you understand why help you understand why people feel, think, and act people feel, think, and act the way they do.the way they do.

Chapter ObjectivesChapter Objectives::

Lesson 1Lesson 1: Define psychology : Define psychology and trace its historical and trace its historical development.development.

Lesson 2Lesson 2: Explain how : Explain how psychology’s different psychology’s different perspectives contribute to a perspectives contribute to a complete view of the human complete view of the human form.form.

Lesson 3:Lesson 3: Identify the major Identify the major subfields of psychology.subfields of psychology.

Lesson 1: Roots of PsychologyLesson 1: Roots of Psychology

What is psychology?What is psychology? Turn to someone Turn to someone

next to you. Talk next to you. Talk about some words about some words that you think of that you think of when you think of when you think of the word the word psychology.psychology.

What words did you What words did you come up with?come up with?

Why did you pick Why did you pick those words?those words?

History of Psychology:History of Psychology:

People have been studying People have been studying human behavior for human behavior for thousands of years. thousands of years. (Examples: Romans, (Examples: Romans, Egyptians, Indians)Egyptians, Indians)

This was good, but was not This was good, but was not done in an organized done in an organized manner.manner.

Psychology as a science Psychology as a science has a very short history. has a very short history.

Some scientists still call Some scientists still call psychology a “soft” psychology a “soft” science.science.

Roots of Psychology:Roots of Psychology: PsychologyPsychology: The scientific study of : The scientific study of

behavior and mental processes.behavior and mental processes. Let’s break down the definitionLet’s break down the definition BehaviorBehavior – Anything that you do that can – Anything that you do that can

be observed.be observed. Mental ProcessesMental Processes – Internal experiences – Internal experiences

such as: thoughts, feelings, sensations, and such as: thoughts, feelings, sensations, and perceptions.perceptions.

Systematic StudySystematic Study: Systematic collection : Systematic collection and examination of data (empirical and examination of data (empirical evidence) to support or disprove evidence) to support or disprove hypotheses (predictions) rather than hypotheses (predictions) rather than depending on common sense.depending on common sense.

Key Players in the History of Key Players in the History of Psychology:Psychology:

Roots of psychology can be Roots of psychology can be traced back 2000 years traced back 2000 years ago to the early ago to the early philosophers, biologists, philosophers, biologists, and physiologists of and physiologists of ancient Greece.ancient Greece.

HippocratesHippocrates – Greek – Greek Physiologist that thought Physiologist that thought the mind or soul resided in the mind or soul resided in the brain.the brain.

He believed that it was not He believed that it was not composed of a physical composed of a physical substance.substance.

This is called mind-body-This is called mind-body-dualism – dualism – seeing mind and seeing mind and body as two different body as two different things that interact.things that interact.

Today, psychology is Today, psychology is defined as the:defined as the:

25% 25%25%25%1.1. Study of mental Study of mental phenomenonphenomenon

2.2. Study of conscious Study of conscious and unconscious and unconscious activityactivity

3.3. Study of BehaviorStudy of Behavior

4.4. Science of behavior Science of behavior and mental and mental processesprocesses

Key Players in the History of Key Players in the History of Psychology:Psychology:

PlatoPlato (350 B.C.) – (350 B.C.) – Greek philosopher that Greek philosopher that believed that who we believed that who we are and what we know are and what we know are innate (inborn).are innate (inborn).

AristotleAristotle – Plato’s – Plato’s student believed that student believed that who we are and what who we are and what we know are acquired we know are acquired from experiencefrom experience. . (created)(created)

Q: What debate originated with these two different philosophies?

Two historical roots of psychology are Two historical roots of psychology are the disciplines ofthe disciplines of::

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Philosophy and ch... Physiology and ch...

Philosophy and ph... Philosophy and ph...

1.1. Philosophy and Philosophy and chemistrychemistry

2.2. Physiology and Physiology and chemistrychemistry

3.3. Philosophy and Philosophy and physiologyphysiology

4.4. Philosophy and Philosophy and physicsphysics

Key Players in the History of Psychology:Key Players in the History of Psychology:

About 2000 yrs. later John Locke and About 2000 yrs. later John Locke and Rene Descartes had a similar Rene Descartes had a similar argument.argument.

