Historical Perspective
description
Transcript of Historical Perspective
![Page 1: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Historical Perspective Robert Hooke
used a crude light microscope that magnified 30X discovered cork cells
![Page 2: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Anton Von Leeuwenhoek•Dutch shop keeper who had great skill in developing lenses
•By 1700 he discovered and described a number of cells which he identified as “animalcules”
•These organisms included protists (pond water), sperm and even bacteria
![Page 3: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
The Cell Theory
• Robert Hooke was an English scientist who lived at the same time as Van Leeuwenhock.
• Hooke used a compound light microscope to study cork, the dead cells of oak bark.
![Page 4: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
The cell theory is made up of three main ideas:
All organisms are composed of one or more cells.
The cell is the basic unit of organization of organisms.
All cells come from preexisting cells.
![Page 5: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Development of Electron Microscopes
The electron microscope was invented in the 1940s.
This microscope uses a beam of electrons to magnify structures up to 500 000 times their actual size.
![Page 6: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells that do not contain internal membrane-bound structures are called prokaryotic cells.
Bacteria are prokaryotes
![Page 7: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Two Basic Cell Types
Cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotic cells.
• cells containing membrane-bound structures are called eukaryotes.
![Page 8: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Prokaryotic vs. Eukaryotic Cells
Eu-NuTrue Nucleus
Lacks a True
Nucleus
![Page 9: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Two Basic Cell Types
The membrane-bound structures within eukaryotic cells are called organelles.
Each organelle has a specific function that contributes to cell survival.
![Page 10: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Two Basic Cell Types
• Separation of organelles into distinct compartments benefits the eukaryotic cells.
The nucleus is the central membrane-bound organelle that manages cellular functions.
![Page 11: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Identify the Structures of the Plant Cell
9
Vacuole
Chloroplast
MitochondriaRibosomes
Cell Membrane
Nucleus Cell Wall
![Page 12: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Identify the similarities and differences between Plant and Animal Cells
Animal Cell Plant cell
![Page 13: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Similarities and Differences
Similarities Respiration
(breakdown of Glucose
Contain a membrane to let some things in and some things out
Have DNA for information for traits
Contain similar structures
Differences Plant cells carry
on Photosynthesis (green chloroplasts)
Plant cells have a Cell wall and large Vacuole
Animal cells have Centrioles (cell division)
![Page 14: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Section Objectives• Explain how a cell’s plasma
membrane functions.• Relate the function of the plasma
membrane to the fluid mosaic model.
![Page 15: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
All living cells must maintain a balance regardless of internal and external conditions. Survival depends on the cell’s ability to maintain the proper conditions within itself
![Page 16: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Why cells must control materials
The plasma membrane is the boundary between the cell and its environment.
![Page 17: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
It is the plasma membrane’s job to:
• allow a steady supply of glucose, amino acids, and lipids to come into the cell no matter what the external conditions are.
• remove excess amounts of these nutrients when levels get so high that they are harmful.
• allow waste and other products to leave the cell.
![Page 18: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
![Page 19: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
This process of maintaining the cell’s environment is called homeostasis
Selective permeability is a process used to maintain homeostasis in which the plasma membrane allows some molecules into the cell while keeping others out.
![Page 20: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Plasma Membrane
Water
![Page 21: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Structure of the Plasma Membrane
The plasma membrane is composed of two layers of phospholipids back-to-back.
Phospholipids are lipids with a phosphate attached to them.
![Page 22: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
The lipids in a plasma membrane have a glycerol backbone, two fatty acid chains, and a phosphate group.
Phosphate GroupGlycerol
BackboneTwo Fatty Acid Chains
![Page 23: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Makeup of the phospholipid bilayer
The fluid mosaic model describes the plasma membrane as a flexible boundary of a cell. The phospholipids move within the membrane.
![Page 24: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Other components of the plasma membrane:
Cholesterol plays the important role of preventing the fatty acid chains of the phospholipids from sticking together (only in animal cells)
Cholesterol
Molecule
![Page 25: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Other components of the plasma membrane:
Transport proteins allow needed substances or waste materials to move through the plasma membrane.
![Page 26: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
How Do Materials Pass through the cell membrane?
PASSIVE TRANSPORT movement of
materials from an area of greater to lesser concentration
CHANNEL PROTEINS provide openings
for materials (ions) to pass through by passive transport
![Page 27: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Active Transport Movement of
materials from an area of lesser to greater concentration
A transport protein binds to with a substance to be transported
ATP allows the carrier protein to change shape so the particle is moved and released on the other side of the cell
![Page 28: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Endocytosis and Exocytosis
Endocytosis Exocytosis
![Page 29: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Substances Needed for a Healthy Cell
Raw materials of the cell come from foods that are digested or made by the whole organism
Organic and Inorganic (lack carbon) substances are dissolved in the cell used for building enzymes (proteins) used to form starch or glycogen
(storage of energy; carbohydrates)
![Page 30: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Section Objectives• Understand the structure and function of
the parts of a typical eukaryotic cell.
• Explain the advantages of highly folded membranes.
• Compare and contrast the structures of plant and animal cells.
![Page 31: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
The cell wall ( in plant cells & prokaryotes)
The cell wall is a fairly rigid structure located outside the plasma membrane that provides additional support and protection.
![Page 32: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Nucleus
Control center for the cell
Contains DNA
![Page 33: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Assembly, Transport, and Storage The endoplasmic
reticulum (ER) is an organelle that is suspended in the cytoplasm and is the site of assembly of substances
![Page 34: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
Ribosome: site of protein synthesis
Ribosome
![Page 35: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Assembly, Transport, and Storage
Golgi Apparatus: Packages & ships
substances
![Page 36: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Vacuoles and storage
Vacuoles are membrane-bound spaces used for temporary storage of materials. Notice the difference between vacuoles in plant and animal cells.
Animal
Cell
Plant
Cell
Vacuole
![Page 37: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Lysosomes and recycling
Lysosomes are organelles that contain digestive enzymes. They digest excess or worn out organelles, food particles, and engulfed viruses or bacteria.
![Page 38: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
Energy Transformers: Chloroplasts and energy
Chloroplasts are cell organelles that capture light energy and produce food to store for a later time. (PHOTOSYNTHESIS)
![Page 39: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
Chloroplasts and energy
The chloroplasts belongs to a group of plant organelles called plastids, which are used for storage.
Chloroplasts contain green pigment called chlorophyll. Chlorophyll traps light energy and gives leaves and stems their green color.
![Page 40: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Mitochondria and energy
Mitochondria are membrane-bound organelles in plant and animal cells that transform energy for the cell.-make ATP(energy molecule)
(CELLULAR RESPIRATION)
![Page 41: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Structures for Support and Locomotion
Cells have a support structure called the cytoskeleton within the cytoplasm. The cytoskeleton is composed of microtubules and microfilaments. Microtubules are thin, hollow cylinders made of protein and microfilaments are thin solid protein fibers.
![Page 42: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
Cilia and flagella
structures that aid in locomotion or feeding. can be distinguished by their structure and
by the nature of their action.
![Page 43: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Cilia
short, numerous, hair-like projections that move in a wavelike motion.
Cilia
![Page 44: Historical Perspective](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022070414/56814daf550346895dbb070d/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Flagella
long projections that move in a whip-like motion
Flagella