132

Unitwise Syllabus : Class X

Unit Test TOPICS

1. Expansion of British Empire in India (1765-1856 AD)

a) Imperial Expansion – Different Stages.b) Foundation of the Colonial Administration.

2. British Raj

a) Colonial Impact–Land Revenue Policy.b) Changes in the British Commercial Policy.c) Decline of Indigenous Manufacture.

3. Protest, Resistance and Uprisings

First a) Uprisings during the First Century of British Rule – Peasant Revolts.40 marks b) Tribal Revolts.written c) The Great Revolt of 1857.

4. Genesis of Indian Nationalism

a) 19th century Nationalism in India–European Background.b) Education Policy of the British – Rise of the English Educated Middle

Class – Social Reform Movements.c) Awakening of National Consciousness – First Phase of Nationalism.d) Founding of the Indian National Congress.

5. Early Phase of the Indian National Congress

a) Early Phase of the Congress – Split between Moderates andExtremists.

b) Militant Nationalism.c) Partition of Bengal and Swadeshi Movement.d) Revolutionary Movements.

6. Imperialism and the Background of First World War

a) European Imperialism and the First World War.b) Post War Europe and India.c) Mahatma Gandhi and the Transformation of Indian Nationalism.d) Non-Cooperation and Civil Disobedience Movements.

Second50 markswritten10 marks

Oral

HISTORY

133

7. Background of World War II

a) Fascism in Germany and Italy.b) Fascist Aggression – Collapse of Democracy – Failure of the League

of Nations.c) Second World War.

8. Main Stages of National Movement in India : 1930-1947 A.D.

a) Various Trends within the Congress-Left Politics.b) Revolutionary Movements : Punjab and Bengal.c) 1942 Movement.d) Subhas Chandra & I.N.A.e) Post Second World War Popular Uprisings.f) Background of Communal Politics & Two-Nation Theory.g) Partition of India and Indian Independence.

9. Constitution of Independent India

a) Constitution of India – Salient Features.b) Institutional Framework of the Indian Democratic Republic.c) Growth of Parliamentary Democracy – Multi-party System.

10. Search for Peace in the Post-war World

a) Formation of the U.N.O.b) Cold War : Its Origin.c) National Liberation Movements in Asia and Africa.d) India’s Policy of Non-Alignment.

Second Unit Test – 50 marks (Written) 10 marks (Oral)

All units of the Second Unit will be included for the Oral Test.

Selection Test – 90 marks (Written), 10 marks (Oral), from entire syllabus of Class X.

UNIT TOPICS

134

≤ÃÌü ~ܲܲ xû˛#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

ò¢ü ˆ◊!î

˛õ)î≈üyö ı 40

1– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy åÈÎ˚!ê˛V ı 6×1=6

SܲV ˆÜ˛yö‰ àû˛ö≈Ó˚ ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚ˆÏ°Ó˚ ¢y§öܲyˆÏ° üyÓ˚yë˛y Î%=˛Ó˚yT˛∆ §¡õ)î≈Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ôùǧ •Î˚⁄

SáV §°Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §!rô ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SàV Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤Ãã˛°ö ˆÜ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SâV ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ ~ܲˆÏã˛!ê˛Î˚y Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚ °%Æ •Î˚⁄

SäV ÚòyüöÈÙÈ•zÈÙÈˆÜ˛yÛ Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ܲ#⁄

Sã˛V ÓyÓ˚y§yï˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ˆöï˛y ˆÜ˛⁄

SåÈV ÚÚÄÎ˚y•y!ÓÛÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

SçV ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y ~!¢Î˚y!ê˛Ü˛ ˆ§y§y•z!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

Sé˛V !í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!çˆÏÎ˚yÈÙÈÓ˚ xö%àyü#Ó˚y ܲ# öyˆÏü ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛⁄

S~èV û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄

2– ò%!ê˛ Óy !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛V ı 5×2=10

SܲV ܲö≈ÄÎ˚y!°¢ ˆÜ˛yí˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

SáV ܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛ö ˆú˛yê≈˛ í˛z•z!°Î˚ü ܲˆÏ°ç ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SàV ÓyÇ°yˆÏòˆÏ¢ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ §%ú˛° ~ÓÇ ~ܲ!ê˛ Ü%˛ú˛° ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SâV Úxy!Ì≈ܲ !ö‹;üîÛ Ü˛#⁄

SäV ò%ò% !ü~èy ˆÜ˛ö fløÓ˚î#Î˚⁄

Sã˛V ܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ 1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ §)ã˛öy •Î˚⁄

SåÈV ≤Ãyã˛ƒÓyò# Ä ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒÓyò# !Óï˛Ü≈˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyˆÏé˛y⁄

3– §yï˛ !ܲÇÓy xyê˛!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 3×4=12

SܲV üyoyç ˆ≤Ã!§ˆÏí˛!™ˆÏï˛ ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy–

xÌÓy

í˛z_Ó˚≤ÈÏòˆÏ¢Ó˚ ü•°ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%ˆÏ°y !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

öü%öy 1

135

SáV !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ Ü,˛£Ïܲ !ÓˆÏoy•à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄

xÌÓy

û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !§˛õy!•Ó˚y ~ö!ú˛”˛ Ó˚y•zˆÏú˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛ˆÏ° ˆÜ˛ö «%˛kô •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄

SàV §üyç§ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ !Óòƒy§yàˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy

çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ üôƒ!Ó_ ˆ◊!îÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 2×6=12

SܲV ܲˆÏÓñ ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xü,ï˛§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã%˛!=˛ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ˆÜ˛yö‰ Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ˛õyOyÓ !Ó !ê˛¢ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhsˇû%%≈˛=˛

•Î˚⁄ ï˛áö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ àû˛ö≈Ó˚ ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚° ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ 1+1+3+1

xÌÓy

ܲáö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yö‰ xy•zˆÏö ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ §%!≤Ãü ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ Úxy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§öÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

1+1+4

SáV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ •zÇ°ƒyu˛ Ä û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛àï˛ Ü˛# ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ö •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄ ~•z

˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆòáyÄ– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ •hflÏ!¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z ˛õ!Ó˚Óï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°yú˛° ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄

2+2+2

xÌÓy

!Ó ˆÏê˛ö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Óflf!¢“ˆÏܲ ˛õAà% ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !¢“!Ó≤’Ó Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛⁄ 3+3

SàV 1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ Ä Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚î§ü)• xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 3+3

xÌÓy

1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆòáyÄ– 2+2+2

SâV ˆÜ˛ñ ܲáö Ó y·§üyç ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö⁄ í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §üyç§ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö Ó y· §üyˆÏçÓ˚

û)˛!üܲyÓ˚ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 1+1+4

xÌÓy

•z°Óyê≈˛ !Ó° !Óï˛Ü≈˛ ܲ#⁄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò#ˆÏòÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z !Óï˛ˆÏÜ≈˛Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Ü˛# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄ 3+3

136

≤ÃÌü ~ܲܲ xû˛#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

ò¢ü ˆ◊!î

˛õ)î≈üyö ı 40

1– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy åÈÎ˚!ê˛V ı 6×1=6

SܲV ˆÜ˛yö‰ ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ myÓ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ •zAàÈÙÈü•#¢)Ó˚ Î%Âô §üyÆ •Î˚⁄

SáV !Ó !ê˛¢Ó˚y ܲyˆÏòÓ˚ §ˆÏAà §ˆÏàÔ!°Ó˚ §!rô fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄

SàV ˆÓ!§ˆÏöÓ˚ §!rô ܲˆÏÓ §¡õy!òï˛ •Î˚⁄

SâV ܲö≈ÄÎ˚y!°§ ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ àû˛ö≈Ó˚ ˆçöyˆÏÓ˚° ˛õˆÏò ˆÎyàòyö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SäV Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌy ˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

Sã˛V ˆÜ˛y° !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲçö ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ӈϰy–

SåÈV Úxyô%!öܲ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ çöÜ˛Û Ü˛yˆÏܲ Ó°y •Î˚⁄

SçV ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ ˆò¢#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe xy•zö ˛õy¢ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄

2– ò%!ê˛ Óy !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛V ı 5×2=10

SܲV §°Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ §!rôÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SáV ˆÜ˛yö‰ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ ¢y§Ü˛ °í≈˛ ĈÏÎ˚ˆÏ°§!°Ó˚ xô#öï˛yü)°Ü˛ !üeï˛y ö#!ï˛ ≤ÃÌü @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yö‰

ÓåÈÓ˚ ï˛y @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SàV ü•°ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ӈϮyÓhflÏ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

SâV Óy°yˆÏܲyˆÏê˛Ó˚ Î%ˆÏÂô S1831V ˆÜ˛ ˛õÓ˚y!çï˛ Ä !ö•ï˛ •ö⁄

SäV 1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoy• ܲáö ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ¢%Ó˚% •Î˚⁄

Sã˛V fl∫yü# òÎ˚yö® ܲ# ï˛_¥ ≤Ãã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SåÈV û˛yÓ˚ï˛§û˛yÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SçV ≤ÃyÌ≈öy §üyˆÏçÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–

3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ §yï˛ÈÙÈxyê˛!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ òyÄ ı 3×4=12

SܲV û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ ¢y§öÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ ≤ÃÓï≈˛Ü˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ °í≈˛ ܲö≈ÄÎ˚y!°ˆÏ§Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓyñ

§y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# ¢y§Ü˛Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ °í≈˛ ĈÏÎ˚ˆÏ°§!°Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy !Óã˛yÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

öü%öy 2

137

SáV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ @ˇÃyü#î xÌ≈ö#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ öï%˛ö !Ó !ê˛¢ û)˛!üÓ˚yçfl∫ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄

xÌÓy

í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ !¢“§ü)• xÓ«˛Î˚≤ÃyÆ •Î˚ñ ï˛y Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SàV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ§ü)• xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy

ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı •z°Óyê≈˛ !Ó° !Óï˛Ü≈˛–

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛V ı 2×6=12

SܲV ÄÎ˚y•y!Ó Ü˛Ìy!ê˛Ó˚ xÌ≈ ܲ#⁄ òyÓ˚ÈÙÈí˛z°ÈÙÈ•yÓ≈ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄ ÓyÓ˚y§yï˛ !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyÄ–