John LockeJohn Locke – Believed that – Believed that knowledge comes from observation, knowledge comes from observation, and what we know comes from and what we know comes from experience. experience.

He coined the term “tabula rasa” – He coined the term “tabula rasa” – blank slate.blank slate.

““The mind is like a blank slate in The mind is like a blank slate in which the environment writes upon.”which the environment writes upon.”

Rene DescartesRene Descartes – Believed that what – Believed that what we know is innate.we know is innate.

Focused much of his research on how Focused much of his research on how the nervous system respondsthe nervous system responds

““I think therefore I am.”I think therefore I am.”

Book Check QuestionBook Check Question

Q: Q: Who is Who is considered considered the founder the founder of modern of modern science?science?

A: A: Francis Francis BaconBacon

The 17The 17thth century philosopher who believed that the mind is century philosopher who believed that the mind is blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory blank at birth and that most knowledge comes through sensory

experience is:experience is:

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Plato Aristotle Descartes Locke

1.1. PlatoPlato

2.2. AristotleAristotle

3.3. DescartesDescartes

4.4. LockeLocke

The Greek philosopher who believed that The Greek philosopher who believed that intelligence was inherited was:intelligence was inherited was:

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Aristotle Plato Descartes Simonides

1.1. AristotleAristotle

2.2. PlatoPlato

3.3. DescartesDescartes

4.4. SimonidesSimonides

Nature vs. Nurture ControversyNature vs. Nurture Controversy::

The debate about the extent to which our behavior is inborn or learned through experience is called the nature vs. nurture controversy.

Nature: Certain elementary ideas are innate to the human mind; not gained through experience

Men are born, not made

Nature vs. Nurture (cont.)Nature vs. Nurture (cont.)

Nurture: Anything that we know, we have learned through experience.

Our mind is like a blank slate (tabula rasa; Locke) that the environment writes upon

Men are made, not born

Where do the Spartans fall into this nature vs. nurture

controversy?

Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the Which of the following exemplifies the issue of the relative importance of nature and nurture on our relative importance of nature and nurture on our

behavior?behavior?

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1.1. The issue of the relative influence of biology The issue of the relative influence of biology and experience on behaviorand experience on behavior

2.2. The issue of the relative influence of The issue of the relative influence of rewards and punishments on behaviorrewards and punishments on behavior

3.3. The debate as to the relative importance of The debate as to the relative importance of heredity and instinct in determining heredity and instinct in determining behaviorbehavior

4.4. The debate as to whether mental processes The debate as to whether mental processes are a legitimate are of scientific studyare a legitimate are of scientific study

Lesson Two: ObjectivesLesson Two: Objectives By the end of this lesson, I will be able By the end of this lesson, I will be able

to:to: 1. Describe and compare different 1. Describe and compare different

theoretical approaches in explaining theoretical approaches in explaining behavior:behavior:

— — structuralism, functionalism, and structuralism, functionalism, and behaviorism in the early years;behaviorism in the early years;

— — Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, Gestalt, psychoanalytic/psychodynamic, and humanism emerging later;and humanism emerging later;

— — evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as evolutionary, biological, and cognitive as more contemporary approaches.more contemporary approaches.

2. Recognize the strengths and limitations of 2. Recognize the strengths and limitations of applying theories to explain behavior.applying theories to explain behavior.

Lesson Two: Approaches Lesson Two: Approaches and Schools of Psychology:and Schools of Psychology:

Not all psychologists look at Not all psychologists look at psychology the same way. psychology the same way.

Some believe that you are who Some believe that you are who you are purely because of your you are purely because of your genetics.genetics.

Some believe that experiences Some believe that experiences play a much bigger factor.play a much bigger factor.

Psychology is a broad field that Psychology is a broad field that aims to answer questions from aims to answer questions from many different perspectives.many different perspectives.

We are going to look at the We are going to look at the different schools and different schools and approaches to psychology. approaches to psychology.

But first….. A quick poll to wake But first….. A quick poll to wake you up!you up!

Lesson 2: Approaches and Lesson 2: Approaches and Schools of Psychology:Schools of Psychology:

By the late 1800’s, By the late 1800’s, psychology was beginning to psychology was beginning to emerge as a separate emerge as a separate scientific discipline.scientific discipline.

