Historical Development of Education in Sri Lanka 1969 ...Y%S ,xld wY%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oY; y;rl...

Y%S ,xld wY%S ,xld wY%S ,xld wY%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oY; y;rl úldYh 1969OHdmkfha oY; y;rl úldYh 1969OHdmkfha oY; y;rl úldYh 1969OHdmkfha oY; y;rl úldYh 1969----2009200920092009

Historical Development of Education in Sri Lanka 1969 - 2009200920092009

2009 j¾Ifha § 6B.1/0137/2009 wxlh hgf;a wdrïN lr l%shd;aul l< fuu jHdmD;sh

ms<sfj,ska 2010 j¾Ifha § 6B.1/0140/2010 o 2012 j¾Ifha § 5'3$0086$2012 iy 2013 j¾Ifha §

5'3$0084$2013 ork wxl hgf;a l%shd;aul lrk ,§'

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lrk ,o hf:dala; Ydia;%Sh .%ka:h

m%Odk f;aud 4lska iukaú; fõ'

1' úIh ud,dj ^,sms 15&

2' mdi,a l%uh ^,sms 11&

3' ;D;Sh wOHdmkh yd fiajdia: wOHdmkh ^,sms 9&

4' wOHdmk jHqyh ^,sms 15&

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úúO úIh lafIa;% ksfhdackh lrk ,sms 50la Wla; f;audjka hgf;a

rpkd lr we;s w;r ta i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh yd fjk;a wdh;k ksfhdackh lrk

úIh m%ùK f,aLl f,aÅldjka wiQ fofkl=f.a Ydia;%Sh odhl;ajh ,nd .kakd ,§' tneúka fuu

.%ka:fhys we;=<;a jkafka ta ta ,sms iïmdolhkaf.a iajdëk woyia ñi cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kfha woyi fkdjk nj lreKdfjka i,lkak'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh i;= Ydia;%Sh f,aLkhla jk fuu .%ka:h ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh

fjñka mj;sk neúka" o< msgm;la f,i wka;¾cd,hg uqod yer we;' wOHhk ld¾hh i|yd

Wmqgd .kafka kï my; olajd we;s l%uh wkq.ukh lsÍug ldreKsl jkak'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2009&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2009&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2009&cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2009&. Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oYl y;rl úldYh 1969Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oYl y;rl úldYh 1969Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oYl y;rl úldYh 1969Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oYl y;rl úldYh 1969----2009" 2009" 2009" 2009"

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u'm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u'm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u'm¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u'

i

Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha

oYl y;rl úldYkh

^1969-2009&

m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=jm¾fhaIK iy ie,iqï mSGhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

uyr.u

2013

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Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh: oYl y;rl úldYkh ^1969-2009&

© m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u

ISBN 978-955-654-547-0

fï .%ka:fha ,smsj, Ydia;S%h whs;sh ta ta ,smsfha l¾;D i;= h' ,smsj,ska"wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl lreKq .ek m< jk u; fyda ks.uk cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha ks, u;h m%ldY fkd lrk nj o ie,l=j ukd h'

ixialdrl uKav,h: wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= t,a' ta' ã' lreKdodi

fla' ta' tka' tia' wef,laiekav¾ tia'ù'mS' isßfiak ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x.

mß.Kl wCIr ixfhdackh( fla' ta' ta' chrdKs .=K;s,l" tka' mS ksixi,dchrdKs" ví' ta' puß fiõjkaÈ" ks,xld È,aydksrdcfialr" fÊ' mS' Ô' l%sIdka;s" fla' ta' ;=Idß"rÑ;% r;akdhl" ã'iS' chfldä

lxpql ks¾udKh( rùkaø f;akqjr

ld¾hd,Sh lghq; =( tÉ' tia' mS' úch,d,a" hQ' iqks,a

úúO iydh( ìkl fhdydka rdcmCI" ví,sõ' Ñka;l úl%udrÉÑ"rÑ;% r;akdhl

m<uq jk uqo%Kh( 2013

uqøKh( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha uqøKd,h

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ia;=;sh• fun÷ uyd¾> .%ka:hla wo t<s olskafka uyeÿre ,d,a fmf¾rd Y%Su;dKkag

msx isÿjkakg h' fujka lghq;a;la cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.skaisÿ l< hq;= njg o fhdackdj bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa t;=ud wOHlaIckrd,ajrhd j isáh § h' tu fhdackdj u,aM, yg .kakd fuum%S;su;a fudfydf;ys .re uydpd¾h;=ud wm w;r fkd ùu lk.dgqjglreKls' t;=udg yDohdx.u ia;=;sh msß kuuq'

