History 11 Review History 11 Review

The French Revolution and The French Revolution and Napoleonic Europe Napoleonic Europe

Other revolutions and Other revolutions and Changes Changes

American Revolution (1775 – American Revolution (1775 – 1783) – dissatisfied with the 1783) – dissatisfied with the London Gov – General George London Gov – General George Washington founded the republic Washington founded the republic

LisbonLisbon Holland Holland Switzerland Switzerland Austrian Netherlands Austrian Netherlands

How did the revolution How did the revolution happen?happen? Ideas were changing Ideas were changing Increase of poor people in the country Increase of poor people in the country

and conditions worsened – 80% were and conditions worsened – 80% were peasants peasants

Taxes were heavy – Tithes – church and Taxes were heavy – Tithes – church and money or share of the crops – Seigneur money or share of the crops – Seigneur

Small farmers were forced out of Small farmers were forced out of profitable small holdings by richer large profitable small holdings by richer large scale landowners who used more scale landowners who used more efficient methods of agriculture – similar efficient methods of agriculture – similar to today.to today.

The Three EstatesThe Three Estates

First about 130,000 people – the Clergy First about 130,000 people – the Clergy – pg 78 indicates how it was broken – pg 78 indicates how it was broken down, down, Main privilegesMain privileges- had their own - had their own law courts and exempt from certain taxeslaw courts and exempt from certain taxes

Second – 120,000 – 350,000 – The Second – 120,000 – 350,000 – The nobility – nobility – Main Main privileges - had the right privileges - had the right to carry a sword, received special to carry a sword, received special treatment in law courts, exempt from treatment in law courts, exempt from certain taxes, exempt from military certain taxes, exempt from military service.service.

Third – 27 million – everybody else – no Third – 27 million – everybody else – no privileges privileges

Migration Migration

To escape poverty poor people To escape poverty poor people began looking for opportunities began looking for opportunities in towns. in towns.

Internal migration in France was Internal migration in France was at an all time high on the eve of at an all time high on the eve of the French Revolution the French Revolution

Intellectuals vs BureaucratsIntellectuals vs Bureaucrats

Enlightenment called for creative changeEnlightenment called for creative change The elite wanted to deal with the problem of the The elite wanted to deal with the problem of the

government deficit and the perception of waste and government deficit and the perception of waste and incompetence in government procedures. incompetence in government procedures.

Mass population wanted fewer financial levies and Mass population wanted fewer financial levies and taxes. – is this similar to today?taxes. – is this similar to today?

Financial crisis was evident Financial crisis was evident The inability of the royal treasury to meet payments The inability of the royal treasury to meet payments

lead to the collapse of the ancien regimelead to the collapse of the ancien regime The idea of an Estates general was in the air – The idea of an Estates general was in the air –

indicated they were on the brink of a revolutionindicated they were on the brink of a revolution

Public Opinion on the eve of Public Opinion on the eve of the Revolutionthe Revolution Nobody knew what would happen, but Nobody knew what would happen, but

they hoped for a reformed constitutional they hoped for a reformed constitutional monarchy.monarchy.

Many opposed any basic changes to the Many opposed any basic changes to the government. government.

Censorship of publications was relaxed Censorship of publications was relaxed and many pamphlets expressed and many pamphlets expressed individual opinion.individual opinion.

The desire to express opinion led to the The desire to express opinion led to the establishment of discussion in clubs in establishment of discussion in clubs in major cities. major cities.

Estates General Estates General

What happened when they met?What happened when they met? There was a deadlock between the There was a deadlock between the

three orders of the National Assembly. three orders of the National Assembly. Why was their a deadlock? First and Why was their a deadlock? First and

Second could outvote the ThirdSecond could outvote the Third What is known as the Tennis Court What is known as the Tennis Court

Oath? On June 20Oath? On June 20thth 1789 the deputies 1789 the deputies of the third established this oath of the third established this oath stating they were the majority and that stating they were the majority and that they would no dissolve until this fact they would no dissolve until this fact was accepted. was accepted.

Why “Tennis Court”?Why “Tennis Court”?

What happened as a result of What happened as a result of the Tennis Court Oath?the Tennis Court Oath?

When the parliamentarians When the parliamentarians refused to disperse and vote refused to disperse and vote (request from the king) and that (request from the king) and that they would only do so by they would only do so by violence is seen as the effective violence is seen as the effective end of the legal authority of the end of the legal authority of the old monarchial order: national old monarchial order: national was set above the orders of the was set above the orders of the king. king.