Biologist Biologist Charles DarwinCharles Darwin came up with the theory of came up with the theory of natural selection.natural selection.

Psychology branched into Psychology branched into two schools of psychology two schools of psychology ((structuralismstructuralism and and functionalismfunctionalism) and from ) and from there several approaches to there several approaches to psychology.psychology.

Structuralism: Wilhelm WundtStructuralism: Wilhelm Wundt Wilhelm WundtWilhelm Wundt – Credited as the – Credited as the

founder of scientific psychology founder of scientific psychology because in 1879 he set up a because in 1879 he set up a research laboratory in Germany.research laboratory in Germany.

The lab was dedicated to the The lab was dedicated to the scientific studyscientific study of conscious of conscious experiences and sensations.experiences and sensations.

IntrospectionIntrospection – the process of – the process of looking inward to identify how one looking inward to identify how one feels, thinks, or acts.feels, thinks, or acts.

he replicated his studies in different he replicated his studies in different conditions with similar results.conditions with similar results.

Wundt helped found the Wundt helped found the School of School of StructuralismStructuralism which aimed to focus which aimed to focus on the structure of the mind and on the structure of the mind and identify the basic elements of identify the basic elements of consciousness.consciousness.

Book Check QuestionBook Check Question

Q: Q: Who is considered to 1Who is considered to 1stst to to introduce structuralism? (hint) he was introduce structuralism? (hint) he was a student of Wundt)a student of Wundt)

A: A: Edward Bradford TitchenerEdward Bradford Titchener Q: Q: Who was a good friend of Who was a good friend of

Titchener? (hint) He is probably best Titchener? (hint) He is probably best know for authoring the Chronicles of know for authoring the Chronicles of Narnia.)Narnia.)

A: A: C. S. LewisC. S. Lewis

C. S. Lewis

Titchener

Functionalism: William Functionalism: William James:James:

William JamesWilliam James was a was a psychologist that felt that psychologist that felt that Wundt was asking the wrong Wundt was asking the wrong questions.questions.

James was more interested in James was more interested in the the functionfunction or or purposepurpose of of behavioral acts.behavioral acts.

School of FunctionalismSchool of Functionalism – – Researchers that focused on Researchers that focused on how we adapt to our how we adapt to our environments. (stream of environments. (stream of consciousness)consciousness)

Main GoalMain Goal: Explain human : Explain human behaviorbehavior

Also wrote first psychology Also wrote first psychology textbooktextbook

Book Check QuestionBook Check Question Q: Q: William James was the 1William James was the 1stst to admit to admit

a woman to his course of study at a woman to his course of study at Harvard. What was the name of the Harvard. What was the name of the woman he allowed to study woman he allowed to study psychology?psychology?

A: A: Mary Whiton CalkinsMary Whiton Calkins Q: Q: What did Harvard deny Ms. What did Harvard deny Ms.

Calkins?Calkins? A: A: Her Ph.D.; later awarded it Her Ph.D.; later awarded it

posthumouslyposthumously

Gestalt Psychology:Gestalt Psychology:

Max WertheimerMax Wertheimer – founded Gestalt – founded Gestalt PsychologyPsychology

The whole is more than the sum of it’s The whole is more than the sum of it’s partsparts

ExampleExample: A beautiful painting: A beautiful painting A painting is more than just colors and A painting is more than just colors and

line – its an experienceline – its an experience So, each person has a completely So, each person has a completely

different experience when viewing the different experience when viewing the world – must be sensitive to this during world – must be sensitive to this during therapy.therapy.

This German philosopher and psychologist was This German philosopher and psychologist was the first to set up a laboratory to gather the first to set up a laboratory to gather

empirical data related to psychology.empirical data related to psychology.

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Wundt, 1879 J ames, 1890

Freud, 1900 Watson, 1913

Wertheimer, 1950

1.1. Wundt, 1879Wundt, 1879

2.2. James, 1890James, 1890

3.3. Freud, 1900Freud, 1900

4.4. Watson, 1913Watson, 1913

5.5. Wertheimer, Wertheimer, 19501950

Eight Approaches to Eight Approaches to Psychology: BehavioralPsychology: Behavioral

Behavioral ApproachBehavioral Approach – Focuses on – Focuses on measuring and measuring and recording observable recording observable behavior. (behavior behavior. (behavior results from learning)results from learning)

Pavlov and his dogs, Pavlov and his dogs, Watson and Baby Watson and Baby Albert, Skinner and his Albert, Skinner and his rats. (rewards, rats. (rewards, punishments, and punishments, and associations)associations)

All these men believed All these men believed that psychology should that psychology should be the science of be the science of behavior.behavior.

