Landmarks and Rlucation - Pittsburgh History & Landmarks ...
Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek...
-
Upload
bathsheba-moody -
Category
Documents
-
view
215 -
download
1
Transcript of Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek...
![Page 1: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins• 1838 The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius
for the complex organic nitrogen-rich substance found in the cells of all animals and plants.
• 1819-1904 Most of the 20 common amino acids found in proteins were discovered.
• 1864 Hoppe-Seyler crystallized, and named, the protein hemoglobin.
• 1894 Fischer proposed a lock-and-key analogy for enzyme-substrate interactions.
• 1897 Buchner and Buchner showed that cell-free extracts of yeast can ferment sucrose to form carbon dioxide and ethanol, thereby laying the foundations of enzymology.
• 1926 Svedberg developed the first analytical ultracentrifuge and used it to estimate the correct molecular weight of hemoglobin.
• 1933 Tiselius introduced electrophoresis for separating proteins in solution.
• 1942 Martin and Synge developed chromatography, a technique now widely used to separate proteins.
• 1951 Pauling and Corey proposed the structure of a helical conformation of a chain of L-amino acids -- the alpha helix -- and the structure of the beta sheet, both of which were later found in many proteins.
• 1955 Sanger completed the analysis of the amino acid sequence of insulin, the first protein to have its amino acid sequence determined.
• 1956 Ingram produced the first protein fingerprints, showing that the difference between sickle- cell hemoglobin and normal hemoglobin is due to a change in a single amino acid.
• 1963 Monod, Jacob, and Changeux recognized that many enzymes are regulated through allosteric changes in their conformation.
![Page 2: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Number & Size Distribution of Cellular Proteins
![Page 3: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Size & Shape Comparisons of Proteins
![Page 4: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one
polypeptide chain.
![Page 5: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Function
– Enzymes - proteases, synthetases, polymerases, kinases
– Structural - extracellular collagen, elastin intracellular tubulin, actin, -keratin
– Transport - serum albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin
– Motor - myosin, kinesin, dynein
– Storage - ferritin, ovalbumin, calmodulin
– Signaling - insulin, nerve growth factor, integrins
– Receptor - acetylcholine receptor, insulin receptor, EGF receptor
– Gene regulatory - lactose repressor, homeodomain proteins
– Special purpose - green fluorescent protein, glue proteins
![Page 6: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one
polypeptide chain.
![Page 7: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Amino Acids
![Page 8: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Codon Usage Table
![Page 9: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Protein Folding
![Page 10: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Protein Denaturation & Refolding
Protein confirmation is determined solely by its amino acid sequence
![Page 11: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one
polypeptide chain.
![Page 12: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
helix Secondary Structure
![Page 13: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
sheet Secondary Structure
![Page 14: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 15: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 16: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Hydrogen Bonds in Proteins
![Page 17: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 18: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 19: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 20: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Noncovalent Bonds
![Page 21: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
sheet Secondary Structure
Antiparallel sheet
Parallel sheet
![Page 22: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
helix Interactions with Phospholipids
![Page 23: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one
polypeptide chain.
![Page 24: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Tertiary Structure
![Page 25: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Tertiary Structure
Cytochrome b Lactate dehydrogenase IgG light chain
![Page 26: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Structural Importance in Protein Function
![Page 27: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Coiled-coiled Structure of Multiple helices
• A single helix with amino acids a and d being nonpolar.
• B two helices wrap around each other with one nonpolar side
chain interacting with the nonpolar side chain of the other. The hydrophilic side chains are exposed to the aqueous environment.
• C atomic structure of a coiled-coil showing the nonpolar
interactions in red
![Page 28: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Protein Structure and Function• Protein Structure
– Primary structure - amino acid sequence.
– Secondary structure - formation of helices and sheets.
– Tertiary structure - the three-dimensional conformation of a polypeptide chain.
– Quaternary structure - formation of a protein molecule as a complex of more than one
polypeptide chain.
![Page 29: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Quaternary Structure
![Page 30: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Quaternary Structure
Hemoglobin
![Page 31: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Protein - Protein Interactions
• A protein with just one binding site can form a dimer with an identical protein.
• Identical proteins with two different binding sites can form a long helical filament.
• If the two binding sites are located appropriately to each other, the protein subunits can form a closed ring instead of a helix.
![Page 32: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Collagen and Elastin
![Page 33: Historical Landmarks in Our Understanding of Proteins 1838The name "protein" (from the Greek proteios, "primary") was suggested by Berzelius for the complex.](https://reader031.fdocuments.in/reader031/viewer/2022032805/56649ef45503460f94c07545/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Disulfide bonds