What happened on July 14, What happened on July 14, 17891789 A Crowd attacked the Bastille (Paris’s A Crowd attacked the Bastille (Paris’s

state prison) state prison) What did this place symbolize? What did this place symbolize? The oppressive nature of the ancien The oppressive nature of the ancien

regime regime Why?Why? It held prisoners there without trial – It held prisoners there without trial –

ordered by the authorities. ordered by the authorities. How many people were there? 7 one How many people were there? 7 one

of whom was insaneof whom was insane

July the 14July the 14thth is a national is a national holiday, what is it called?holiday, what is it called?

Bastille DayBastille Day

How did people in the country How did people in the country fight?fight? They attacked castles and tried to They attacked castles and tried to

burn records of feudal dues, rents burn records of feudal dues, rents payable, and taxation. payable, and taxation.

What were they fighting against?What were they fighting against? Specific terms of feudalism and tithesSpecific terms of feudalism and tithes What happened as a result?What happened as a result? They were abolished They were abolished What did this represent or reflect? What did this represent or reflect? The French citizens’ desire for equalityThe French citizens’ desire for equality

Why did Parisians attack the Why did Parisians attack the king and queen at Versaillesking and queen at Versailles

Fear and food and bread Fear and food and bread shortages. shortages.

Who led the attack? Women Who led the attack? Women What happened during the What happened during the

attack?attack? After the attack? The king and After the attack? The king and

queen moved to Paris where they queen moved to Paris where they were under the watchful eye of were under the watchful eye of the politicized population the politicized population

What important changes took What important changes took place by the end of 1789?place by the end of 1789?

The Estates General had become the The Estates General had become the National Assembly (Constituent National Assembly (Constituent Assembly)Assembly)

NA wrote a constitutionNA wrote a constitution The king was no longer the central source The king was no longer the central source

of authority – however his approval was of authority – however his approval was needed to make state authority legal.needed to make state authority legal.

Peasants found a new enemy in Peasants found a new enemy in revolutionary officials and townspeople revolutionary officials and townspeople who still seemed to exploit them. They who still seemed to exploit them. They were also unhappy with new religious were also unhappy with new religious policy? Which was?policy? Which was?

What major problems did Peasant What major problems did Peasant resistance of the Revolution cause?resistance of the Revolution cause?

It caused a social revolution of It caused a social revolution of the countryside, with different the countryside, with different economic and cultural goals economic and cultural goals than those of urban politicians than those of urban politicians and intellectuals and intellectuals

What was the purpose of the What was the purpose of the Constituent Assmebly?Constituent Assmebly? Renew the French legal system Renew the French legal system Wrote a constitution Wrote a constitution Reorganzied France into new units Reorganzied France into new units

called units called departmentscalled units called departments Sold church estates Sold church estates Set up the Civil constitution of the Set up the Civil constitution of the

Clergy (election of bishops and priests Clergy (election of bishops and priests by the people)by the people)

Abolished the obligation of the French Abolished the obligation of the French church to obey the papacychurch to obey the papacy

MirabeauMirabeau

Had a skill of making complicated Had a skill of making complicated issues understandable to the public. issues understandable to the public.

Elected member of the Assembly Elected member of the Assembly He urged the Royal Family to He urged the Royal Family to

accommodate the Revolution accommodate the Revolution He spoke out abut Robespierre’s He spoke out abut Robespierre’s

Terror Terror Death was a shock because a lot of Death was a shock because a lot of

people saw him as a compromise people saw him as a compromise between the court and the Assembly between the court and the Assembly

Symbolized the attempt to set up a Symbolized the attempt to set up a liberal constitutional monarchyliberal constitutional monarchy

What two dominant political What two dominant political groups began to emerge?groups began to emerge?

Girondins – sans-culottes – Girondins – sans-culottes – without breeches (knee length without breeches (knee length garment of the well to do)garment of the well to do)

The Jacobins – who advocated The Jacobins – who advocated radical reform and harsh radical reform and harsh measures to bring about the measures to bring about the change they desired. change they desired.

Who was Maximilien de Who was Maximilien de Robespierre?Robespierre? A leading revolutionary radical A leading revolutionary radical

elected to the Estates-General in elected to the Estates-General in 1789 who amied to establish a 1789 who amied to establish a republic.republic.

He believed that eternal values were He believed that eternal values were more important than specific more important than specific experiences.experiences.

He looked for good in the community He looked for good in the community rather than in the individual. rather than in the individual.

What was the Convention?What was the Convention?

The Legislative Assembly was The Legislative Assembly was dissolved on September 20dissolved on September 20thth, 1792 , 1792 and the Convention was developed and the Convention was developed

Convention consisted of 749 men Convention consisted of 749 men and were mostly lawyers.and were mostly lawyers.