In psychology, “behavior” is best In psychology, “behavior” is best defined as:defined as:

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Anything a person... Any action we can...

Any action, wheth... Anything we can i...

Sensations and Pe...

1.1. Anything a person Anything a person says, does, or feelssays, does, or feels

2.2. Any action we can Any action we can observe and recordobserve and record

3.3. Any action, whether Any action, whether observable or notobservable or not

4.4. Anything we can infer Anything we can infer from a person’s from a person’s actionsactions

5.5. Sensations and Sensations and PerceptionsPerceptions

Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eight Approaches to Psychology: Psychoanalytic / PsychodynamicPsychoanalytic / Psychodynamic

Psychoanalytic ApproachPsychoanalytic Approach – – Focuses on unconscious Focuses on unconscious internal conflicts to explain internal conflicts to explain mental disorders, personality, mental disorders, personality, and motivation.and motivation.

Sigmund FreudSigmund Freud developed this developed this approach and focused on approach and focused on unconscious desires (Freudian unconscious desires (Freudian slips, life and death instincts, slips, life and death instincts, libido, early life experiences.libido, early life experiences.

Psychodynamic ApproachPsychodynamic Approach – – Those that varied Freud’s Those that varied Freud’s ideas but kept with the roots ideas but kept with the roots of psychoanalysis.of psychoanalysis.

Book Check QuestionBook Check Question

Q: Q: What is a Freudian Slip?What is a Freudian Slip?A: A: Allowing you subconscious Allowing you subconscious

mind to speak your true mind to speak your true feelings.feelings.

Q: Q: Can you give an example Can you give an example of a Freudian slip?of a Freudian slip?

Eight Approaches to Eight Approaches to Psychology: HumanisticPsychology: Humanistic

Humanistic ApproachHumanistic Approach – – Emphases the importance Emphases the importance of people’s feelings and of people’s feelings and view human nature as view human nature as naturally positive and naturally positive and growth seeking.growth seeking.

Abraham Maslow Abraham Maslow (Hierarchy of Needs) and (Hierarchy of Needs) and Carl Rogers (Unconditional Carl Rogers (Unconditional Positive Regard) led the Positive Regard) led the charge.charge.

This approach came out This approach came out the 60’s and 70’s. the 60’s and 70’s.

According to Maslow, these needs must According to Maslow, these needs must be met before all others.be met before all others.

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.1. SafetySafety

2.2. Self-actualizingSelf-actualizing

3.3. Love and Love and BelongingnessBelongingness

4.4. PhysiologicalPhysiological

5.5. Esteem NeedsEsteem Needs

This approach to psychology focuses on This approach to psychology focuses on rewards, punishments, and associations.rewards, punishments, and associations.

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Behavioral Socio-Cult... Neuroscience

Biological Cognitive

1.1. BehavioralBehavioral

2.2. Socio-CulturalSocio-Cultural

3.3. NeuroscienceNeuroscience

4.4. BiologicalBiological

5.5. CognitiveCognitive

Eight Approaches to Eight Approaches to Psychology: BiologicalPsychology: Biological

Biological Biological ApproachApproach – – Examines how Examines how complex chemical complex chemical and biological and biological processes within processes within the nervous and the nervous and endocrine systems endocrine systems are related to the are related to the behavior of behavior of organisms.organisms.

Much research is Much research is being done today being done today using this approach using this approach – Brain based – Brain based research.research.

Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eight Approaches to Psychology: CognitiveCognitive

Cognitive Cognitive ApproachApproach – – Emphasizes the Emphasizes the importance of importance of receiving, storing, receiving, storing, and processing and processing information.information.

It also focuses on It also focuses on thinking, thinking, reasoning, and reasoning, and using language to using language to understand human understand human behavior.behavior.

CognitionCognition – – thinking and thinking and memory.memory.