1+1+4

xÌÓy

1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ öyü ӈϰy– ü•y!ÓˆÏoy• §Çâ!ê˛ï˛ •ÓyÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚

û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ àû˛ö≈Ó˚ÈÙȈçöyˆÏÓ˚° ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !ï˛ö!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

2+1+3

SáV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §üyç§ÇflÒyÓ˚ xyˆÏ®y°öà%!°Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö °«˛ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ ˆÜ˛ Ó y·§üyç ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

Ó y·§üyˆÏçÓ˚ §üyç§ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ °«˛ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ 2+1+3

xÌÓy

xy!°àí˛¸ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §)ã˛öy ˆÜ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ !¢«˛y!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ Ä §üyç§ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ~•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚

Ü,˛!ï˛c ܲ#⁄ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe xy!°àí˛¸ xyˆÏ®y°ö ܲ# û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄ 1+3+2

SàV ˆò¢#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õeà%ˆÏ°y û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zayöˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ≤Ãû˛y!Óï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚

çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ !ÓܲyˆÏ¢ !ÓˆÏÓܲyöˆÏ®Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 3+3

xÌÓy

ܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ӈϧ!åÈ°⁄ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yÎ˚ xƒy°yö

xˆÏQ!û˛Î˚yö !•í˛zˆÏüÓ˚ ܲ#Ó˚)˛õ û)˛!üܲy !åÈ°⁄ 1+1+4

138

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ xû˛#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

ò¢ü ˆ◊!î

˛õ)î≈üyö ı 50

1– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy åÈÎ˚!ê˛V ı 6×1=6

SܲV çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ӈϧ⁄

SáV ÚPoverty and Un-British Rule in IndiaÛ @ˇÃrÌ!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚ Ó˚ã˛öy⁄

SàV Ü˛ï˛ !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ÓAàû˛Aà Ó˚ò •Î˚⁄

SâV û˛y•züyÓ˚ ≤Ãçyï˛sf ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SäV Ú§#üyhsˇ ày!rôÛ öyˆÏü ˆÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛⁄

Sã˛V !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xydç#Óö# @ˇÃrÌ!ê˛Ó˚ öyü ܲ#⁄

SåÈV Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ §üyçï˛sf# òˆÏ°Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §yôyÓ˚î §¡õyòܲ ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄

SçV àî˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄

Sé˛V Ü˛ï˛ !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ •zˆÏ®yˆÏö!¢Î˚y fl∫yô#öï˛y °yû˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

2– ò%!ê˛ Óy !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛V ı 5×2=10

SܲV çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ §%Ó˚yê˛ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏöÓ˚ S1907 !á .V ï˛yͲõÎ≈ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SáV ÓAàû˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˛õÿ˛yˆÏï˛ °í≈˛ ܲyç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SàV Ó˚yÄ°yê˛ xy•zö ܲˆÏÓ ˛õy¢ •Î˚⁄ ~ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# Ó°y •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄ 1+1

SâV Ó˚%¢ÈÙÈçyü≈yö xöyÜ ˛üî ã%˛!=˛ ܲˆÏÓ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ¢ï≈˛ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 1+1

SäV x!°® Î%Âô ܲ#⁄

Sã˛V ˆÜ˛w#Î˚ xy•zö§û˛yÓ˚ í˛zFã˛Ü˛«˛ˆÏܲ ܲ# Ó°y •Î˚⁄ ~áyˆÏö ˆÜ˛ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛c ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ 1+1

SåÈV ˆçyê˛!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ö#!ï˛ Ü˛#⁄

3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ §yï˛ÈÙÈxyê˛!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ òyÄ ı 3×4=12

SܲV !Ó≤’Ó# §Çàë˛ö !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ xö%¢#°ö §!ü!ï˛Ó˚ û)˛!üܲy í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy

≤Ãú%˛Õ‘ ã˛yܲ# Ä «%˛!òÓ˚yü fløÓ˚î#Î˚ ˆÜ˛ö⁄

SáV çyü≈y!öˆÏï˛ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ í˛zayˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ#⁄

xÌÓy

•zê˛y!°ˆÏï˛ ú˛ƒy!§fiê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ í˛zayˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ˆ°ˆÏáy–

öü%öy 1

139

SàV ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ §öò–

xÌÓy

§!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%O àë˛ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%!° Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 2×6=12

SܲV û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ §Ç@ˇÃyü¢#° çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy !ï˛ö!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î ˆ°ˆÏáy– 2+2+2

xÌÓy

fl∫ˆÏò!¢ Ä ÓÎ˚Ü˛ê˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ôyÓ˚îy òyÄ– 3+3

SáV ˆçyê˛ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ ~•z ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ï˛_¥ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚

˛õÓ˚ ~•z ö#!ï˛ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# xÓòyö Ó˚yˆÏá⁄ 1+2+3

xÌÓy

ë˛yu˛y °í˛¸y•z ܲÌy!ê˛ §Ó≈≤ÃÌü ˆÜ˛ çö!≤ÃÎ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ ˆï˛yˆÏ°ö⁄ ë˛yu˛y °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ò%•z ≤Ã!ï˛˛õ«˛ !åÈ° ˆÜ˛yö‰

ò%!ê˛ ˆò¢⁄ ë˛yu˛y °í˛¸y•zˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 1+1+4

5– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 10×1=10

SܲV 1885ÈÙÈ1905 !á fiê˛y∑ ˛õÎ≈hsˇ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SáV ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SàV !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôy_Ó˚ܲyˆÏ° xy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çöàˆÏîÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ ü%!=˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ •z!ï˛•y§ Óî≈öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

140

!mï˛#Î˚ ~ܲܲ xû˛#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

ò¢ü ˆ◊!î

˛õ)î≈üyö ı 50

1– ~ܲ!ê˛ Óy ò%!ê˛ ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy åÈÎ˚!ê˛V ı 6×1=6

SܲV ÚÓ˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !û˛«%˛Ü˛Û Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ܲyÓ˚y §üyˆÏ°y!ã˛ï˛ •ˆÏï˛ö⁄

SáV ÓAàû˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ÓyˆÏò ˆÜ˛yö !òö!ê˛ ÚÓ˚y!áÓrôö í˛zͧÓÛ Ó˚)ˆÏ˛õ ˛õy!°ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SàV àòÓ˚ ò° ˆÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SâV ày!rô!çÓ˚ ˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚y öyü ܲ#⁄

SäV !á°yú˛Í xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲçö ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

Sã˛V 1914 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÜ˛yö ˆò¢ §y!Ó≈Î˚yÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Î%Âô ˆây£Ïîy ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄

SåÈV çy!ï˛§Çâ ܲˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SçV !üí˛z!öá ã%˛!=˛ ܲˆÏÓ fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄

Sé˛V •zÎ˚yŒê˛y §ˆÏ¡ø°ö ܲˆÏÓ xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

S~èV Ó˚yˆÏçƒÓ˚ üˆÏï˛yñ ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÄ !ܲ Ó˚yT˛∆˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ ¢y§ö çy!Ó˚ ܲÓ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄

2– ò%!ê˛ xÌÓy !ï˛ö!ê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛V ı 5×2=10

SܲV !ÓÇ¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü˛õˆÏÓ≈ ˆÎ ˆöï,˛Ó,®ˆÏܲ ÚÚã˛Ó˚ü˛õrÌ# eÎ˚#ÛÛ Ó°y •ï˛ñ ï˛yˆÏòÓ˚ öyü ܲ#⁄

SáV ÓAàû˛ˆÏAàÓ˚ ˆ˛õåȈÏö °í≈˛ ܲyç≈ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SàV çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !Ó≤’Ó# §sfy§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ ≤Ãû˛yÓ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SâV Ó˚yÄ°yê˛ xy•zö S1919V ˆÜ˛ö ≤Ãî#ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SäV àyrô#!çÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ• ܲ#⁄

Sã˛V ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ à%Ó˚%c˛õ)î≈ ú˛°yú˛° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SåÈV ˆÜ˛ö ~ÓÇ Ü˛áö §y•züö ܲ!ü¢ö !öÎ%=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄

SçV Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ ˆ§y§y!°fiê˛ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ò%çö í˛zˆÏÕ‘áˆÏÎyàƒ ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ӈϰy–

Sé˛V §%û˛y£Ïã˛w Ó§% ˆÜ˛ö çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ ˛õò ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö⁄

S~èV ü%§!°ü !°à ˆÜ˛ö !Ü ˛˛õ§‰ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ≤Ãï˛ƒyáƒyö ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

Sê˛V û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏö !öˆÏò≈¢ydܲ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ#⁄

öü%öy 2

141

3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%ˆÏ°yÓ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 3×4=12

SܲV Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü Î%ˆÏà öÓ˚ü˛õrÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ~ÓÇ ¢y§öï˛y!sfܲ §ÇflÒyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ òy!ÓÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚

òyÄ–

xÌÓy

§Ç@ˇÃyü¢#° çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SáV çyü≈y!öˆÏï˛ öyÍ!§ òˆÏ°Ó˚ «˛üï˛y°yˆÏû˛Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy

≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆò¢à%!° ܲ# ܲ# §ü§ƒyÓ˚ §¡ø%á#ö •Î˚⁄

SàV !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

xÌÓy

çy!ï˛§ÇˆÏâÓ˚ ÓƒÌ≈ï˛yÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y–

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 2×6=12

SܲV ˆöï˛yç# öyˆÏü ˆÜ˛ ˛õ!Ó˚!ã˛ï˛ !åȈϰö⁄ ˆÜ˛yö ÓåÈÓ˚ !ï˛!ö !§Aày˛õ%ˆÏÓ˚ fl∫yô#ö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ xfiÌyÎ˚# §Ó˚ܲyÓ˚

≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ xyçyò È!•® Óy!•ö#Ó˚ Ó˚îôù!ö ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ xyçyò !•® Óy!•ö#Ó˚ !ï˛öçö

ˆ§öyÈÙÈxy!ôܲy!Ó˚ˆÏܲÓ˚ öyü ӈϰyñ ÎÑyÓ˚y !Ó !ê˛¢ˆÏòÓ˚ myÓ˚y ˆò¢ˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ x!û˛ˆÏÎyˆÏà x!û˛Î%=˛ •ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö⁄

