Historical TheoriesHistorical Theories

Non-experimentalNon-experimental

Philosophical in NaturePhilosophical in Nature

►Mental disciplineMental discipline►Self-actualizationSelf-actualization►ApperceptionApperception

Mental DisciplineMental Discipline

►Memory, will, reason and Memory, will, reason and perserverance are like “muscles of the perserverance are like “muscles of the mind” – strengthened the same (p.21)mind” – strengthened the same (p.21)

►What is purpose of education?What is purpose of education?

►““harmonious development of the mind, harmonious development of the mind, the will and the conscience….” the will and the conscience….” (Perennialist connection)(Perennialist connection)

►Neutral-active person is the rational Neutral-active person is the rational animal (22) “within limits free to act in animal (22) “within limits free to act in light of what one understands” (24)light of what one understands” (24)

►Education develops the mind substance Education develops the mind substance (the stuff of “mind over matter”)(the stuff of “mind over matter”)

CultivateCultivate

► ImaginationImagination►MemoryMemory►WillWill►ThoughtThought►Through process of mental disciplineThrough process of mental discipline

HumanismHumanism

►Classical (Plato, Adler)Classical (Plato, Adler)►Existential (Rogers, Maslow)Existential (Rogers, Maslow)►Scientific (Kohler, Vygotsky)Scientific (Kohler, Vygotsky)►All centered in human interests and All centered in human interests and

values (23)values (23)

Study the Great BooksStudy the Great Books

►To learn the “great truths”To learn the “great truths”►Still believe the mind must be Still believe the mind must be

developeddeveloped►““Skull full of mush….” from “Paper Skull full of mush….” from “Paper

Chase”Chase”

Christian WolffChristian Wolff

►Studied ConfuciusStudied Confucius►Believed “human reason could attain Believed “human reason could attain

moral truth by its own efforts” moral truth by its own efforts” (encarta)(encarta)

►Banished as a result of this comment – Banished as a result of this comment – considered atheisticconsidered atheistic

►Later became a chancellor of Later became a chancellor of University of MarburgUniversity of Marburg

General Faculties acc. To General Faculties acc. To WolffWolff

►Knowing (perception, imaginaiton, Knowing (perception, imaginaiton, memory, reason which was draw memory, reason which was draw distinctions and form judegments)distinctions and form judegments)

►Feeling (affective)Feeling (affective)►Willing (ability to implement..see a Willing (ability to implement..see a

decision through)decision through)►Teachers here are interested in Teachers here are interested in

training these faculties….(24-25, training these faculties….(24-25, encarta)encarta)

PlatoPlato

►Training…”best preparation for Training…”best preparation for participation in the conduct of public participation in the conduct of public affairs”affairs”

►““..ready to solve problems of all kinds.”..ready to solve problems of all kinds.”►We are like animals ….except we have We are like animals ….except we have

ability to REASON (disputed later as ability to REASON (disputed later as many think animals do this as well) (25)many think animals do this as well) (25)

Classical HumanismClassical Humanism

►Neutral-active animalNeutral-active animal►Self-directedSelf-directed►Self-disciplineSelf-discipline►Socratic method ….to help students Socratic method ….to help students

recognize what already was in their recognize what already was in their minds (25)minds (25)

►Controversial idea: see quote on Controversial idea: see quote on bottom of 25bottom of 25

1919thth Century – Mental Century – Mental DisciplineDiscipline

►Laborious (15 hour days)Laborious (15 hour days)►Austere and harsh (Tom Brown, Austere and harsh (Tom Brown,

Dickens)Dickens)►Teachers – “Goodbye, Mr. Chips”Teachers – “Goodbye, Mr. Chips”►EssentialistsEssentialists

2020thth Century – Classical Century – Classical HumanistsHumanists

►Didactic teaching (power point can Didactic teaching (power point can help!)help!)