They sat in a semi circle facing the They sat in a semi circle facing the president, more conservative people president, more conservative people sat on the right, majority in the sat on the right, majority in the middle. – Political Spectrum was middle. – Political Spectrum was developed. Left Middle Right developed. Left Middle Right

What major events happened What major events happened in 1972 – 1973?in 1972 – 1973? Sept 20Sept 20thth – Victory over the – Victory over the

Prussians Prussians Sept 21 – Proclamation of a new Sept 21 – Proclamation of a new

RepublicRepublic January 21January 21stst – Louis XVI was – Louis XVI was

beheaded – this caused hosility beheaded – this caused hosility to France. This signified their to France. This signified their will to defy Europe and break will to defy Europe and break with the past. with the past.

What happened after Louis What happened after Louis XVI died?XVI died? There were disputes between the There were disputes between the

deputies in the Convention.deputies in the Convention. France was threatened by forign France was threatened by forign

armies, by political struggles – where armies, by political struggles – where those who were oppposed were those who were oppposed were executed. executed.

Conflict between ideologies Conflict between ideologies Just like WWII fascist vs democratic Just like WWII fascist vs democratic

and the Cold War capitalism vs and the Cold War capitalism vs socialist (communism)socialist (communism)

What crazy things happened?What crazy things happened?

Devlopment of a new religion – Devlopment of a new religion – the Supreme Being the Supreme Being

New calendar with a 10 day New calendar with a 10 day weekweek

Lots of violence Lots of violence Lots of killing Lots of killing The Reign of TerrorThe Reign of Terror

What was the Reign of Terror What was the Reign of Terror

The Leaders in Paris would kill The Leaders in Paris would kill anyone who was against the anyone who was against the Revolution – main leader Revolution – main leader RobespierreRobespierre

How was the Terror made How was the Terror made possible? possible?

A revoltuionary system of A revoltuionary system of government the powerful government the powerful executive committies executive committies

What were the names of these What were the names of these committies committies

Committee of Public Safety – Committee of Public Safety – fought against food shortages, fought against food shortages, foreign enemies, and political foreign enemies, and political subversionsubversion

Committee of General Security - Committee of General Security -

Who was Napoleon Who was Napoleon Bonaparte? Bonaparte? Emperor of the French Emperor of the French Lived 1769 - 1821Lived 1769 - 1821 One of the most brilliant individuals One of the most brilliant individuals

in history, Napoleon Bonaparte was in history, Napoleon Bonaparte was a masterful soldier, an unequalled a masterful soldier, an unequalled grand tactician and a superb grand tactician and a superb administrator. He was also utterly administrator. He was also utterly ruthless, a dictator and, later in his ruthless, a dictator and, later in his career, thought he could do no career, thought he could do no wrong. wrong.

The revolutionary fever that was The revolutionary fever that was spreading when Bonaparte was spreading when Bonaparte was a teenager allowed a talented a teenager allowed a talented individual the opportunity to rise individual the opportunity to rise far beyond what could have far beyond what could have been achieved only a few years been achieved only a few years previously. previously.

Napoleon Napoleon

was one of the greatest military was one of the greatest military commanders in history. He has commanders in history. He has also been portrayed as a power also been portrayed as a power hungry conqueror. hungry conqueror.

Napoleon denied being such a Napoleon denied being such a conqueror. conqueror.

Napoleon Napoleon

He argued that he was building a He argued that he was building a federation of free peoples in a Europe federation of free peoples in a Europe united under a liberal government. united under a liberal government.

But if this was his goal, he intended to But if this was his goal, he intended to achieve it by taking power in his own achieve it by taking power in his own hands. However, in the states he created, hands. However, in the states he created, Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced Napoleon granted constitutions, introduced law codes, abolished feudalism, created law codes, abolished feudalism, created efficient governments and fostered efficient governments and fostered education, science, literature and the arts. education, science, literature and the arts.

Napoleon Napoleon

Emperor Napoleon proved to be an Emperor Napoleon proved to be an excellent civil administrator. excellent civil administrator.

The new law codes—seven in number—The new law codes—seven in number—incorporated some of the freedoms gained incorporated some of the freedoms gained by the people of France during the French by the people of France during the French revolution, including religious toleration and revolution, including religious toleration and the abolition of serfdom. the abolition of serfdom.

The most famous of the codes, the Code The most famous of the codes, the Code Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the Napoleon or Code Civil, still forms the basis of French civil law. basis of French civil law.

Napoleon also centralized France's Napoleon also centralized France's government by appointing prefects to government by appointing prefects to administer regions called departments, into administer regions called departments, into which France was divided. which France was divided.