1+1+1+3

xÌÓy

ü%§‰!°ü !°à ܲˆÏÓ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ §ƒyÓ˚ ˜§Î˚ò xy•üò áÑy ˆÜ˛ö ü%§°üyöˆÏòÓ˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ ˆÎyà öy !òˆÏï˛

˛õÓ˚yü¢≈ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö⁄ ü%§!°ü !°à ˆÜ˛ö Ú≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ §Ç@ˇÃyü !òÓ§Û ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

SáV §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%O ܲˆÏÓñ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ §ÇfiÌyÓ˚ öyü

ӈϰy– §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ !ÓÓ,ï˛ Ü˛ˆÏÓ˚y– 2+2+2

xÌÓy

ˆçyê˛ !öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛y ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ ~•z ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö ï˛_¥ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚

˛õÓ˚ ~•z ö#!ï˛ xyhsˇç≈y!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# xÓòyö Ó˚yˆÏá⁄

5– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 1×10=10

SܲV |!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SáV 1930 ~ÓÇ 1940ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ò¢ˆÏܲ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ Óyü˛õrÌ# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ òyÄ–

SàV û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ü%§°üyö Ó˚yçö#!ï˛Ó˚ ôyÓ˚yÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î S1930ÈÙÈ1947V òyÄ–

142

!mû˛y!çï˛ ˛õyë˛ƒ§)!ã˛Ó˚ !û˛!_ˆÏï˛ ò¢ü ˆ◊!îÓ˚ !öÓ≈yã˛ö#‡ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÓ˚

≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ˚ ܲyë˛yˆÏüy Ä ö¡∫Ó˚ !Óû˛yçö §ÇÜ ˛yhsˇ !öˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y

!Ó£ÏÎ˚ ı •z!ï˛•y§

ö#ˆÏã˛Ó˚ !öˆÏò≈!¢Ü˛y à%Ó˚%c§•Ü˛yˆÏÓ˚ xö%§Ó˚î ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ı

SܲV ˛õyë˛ƒ˛õ%hflψÏܲÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚ åÈyeåÈye# á%Ñ!ê˛ˆÏÎ˚ ˛õˆÏí˛¸ˆÏåÈ !ܲöy ï˛y Îyã˛y•z ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ °«˛ƒ !öˆÏÎ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ xôƒyÎ˚

ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤ß¿ Ìyܲy ÓyN˛ö#Î˚–

SáV ò#â≈ í˛z_Ó˚ü)°Ü˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ– Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒ

~ܲ!ê˛ x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ò¢ ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ˛õyë˛ƒyÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

SàV §Ç!Óôyö xLjϢÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ çöƒ 3 S!ï˛öV ö¡∫Ó˚ xÓ¢ƒ•z Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

SâV ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xhsˇï˛ ~ܲ ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

SäV ò%ÈÙÈ~ܲ ܲÌyÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ü)°Ü˛ ˜öÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ !Óܲ“ !•§yˆÏÓ ≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ §ˆÏAà ˆòÄÎ˚y û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛

ˆÓ˚áyüyö!ã˛ˆÏe fiÌyö !öˆÏò≈¢Ü˛ !ã˛•´ S●V ÌyܲˆÏÓ– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ≤Ãò_ fiÌyöà%!°Ó˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò¢!ê˛Ó˚

ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyö xö%ÎyÎ˚# fiÌyˆÏö !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

Sã˛V ≤ß¿˛õe Ó˚ã˛öyÓ˚ §üˆÏÎ˚ ≤ß¿Ü˛ï≈˛yˆÏܲ üˆÏö Ó˚yáˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛ ˆÎö ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ ܲyüƒ !¢áö

§yüÌ≈ƒ!û˛!_ܲ •Î˚–

SåÈV ≤ß¿˛õˆÏeÓ˚ û˛y£Ïy •ˆÏÓ §Ó˚°ñ §•çˆÏÓyôƒñ §%!ö!ò≈T˛ ~ÓÇ §Ü˛° ≤ÃܲyÓ˚ xflõT˛ï˛yü%=˛–

SçV ≤Ã!ï˛!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ •ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ §Ç!«˛Æ ~ÓÇ §%!ö!ò≈T˛–

≤ß¿ Ä ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !Óû˛yçö É

1– ≤Ãò_ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áyüyö!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!•´ï˛ S●V fiÌyöà%!° ˆòˆÏáy– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ≤Ãò_ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ fiÌyöà%!°Ó˚

≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyö xö%ÎyÎ˚# §!ë˛Ü˛ fiÌyö ≤Ãò_ üyö!ã˛ˆÏe !öˆÏò≈¢ ܲˆÏÓ˚y– SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy

ò¢!ê˛V É 10×1=10

xÌÓyñ

˜öÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~ܲ !ܲÇÓy ò%•z ܲÌyÎ˚ í˛z_Ó˚ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Ã!ï˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ üyö •ˆÏÓ 1– 10×1=10

● ~•z !Óû˛yˆÏà xÓ¢ƒ•z §Ç!Óôyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

2– ˜öÓ≈ƒ!=˛Ü˛ñ x!ï˛È §Ç!«˛Æ í˛z_Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ2‡3 ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y ÓyˆÏܲƒ ‡ 20ÈÙÈ25 ¢ˆÏ∑Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ !°áˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ß¿à%!°

˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#Ó˚ !¢áö §yüÌ≈ƒ!û˛!_ܲ •ˆÏÓ– ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ò%!ê˛ û˛yà S1+1V ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚– ö¡∫Ó˚ÈÙÙÙÈ2

10×2=20

● ~•z !Óû˛yˆÏà xÓ¢ƒ•z §Ç!Óôyö ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

3– §Ç!«˛Æ í˛z_Ó˚ xÌÓy ê˛#ܲy ‡ 7 Óy 8ê˛y ˆåÈyˆÏê˛y ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ– ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ üyöÈÙÙÙÈ4

143

5×4=20

● ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xÇ¢!û˛!_ܲ û˛yà ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy xÌ≈yÍ ~ܲê˛y•z üye ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

● ~•z ≤Èϟ¿ !Óܲ“ •ˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ß¿– xÌ≈yÍ ˛õÑyã˛!ê˛ ≤ß¿ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy

!ï˛ö!ê˛ÈÙÙÙÈ~•zÓ˚ܲü !Óܲ“ ÌyܲˆÏÓ öy– !ܲv 3 ܲÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !Óܲ“ ÌyܲˆÏï˛ ˛õyˆÏÓ˚ñ ï˛ˆÏÓ ~ܲ•z xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲñ

~ܲ•z ôÓ˚ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ß¿– 3 áñ à •zï˛ƒy!ò §¡∫ˆÏrôÄ ~ܲ•z !öÎ˚ü ≤ÈÏÎy烖

4– xÇ¢!û˛!_ܲ ≤ß¿ ÎyˆÏï˛ K˛yöñ ˆÓyôñ ≤ÈÏÎ˚yà §Ó•z ˛õÓ˚#«˛y ܲÓ˚y •ˆÏÓ– ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ üyöÈÙÙÙÈ6 5×6=30

!ÓܲˆÏ“Ó˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ≤ß¿ 3ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ öü%öy ≤ÈÏÎy烖

5– Ó˚ã˛öyü)°Ü˛ ≤ÃÓrô

● ˆÜ˛Ó° ò¢ü ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy xôƒyÎ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˆöÄÎ˚y •ˆÏÓ–

● !ï˛ö!ê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ˆÌˆÏܲ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛z_Ó˚ !òˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ–

6– xö%Ó˚)˛õ ≤ÃÓrô– ˆÜ˛Ó°üye ò¢ü ˆ◊!îÓ˚ ˛õyë˛ƒyÇ¢ ˆÌˆÏܲ !ï˛öˆÏê˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ~ܲê˛y ܲÓ˚ˆÏï˛ •ˆÏÓ SˆÜ˛Ó°üye

Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒV

ö¡∫Ó˚ !Óû˛yçˆÏöÓ˚ ã)˛í˛¸yhsˇ !•§yÓ

1. 10 × 1 = 10

2. 10 × 2 = 20

3. 5 × 4 = 20

4. 5 × 6 = 30

5. 1 × 10 = 10

90 S§yôyÓ˚î ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒV

+ 10 SÓ!•Ó˚yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒV

x!ï˛!Ó˚=˛ ≤ß¿ ÈÙÙÙÈ 6

● !ӈϢ£Ï oT˛Óƒ ı ˛õyë˛ƒyLjϢÓ˚ ≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛ xôƒyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ xhsˇï˛ ~ܲ ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ ÌyܲˆÏÓ–

● §Ç!ÓôyˆÏöÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ 3 ö¡∫ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ≤ß¿ xyÓ!¢ƒÜ˛– 1+2

144

!öÓ≈yã˛ö# ˛õÓ˚#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

§üÎ˚ ı 3 â^ˇê˛y 15 !ü!öê˛ ˛õ)î≈üyö ı 90

≤ÃÌü 15 !ü!öê˛ ¢%ô% ≤ß¿˛õe ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒñ Óy!ܲ 3 â^ˇê˛y í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çöƒ

1– ≤Ãò_ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ˆÓ˚áy üyö!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!•´ï˛ S•V fiÌyöà%!° ˆòˆÏáy– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ≤Ãò_ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ fiÌyöà%!°Ó˚

≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyö xö%ÎyÎ˚# §!ë˛Ü˛ fiÌyö !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ fiÌyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚

Ó§yÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×1=10

SܲV °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ SáV xü,ï˛§Ó˚ SàV !§ü°y SâV !üÓ˚yê˛ SäV !ò!Õ‘ Sã˛V xyˆÏüòyÓyò SåÈV ˆÓy¡∫y•z SçV ˛õ%öy

Sé˛V °áˆÏöÔ S~èV ܲyö˛õ%Ó˚ Sê˛V éÑ˛y!§ Së˛V ˆàyÎ˚y!°Î˚Ó˚ Sí˛V ܲ°Ü˛yï˛y Sì˛V ã˛¡õyÓ˚ö–

xÌÓy

~ܲ Óy ò%•z ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×1=10

SܲV ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° ÓyÇ°yÎ˚ ˜mï˛¢y§ˆÏöÓ˚ xÓ§yö âˆÏê˛⁄