Eight Approaches to Eight Approaches to Psychology: EvolutionaryPsychology: Evolutionary

Evolutionary Evolutionary ApproachApproach – –Attempts to explain Attempts to explain behavior patterns behavior patterns as adaptations as adaptations naturally selected naturally selected to increase to increase reproductive reproductive success.success.

This approach uses This approach uses Darwin’s theory of Darwin’s theory of natural selection as natural selection as a basis.a basis.

Darwin wrote Darwin wrote Origin of SpeciesOrigin of Species..

The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves The way the mind processes, stores, and retrieves information is the primary concern of this approach to information is the primary concern of this approach to

psychology:psychology:

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.1. EvolutionaryEvolutionary

2.2. BiologicalBiological

3.3. Socio-CulturalSocio-Cultural

4.4. BehavioralBehavioral

5.5. CognitiveCognitive

Eight Approaches to Eight Approaches to Psychology: Socio-culturalPsychology: Socio-cultural

As time progressed As time progressed more people were more people were traveling and visiting traveling and visiting other cultures.other cultures.

Psychologists soon Psychologists soon recognized the recognized the difference in cultural difference in cultural gestures, body gestures, body language, and spoken language, and spoken language.language.

Socio-cultural Socio-cultural ApproachApproach – Examines – Examines the cultural differences the cultural differences in an attempt to in an attempt to understand, predict, understand, predict, and control behavior.and control behavior.

Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eight Approaches to Psychology: Eclectic Eclectic

The most widely used The most widely used psychological approach today is psychological approach today is eclecticeclectic

EclecticEclectic – No one perspective – No one perspective can best explain all human can best explain all human behaviorbehavior

So…Eclectic psychologists use a So…Eclectic psychologists use a combination of all the combination of all the approachesapproaches

This researcher used classical conditioning to

make dogs salivate by the sound of a bell.

20% 20% 20%20%20%1.1. SkinnerSkinner

2.2. PavlovPavlov

3.3. WatsonWatson

4.4. FreudFreud

5.5. WundtWundt

This Humanistic psychologist encouraged his clients to always focus on the positive.

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Watson Rogers Skinner J ung Rogers

1.1. WatsonWatson

2.2. RogersRogers

3.3. SkinnerSkinner

4.4. JungJung

5.5. RogersRogers

A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American A psychologist who explores how Asian and North American definitions of attractiveness differ is working within this definitions of attractiveness differ is working within this

psychological perspective:psychological perspective:

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Behavioral Evolutionary Cognitive

Socio-Cult... Eclectic

1.1. BehavioralBehavioral

2.2. EvolutionaryEvolutionary

3.3. CognitiveCognitive

4.4. Socio-Socio-CulturalCultural

5.5. EclecticEclectic

Checking for UnderstandingChecking for Understanding

Q: Q: Can you name all eight approaches Can you name all eight approaches to psychology?to psychology?1.1.BehavioralBehavioral

2.2.PsychoanalyticPsychoanalytic

3.3.HumanisticHumanistic

4.4.BiologicalBiological

5.5.CognitiveCognitive

6.6.EvolutionaryEvolutionary

7.7.Socio-CulturalSocio-Cultural

8.8.EclecticEclectic

Lesson Three: ObjectivesLesson Three: Objectives

By the end of this lesson, I will By the end of this lesson, I will be able to:be able to:

1. Distinguish the different domains 1. Distinguish the different domains of psychology: biological, clinical, of psychology: biological, clinical, cognitive, counseling, cognitive, counseling, developmental, educational, developmental, educational, experimental, human factors, experimental, human factors, industrial–organizational, industrial–organizational, personality, psychometric, and personality, psychometric, and social.social.

Lesson 3: Subfields of Lesson 3: Subfields of Psychology:Psychology:

Psychology is a broad fieldPsychology is a broad field There are many jobs available There are many jobs available

with a psychology degreewith a psychology degree Historically though, this wasn’t Historically though, this wasn’t

always the case.always the case. Psychology saw a huge boom Psychology saw a huge boom

after World War II. after World War II. Many opportunities arose in Many opportunities arose in

clinical and counseling clinical and counseling psychology.psychology.

In addition, school psychology In addition, school psychology started to become more popular started to become more popular as researchers data indicated as researchers data indicated that children perform better that children perform better when they are taught using their when they are taught using their respective learning style(s). respective learning style(s).

