EFFECTS OF EFFECTS OF ENVIRONMENT ON ENVIRONMENT ON HISTORICAL SITESHISTORICAL SITES

EFFECTS OF STORM ON EFFECTS OF STORM ON HISTORICAL SITESHISTORICAL SITES

Wind blows the Wind blows the smoke, dust, smoke, dust, sulphurdioxide, sulphurdioxide, carbonmonoxide and carbonmonoxide and harmful gases from harmful gases from cars on historical sites cars on historical sites and remains. This and remains. This makes a dirty layer on makes a dirty layer on historical works of art. historical works of art.

Experts say that air pollution is a danger to Experts say that air pollution is a danger to historical sites. Historical sites are very historical sites. Historical sites are very important because they are the bridges important because they are the bridges between the past and the future.between the past and the future.

Experts say historical and cultural remains Experts say historical and cultural remains

are out in the air and air pollution affects are out in the air and air pollution affects them. This is related to the strength of the them. This is related to the strength of the material and the weather conditions. material and the weather conditions.

What cause air pollution?What cause air pollution?

Industrial plants,Industrial plants, fuel to heat houses,fuel to heat houses, transportation, transportation, motor vehicles,motor vehicles, small amount of green areas small amount of green areas small amount of forestssmall amount of forests

The wind causes the harmful The wind causes the harmful dust, dirt and gases to stick on dust, dirt and gases to stick on historical works. As a result, the historical works. As a result, the stones become worn off and stones become worn off and eroded. eroded.

What should be done?What should be done?

To prevent this harm on historical works by air To prevent this harm on historical works by air pollution;pollution;

green areas should be increased, green areas should be increased, forest fires should be prevented, forest fires should be prevented, fuels should be cleaned off to take away harmful fuels should be cleaned off to take away harmful

gases. gases. To lengthen the life of historical works, the To lengthen the life of historical works, the

materials for restoration should be made of materials for restoration should be made of strong against acid. strong against acid.

In the city centers, the wind may In the city centers, the wind may have negative effects on historical have negative effects on historical works. However, outside the city works. However, outside the city centers there is more air centers there is more air circulation. This enables air circulation. This enables air pollution to disperse so it can pollution to disperse so it can prevent harm on historical works. prevent harm on historical works.

For example, studies For example, studies show that stone show that stone erosion is more on erosion is more on Yakutiye, Çifte Yakutiye, Çifte Minareli and Minareli and Ahmediye madrasahs Ahmediye madrasahs and Lalapaşa and Lalapaşa Mosque. These Mosque. These buildings are in buildings are in polluted areas in polluted areas in Erzurum’s city center. Erzurum’s city center.

However, harm on However, harm on the stone is very the stone is very little in Mecidiye little in Mecidiye and Aziziye and Aziziye Citadels and these Citadels and these buildings are buildings are outside the city and outside the city and there is wind there is wind circulation circulation

Wind also affects the Wind also affects the development of some development of some historical works. historical works. Göreme and Fairy Göreme and Fairy Chimneys of Chimneys of Capadoccia is an old Capadoccia is an old place. The Hitites, place. The Hitites, Frigs, Meds, Frigs, Meds, Persians, Romans, Persians, Romans, Selcuklus and Selcuklus and Ottomans lived there. Ottomans lived there.

Thousands of years Thousands of years ago, the lava from ago, the lava from Erciyes Mountain Erciyes Mountain covered a space of covered a space of about 20.000 km. about 20.000 km. Then, this volcano Then, this volcano stopped its activity. stopped its activity. This place was under This place was under wind and water erosion wind and water erosion for hundreds of years. for hundreds of years. This erosion formed This erosion formed the Fairy Chimneys. the Fairy Chimneys.