SáV ˆÜ˛yö‰ xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü ܲ°Ü˛yï˛yÎ˚ §%!≤Ãü ˆÜ˛yê≈˛ fiÌy!˛õï˛ •Î˚⁄

SàV ˆ˛õ¢ÄÎ˚y !mï˛#Î˚ Óy!çÓ˚yÄ ˆÜ˛yö‰ ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ üyôƒˆÏü xô#öï˛yü)°Ü˛ !üeï˛y ö#!ï˛ ˆüˆÏö ˆöö⁄

SâV ÄÎ˚y•y!Ó xyˆÏ®y°ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ ˆÜ˛ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ö ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SäV •zLjÏÓ˚çÈÙÈ¢y!§ï˛ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü û˛y•z§Ó˚Î˚ ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄

Sã˛V Ú§ï˛ƒyÌ≈ ≤Ãܲy¢Û ˆÜ˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SåÈV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ˆ¢£Ï!òˆÏܲ ≤Ãܲy!¢ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ fl∫ˆÏò!¢ §ÇÓyò˛õˆÏeÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SçV ày!rô!ç û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö‰ xM˛ˆÏ° ≤ÃÌü Ú§ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ•Û xö%!¤˛ï˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

Sé˛V xy•zöÈÙÈxüyöƒ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ˆöe#Ó˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

S~èV çyü≈y!ö Ä •zï˛y!° åÈyí˛¸y ˆÜ˛yö‰ Ó˚yT˛∆ x«˛ˆÏçyˆÏê˛Ó˚ §ò§ƒ !åÈ°⁄

Sê˛V Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ §üyçï˛sf# òˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲçö ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

Së˛V !Ü ˛˛õ§‰ !ü¢ö ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xyˆÏ§⁄

Sí˛V fl∫yô#ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §û˛y˛õ!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄

Sì˛V ÓåȈÏÓ˚Ó˚ ˆÜ˛yö‰ !òö Ú§!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%O !òÓ§Û !•§yˆÏÓ ˛õy!°ï˛ •Î˚⁄

öü%öy ÈÙÈ 1

145

2– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ò%•z Óy !ï˛ö ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×2=20

SܲV ˆ§!Ó˚Aày˛õê˛ˆÏüÓ˚ ã%˛!=˛ ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~•z ã%˛!=˛ ˆÜ˛ö !ê˛˛õ% §%°ï˛yˆÏöÓ˚ ˛õˆÏ«˛ x§¡øyöçöܲ

!åÈ°⁄

SáV ˆÜ˛ö •zfiê˛ •z!u˛Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ ¢y§öÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ˆÏòÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛õò ˆòÄÎ˚y •ï˛ öy⁄

SàV !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ÓƒÓfiÌy Ä Ó˚yÎ˚ï˛ÄÎ˚y!Ó˚ ÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ ò%•z!ê˛ ˛õyÌ≈ܲƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SâV ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ñ í˛z˛õçy!ï˛ˆÏòÓ˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛ï˛ ¢e% ܲyÓ˚y !åÈ°⁄ ˆÜ˛y° !ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SäV ˆçƒy!ï˛Óy ú%˛ˆÏ°ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö üˆÏö Ó˚yáy •Î˚⁄

Sã˛V ˆò¢#Î˚ §ÇÓyò˛õe xy•zö ܲ#⁄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y ˆÜ˛ö ~•z xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ !ÓÓ˚%ˆÏÂô Ó˚%ˆÏá òÑyí˛¸yö⁄

SåÈV öÓ˚ü˛õrÌ#ˆÏòÓ˚ ¢y§öï˛y!sfܲ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ !öˆÏÎ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ òy!Ó í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SçV Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃˆÏ§Ó˚ °yˆÏ•yÓ˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏö S1929V ˆÎ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ !§Âôyhsˇà%!° ˆöÄÎ˚y •Î˚ñ ï˛yÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛

ˆ°ˆÏáy–

Sé˛V Úˆ§Ó˚yˆÏçˆÏû˛y ܲy[˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

S~èV !•ê‰˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ xydç#Óö#Ó˚ öyü ܲ#⁄ !•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏò¢ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

Sê˛V 1942ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ åÈyˆÏí˛¸yÛ xyˆÏ®y°ö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ ˛õ)Ó≈Óï≈˛# çyï˛#Î˚ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÌˆÏܲ ˛õ,Ìܲ !åÈ°⁄

Së˛V ü%§!°ü !°à ˆÜ˛ö ˛!Ü ˛˛õ‰§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓ ˆüˆÏö ˆöÎ˚!ö⁄

Sí˛V ˆï˛û˛yày xyˆÏ®y°ö ˆÜ˛yö‰ xM˛ˆÏ° xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~Ó˚ ü)° í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

Sì˛V §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ §yï˛ Óy xyê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 5×4=20

SܲV ˛õyÿ˛yï˛ƒ !¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌy ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°yú˛° ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄

xÌÓy

!¢«˛yÓƒÓfiÌyÓ˚ Ä §üyˆÏçÓ˚ §ÇflÒyÓ˚ܲ !•ˆÏ§ˆÏÓ ˜§Î˚ò xy•üò áyˆÏöÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SáV ≤ÃÌü !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ çöƒ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò ܲï˛ò)Ó˚ òyÎ˚#⁄

xÌÓy

x§•ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ®y°ö §ú˛° öy ÓƒÌ≈⁄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛Ó˚ §˛õˆÏ«˛ ÎÌyÌ≈ ܲyÓ˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SàV çyü≈y!öˆÏï˛ öyÍ!§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ܲ#⁄

xÌÓy

öyÍ!§Óyò Ä ú˛ƒy!§ÓyˆÏòÓ˚ ö#!ï˛Ó˚ üˆÏôƒ ܲ# ܲ# §yò,¢ƒ !åÈ°⁄

146

SâV ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı ã˛R@ˇÃyü xflfyàyÓ˚ °%Z˛ö

xÌÓy

ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ !e˛õ%Ó˚# x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö S1939V

SäV °yˆÏ•yˆÏÓ˚ xö%!¤˛ï˛ ü%§!°ü !°ˆÏàÓ˚ x!ôˆÏÓ¢ˆÏöÓ˚ S1940V à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄

xÌÓy

ܲƒy!ÓˆÏöê˛ !ü¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃhflÏyÓà%!° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ò°à%!° ~•z ≤ÃhflÏyÓ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ

@ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 5×6=30

SܲV xü,ï˛§ˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ ã%˛!=˛ ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~•z ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ ¢ï≈˛à%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ ˛õyOyÓˆÏܲ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ !Ó !ê˛¢

§y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ xhsˇû%≈˛=˛ ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄ 1+2+3

xÌÓy

Úxy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§öÛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄ •zLjÏÓ˚çÓ˚y !ܲ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ ¢y§ö §!ë˛Ü˛û˛yˆÏÓ ã˛y°%

ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄ ܲö≈ÄÎ˚y!°§ ˆÜ˛yí˛ Ü˛#⁄ 2+2+2

SáV xƒyˆÏ°ö xˆÏQ!û˛Î˚yö !•í˛zü ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ Úˆ§ú˛!ê˛ û˛ƒy°‰û˛ ï˛_¥Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄ ˆï˛yüyÓ˚ üˆÏï˛ ~•z

ï˛_¥ !ܲ ˆüˆÏö ˆöÄÎ˚y ÎyÎ˚⁄ 1+3+2

xÌÓy

û˛yÓ˚ï˛È§û˛yÓ˚ ò%!ê˛ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~ܲçö Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy !Î!ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛§û˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒ

!åȈϰö⁄ •z°Óyê≈˛ !Ó° xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏö ~•z §û˛y ܲ# û)˛!üܲy ˛õy°ö ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄ 2+1+3

SàV Ó˚yí˛z°yê˛ xy•zöˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö ܲy°yܲyö%ö Ó°y •Î˚⁄ çy!°Î˚yöÄÎ˚y°yÓyˆÏà ܲ# âˆÏê˛!åÈ° ~ÓÇ ~•z âê˛öyÓ˚

ú˛°yú˛° ܲ# •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄ 2+2+2

xÌÓy

ày!rô!ç ˆÜ˛ö °Óî §ï˛ƒy@ˇÃ• !òˆÏÎ˚ xy•zö xüyöƒ xyˆÏ®y°ö ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ í˛y!u˛ x!û˛ÎyˆÏöÓ˚ ú˛°yú˛° ܲ#˛

•ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄ xy•zö xüyöƒ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤ÃÌü ˛õÎ≈yÎ˚ ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ §üyÆ •Î˚⁄ 2+2+2

SâV Ú§yÓ≈ˆÏû˛Ôü àîï˛y!sfܲ §üyçï˛y!sfܲ ôü≈!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ §yôyÓ˚îï˛sfÛ ~•z ¢∑à%!°Ó˚ xÌ≈ ˆÓyé˛yÄ– û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚

§Ç!ÓôyˆÏöÓ˚ xhsˇû%≈˛=˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 4+2

xÌÓy

û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü §yôyÓ˚î !öÓ≈yã˛ö ˆÜ˛ö ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó¢y° ˛õÓ˚#«˛y !•§yˆÏÓ Ó!î≈ï˛ Ü˛Ó˚y •ˆÏÎ˚ˆÏåÈ⁄ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛

àîï˛ˆÏsfÓ˚ §yú˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ çöƒ òyÎ˚# ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò%!ê˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ ˛õ!Ó˚ã˛Î˚ òyÄ– 2+4

147

SäV ܲˆÏÓ ~ÓÇ Ü˛yˆÏòÓ˚ üˆÏôƒ xyê˛°y!rê˛Ü˛ §öò fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ §!¡ø!°ï˛ çy!ï˛˛õ%ˆÏOÓ˚ §yôyÓ˚î §û˛yÓ˚ §ò§ƒ