• bka wk;=re j fuu lghq;a; mj;ajd f.k hdu wëlaIKh l<"uydpd¾h ví,sõ' tï' wfír;ak nKavdr Y%Su;=kag;a" wm Èßu;a l<iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a m¾fhaIK ie,iqï iy ixj¾Ok mSGh& wdpd¾hchka;s .=Kfialr uy;añhg;a lD;{;dj m< lruq'

• uyeÿre ,d,a fmf¾rdf.a ixl,amh" ls%hd;aul lsrSug WÑ; jk mrsosls%hdldrS ie,eiau iliñka" wdrïNfha isg u fuu ld¾hfhys wmkshdukh l<d jQ o yrnr ,sms lsysmhlg u odhl;ajh ,nd ÿkakd jQo lD;sfha ixialrK Í;sh wmg myod ÿkakd jQ o m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Okfomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaI wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= uy;dgúfYaI ia;=;sh msßkeñh hq;= h'

• fomd¾;fïka;= uÜgñka ,sms iïmdokfha § odhl;ajh iemhq" cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha" wdpd¾h udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ ^wd.ï&" ví'tï'fla' ùrfldaka ^wka;¾lrK&" ,s,dks wurisxy ^wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok&"tia' wgqf.dv ^bx.%Sis NdId&" ,d,a tÉ' úfÊisxy ^.Ks;h&" wdpd¾hksyd,a úl%uisxy ^.=re n,jka;lrKh&" ã'tï' lS¾;sr;Ak ^;dlaIK&"wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= ^m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok&" ã'tï'wd¾'wkaf;da;s ^úoHd&" wdpd¾h kkaod jkaks wdrÉÑ ^újD; mdi,a&" tï'ta'ta'tia' vhia ^ie,iqï&" l=l=rïfmd, {dkúu, ysñ ^isxy, NdId&" ux.,slúrisxy ^fi!LHh&" iqo;a iurisxy ^fi!kao¾h& hk fomd¾;fïka;=wOHlaIjrekag yd iïnkaëlrKh l< ks,OdÍkag wmf.a ia;=;sh ysñfjhs'

• wOHdmk wdfhdackh" úl,am wOHdmk jev igyka" wOHdmk fiajdhk ,sms ;=k iïmdokfha § wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ks,OdÍkaf.a bÈßm;aùu wf.a lruq' tu lghq;a; imqrd §u fjkqfjka tu f,aLlhkagwmf.a ia;=;sh m< lruq'

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• wdpd¾h .euqKqisß .uf.a ,sms follg o tka'tï'tï'wd¾ o is,ajd ,smsfollg o tÉ'tia' m;srK ,sms follg o ã'wd¾'B' .ckdhl ,sms follg oruKs f¾Kqld rK;=x. ,sms ;=klg o wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=,sms y;rlg o odhl;ajh iemhq nj lD;fõ§ j fuys § isysm;a l<hq;= h'

• mß.Kl wlaIr ixfhdackfha § ,sms 40la uekúka yd tl u ,smsh lsysmúgla u mß.Kl .; lr ÿka fla'ta'ta' chrdKs .=K;s,lg" fuys § tuiqúfYaIS fufyh fjkqfjka úfYaI ia;=;shla m< lsÍug leue;af;uq'miq j wehg iydh jQ tka'mS' ksixi,d chrdKs" ví'ta' puß fiõjkaÈ ydks,xld È,aydks rdcfialr" fÊ'mS'Ô' l%sIdka;s" fla'ta' ;=Idß" ìkl fhdydka

rdcmlaI iy rÑ;% r;akdhl o fuys § isysm;a l< hq;= h'

• tia'ù'mS' issßfiak uy;d ^úY%dñl úoHdmSG fcHIaG lÓldpd¾h& fuys,sms ish,af,ys u mdfya fYdaOH m;% n,ñka o" úhrKfha iu;dj /flkmßÈ ixialrKfhka o iqúfYaIs fufyjrl ksr; jQ nj fuys ,d lD;fõ§j isysm;a lruq'

• fuu .%kA:fha iuia; f,aLl$ f,aÅld ixLHdj 80ls' Tjqka jeä fofklau Ôú;fha ie|E iuh úY%dñl j .; lrk w;aoelSfuka oekqfukamßmdlhg m;a meiqKq iïm;a odhlfhda jQy' ,sms iïmdokfha § uq,dY%fidhd mqia;ld, .fõIKhl ksr; ùu ÿIalr lghq;a;la jqj o fuuf,aLlfhda tu lghq;af;ys ksr; ùug ue<s fkd jQy' ;ud Ndr .;alghq;a; ksu lsÍug o Tjqyq iu;a jQy' tfia ld¾hh ksu lr ÿka úoaj;aish¨ fokdg u yDohdx.u lD;{;d mQ¾jl ia;=;sh msßkeóug wms ÿleue;af;uq'