Canberk ALTUNTAŞCanberk ALTUNTAŞ

EFFECTS OF EFFECTS OF EARTHQUAKE ON EARTHQUAKE ON HISTORICAL SITESHISTORICAL SITES

The severity of an earthquake The severity of an earthquake can be expressed in terms of both can be expressed in terms of both intensity and magnitude. intensity and magnitude. However, the two terms are quite However, the two terms are quite different, and they are often different, and they are often confused confused

Intensity is based on the Intensity is based on the observed effects of ground observed effects of ground shaking on people, buildings, and shaking on people, buildings, and natural features. It varies from natural features. It varies from place to place within the disturbed place to place within the disturbed region depending on the location region depending on the location of the observer with respect to the of the observer with respect to the earthquake epicenter earthquake epicenter

Magnitude is related to the amount of Magnitude is related to the amount of seismic energy released at the seismic energy released at the hypocenter of the earthquake. It is hypocenter of the earthquake. It is based on the amplitude of the based on the amplitude of the earthquake waves recorded on earthquake waves recorded on instruments which have a common instruments which have a common calibration. The magnitude of an calibration. The magnitude of an earthquake is thus represented by a earthquake is thus represented by a single, instrumentally determined single, instrumentally determined value. value.

How do earthquakes occur? How do earthquakes occur?

Earthquakes are the result of forces deep Earthquakes are the result of forces deep within the Earth's interior that continuously within the Earth's interior that continuously affect the surface of the Earth. The energy affect the surface of the Earth. The energy from these forces is stored in a variety of from these forces is stored in a variety of ways within the rocks. When this energy is ways within the rocks. When this energy is released suddenly, for example by released suddenly, for example by shearing movements along faults in the shearing movements along faults in the crust of the Earth, an earthquake results. crust of the Earth, an earthquake results.

The area of the fault where the The area of the fault where the sudden rupture takes place is sudden rupture takes place is called the focus or hypocenter of called the focus or hypocenter of the earthquake. The point on the the earthquake. The point on the Earth's surface directly above the Earth's surface directly above the focus is called the epicenter of the focus is called the epicenter of the earthquake. earthquake.

WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES WHERE DO EARTHQUAKES OCCUR?OCCUR?

Earthquakes necessarily accompany Earthquakes necessarily accompany elevation changes in mountains, the elevation changes in mountains, the higher part of the earth's crust, and higher part of the earth's crust, and changes in the ocean trenches, the changes in the ocean trenches, the lower part. lower part.

WHAT DAMAGE DO THEY GIVE WHAT DAMAGE DO THEY GIVE TO HISTORICAL SITES?TO HISTORICAL SITES?

Earthquakes gives the biggest Earthquakes gives the biggest damage to historical sites because it damage to historical sites because it is impossible to repair or rebuilt themis impossible to repair or rebuilt them

Ruins of Praca de Ruins of Praca de Patriarcal. The Patriarcal. The ruined facade of the ruined facade of the Patriarcal is on the Patriarcal is on the left, its central axis left, its central axis marked by one door marked by one door flanked by columns. flanked by columns. (Colored engraving, (Colored engraving, Paris, 1757) Paris, 1757) (Lisbon, Portugal)(Lisbon, Portugal)

Aphrodisias lies one Aphrodisias lies one hundred and seventy hundred and seventy kilometers from kilometers from Kusadasi, in foothills Kusadasi, in foothills of Baba Mountain not of Baba Mountain not far from the village of far from the village of Geyre by the river Geyre by the river Maeander. In Maeander. In antiquity Aphrodisias antiquity Aphrodisias was dedicated who was dedicated who was worshipped as was worshipped as the city's patron as it the city's patron as it testified by the testified by the remains of a temple remains of a temple dedicated to her in dedicated to her in the first century B.C. . the first century B.C. .

It was a refined city of It was a refined city of culture, popular with culture, popular with artists, writers and artists, writers and philosophers such as philosophers such as Alexander of Alexander of Aphrodisias, an Aphrodisias, an authoritative authoritative commentator on Aristotle commentator on Aristotle or Chariton, who wrote or Chariton, who wrote erotic novels. The city erotic novels. The city was much loved by the was much loved by the Emperor Augustus who Emperor Augustus who took an interest in its took an interest in its welfare and in his honour welfare and in his honour the citizens erected the the citizens erected the Sebasteion, a street Sebasteion, a street sanctuary complex with sanctuary complex with decorated columns.decorated columns.

