Historical Perspectives of EMG

8/12/2019 Historical Perspectives of EMG

1/36

Historical Perspective of EMG

Tiffany Zachry

KIN 747Biomechanics SeminarSpring 2004


2/36

Or

Why Frogs Hate Scientists


3/36

Jan Swammerdam (1637-1680) Dutch anatomist and biologist

Only one known portrait of himandits a fake.

Copied from Rembrandts TheAnatomy Lesson of Dr. Tulp

Picture Source: http://www.janswammerdam.net/


4/36

Swammerdam (contd)

Discovered that stroking

the innervating nerve of

the frogs m.

gastrocnemius generated a

contraction (1).

Also strong evidence that

he conducted the first

electrical stimulationexperiments, 134 years

before Luigi Galvani (2).


5/36

Francesco Redi (1626-1698)

First to recognize connectionbetween muscles andgeneration of electricity (1).

1666documented thatelectric ray fish used ahighly-specialized muscle(3).

Most famous for establishingthat maggots do notspontaneously generate fromrotting meat.

Picture Source: http://www.liberliber.it/biblioteca/r/redi/


6/36

Alessandro Volta (1745-1827)

Developed a device which

produced electricity, which

could be used to stimulate

muscles. (3)

Invented the first electric

battery.

The modern term voltcomes from his name.Source: www.dictionary.com

Picture Source: http://www.th.physik.uni-frankfurt.de/~jr/physlist.html


7/36

Luigi Galvani

Credited as the father ofneurophysiology for hissimilar work with frogs

legs1791 Showed that electrical

stimulation of musculartissue producescontraction and force. (1)

Because of limitedinstrumentation, his workwas not fully accepteduntil almost 40 years later.

Picture Source:

http://info.uibk.ac.at/c/c7/c704/m

useum/en/physicists/galvani.html

Picture Source: http://butler.cc.tut.fi/~malmivuo/bem/bembook/01/01.htm


8/36

WARNING!

The following picture is graphic in

nature and may not be suitable for allaudiences. Children, pregnant women,

the elderly, and those with weak

sphincters are strongly cautioned.


9/36

Modern Galvanized Frog

Picture Source: http://www.soilmedia.org/artistprojects/hertz/


10/36

Carlo Matteucci

First practicalgalvanometer developedin early 1800s (3)

GalvanometerAninstrument used to detect,measure, and determinethe direction of smallelectric currents by meansof mechanical effects

produced by a current-carrying coil in a magneticfield.(Souce:http:/dictionary.reference.com/search?q=galvanometer)

In 1838, Matteucci used

one to show that

bioelectricity is

connected with

muscular contraction (1)

1842demonstrated the

existence of the action

potential accompanying

a frogs muscle

Picture Source: http://perso.club-

internet.fr/dspt/spirales.htm


11/36

Emil Du Bois-Reymond (1818-1896)

1848first to detect electrical

activity in voluntary muscle

contractions of man (3)

Had subjects place fingers in saline

solution

Removed skin to reduce transfer

resistance (1)

Detected signal through electrodes

connected to galvanometer when

subjects contracted muscles

TAKE

THAT!!!


12/36

Guillaume Duchenne (1806-1875)

1850applied electricstimulation to intact skeletalmuscles (4).

Interested in medicalelectricity for therapeutic

purposes. (5)

Systematically mapped outfunctions of nearly everyfacial muscle (3)

Worked often with the oldman who had little feeling inhis face. (6)

Picture Source: http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html


13/36

WARNING!

The following picture is graphic in

nature and may not be suitable for allaudiences. Children, pregnant women,

the elderly, and those with weak

sphincters are strongly cautioned.


14/36



15/36



16/36



17/36



18/36



19/36

Duchenne also discovered

some rather surprisinginformation.


20/36

The muscles around the eyes areonly active during a genuine smile.

An insincere smile involves only the

muscles of the mouth. (6)

So, everyone can tell when youre

faking it.


21/36

Other Notables

Knowledge of EMG developed as fast as

technology could keep up.

The term electromyography comes from EtienneMarey, who modified Lippmans capillary

electrometer (1876) as one of his many

contributions to kinesiology. (1)

It was used, much like his sphygmograph, to

provide a graphic representation of a beating heart.

(1)


22/36

Other Notables

Forbes et al. wereprobably the first touse floating electrodeson a moving body.

They used them torecord EMG signals inelephants. (1)

Forbes also used aCRT to amplify action

potentials. (1)

Willem Einthoven

made a string

galvanometer in 1903and won the Nobel

Prize for it. (1)

It uses a thin

conductor wire placedbetween two magnets.


23/36

Picture Source: http://www.njit.edu/old/bme/Classes/Mr.Bergen/BME687/BME687%20-%20Electrodes.pdf

Modern Floating Electrode


24/36

Other Notables

Adrian and Bronkdeveloped the concentricneedle electrode in 1929.

(1) Used it primarily for

researching motor controland muscle schemes. (1)

Enabled detection inindividual and smallgroups of muscle fibers.(4)

Hypodermic needle

with insulated wire in

its barrel (4).

Picture Source: http://www.nihonkohden.com/products/supplies/emg-electrodes.html


25/36

Herbert Jasper (1906-1999)

Constructed the first electromyographfrom 1942-44 at McGill University

(Montreal Neurological Institute) (1).

Also created a unipolar needle electrode.