• fmdf;ys ljr ks¾udKh l< rùkaø f;akqjr uy;d o fuys § wfmaaw.ehqug ,la fõ'

• fuys uqøK lghq;= ld¾hlaIu j yd fidank f,i lf<a cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha uqøK wxYhhs' tys l<ukdldr ví'tï'hQ' úfÊiQßh uy;dm%uqL ish¨ u ld¾h uKav,hg wmf.a fkdu| ia;=;sh msßkuuq'

t,a'ta'ã' lreKdodi fla'ta'tka'tia' wef,laiekav¾

m%Odk jHDmD;s ks,Odß iyldr lÓldpd¾h

ixialdrl uKav,fha idudcslhka

v

lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï l%shdj,sh

wOHdmk ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mrud¾:hhs'fï mrud¾:h idOkh lr .ekSfuys ,d wdh;kh i;= wruqKla jk —YS% ,xldfõwOHdmkh ixj¾Okh lsÍu i|yd jQ ie,iqï" jev igyka yd lghq;= ms<sn| jwud;Hjrhdg Wmfoia §u˜ i|yd" wOHdmkfha fM;sydisl ixj¾Okh ms<sn|.eUqre yd úYo oekqula cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jD;a;slhka i;= úh hq;= h'mdi,a-.=re úIhud,d iïmdokh iy wOHdmk moaO;sfhys kshe<s ld¾h uKav,fhaajD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh i;= N+ñld oajhg wod<wruqKq bgq lsÍfuys ,d o wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl moku iy wOHdmkfhaft;sydisl ixj¾Okh ms<sn| oekqu w;sYhska bjy,a jkafka h' ft;sydislmoku iy ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh ms<sn| oekqu" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmkh ,nkúoHd¾Ókag iïfm%aIKh o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jeo.;a wruqKla jkafkah' i|yka l< cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug mokulaiemhSug wksjd¾h wjYH;djla jkafka wOHdmkfha fM;sydisl Odrdj, úúO;dms<sn| j ksrjq,a-meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu h' iuia;hla jYfhka Y%S,xldfõ mdi,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| j" m¾fhaIK mdol j oekqj;a j ;SrK .ekSugmokula jYfhka o wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl moku iy ta yd ine¢ Wreuhy÷kd .; hq;= j ;sfí'

wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl moku imhd .ekSfuys ,d jk mQ¾j wjYH;djlajkafka" j¾;udkh olajd wOHdmkh .uka l< ud¾.h" fM;sydisl m¾fhaIKl%ufõoh mokï fldg f.k m%udKd;aul j o .=Kd;aul j o ú.%y lsÍu h'm%udKd;aul úYaf,aIKfha § wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;af;a" ndysr yd wNHka;rj,x.=;dj mokï lr f.k" uQ,dY% ;=,kd;aul j Wmqgd olajñka" fM;sydisll;kaorh úia;r lsÍug h' fï úia;r mokï lr f.k ksYaÑ; j u;= lr .;yels ks.uk iy wdOHdydrfhka .; yels wkqudk ^Hunch& W;amdokh lsÍugh' .=Kd;aul úYaf,aIKfha § fM;sydisl isoaêh jQ ld,jljdkqjg idfmalaI jo miqld,Sk ixj¾Ok m%jK;d mdol j o b;sydih kej; kej;;a jdia;úl jw¾:ksrEmKh lsÍfï N+ñldj rÕ mdkakg wjYH fõ' fï lD;shg we;=<;a ,smsiïmdokfha § fï oaúúOdldr oDIaáh u mokï lr .kakd ,§' fo jkq j lS.=Kd;aul w¾: ksrEmK ms<sn| jeä ÿrg;a m¾fhaIK wei fhduq lsÍfï wjYH;djmj;sk nj o wjOdrKh l< hq;= h' Bg fya;=j jkqfha" fï lD;sfhys we;=<;a,sms iïmdokfha §" úúO uQ,dY% mdol lr f.k wOHdmkfha úúO f;aud ms<sn|ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh úia;r lsÍug m%uqL;dj ±laùug fhduq ùu lrK fldg

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f.k" w¾:ksrEmK bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd wjYH ld,h iy bv ,nd .ekSug wmyiqùu h'

Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha úldYkh ms<sn| lD;shla ,sùu ms<sn| woyi" 2008j¾Ifha oS cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a j isá uydpd¾h ,d,afmf¾rd uy;audf.ka uq,ska u bÈßm;a jQ wjia:dfõ § wfmalaId flrefKa" 1969§ ,xldfõ wOHdmk iy ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh u.ska m< flreKq" ',xldfõwOHdmkh( ishji m%ldYkh' .%ka: ;%s;ajfhys wka;¾.;h bÈßhg f.k hdugh' 1969 isg 2009 olajd ld,fha wOHdmkfha úldYkh f,aLk.; lsÍfï mq¿,awruqK o t;=ud i;= úh' tfy;a fï wfmaCIdj wkqj u lD;sh iïmdokh ls¦fïls%hdj,sh bÈßhg we§ fkd .sfha h'

m<uq j" m%dfhda.sl ÿIalr;d ksid" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ta tafomd¾;fïka;=fõ úIh m:hg .efkk f;aud-ud;Dld muKla mokï fldgf.k ^Wod: lDIsl¾u wOHdmkh" .=re wOHdmkh" wOHdmk úoHd mSG" wOHdmkm¾fhaIK& kQ;k wOHdmk b;sydi m%jK;d f.dkq lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,È' tlafomd¾;fïka;=jlg wjYH kï f;aud-ud;Dld lsysmhla o f;dard .; yels úh^WodyrK f,i mdi,a l<ukdlrK fomd¾;fïka;=jg mdi,a l<ukdlrKh"úÿy,am;s" mdi," m%cdj f,i ud;Dld f;dard .; yels úh&'

fojkq j" uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;aud m< l< wOHdYh jQfha cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,ajrekaf.a ixialdrl;ajfhka ofomd¾;fïka;= Ndr wOHlaIjrekaf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka o ,sms ud,dj ilia lr.ekSu iy tu.ska cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha Ydia;S%h N+ñldj ksrEmKh flfrklevm;la fia fï lD;sh iudc.; lsrSu h' ta wkqj tla tla f;audj-ud;Dldj.ek Ydia;S%h ,sms ,sùfï j.lSu ta ta fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaIjrhd fydawOHlaIjßhg mejßKs' Tyq fyda wehg" tu j.lSu fjk;a ks,Odßhl=g mejßhyels úh' mejfrk j.lSu wkqj" ta ta fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ,shkq ,nkYdia;S%h ,smsfha l¾;D;ajh ysñ úh hq;= wh ;SrKh lr ^uq,a wfmaCIdj jQfhafomd¾;fïka;= wOHCI ta ta ,smsfha m%Odk l¾;D úh hq;= nj h& Tyq$wehf.am%Odk;ajfhka jQ lKavdhulf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka Ydia;S%h ,smsh ,súh hq;= úh'ta ta fomd¾;fïka;=jg" wjYH mßÈ" Ydia;S%h ,smsh ,sùug iqÿiq iïm;a mqoa.,hkaf.afiajh o ,nd .; yels úh' m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ N+ñldjf,i wfmalaId flrefKa jHdmD;sh iudfhdackh lsÍu h'

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rdf.a fï wOHdYh wkqj o fomd¾;fïka;= mdol,sms iïmdokh fkd úKs' fï i|yd n,mE fya;= folls' ta ta fomd¾;fïka;=ks,OdÍkaag iajlSh fomd¾;fïka;=j, jHdmD;sj,g wod< b,lal imqrd .ekSug;=nQ fyhska Tjqka i;= jQ ld¾hnyq, nj tla fya;=jls' ta ta ks,OdÍkaa i;= jQúIhud,d iïmdokh iy jD;a;Sh ixj¾Okh ms<sn| wkkH jD;a;Sh N+ñld rgdiuÕ" lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï Ydia;%Sh rgdj fkd .e<msu fo jk fya;=jhs'

xii jk msgqfõ i|yka j.=fjys ±lafjk fomd¾;fïka;=j,ska muKla ,smsiïmdokh i|yd iïm;a mqoa.,hska kï flßKs' iuyr fomd¾;fïka;= ,sms,sùug iudfhdaclhka o m;a lf<a h' tfy;aa fomd¾;fïka;= uÜgñka ,smsieliS" iudf,dapkh ù" wx. iïmQ¾K ,sms ksuejqfï wfmaCIdj kï bgq fkdúKs'

vii

fomd¾;fïka;=j wOHlaI iudfhdacl iïm;a mqoa.,hka

wka;¾lrK wOHdmk ví'tï'fla' ùrfldaka mS'tÉ'tia'mS' vhia fla' mshfiak

wd.u wdpd¾h udUq,af.dv - - iqukr;k ysñ

wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok ,s,dkS wurisxy fla'ã't,a' úrdð;a tï't,a'fla' rUqlaje,a, tÉ'tia' m;srK

bx.S%is tia' wgqf.dv ù'iS'ä'iSs' fmf¾rd lu,d úfþr;ak úð;d hgj;a;