►Coaching (your teaching!)Coaching (your teaching!)►Socratic questioning (your facilitation)Socratic questioning (your facilitation)►Current Renaissance Schools – seeCurrent Renaissance Schools – see►www.cogcoaching.com/corevalu.htmwww.cogcoaching.com/corevalu.htm

Faculty Psych & Faculty Psych & Classical HumanismClassical Humanism

►Train minds….through content of Latin Train minds….through content of Latin and Greek, Shakespeare, philosophy, and Greek, Shakespeare, philosophy, etc.etc.

►A classical education….has fallen out A classical education….has fallen out of favor..why?of favor..why?

Remember….Remember….

►E.L. Throndike proved that “drill and E.L. Throndike proved that “drill and practice” though mental discipline did practice” though mental discipline did not improve general facultiesnot improve general faculties

►NO transferNO transfer►Good students do well in any content Good students do well in any content

area, thus all content areas can area, thus all content areas can improve general facultiesimprove general faculties

►Today mental discipline (MRF) is “out”! Today mental discipline (MRF) is “out”! (28-30)(28-30)

The GOOD Guys! come along The GOOD Guys! come along

►FroebelFroebel►PestalozziPestalozzi►RousseauRousseau►MaslowMaslow►NeillNeill►(modern Paul Goodman and John Holt)(modern Paul Goodman and John Holt)►Emphasis on “..natural, active self-Emphasis on “..natural, active self-

deternmination” (30-32)deternmination” (30-32)

Big QuestionBig Question

►Can the environment create a “bad Can the environment create a “bad person”?person”?

►What did Rousseau think?What did Rousseau think?

ApperceptionApperception

► Idea centered learningIdea centered learning►Links old ideas to new ones through Links old ideas to new ones through

associationsassociations

AristotleAristotle

►Contiguity of ideas Contiguity of ideas ►Succession of ideas (series, states and Succession of ideas (series, states and

capitals)capitals)►Similarity of ideasSimilarity of ideas►Contrast of ideas (33-34)Contrast of ideas (33-34)►All ideas comes through senses All ideas comes through senses

(Locke’s empiricism)(Locke’s empiricism)

Nature v. nurture’s Nature v. nurture’s beginningsbeginnings

►Mind developed compare impressions, Mind developed compare impressions, generalizes them, discriminate generalizes them, discriminate between thembetween them

►All associations through compare and All associations through compare and contrast, contiguity (34-35)contrast, contiguity (34-35)

Johann Friedrich HerbartJohann Friedrich Herbart

►Father of Teacher Education…Father of Teacher Education…►Morality was objective of education Morality was objective of education ►……start with prior experience then start with prior experience then

enlarge and enrich….these enlarge and enrich….these experiences (35-38)experiences (35-38)

►Not advocated today…but……check Not advocated today…but……check this out!this out!

Lesson Plan Lesson Plan according to JFH (39-42)according to JFH (39-42)

►PreparationPreparation►PresentationPresentation►ComparisonComparison►GeneralizationGeneralization►ApplicationApplication►+ take interests and prior learning into + take interests and prior learning into

accountaccount► - little active participation and critical - little active participation and critical

thinkingthinking

Your turn…..nowYour turn…..now

►Mode 2 of the 4MAT is alive and Mode 2 of the 4MAT is alive and working in all high schools in this working in all high schools in this area….area….

►Develop a Power Point slide Develop a Power Point slide presentation to continue our study….presentation to continue our study….

►You can be aware of your own “mental You can be aware of your own “mental discipline” tools as you “unfold” in discipline” tools as you “unfold” in developing some aspects of developing some aspects of “apperception” in your teaching“apperception” in your teaching

Choices…see text in Chapt 3-Choices…see text in Chapt 3-44

► 44-4944-49► 49 (bottom)-5249 (bottom)-52► 52 (top)-5552 (top)-55► 55-6155-61► 61 (bottom) –6561 (bottom) –65► 65-6865-68► 70-7770-77► 77 (bottom)-8277 (bottom)-82► 82-8682-86► 86-9286-92

Theodore RooseveltTheodore Roosevelt

► It is better to dare mighty things and It is better to dare mighty things and fail than to live in a gray twilight where fail than to live in a gray twilight where there is neither victory nor defeat.there is neither victory nor defeat.