ܲyÓ˚y ~ÓÇ ~•z §û˛yÓ˚ í˛zˆÏj¢ƒ ܲ#⁄ !öÓ˚y˛õ_y ˛õ!Ó˚£ÏˆÏòÓ˚ ܲyÎ≈yÓ!° ܲ#⁄ 2+2+2

xÌÓy

ˆçyê˛ÈÙÈ!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y ö#!ï˛ ˆÜ˛ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö⁄ üy¢≈y° !ê˛ˆÏê˛y ˆÜ˛ !åȈϰö⁄ ˆçyê˛ÈÙÈ!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y ö#!ï˛Ó˚

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ 1+1+4

5– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ !ӣψÏÎ˚ ≤ÃÓrô Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı 10×1=10

SܲV ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ xyÌ≈ÈÙȧyüy!çܲ ˛õ!Ó˚!fiÌ!ï˛Ó˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ӈϮyÓhflÏ ≤ÃÓï≈˛ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ãû˛yÓ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ •ˆÏÎ˚!åÈ°⁄

SáV fl∫ˆÏò!¢ xyˆÏ®y°ö–

SàV û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏöÓ˚ ü%რ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒ–

SˆÜ˛Ó°üye Ó!•Ó˚yàï˛ ˛õÓ˚#«˛yÌ≈#ˆÏòÓ˚ çöƒV

6– ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı ÈÙÙÙÈ 1×10=10

SܲV 1857 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤ÃÜ,˛!ï˛ Ä ã˛!Ó˚e !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SáV |!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ üôƒ!Ó_ §¡±òyˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ í˛zqˆÏÓÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° §ÇˆÏ«˛ˆÏ˛õ !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚y ~ÓÇ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚

fl∫yô#öï˛y §Ç@ˇÃyˆÏü ~ˆÏòÓ˚ û)˛!üܲy !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SàV í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò# ˆã˛ï˛öyÓ˚ •zí˛zˆÏÓ˚y˛õ#Î˚ ˆ≤Ã!«˛ï˛ ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

148

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Ó˚

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üÓ

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ò!Õ

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6. x

yˆÏü

òyÓ

yò

7. ˆ

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8. ˛õ

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9. °

áˆÏö

Ô

10.

ܲyö

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˚

11.

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12.

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13.

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149

öü%öy ÈÙÈ 2

!öÓ≈yã˛ö# ˛õÓ˚#«˛y

•z!ï˛•y§

§üÎ˚ ı 3 â^ˇê˛y 15 !ü!öê˛ ˛õ)î≈üyö ı 90

S≤ÃÌü 15 !ü!öê˛ ¢%ô% ≤ß¿˛õe ˛õí˛¸yÓ˚ çöƒñ Óy!ܲ 3 â^ˇê˛y í˛z_Ó˚ ˆ°áyÓ˚ çöƒV

1– ≤Ãò_ û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈Ó˚ üyö!ã˛ˆÏe !ã˛!•´ï˛ S•V fiÌyöà%!° ˆòˆÏáy– ≤ß¿˛õˆÏe ≤Ãò_ ˙!ï˛•y!§Ü˛ fiÌyöà%!°Ó˚

≤ÈÏï˛ƒÜ˛!ê˛Ó˚ ˆû˛ÔˆÏày!°Ü˛ xÓfiÌyö xö%ÎyÎ˚# §!ë˛Ü˛ fiÌyö !öî≈Î˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ !ã˛!•´ï˛ fiÌyˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !ü!°ˆÏÎ˚

Ó§yÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×1=10

SܲV §%Ó˚yê˛ SáV ˆÓ!Ó˚!° SàV xy!°àí˛¸ SâV ˆÜ˛y!•üy SäV ~°y•yÓyò Sã˛V ÓyÓ˚yî§# SåÈV ã˛®ööàÓ˚

SçV ˆã˛Ô!Ó˚ˆÏã˛ÔÓ˚y Sé˛V üyoyç S~èV ˆÓ!§ö Sê˛V ˆ§!Ó˚Aày˛õ_öü Së˛V ÓˆÏÓ˚yòy Sí˛V öyà˛õ%Ó˚ Sì˛V í˛y!u˛–˛

xÌÓy

1– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ ~ܲ Óy ò%•z ¢ˆÏ∑ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×1=10

SܲV !ê˛˛õ% §%°ï˛yö ˆÜ˛yö‰ Î%ˆÏÂô üyÓ˚y Îyö⁄

SáV §°Óy•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ã%˛!=˛ ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SàV ú˛Ó˚y!ç xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SâV 1857ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ àîÈÙÈxyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ~ܲ ≤Ãôyö ˆÜ˛ˆÏwÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

SäV !ÓôÓyÈÙÈ!ÓÓy• xy•zö ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° ≤ÃÓ!ï≈˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

Sã˛V í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ Ú¢%!Âô xyˆÏ®y°öÛ ¢%Ó˚% ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö⁄

SåÈV û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ çyï˛#Î˚ Ü˛ÇˆÏ@ˇÃ§ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ≤ÃÌü x!ôˆÏÓ¢ö ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄

SçV !Ó¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ ¢%Ó˚%ˆÏï˛ ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ ~ܲ!ê˛ Úfl∫ˆÏò!¢Û !¢“≤Ã!ï˛¤˛yˆÏöÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

Sé˛V çyü≈y!öÓ˚ ˛õy°≈yˆÏürê˛ Sxy•zö§û˛yV ܲ# öyˆÏü ≤Ãáƒyï˛ !åÈ°⁄

S~èV üsf#!ü¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲçö §òˆÏ§ƒÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy–

Sê˛V ˆÜ˛yö‰ xy•zˆÏöÓ˚ üyôƒˆÏü û˛yÓ˚ï˛Ó£Ï≈ fl∫yô#öï˛y xç≈ö ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

Së˛V ˆ°yܲ§û˛yÓ˚ §û˛y˛õ!ï˛c ˆÜ˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

Sí˛V Ü˛ï˛ ÓåÈÓ˚ ÓÎ˚ˆÏ§ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ öyà!Ó˚ܲÓ˚y ˆû˛yê˛òyˆÏöÓ˚ x!ôܲyÓ˚# •ö⁄

Sì˛V ˆÜ˛yö‰ ÓåÈÓ˚ˆÏܲ Úxy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ ÓͧÓ˚Û Ó°y •Î˚⁄

150

2– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ ò%•z Óy !ï˛ö ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ SˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ˛ò¢!ê˛V ı 10×2=20

SܲV ˆÓ!§ˆÏöÓ˚ §!rô ˆÜ˛yö‰ §yˆÏ° fl∫y«˛!Ó˚ï˛ •Î˚⁄ ~•z §!rôÓ˚ à%Ó˚%c ܲ#⁄

SáV ˆú˛yê≈˛ í˛z•z!°Î˚yü ܲˆÏ°ç ˆÜ˛ñ ˆÜ˛ö ≤Ã!ï˛¤˛y ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

SàV 1813 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ §öò xy•zö (Charter Act) •zfiê˛ •z!u˛Î˚y ˆÜ˛y¡õy!öÓ˚ Óy!îˆÏçƒÓ˚ IJõÓ˚ ܲ# ≤Ãû˛yÓ

!ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄

SâV 1857ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ≤Ãï˛ƒ«˛ ܲyÓ˚î ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

SäV !í˛ˆÏÓ˚y!çĈÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö üˆÏö Ó˚yáy •Î˚⁄

Sã˛V Úxyö®üë˛Û ˆÜ˛ Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚ˆÏåÈö⁄ ~•z Ó•zÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü)° í˛z˛õˆÏò¢ ܲ#⁄

SåÈV Úfl∫ˆÏò!¢Û Ä ÚÓÎ˚ܲê˛Û Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄

SçV ày!rôÈÙÈxyÓ˚í˛z•zö ã%˛!=˛Ó˚ S1931V ôyÓ˚yà%!° ‡ ¢ï≈˛à%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄

Sé˛V 1932 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Ú§y¡±òy!Î˚ܲ ÓÑyˆÏê˛yÎ˚yÓ˚yÛ Ü˛#⁄

S~èV ü%ˆÏ§y!°!ö ïÑ˛yÓ˚ §y¡ÀyçƒÓyò# xyܲyA«˛y ˛õ)î≈ ܲÓ˚yÓ˚ çöƒ ܲ# ܲ# §yü!Ó˚ܲ x!û˛Îyö ã˛y!°ˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö⁄

Sê˛V §%û˛y£Ïã˛w Ó§% ˆÜ˛ö 1940 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˆò¢ï˛ƒyà ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄

Së˛V û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ §Ç!ÓôyˆÏö û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚ öyà!Ó˚ܲˆÏòÓ˚ ≤Ãò_ ò%!ê˛ ˆüÔ!°Ü˛ x!ôܲyÓ˚ í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

Sí˛V û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ ¢y§öÓƒÓfiÌyÎ˚ ˛õÓ˚yü¢≈òyï˛y !•§yˆÏÓ §%!≤Ãü ˆÜ˛yˆÏê≈˛Ó˚ û)˛!üܲyÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ xyˆÏ°yã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

Sì˛V ˆ•yÈÙÈ!ã˛ÈÙÈ!üöˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö üˆÏö Ó˚yáy •Î˚⁄

3– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤ß¿à%!°Ó˚ §yï˛ Óy xyê˛ ÓyˆÏܲƒ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 5×4=20

SܲV ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı xô#öï˛yü)°Ü˛ !üeï˛y ö#!ï˛–

xÌÓy

°í≈˛ í˛y°ˆÏ•Ô!§Ó˚ xô#ˆÏö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ !Ó !ê˛¢ §y¡ÀyˆÏçƒÓ˚ ≤çyˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ Óî≈öy òyÄ–

SáV ÓyÓ˚y§yï˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyÄ–

xÌÓy

1857ÈÙÈ~Ó˚ ü•y!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !ӈϟ’£Ïî ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

SàV Ó˚yüˆÏüy•ö Ó˚yÎ˚ˆÏܲ ˆÜ˛ö û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛Ó˚ Ú≤ÃÌü xyô%!öܲ üyö%£ÏÛ üˆÏö ܲÓ˚y •Î˚⁄

xÌÓy

í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲÓ˚ §yüy!çܲ ç#Óö ~ÓÇ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ ˆ«˛ˆÏe fl∫yü# !ÓˆÏÓܲyöˆÏ®Ó˚ ܲ# xÓòyö