,laIañ l=udr;=x. pkaød wurfialr

.Ks;h ,d,a tÉ' úfþisxy - ví' r;akdhl tÉ'tï'ta' chfiak fþ'ã'ã' wdßhr;ak

.=re n,jka;lrK wdpd¾h ksyd,a úl%uisxy - tia' iurisxy fidaudj;S l,kaiQßh ã'wd¾'B' .ckdhl

;dlaIKsl wOHdmk ã'tï' lS¾;sr;ak B'tÉ't,a'wd¾' m%ekaisiaflda ta'tï' l=,isxy mS'ta'î' fmf¾rd

m¾fhaIK iy wdpd¾h f.dâúka - tka'tï'tka'wd¾' o is,ajd ixj¾Ok fldä;=jlal= wd¾'wd¾' rK;=x.

jdKsc - ví,sõ'tï'ta'î' jhs'fla' uqo,sf.a úfcaiqßh ta' fifkúr;ak

úoHdj ã'tï'wd¾' wkaf;daks ,,s; lu,a jvqf.a iqkkao úfþr;ak

úNd. - ta'whs'Ô't,a' fm%au;s,l ta'tï'wd¾'î' wurfldaka wd¾'mS' mSßia ta'whs'Ô't,a' fm%au;s,l

újD; mdi,a wdpd¾h kkaod risl nd,iqßh fm%auisß je,súg jkakswdrÉÑ rEmd úfþiqßh

§mdks úfþisxy

ie,iqï tï'ta'ta'tia' vhia - tia'ta'ã' úkS;d

isxy, NdIdj l=l=rïfmd, {dkúu, ysñ - fþ' fifkúr;ak

fi!LHh ux.,sld úrisxy - tia'tï'tia'mS' fiakdkdhl tia'ù' iQßhl=udr

fi!kao¾h iqo;a iurisxy ußkd Ysrka;s o fidhsid Ô'ví' chka; wrúkao fid,uka fm%audkkao

úchr;ak m;srdc uydpd¾h frda,kaâ wfímd, wdpd¾h Wmd,s rxð;a m;srK ohd r;akfialr l=iqud fldaukaf.dv udhd wfíúl%u

viii

ieug wOHdmk msGfha iyldr wOHCI ckrd,a ví'tï' .=Kr;ak nKavd

uy;d 'mqia;ld," m%f,aLk iy ú{dmk fiajd' hk ueh hgf;a jk ,smsh f;fï

u rpkd lf<a h' m¾fhaIK" ie,iqï iy ixj¾Ok mSGfha iyldr wOHlaIckrd,a wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialr uy;añh 'wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh' ms<sn|,smsh ,sùu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wdpd¾h chka; nd,iqßh uy;df.aku fhdackd lr" Tyqf.a odhl;ajh ,smsh ,sùug ,nd f.k" tu ,smsh iudf,dapkhlsÍfuka o úfYaI f,i odhl jQjd h' fï Ydia;%Sh ld¾hh .ek lk jegqKquydpd¾h is,aú fiakdër uy;añh iy ta'tia' ùrr;ak uy;d" iaj leue;af;kabÈßm;a ù" 'úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh' iy 'wOHdmk mßmd,kh' hk ,sms iïmdokhlr ÿkay'

b;sß fomd¾;fïka;=j,g wod< f;aud mokï lr f.k ,sms ,sùu i|yd"m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j ueÈy;a ù" iïm;a mqoa., lKavdhuf;dard .kakd ,§' fï wjia:dfõ § m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ t,a'ta'ã' lreKdodiuy;d iqúfYaI fufyjrla bgq lrñka" fï Ydia;%Sh ld¾h wLKav j lr f.khdu i|yd" iajlSh Y%uh iy l<ukdlrK Yla;sh lem lf<a h'

fï miqìu iy lD;sh iïmdokh lsÍfï ls%hdj,sfha úldYkh wkqj" tata ,smsfha l¾;D;ajh ,sms rpkd l< úoaj;=kag u ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,È'

* * *,sms rpkd lsÍfï § iy ixialrKh lsÍfï § wkq.ukh lrk ,o

uQ,O¾u my; i|yka h'• ,smshlg wod< wka;¾.;h 1969-2009 hk ld, mrdihg wh;a úh hq;=h' 1969g fmr lreKq" iïnkaOh f.dv keÕSu i|yd muKla fláfhkabÈßm;a l< hq;= h'

• ,smshl f;audjg wod< jQ 1969g fmr lreKq" 1969 m< jQ wOHdmk ishjiix.%yfhys i|yka fkd jQfha kï" 1969g fmr lreKq o úia;rd;aul jwe;=<;a l< yels úh'

• YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih ms<sn| uQ,dY%" úúO wdh;kj, úisÍ we;sfyhska o uQ,dY%j,g msúiSu ÿIalr fyhska o mdGl myiqj i|yd tlSuQ,dY% ms<sn| o;a; o uQ,dY%j, wvx.= lreKq o yels ;rï ,smsj,gwe;=<;a lrk ,§' tfyhska iuyr úg wkjYH mßÈ lreKq we;=<;a jwe;ehs flkl=g ;¾l l< yels h' tfy;a wOHdmk lafIa;%fha uQ,dY%j,gmsúiSu yels ;dla myiq lr,kq msKssi jv jvd;a lreKq we;=<;a lrk ,§'

• ta ta f,aLlhdf.a ffY,sh wkqj" uQ,dY%" wdfY%Ah .%ka: fyda mdo igykaf,i i|yka lsÍug ksoyi ,nd fok ,§ ^wdfY%Ah .%ka: iy mdoigykaj, talñ;sh rlaId lsÍu i|yd jQ ixialrK jHdhdufha § wmgiydh jQ ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x. úÿy,am;s;=ñhg iy wd¾' ã' Ydka;s,;d.=re;=ñhg úfYaI ia;=;sh ysñ fõ&'

• cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska m< lr we;s "isxy, f,aLk Í;sh" wkqjNdIdj ixialrKh lrk ,§'

• ,smsud,dj ixialrKh lsÍfï §" ta ta f,aLlhkaf.a wkkH;dj /l

ix

.kakg yels iEu W;aidyhla u .kakd ,o w;r u" m¾fhaIK f,aLkfhauQ,O¾uj,g yels ;dla wkq.; jkakg o m%h;ak ork ,oS' ta wkqj,smsj, wkkH;dj" ta ta f,aLl Nj;=kaf.a ffY,sshg .re lrñka /l.kakd w;r u" m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ixialrKls%hdoduhg o yiq lr .kakd ,È'tys § m<uq j NdIdj ixialrKh lrk ,§' fojkq j ,smsj, talñ;slikao¾NSh ,laIK /l .ekSfï ,d lghq;= lrk ,§' NdId ixialrKfha§ m¾fhaIK NdIdjg wkqÑ; jQ nia fhÿï ixialrKh lrk ,oS' ta ta,smsfha o ,sms w;r o jQ mqkre;a fodaI u. yßk ,oS' wkjYH WodyrKiy úia;r bj;a lrk ,oS' wCIr úkHdi iy mo fnÿï ffY,sfhaix.;;dj /l .kakd ,È ^fuys § ix.; jHdlrK rgd iys; NdIdffY,shla /l .ekSug yels jk mßÈ ,sms ixialrKfha ksheMKQ tia'ù'mS'isßfiak uy;df.a Ydia;S%h tald.%;dj fnfyúka w.hñ' ix.; NdIdffY,sh ms<sn| t;=ud iuÕ mej;s Ydia;S%h idlÉPd" wm ieuf.a NdId{dkh mqM,a lrkakg o bjy,a jQ nj lD;{;d mQ¾jl j mjiñ' fojkqj ,smsj, talñ;sl ikao¾NSh ,laIK /l .ekSfï ,d jQ ruKS f¾KqldrK;=x. uy;añh f.a iqúfYaIS Ydia;S%h odhl;ajh o lD;{;d mQ¾jl jisysm;a lrñ&'

• ,smshla ,sùug l¾;Djreka fofokl= fyda jeä .Kkla isá úg" ,smsfhamej;sh hq;= wNHka;r ixila;sh (Internal coherence) f.dv kÕk ,oS'ta i|yd l¾;Djreka fofokl=g jvd isá ,smsj, tla f,aLlhl=f.a iydh,nd .kakd ,o w;r ixialdrl uKav,h o iajlSh odhl;ajh olajk ,§^fuys §S chka; wrúkao fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh&" lu,d úfÊr;ak bx.%Sis&"ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x. jdKscH&" fþ'ã'ã' wdßhr;ak iy iqkkao úfÊr;ak^.Ks;h&" wd¾'tia' ueo.u ^wOHdmk m%;sixialrK& hk uy;au uy;aóka"ta ta ,smsh ixialrKfha § ±lajQ odhl;ajh fjfiiska w.h lrisysm;alrñ&'