The site is in an The site is in an earthquakeearthquake zone and zone and has suffered a great deal of damage has suffered a great deal of damage at various times, especially in the at various times, especially in the 4th4th and and 7th7th centuries. An added centuries. An added complication was that one of the 4th complication was that one of the 4th century earthquakes altered the water century earthquakes altered the water table, making parts of the town prone table, making parts of the town prone to to floodingflooding..

Evidence can be seen of emergency Evidence can be seen of emergency plumbingplumbing installed to combat this installed to combat this problem. Aphrodisias never fully problem. Aphrodisias never fully recovered from the 7th century recovered from the 7th century earthquake, and fell into disrepair. Part earthquake, and fell into disrepair. Part of the town was covered by the modern of the town was covered by the modern village of village of GeyreGeyre; some of the cottages ; some of the cottages were removed in the were removed in the 20th 20th centurycentury to to reveal the older city. A new Geyre has reveal the older city. A new Geyre has been built a short distance away.been built a short distance away.

PADANG, Indonesia, March 6 PADANG, Indonesia, March 6 (Reuters) - A strong earthquake and a (Reuters) - A strong earthquake and a powerful aftershock hit Indonesia's powerful aftershock hit Indonesia's Sumatra island on Tuesday, killing Sumatra island on Tuesday, killing about 70 people and forcing hundreds about 70 people and forcing hundreds to camp out in tents or open fields to camp out in tents or open fields after their homes were flattened. after their homes were flattened.

Tremors from the Tremors from the initial 6.3 initial 6.3 magnitude magnitude earthquake were earthquake were felt as far away as felt as far away as Malaysia and Malaysia and Singapore, where Singapore, where several buildings several buildings were evacuated. were evacuated.

The The LibraryLibrary of of CelsusCelsus was destroyed was destroyed by an earthquake in 262, and the by an earthquake in 262, and the façade became part of a fountain that façade became part of a fountain that was built from re-used reliefs that was built from re-used reliefs that once had been a monument once had been a monument dedicated to the Roman victory over dedicated to the Roman victory over the Parthian Empire, achieved by the the Parthian Empire, achieved by the emperor Lucius Verus in 162-165. emperor Lucius Verus in 162-165. The originals are now in the Ephesos The originals are now in the Ephesos Museum in Vienna Museum in Vienna

The Colossus was erected The Colossus was erected to commemorate the to commemorate the outcome of the blockade outcome of the blockade of the city of Rhodes by of the city of Rhodes by king Demetrius king Demetrius Poliorcetes in Lindos to Poliorcetes in Lindos to build a statue of Helios, build a statue of Helios, the sun god. The the sun god. The monument, which was monument, which was nearly thirty meters high nearly thirty meters high and stood on a  pedestal and stood on a  pedestal that added another ten that added another ten meters, guarded the meters, guarded the entrance of the harbor. It entrance of the harbor. It collapsed after an collapsed after an earthquake in 227/226 earthquake in 227/226 BCE, but the remains BCE, but the remains were still shown to tourists were still shown to tourists in the Roman age. in the Roman age. 

During the reigns of the Roman During the reigns of the Roman emperors Claudius and Nero, an artist emperors Claudius and Nero, an artist named Zenodorus made a copy in named Zenodorus made a copy in Gaul (a statue of Mercury), and he Gaul (a statue of Mercury), and he was later invited to build a similar was later invited to build a similar statue in Rome, which became known statue in Rome, which became known as the "colossus Neronis". It was as the "colossus Neronis". It was finished during the reign of Vespasian. finished during the reign of Vespasian. The most famous monument inspired The most famous monument inspired by the Rhodian Colossus is the Statue by the Rhodian Colossus is the Statue of Liberty in New York. of Liberty in New York.

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