!åÈ°⁄

151

SâV ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı û˛àÍ !§Ç

xÌÓy

1946 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ ˆöÔ!ÓˆÏoyˆÏ•Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚î ~ÓÇ ú˛°yú˛ˆÏ°Ó˚ §Ç!«˛Æ !ÓÓÓ˚î òyÄ–

SäV ê˛#ܲy ˆ°ˆÏáy ı ˛õM˛¢#°–

xÌÓy

ˆçyê˛!öÓ˚ˆÏ˛õ«˛ï˛y ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ü)°ƒyÎ˚ö ܲˆÏÓ˚y–

4– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ≤Èϟ¿Ó˚ í˛z_Ó˚ òyÄ ı 5×6=30

SܲV !ã˛Ó˚fiÌyÎ˚# ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ≤Ãôyö ˜Ó!¢T˛ƒà%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ ÓyÇ°yÓ˚ Ü,˛£ÏˆÏܲÓ˚ xy!Ì≈ܲ xÓfiÌyÓ˚ í˛z˛õÓ˚ ~•z

ӈϮyÓˆÏhflÏÓ˚ ܲ# ≤Ãû˛yÓ ˛õˆÏí˛¸⁄ 3+3

xÌÓy

í˛z!ö¢ ¢ï˛ˆÏܲ ˆò¢#Î˚ !¢ˆÏ“Ó˚ xÓ«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° !öÓ˚)˛õî ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ~•z xÓ«˛ˆÏÎ˚Ó˚ xÌ≈˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ú˛°yú˛°

ܲ# •Î˚⁄ 4+2

SáV ày!rô!ç ˆÜ˛ö x§•ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §ˆÏAà !á°yú˛Í xyˆÏ®y°ö Î%=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ x§•ˆÏÎyà xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚

í˛zˆÏj¢ƒà%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ ~•z xyˆÏ®y°ö ܲ#û˛yˆÏÓ §üyÆ •Î˚⁄ 2+2+2

xÌÓy

fl∫Ó˚yçƒ òˆÏ°Ó˚ ~ܲ!ê˛ ˆöï˛yÓ˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy– §y•züö ܲ!ü¢ö ˆÜ˛ö û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ xyˆÏ§⁄ û˛yÓ˚ï˛#Î˚Ó˚y ~•z

ܲ!ü¢ˆÏöÓ˚ ≤Ã!ï˛ Ü˛#Ó˚)˛õ üˆÏöyû˛yÓ Óƒ=˛ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åȈϰö⁄ 1+2+3

SàV ˆï˛y£Ïî ö#!ï˛ Ó°ˆÏï˛ Ü˛# ˆÓyé˛yÎ˚⁄ •zÇ°ƒyu˛ ~ÓÇ ú ˛y™ ˆÜ˛ö ~•z ö#!ï˛ @ˇÃ•î ܲˆÏÓ˚⁄ !•ê˛°yÓ˚ ~ÓÇ hflÏy!°ö

ˆÜ˛ö Ó˚%¢ÈÙÈçyü≈yö xöyÜ ˛üî ã%˛!=˛ fl∫y«˛Ó˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚ö⁄ 2+2+2

xÌÓy

!•ê˛°yˆÏÓ˚Ó˚ !ÓˆÏò¢ö#!ï˛Ó˚ ≤Ãôyö xyò¢≈à%!° Óƒyáƒy ܲˆÏÓ˚y– ˆÓ˚yüÈÙÈÓy!°≈öÈÙȈê˛y!ܲˆÏÎ˚y x«˛ˆÏçyê˛ Ü˛#û˛yˆÏÓ

à!ë˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ 4+2

SâV 1942 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑ ˆÜ˛yö‰ âê˛öyÓ!°Ó˚ ˛õ!Ó˚ˆÏ≤Ã!«˛ˆÏï˛ §ƒyÓ˚ fiê˛ƒyˆÏú˛yí≈˛ !Ü ˛˛õ‰§ û˛yÓ˚ˆÏï˛ ~ˆÏ§!åȈϰö⁄ ïÑ˛yÓ˚

≤ÃhflÏyÓà%!° ܲ# !åÈ°⁄ 3+3

xÌÓy

xyçyò !•® ˆú˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚ !Óã˛yÓ˚ ˆÜ˛yÌyÎ˚ xö%!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ !Óã˛yÓ˚yô#ö ò%•zçö xyçyò !•® ˆú˛ÔˆÏçÓ˚

ˆ§öy˛õ!ï˛Ó˚ öyü ˆ°ˆÏáy– ~•z !Óã˛yÓ˚ ï˛áöܲyÓ˚ Ó˚yç˜Ïö!ï˛Ü˛ ˆ«˛ˆÏe ܲ# ≤Ãû˛yÓ !ÓhflÏyÓ˚ ܲˆÏÓ˚!åÈ°⁄

1+2+3

152

SäV !mï˛#Î˚ !ÓŸªÎ%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ ˛õÓ˚ ~!¢Î˚yÈÙÈxy!ú ˛Ü˛yÓ˚ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyò# xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ §yú˛ˆÏ°ƒÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚îà%!° ܲ#⁄ ~•z

xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚ üôƒ !òˆÏÎ˚ !ã˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢ ˆÜ˛yö‰ öï%˛ö Ó˚yT˛∆ÓƒÓfiÌy ≤Ã!ï˛!¤˛ï˛ •Î˚⁄ !ã˛ö ˆòˆÏ¢ ~•z xyˆÏ®y°ˆÏöÓ˚

ˆöï,˛c ˆÜ˛ !òˆÏÎ˚!åȈϰö⁄ 4+1+1

xÌÓy

ë˛y[˛y Î%ˆÏÂôÓ˚ !ï˛ö!ê˛ Ü˛yÓ˚î í˛zˆÏÕ‘á ܲˆÏÓ˚y– 2+2+2

5– !ö¡¨!°!áï˛ ˆÎÈÙÈˆÜ˛yˆÏöy ~ܲ!ê˛ !Ó£ÏÎ˚ xÓ°¡∫ˆÏö ~ܲ!ê˛ ≤ÃÓrô Ó˚ã˛öy ܲˆÏÓ˚y ı 10×1=10

SܲV û˛yÓ˚ï˛ÓˆÏ£Ï≈ çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyòÈÙÈ~Ó˚ í˛zˆÏß√ˆÏ£ÏÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–

SáV §Ç@ˇÃyü¢#° çyï˛#Î˚ï˛yÓyˆÏòÓ˚ í˛zayˆÏöÓ˚ ܲyÓ˚î–

SàV 1942 !á fiê˛yˆÏ∑Ó˚ Úû˛yÓ˚ï˛ åÈyˆÏí˛¸yÛ xyˆÏ®y°ö–

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154

First Unit TestHistory

Class X

Full Marks : 40

1. Answer the following in one or two words (answer any six questions) : 6×1=6

(a) During the administration of which Governor-General was the Maratha Confederacy

finally destroyed ?

(b) When was the Treaty of Salbai signed ?

(c) Who introduced the Ryotwari settlement ?

(d) When was the Company’s monopoly trade with India abolished ?

(e) What was the meaning of Daman-i-Koh ?

(f) Who led the Barasat Uprising ?

(g) What does Wahabi mean ?

(h) In which year was the Calcutta Asiatic Society founded ?

(i) By which name were the followers of Derozio known ?

(j) Who was the first president of the Indian National Congress ?

2. Answer the following in two or three sentences (answer any five questions) : 5×2=10

(a) What do you mean by the Cornwallis Code ?

(b) When and why was the Fort William College set up ?

(c) State one positive and one negative effect of the Permanent Settlement in Bengal.

(d) What was Economic Drain ?

(e) Why is Dudu Mian remembered ?

(f) When and where did the Revolt of 1857 break out ?

(g) What do you mean by Anglicist-Orientalist controversy ?

3. Answer the following in seven or eight sentences : 4×3=12

(a) Write a note on the Ryotwari Settlement in the Madras Presidency.

Or

Analyse the chief features of the Mahalwari Settlement in U.P.

Sample 1

155

(b) What were the reasons for the outbreak of peasant revolts in the first century of the

British rule ?

Or

Why were the Indian Sepoys aggrieved at the introduction of the Enfield Rifle ?

(c) Discuss the role of Vidyasagar as a social reformer.

Or

Discuss the role of the middle class to the emergence of nationalism.

4. Answer any two of the following questions : 6×2=12

(a) When and between whom was the Treaty of Amritsar signed ? After which battle wasPunjab incorporated into the British Empire ? Who was then the Governor-General

of India ? 1+1+3+1

Or

When and by which Act was founded the Supreme Court at Calcutta ? What is meant

by ‘Rule of Law’ ? 1+1+4

(b) In the nineteenth century what changes took place in the nature of the trade betweenEngland and India ? Give two reasons for these changes. What was the effect of thesechanges on India’s handicraft industry ? 2+2+2

Or

How did Britain cripple Indian cotton industry ? What was the Industrial Revolution ?3+3

(c) Discuss the economic and political causes of the Revolt of 1857. 3+3

Or

State three reasons for failure of the Revolt of 1857. 2+2+2

(d) Who founded the Brahmo Samaj and when ? Assess the role of the Brahmo Samaj

in the social reform movement of the ninetenth century. 1+1+4

Or

What was the Ilbert Bill controversy ? What was the impact of this ? 3+3

156

First Unit TestHistory

Class X

Full Marks : 40

1. Answer the following in one or two words (answer any six questions) : 6×1=6

(a) Name the treaty which ended the Second Anglo-Mysore war.

(b) With whom did the British conclude the Treaty of Sagauli ?

(c) When was the treaty of Bassein signed ?

(d) In which year Cornwallis took charge as the Governor General of Bengal ?

(e) Who introduced the Ryotwari Settlement ?

(f) Name a leader of the Kol Rebellian.

(g) Who is known as the Father of Modern India ?

(h) In which year the Vernacular Press Act was passed ?

2. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. Answer any five

questions : 5×2=10

(a) What was the political significance of the Treaty of Salbai ?