* * *,smsud,dj ixialrKh lsÍfï §" ta ta f,aLlhkaf.a wkkH;dj /l

.ekSu iy m¾fhaIK f,aLkfha uQ,O¾uj,g yels ;dla wkq.; jkakg oerE oaúO%ejdka; wr.,fha ksu.ak ùu i|yd wkfmalaIs; ;rï ld,hla .; lsÍug isÿjQ fyhska lD;sh ksu lsÍfï ld¾hh o m%udo úh' kQ;k f,aLk jHjydrfha^iuyr úfgl ckudOH l:k iy ,sÅ; NdIdjg keUqre jQ úlD;s jQ jHjydrfha&wx.,laIKj,ska imsreKq iuyr ,smsj, wka;¾.;hg ydks fkd jk mßÈ"m¾fhaIK ffY,shg" NdId ffY,sh yrjkakg .ekqKq W;aidyh fmkakqïflfrkqfha m¾fhaIK f,aLkh .ek oeä wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfïwjYH;dj mj;sknj h' ÿIalr kuq;a f,aLklrKfha fï wdiajdokSh md¾Yajh w;aoelSug ,eîu.ek tl w;lska i;=gq jkakg yelafla" f,aLklrKh iy ixialrKh" m¾fhaIKúIh lafIa;%hla fia ixj¾Okh úh hq;= wdldrh .ek woyia cd,hla y÷kd.kakg" fï jHdhduh Wmldr ùu lrK fldg f.k h' fuys § ;j o lreKlaisysm;a lsÍu jà' tkï wOHdmk b;sydih ms<sn| fulS lD;sh iïmdokfha

x

j.lSu wm fj; mjrk w;r u" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ysgmq wOHlaIckrd,a uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd" ;j;a tnoQ ld¾hhl wjYH;dj wjOdrKh lrtlS ld¾hh o lrkakehs b,a,d isáfha h' tkï wOHdmk m¾fhaIK ksnkaOj, NdIdrgd yoZqkd .ekSfï m¾fhaIKhls' ta ks¾foaYfha wjYH;dj jeäjeäfhka ±fkkakg o"fï ,smsj, wka;¾.;h bÈßm;a flreKq úúO NdId rgd bjy,a úh'

* * *úúO ud;Dld mokï fldg f.k" wOHdmk lafIa;%fha fiajh l< iy ±kg;a

fiajh lrk úfYaI{hska msßilf.a odhl;ajfhka ,sms fm<la iïmdokh fldg" tajdlD;shlg iud.%yKh lsÍfï ;Dma;sh i|yd u. mE¥ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaysgmq wOHlaI ckrd,a uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;d fï wjia:dfõ § f.!rj mQ¾jlj isysm;a lruq’ tla tla ,smsfha uq,a msgqj, wdlD;sh o t;=udf.a is;=ú,s mdol jieliqKq nj o fuys ,d f.!rjfhka hq;= j isysm;a lruq’ fulS .%ka:h ms<sn| uq,slwoyi o idxl,am rduqj o t;=udf.a nqoaê mdGjfha u wk.s M,hla nj o wjOdrKhlrñ' Bg wu;r j ‘úNd. l%uh’ ,smsh iudf,dapkh lsÍfuka o t;=fuda odhl;ajh,nd ÿkay’

f,aLkfha úúO ffY,s yd wOHdmk b;sydifha úúO me;s y÷kd .kakgwjldY ,nd foñka o wmf.a f,aLk ixialrKfha w;Dma;slr wdYdj imqrd,Sug yelsjk whqßka o ,sms iïmdokh l< f,aLl uKav,hg" fï jHdhdufha § Tjqka ,nd ÿkaYdia;S%h odhl;ajh w.hñka ia;=;s mQ¾jl j .re lrkakg leue;af;ñ’

ksrka;r j ixj¾Okh jk - fjkia jk - ixialrKh jk - jHdlrK fodaIu. yefrk ,sms fm< m<uq jrg mß.Kl.; lsÍfï fjfyilr ld¾hfha ksheMKQfla'ta'ta' chrdkS .=K;s,l uy;añhf.a bjis,sjka; nj o b;is;ska miiñ’ tka'mS'ksixi,d chrdkS uy;añh ,sms ;=kla o .S;sld ls%Idka;S fufkúh ,sms folla omß.Kl .; l<y' ví'ta' puÍ fiõjka§ fufkúh o mß.Klfhka ,sms ixfYdaOkhgodhl jQjd h' lD;sfha wjika msgm; lsysm jrla u ixialrKh fjoaÈ" fidaÿm;amsßlaiSfï § th mß.Kl wdlD;sfha fydjd rej .=K iys; j t<s olajkakg tka'mS'ksixi,d chrdKs uy;añh iy rÑ;% r;akdhl uy;d wñ, odhl;ajhla ,nd ÿka njia;=;s mQ¾jl j i|yka lrñ'