Subfields of PsychologySubfields of Psychology:: Clinical PsychologistsClinical Psychologists – –

Evaluate and treat mental, Evaluate and treat mental, emotional, and behavioral emotional, and behavioral disorders. (OCD, disorders. (OCD, Schizophrenia)Schizophrenia)

Counseling PsychologistsCounseling Psychologists – – Help people adapt to change Help people adapt to change or make changes in their or make changes in their lifestyle. (Analyze This)lifestyle. (Analyze This)

Developmental Developmental PsychologistsPsychologists – Study – Study psychological development psychological development throughout a lifespan. (Piaget)throughout a lifespan. (Piaget)

Engineering PsychologistsEngineering Psychologists – Do research on how people – Do research on how people function best with machines. function best with machines. (assembly lines)(assembly lines)

Subfields of PsychologySubfields of Psychology:: Educational PsychologistsEducational Psychologists

– Focus on how effective – Focus on how effective teaching and learning take teaching and learning take place. (consultants)place. (consultants)

Forensic PsychologistsForensic Psychologists – – Apply psychological principles Apply psychological principles to legal issues. (crimes)to legal issues. (crimes)

Health PsychologistsHealth Psychologists – – Concentrate on biological, Concentrate on biological, psychological, and social psychological, and social factors associated with health factors associated with health and illness. (hospitals)and illness. (hospitals)

Industrial/Organizational Industrial/Organizational PsychologistsPsychologists – Aim to – Aim to improve productivity and the improve productivity and the quality of work life by quality of work life by applying psychological applying psychological principles and methods to the principles and methods to the workplace. (Panera)workplace. (Panera)

Subfields of PsychologySubfields of Psychology:: Neuro-psychologistsNeuro-psychologists – Explore the – Explore the

relationship between brain/nervous relationship between brain/nervous systems and behavior. (Laboratory systems and behavior. (Laboratory research)research)

PsychometriciansPsychometricians – Focus on methods – Focus on methods for acquiring and analyzing for acquiring and analyzing psychological data. (research based)psychological data. (research based)

Rehabilitation PsychologistsRehabilitation Psychologists – Help – Help clients with mental retardation, clients with mental retardation, developmental disabilities, and developmental disabilities, and disabilities resulting from neurological disabilities resulting from neurological injury. (stroke)injury. (stroke)

School PsychologistsSchool Psychologists – Assess and – Assess and counsel students, consult with counsel students, consult with educators and parents, and perform educators and parents, and perform behavioral intervention when behavioral intervention when necessary. necessary.

Subfields of Psychology:Subfields of Psychology: Social PsychologistsSocial Psychologists – –

Focus on how a Focus on how a person’s mental life and person’s mental life and behavior are shaped by behavior are shaped by interactions with other interactions with other people. (can be people. (can be workplace related)workplace related)

Sports PsychologistsSports Psychologists – Help athletes refine – Help athletes refine their focus on their focus on competition goals, competition goals, increase motivation, increase motivation, and deal with anxiety and deal with anxiety and fear of failure. and fear of failure. (Professional Athletes)(Professional Athletes)

Which subfield is most directly concerned Which subfield is most directly concerned with studying how marketing effects human with studying how marketing effects human

behavior?behavior?

1.1. ClinicalClinical

2.2. PersonalityPersonality

3.3. Engineering Engineering psychologypsychology

4.4. Industrial- Industrial- OrganizationalOrganizational

5.5. CounselingCounseling

Which of the following individuals is Which of the following individuals is also a physician?also a physician?

1.1. Clinical psychologistClinical psychologist

2.2. PsychologistPsychologist

3.3. Experimental Experimental psychologistpsychologist

4.4. PsychiatristPsychiatrist

5.5. Developmental Developmental PsychologistPsychologist

A person working within this subfield of psychology A person working within this subfield of psychology might work closely with their local police might work closely with their local police

department to explain the behavior of a suspect.department to explain the behavior of a suspect.

1.1. Health PsychologistHealth Psychologist

2.2. Criminal PsychologistCriminal Psychologist

3.3. Clinical PsychologistClinical Psychologist

4.4. Forensic PsychologistForensic Psychologist

5.5. Counseling PsychologistCounseling Psychologist