(b) Which Indian ruler first signed the ‘Subsidiary Alliance’ of Lord Wellesley and in

which year ?

(c) What was Mahalwari settlement ?

(d) Who was defeated and killed in the Battle of Balakot (1831) ?

(e) When and where did the Revolt of 1857 break out ?

(f) Which philosophy did Swami Dayananda preach ?

(g) What were the two main objectives of the Indian Association ?

(h) Mention any two objectives of the Prarthana Samaj.

3. Answer the following questions in seven or eight sentences : 3×4=12

(a) Discuss the role of Cornwallis as a founder of the British administrative system in

India.

Or

Assess the role of Wellesley as an imperialist.

Sample 2

157

(b) What was the impact of the new British revenue settlement on the economy of rural

India in the nineteenth century ?

Or

Explain why Indian industries declined in the nineteenth century.

(c) Discuss the influence of western education which spread in the nineteenth century.

Or

Write a note on the ‘Ilbert Bill Controversy’.

4. Answer the following questions (Answer any two questions) : 2×6=12

(a) What does Wahabi mean ? What is meant by Dar-ul-Harb ? Give an account of

Barasat Uprising. 1+1+4

Or

Name two important centres of the Great Revolt of 1857. Who was the Governor-General of India when the Great Revolt broke out ? Mention any three reasons

responsible for failure of the Revolt of 1857. 2+1+3

(b) What was the main aim of social reform movements in the nineteenth century ? Who

founded the Brahmo Samaj ? What goals of social reform did it pursue ? 2+1+3

Or

Who started the Aligarh movement ? What did the movement achieve in the field ofeducation and social reform ? What role did the Aligarh movement play in the political

field ? 1+3+2

(c) How did the vernacular press influence the rise of nationalism in India ? Briefly

mention the role of Vivekananda in the spread of Indian nationalism. 3+3

Or

When and where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held ? Indicatethe part played by Allan Octavian Hume in founding the Indian National Congress.

1+1+4

158

Second Unit TestHistory

Class X

Full Marks : 50

1. Answer the following in one or two words (answer any six questions) : 6×1=6

(a) Where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held ?

(b) Who was the author of ‘Poverty and Un-British Rule in India’ ?

(c) In which year was the Partition of Bengal annulled ?

(d) Where was the Weimer Republic set up ?

(e) Who is known as ‘Frontier Gandhi’ ?

(f) What is the name of Hitler’s autobiography ?

(g) Who was the first secretary of the Congress Socialist Party ?

(h) Who was the first chairman of the Constituent Assembly ?

(i) In which year did Indonesia achieve independence ?

2. Answer the following in two or three sentences (answer any five questions) :

5×2=10

(a) What was the significance of the Surat Session (1907) of the National Congress ?(b) What was the actual motive of Lord Curzon behind the partition of Bengal ?(c) When was the Rowlatt Act passed ? What were the recommendations made by

Rowlatt ? 1+1(d) When was the Russo-German Non-aggression pact signed ? Mention one of the terms

of the pact. 1+1(e) What is ‘Carridor warfare’ ?(f) What is the name of the Upper House of the Indian Parliament ? Who presides over

it ? 1+1(g) What is the Non-Alignment Policy ?

3. Answer the following questions in seven or eight sentences : 3×4=12

(a) What was the of role Anushilan Samiti as a revolutionary organisation ?

Or

Why are Prafulla Chaki and Kshudiram remembered ?

Sample 1

159

(b) What led to the rise of Hitler in Germany ?

Or

What led to the rise of the Fascist Party in Italy ?

(c) Write a short note on the Atlantic Charter.

Or

What were the objectives behind the formation of the United Nations ?

4. Answer the following questions : 2×6=12

(a) Mention any three causes of the rise Militant Nationalism in India. 2+2+2

Or

Give a brief idea about Swadeshi and Boycott Movement. 3+3

(b) Name the founder of the Non-Aligned Movement. Explain the main principles of themovement. What was its contribution to international politics after the Second World

War. 1+2+3

Or

Who first popularised the term ‘Cold War’ ? Which two countries were two main

rivals in the Cold War. Mention the features of the Cold War. 1+1+4

5. Answer any one question : 1×10=10

(a) Discuss the activities of the National Congress from 1885 to 1905.

(b) Write the causes of the First World War.

(c) Describe the history of liberation movement of the African people in the Post SecondWorld War era.

160

Second Unit Test

History

Class X

˛Full Marks : 50

1. Answer the following in one or two words (Answer any six) 6×1=6

(a) Who were criticised as ‘political mendicants’ ?

(b) Which day was observed as Raksha Bandhan ceremony in protest against the Partitionof Bengal ?

(c) Who founded the Gadar Party ?(d) What is the full name of Gandhiji ?(e) Name a leader of the Khilafat movement.(f) Which country declared war on Serbia in 1914 ?(g) When was founded the League of Nations ?(h) When was signed the Munich Pact ?(i) When was the Yalta Conference held ?(j) According to the Indian Constitution can President’s rule be imposed upon the

government in the centre, as it can in the states ?

2. Answer the following questions in two or three sentences. 2×5=10

(Answer any five)

(a) Name the leaders who constituted the Extremist trio in the early years of the twentiethcentury.

(b) What were Lord Curzon’s real motives behind the Partition of Bengal ?(c) In what two ways did Revolutionary Terrorism leave an impact on the national

movement ?(d) Why was the Rowlatt Act (1919) passed ?(e) What was Satyagraha according to Gandhiji ?(f) Mention two important consequences of the First World War.(g) Why and when was the Simon Commission appointed ?(h) Name two prominent leaders of the Congress Socialist Party.(i) Why did Subhas Chandra Bose resign from the presidentship of the Congress ?(j) Why did the Muslim League reject the Cripps Proposal ?(k) What are the aims of the Directive Principles of the Indian Constitution ?

Sample 2

161

3. Answer the following questions in seven or eight sentences (Any three) : 4×3=12

(a) In the first phase of the Congress, What were the Moderates’ economic and political

demands ?

Or

State the reasons for the rise of Militant Nationalism.

(b) Briefly describe the reasons for the rise of the Nazis to power.

Or

What difficulties did the European countries face after the end of the First World War?

(c) Mention any two causes that led to the Second World War ?

Or

Briefly describe the causes for the failure of the League of Nations.

4. Answer the following questions : 2×6=12

(a) Who was known as Netaji ? In which year he formed the Provisional Government ofFree India at Singapore ? What was the battle-cry of the INA ? Name three officersof the INA who were prosecuted for treason by the British. 1+1+1+3

Or

When was the Muslim League founded ? Why did Sir Syed Ahmad Khan advisedthe Muslims not to join the Congress ? Why did the Muslim League observe theDirect Action Day ? 1+2+3

(b) When was the UNO established and where ? Name any two organs of the UNO

Mention any two principles of the UNO. 2+2+2

Or

Name the founder of the Non-Alliance Movement — Explain the main principles ofthe movement. What was its contribution to international politics after the SecondWorld War ? 1+2+3

5. Write an essay on any one of the following : 1×10=10

(a) Discuss two reasons for the rise of nationalism among Indians in the nineteenth

centrury.

(b) Give a brief account of the Leftist movements in India during 1930s and 1940s.

(c) Describe the course of Muslim politics from 1930 to 1947.

162

Instruction for Framing Questions & Marks Distribution ofSelection Test / Final Examination based on bifurcated sylla-

bus of Class X

Subject : History

The following instructions must be strictly followed :

(a) Each chapter of the textbook must be studied thoroughly.

(b) Questions will be set from each chapter of the syllabus as far as practicable.(c) One essay-type question will be set from any chapter of the syllabus. A similar

additional question will be set for external candidates.(d) 3 marks will be reserved for questions on the Indian Constitution.(e) One question of at least one mark must be set from every chapter.(f) As an alternative to the objective questions with one or two word answers (Q 1) a

question on map-pointing will be set. Places indicated by a symbol (●) on a givenmap, will have to be matched with the names provided in a given list.

(g) While setting questions, it is advisable to keep in mind that the competency level ofthe learners should be evaluated as far as practicable.

(h) The language of the questions should be simple, direct and free from any ambiguity.

(i) The answers must be brief and direct.

1. Objective questions to be answered in one or two words only, 1 mark each. 10×1=10

One question will be from chapter 9 (Indian Constitution)

Or,

*On the outline map symbols (●) of given places will have to be matched with a given

list of names (any ten) : 10×1=10

2. Objective, very short answers, to be given in two or three short sentences only, 2

marks each. 10×2=20

*Each question may carry part questions = (1+1)

one question must be from chapter 9, that is, the Indian Constitution.

3. Short answers or short notes, to be written in seven or eight short sentences.4 marks each. 5×4=20

163

*The questions of this group will not be part-questions.*There will be alternatives in Q3, Group A will have only three questions, a, b, c nota, b, c, d, e, of which only three must be done. However, Q3a, may have analternative, (Or), set from the same chapter, of the same pattern. (The same applies to3b, 3c etc.

4. Part-questions, in which both information, understanding application of the examineeare to be tested. 6 marks each......................... 5×6=30The pattern of alternatives will be similar to Q3.

5. Essay, to be set from any chapter of the syllabus. There will be three alternatives, fromwhich one is to be answered. 10

6. As above, for External Candidates only. 10

Final break-up of marks – Pattern of Questions

1. 10 × 1 = 10

2. 10 × 2 = 20

3. 5 × 4 = 20

4. 5 × 6 = 30

5. 1 × 10 = 10

90 (for Regular Candidates)

6. 1 × 10 = 10 (for External Candidates)

● One question of at least one mark must be set from each chapter of the syllabus.

● Three marks questions are compulsory from chapter 9 (Indian Constitution). 1+2

164

Selection Test

History

Class X

Time : 3 Hours, 15 mints. Full Marks : 90

(First 15 minutes for reading the question paper only, 3 hours for writing)

1. On the outline map of India supplied, geographical positions of certain places ofhistorical importance are indicated by dot (●●●●●) marks. Match them with the listgiven below (any ten) :— 10×1

(a) Lahore (b) Amritsar (c) Simla (d) Meerat (e) Delhi (f) Ahmedabad (g) Bombay(h) Pune (i) Lucknow (j) Kanpur (k) Jhansi (l) Gwalior (m) Calcutta (n) Champaran.