(4)

Used his instruments to perform

groundbreaking work with epilepsy and

neurology and is a member of theCanadian Medical Hall of Fame

(http://www.cdnmedhall.org)


26/36

John Basmajian

1962Basmajian compiles all of the knowninformation about EMG. (4)

Also created fine-wire electrodes (7) thatwere more comfortable than needles andcould be used longer. (8)

The book Muscles Alive becomes aninvaluable tool in the field and is updatedthrough five editions, the last Carlo De Luca.

Founded International Society ofElectrophysiological Kinesiology, ISEK, in1965. (9)

ISEK worked to create standards for EMGusage and reporting.

Picture Source:

http://www.vulvodynia.com/about.htm


27/36

Carlo J. De Luca

Probably the most influential

person in recent EMG history.

Wrote the oft-cited paper TheUse of Surface

Electromyography in

Biomechanics. (10)

Cautioned against failing to

understand EMGs limitations.

(10)

Picture Source: http://nmrc.bu.edu/fac_staff/director/


28/36

Electromyography is a seductive

muse because it provides easy

access to physiological processes

that cause the muscle to generate

force, produce movement, and

accomplish the countless

functions that allow us to interact

with the world around usTo its

detr iment, electromyography istoo easy to use and consequently

too easy to abuse. (10)


29/36

Our EMG System In the Biomechanics Lab we are currently using a

MyoSystem 2000 by Noraxon.

Our internationally known patent-protectedtechnology incorporates a signal processingtechnique that overcomes interference known asartifact in a signal. The result is a scientificallyreliable surface assessment of dynamic muscleactivity. This patent-protected signal processingtechnology is contained in all of our surfaceelectromyography (SEMG) instrumentation and isrecognized as the standard of excellenceworldwide. (Source: www.noraxon.com)


30/36

MyoSystem 2000

Older version of the new 1400A.

Tethered system using bipolar electrodes.

New version offers USB 2.0 compatibility, thinnerlightweight cables, and selectable bandwidths forsurface or fine-wire electrode use.

Source: www.noraxon.com


31/36

Blue Sensor Electrodes Highly conductive wet

gel

Superior adhesion

Comfortable foambacking

Unique offset concept

High quality Ag/AgCl

sensor

Oblong shape for easy

placement (juvenile)

Juvenile

Adult

Source: www.ambuUSA.com


32/36

Other Manufacturers of EMG

NeuroDyne Medical Corporation

The Prometheus Group

Electronic Engineering Corporation Motion Lab Systems, Inc.makes equipment and

software, including a package that is compatible

with Vicon Clinical Manager and enables Vicon to

display raw EMG data. (http://www.emgsrus.com)

There are numerous other manufacturers as well.


33/36

Current Studies Using EMG

The effect of internal versus external focus ofattention on EMG activity during basketball free-throws

Effects of focus of attention on take-off andlanding strategies

Both studies are using EMG to help assess the

effects of attention focus on muscle activity. Also, David Grohs thesis will compare EMGactivity in throwing versus Thera-Band use.


34/36

Questions?


35/36

References1. Medved, V. (2001). Measurement of human locomotion. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press.

2. Clarys, J. P. (1994). Electrology and localized electrization revisited. Journal of Electromyography and

Kinesiology, 4, 5-14.

3. Cram, J. R., and Durie, M. D. (In press). The history of muscle dysfunction and SEMG. Journal of

Applied Psychophysiology and Biofeedback. Retrieved February 28, 2004 from www.semg.org.

4. Basmajian, J. V. (1978). Muscles alive: Their functions revealed by electromyography. 4thed

Baltimore: Williams and Wilkins.

5. Licht, S. (1971). History of electrodiagnosis. In S. Licht (ed.),Electrodiagnosis and electromyography.

New Haven, CT: Elizabeth Licht, Publisher.

6. Katz, E. Retrieved March 9, 2004 from http://chem.ch.huji.ac.il/~eugeniik/history/duchenne.html.

7. Basmajian, J. V., and Stecko, G. (1962). A new bipolar electrode for electromyography:Journal of

Applied Physiology. 17,849.

8. Whittle, M. W. (1999). Gait analysis: An introduction. 2nd ed. Oxford: Butterworth-Heinemann.

9. The history of ISEK. Retrieved March 9, 2004 from http://isek.bu.edu.

10. De Luca, C. J. (1997). The use of surface electromyography in biomechanics. Journal of Applied

Biomechanics, 13,135-163.


36/36

Other ResourcesAminoff, M. J. (1978). Electromyography in clinical practice. Menlo Park, CA: Addison-Wesley Publishing.

Dainty, D. A., and Norman, R. W. (eds.) (1987). Standardizing biomechanical testing in sport. Champaign, IL: Human

Kinetics Publishers.

Enoka, R. M. (1988). Neuromechanical basis of kinesiology.(2nded.) Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Kleissen, R. F. M., Buurke, J. H., Harlaar, J., and Zilvold, G. (1998). Electromyography in the biomechanical analysis of

human movement and its clinical application. Gait and Posture, 8, 143-158.

Latash, M. L. (1993). Control of human movement. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Latash, M. L., and Zatsiorsky, V. M. (eds.) (2001). Classics in movement science. Champaign, IL: Human Kinetics.

Loeb, G. E., and Gans, C. (1986). Electromyography for Experimentalists. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Historical Perspectives of EMG

Documents

Transcript of Historical Perspectives of EMG