Or

Answer the following in one or two words only (any ten) : 10×1=10

(a) In which year was the Double Government in the Bengal Presidency abolished ?

(b) By which Act was the Supreme Court set up in Calcutta ?

(c) By which treaty did the Peshwa accept the Subsidiary Alliance ?

(d) Who was the founder of the Wahabi Movement in India ?

(e) Who was the first Viceroy of the British empire in India ?

(f) Who wrote Satyartha Prakash ?

(g) Name a newspaper of the late 19th century which supported nationalist ideas.

(h) Where did Gandhiji organise his first Satyagraha in India ?

(i) Name a woman leader of the Civil Disobedience Movement.

(j) Which country other than Germany and Italy was part of the Axis group of nations ?

(k) Name one of the founders of the Congress Socialist Party.

(l) In which year did the Cripps Mission visit India ?

(m) Who was the first President of independent India ?

(n) Which day is celebrated as U. N. Day ?

Sample 1

165

2. Answer the following in two or three sentences each (any ten) : 10×2=20

(a) In which year was the Treaty of Seringapatam signed ? Why was it a humiliation forTipu Sultan ?

(b) Why were Indians not appointed to high positions in the East India Company’sgovernment ?

(c) State two points of difference between the Permanent Settlement and the RyotwariSettlement.

(d) Who, according to you, were the real enemies of the tribals ? Name a leader of theKol Revolt.

(e) Why is Jyotiba Phule remembered ?(f) What was the Vernacular Press Act ? Why did Indians resent the Act ?(g) Mention any two administrative demands of the Moderates.(h) State any two major political decisions taken at the Lahore Congress (1929).(i) What was the Serajevo Incident ?(j) What was the name of Hitler’s autobiography ? State any one aim of Hitler’s foreign

policy.(k) Mention any two ways in which the Quit India Movement was different from earlier

mass movements.(l) Why did the Muslim League reject the proposals of the Cripps Mission ?

(m) What is the importance of the Directive Principles of State Policy in the Constitutionof India ?

3. Answer the following in seven or eight sentences each (Note the alternatives) :5×4=20

(a) What was the impact of the introduction of Western education in India ?

Or

Describe the contribution of Syed Ahmed Khan towards social and educational re-form.

(b) In what way did Imperialism contribute towards the outbreak of the First World War ?

Or

According to you, was the Non-Co-operation Movement a success or a failure ? Givereasons for your answer.

(c) What were the reasons for the rise of Nazism in Germany ?

Or

In what way were the ideals of Nazism and Fascism similar ?

166

(d) Write a short note on the Chittagong Armoury Raid.

Or

Write a note on the Tripuri Congress (1939).

(e) What was the importance of the Lahore Congress of the Muslim League (1940) ?

Or

Briefly state the proposals of the Cabinet Mission, and the reaction of the Indianpolitical parties to these proposals.

4. Answer the following : 5×6=30

(a) In which year was the Treaty of Amritsar signed ? What were its terms ? How was

Punjab finally included within the British Empire ? 1+2+3

Or

What is meant by “Rule of Law” ? Did the British actually practise it in India ? Whatis meant by the Cornwallis Code ? 2+2+2

(b) Mention any two aims of the Indian Association. Name a political leader associatedwith this body. What role did the Indian Association play with regard to the Ilbert BillAgitation ? 2+1+3

Or

Who was Allan Octavian Hume ? What is meant by the “Safety-valve theory” ? Inyour opinion, can this theory be accepted ? 1+3+2

(c) Why was the Rowlatt Act called the ‘Black Act’ ? What incident took place atJallianwala Bagh, and what was its impact ? 2+4

Or

Why did Gandhi begin the Civil Disobedience Movement with a ‘Salt Satyagraha’ ?What was the impact of the Dandi March ? How was the first phase of the CivilDisobedience Movement brought to an end ? 2+2+2

(d) When was the Yalta Conference held ? Name three prominent leaders who attendedit. Name any two military alliances which came into being as a consequence of ColdWar. 1+3+2

Or

What is Panchasheel ? When was the Bandung Conference held ? What was theimportance of this conference ? 3+1+2

167

(e) Where and between whom was the Atlantic Charter signed ? What is the compositionand role of the General Assembly of the United Nations Organisation ? What is thefunction of the Security Council ? 2+2+2

Or

Who founded the Non-Aligned Movement ? Who was Marshal Tito ? What were theaims of the Non-Aligned Movement ? 1+1+4

5. Write an essay on any one of the following : 1×10=10

(a) The features of the Permanent Settlement and its impact on society and economy inBengal.

(b) The Swadeshi Movement.(c) The causes of the Cold War.

(For External Candidates only)

6. Answer any ONE question : 1×10=10

(a) Analyse the nature and character of the Revolt of 1857.(b) Analyse briefly the causes of evolution of the middle class in India in the nineteenth

century and the role it played in the national movement.(c) What was the European influence on the rise of nationalism in the nineteenth century.

168

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169

Selection Test

History

Class X

Time : 3 Hours, 15 mints. Full Marks : 90

(First 15 minutes for reading the question paper only, 3 hours for writing)

1. On the outline map of India supplied, geographical positions of certain places ofhistorical importance are indicated by (•) marks. Match them with the list givenbelow (any ten) : 1×10=10

(a) Surat (b) Bareilly (c) Aligarh (d) Kohima (e) Allahabad (f) Varanasi (g)Chandernagaore (h) Chauri Chaura (i) Madras (j) Bassein (k) Seringapatam (l) Baroda(m) Nagpur (n) Dandi

Or

Answer the following in one or two words each (any ten) :

a) In which war did Tipu Sultan lose his life ?

b) In which year was the Treaty of Salbai signed ?

c) Name the founder of the Faraizi Movement.

d) Name a centre of popular uprising during the Great Revolt of 1857.

e) In which year was the Widow Remarraige Act passed ?

f) Who began the ‘Shuddhi Movement’ in the 19th century ?

g) Where was the first session of the Indian National Congress held ?

h) Name a ‘Swadeshi’ industry set up in the early 20th century.

i) What was the German Parliament known as ?

j) Name any one member of the Cabinet Mission.

k) By which Act did India gain independence ?

l) Who is the leader of the Lok Sabha ?

m) At what age are Indian citizens allowed to vote ?

n) Which year is regarded as ‘Africa Year’?

Sample 2

170

2. Answer the following in two or three sentences each (any ten) : 10×2=20

a) In which year was the Treaty of Bassein signed ? What was the importance of thistreaty ?

b) Who founded Fort William College and why ?

c) In what way did the Charter Act of 1813 affect the English East India Company’strade?

d) What was the immediate cause of the Great Revolt of 1857 ?

e) Why is Derozio remembered ?

f) Who wrote Anandamath ? What is the message of this book ?

g) What is meant by ‘swadeshi’ and ‘boycott’ ?

h) What were the terms of the Gandhi-Irwn’ Pact (1931) ?

i) What was the Communal Award of 1932 ?

j) Through which military campaigns did Mussolini try to fulfil his imperial ambitions ?

k) Why did Subhas Chandra Bose leave India in 1940 ?

l) Mention any two fundamental rights of the Indian citizen.

m) What is the function of the Supreme Court as advisor to the executive ?

n) Why is Ho Chi Minh remembered ?

3. Answer the following in seven or eight sentences each : 5×4=20

a) Write a short note on the Subsidiary Alliance.

Or

Describe the growth of British imperialism in India under lord Dalhousie.

b) Briefly describe the Barasat Uprising.

Or

Explain the economic causes of the outbreak of the Great Rebellion of 1857.

c) Why is Rammohan Roy regarded as the ‘first modern man of India’?

Or

What was the contribution of Swami Vivekananda to the social life and political

movements of the nineteenth century ?

171

d) Write a short note on Bhagat Singh.

Or

Briefly describe the causes and effects of the Revolt of the Royal Indian Navy (1946).

e) Write a short note on Panchasheel.

Or

Analyse the achievements of the Non-Alignment Movement.

4. Answer the following : 5×6=30

a) What were the main features of the Permanent Settlement ? What effect did this

settlement have on the economic life of the peasants of Bengal ? 3+3

Or

Explain the causes of the decline of indigenous industries in the nineteenth century.

What was the economic effect of deindustrialisation ? 4+2

b) Why did Gandhiji link the Khilafat issue with the Non-Co-operation Movement ?What were the aims of the Non-Co-operation Movement ? How did this movementcome to an end ? 1+3+2

Or

Name a leader of the Swarajya Party. Why did the Simon Commission visit India ?

How did the Indians react to this Commission ? 1+2+3

c) What is meant by the policy of appeasement ? Why did England and France adoptthis policy ? Why did Hitler and Stalin sign the Russo-German Non-aggressionPact ? 2+2+2

Or

Explain the main principles of Hitler’s foreign policy. How did the Rome-Berlin-

Tokyo Axis come into being ? 4+2

d) Under what circumstances did Sir Stafford Cripps visit India in 1942 ? What were his

proposals ? 3+3

Or

Where did the IA Trials take place ? Name two INA officers under trial. What effect

did these trials have on the contemporary political situation ?

172

e) What were the reasons for the sucess of the nationalist movements in Asia and Africaafter the World War II ? What new political system was introduced in Shina as a resultof this movement ? Who was the leader of this movement in China ? 4+1+1

Or

Give three reasons for the outbreak of the Cold War. 2+2+2

5. Write an essay on any one of the following : 1×10=10

a) The causes for the growth of Nationalism in India.

b) The causes for the rise of Extremism.c) The Quit India Movement of 1942.

(For External Candidates only)

6. Answer any one question : 1×10=10

(a) Discuss the administrative and judicial reforms of Lord Cornwallis.(b) Briefly describe the influence of the First World War on the economy and on the

political field of India.(c) Briefly discuss the rise and development of communal politics in India.

173

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m12

. B

arod

a13

. N

agpu

r14

. D

andi

Map

No.

2