t,a' ta' ã' lreKdodi uy;d f,aLlhka y÷kd .ekSu iy Tjqkaf.ka ,sms tl;=lr .ekSu hk" lD;sfha moku f,i ie,lsh yels lreKq oajh iudfhdackfha § m<l< ksmqK;dj fnfyúka w.h lrñ' fla'ta'tka iqf,dapkd wef,laiekav¾ uy;añhjHdmD;sfha uq,H l<ukdlrK lghq;= we;=<;a jQ jHdmD;s fufyhqug kjlks,Odßkshl f,i ,nd ÿka iydh o meiiqï lghq;= h' iuia;hla jYfhka jHdmD;shiudfhdackh l< t,a’ta’ã’ lreKdodi uy;d o iydh iudfhdacl fla’ta’tka’ iqf,dapkdwef,laiekav¾ uy;añh o jHdmD;s ld,fha § Ydia;%Sh jYfhka o” mßmd,kuh jYfhkao l<ukdlrKuh jYfhka o meyeÈ,s j o iqmsßisÿ j o ne;snr j o bjis,sjka; jo jHdmD;sfha ksu.ak jQ whqre w.h lrkafka fï Ydia;%Sh jHdhdufha w;aoelSïTjqkaf.a jD;a;Sh Ôú;fha myka jegla jkakg o m%d¾:kd lrñks’

* * *lD;sh uqøKhg fmr" Ydia;S%h lghq;= iNdfõ wkque;shg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd

jQ mQ¾j wjYH;djla f,i" ,sms ud,dfõ NdIdj iy wka;¾.;h ms<sfj<ska uydpd¾h

xi

r;ak úfÊ;=x. iy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wdh;k iNdfõ idudðl uydpd¾hfrda,kaâ wfímd, u.ska iudf,dapkh lr" Tjqkaf.a oDIaáfhka bÈßm;a jQ ixfYdaOkfhdackd wkqj kej; ixialrKh lrk ,§' wk;=re j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaYdia;S%h lghq;= iNdfõ ks¾foaYh mßÈ o wdh;k iNdfõ wkque;sh mßÈ o my;i|yka" ta ta úIhh ms<sn| m%ùKhka u.ska" ta ta ,smsh kej; iudf,dapkh lrixfYdaOkh lrk ,§'

,smsfha ku iudf,dapkhúIhud,dj wd¾’ tia’ ueo.u uy;dwd.ñl wOHdmkh uydpd¾h mqcH foajdf,a.u

fïOdkkao ysñ iy uydpd¾hpkaømd, ldßhjiï d

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh uydpd¾h r;ak úfÊ;=x.fou< NdIdj uydpd¾h tia’ ikaorfia.rïEnglish Education wd¾’ rxð;a rdukdhl uy;dfojk ni wdpd¾h tÉ’ ã’ ta’ ,,s;d.Ks;h uydpd¾h iqfka;%d lreKdr;akúoHdj uydpd¾h tia’ úodkm;srKiudc wOHhkh uydpd¾h ud,kS weo.ufi!LHh yd Ydßßl wOHdmkh fjda,ag¾ fifkúr;ak uy;djdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh wdpd¾h iqis,d wïnelaflamß.Kl wOHdmkh wdpd¾h tia’mS’ lreKdkdhl;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh ã’tï’ lS¾;sr;ak uy;dfi!kao¾h wOHdmkh uydpd¾h uqÈhkafia Èidkdhlm%d:ñl wOHdmkh Ñ;%dx.kS u,ajekak uy;añhfmr mdi,a wOHdmkh wdpd¾h whs’tka’tka’ ;,.,mdGYd,d l%uh uydpd¾h ta’ù’ iqrùrj;= mdi,a wdpd¾h wdkkao chj¾Okfm!oa.,sl Wmldrl mka;s uydpd¾h wdßhodi o is,ajdcd;Hka;r mdi,a uydpd¾h ta’ù’ iqrùrúfYaI wOHdmk wjYH;d iys;orejka ioyd wOHdmkh wdpd¾h úkS;ud,s úl%ur;akmsßfjka wOHdmkh uydpd¾h úu,a Ô’ n,.,af,aieug wOHdmkh i|yd úl,am

wOHdmk jevigyka wdpd¾h kkaod jkakswdrÉÑExpansion of Non Formal Education inSri Lanka and Guidelines for PolicyFormulation in the Context of

xii

Mega Trends wdpd¾h kkaod jkakswdrÉÑBilingual Education uydpd¾h wEIa,s y,fmamdi,a fkajdisld.dr wdpd¾h iqNdIsKS úfcaiqkaorúYajúoHd, wOHdmkh uydpd¾h kdro j¾KiQßhjD;a;Sh wOHdmkh wdpd¾h à’ta’ mshisßld¾ñl wOHdmkh wdpd¾h à’ta’ mshisß.=re wOHdmkh( .=re úoHd, yd cd;slwOHdmk úoHd mSG ví,sõ'mS’wd¾’ is,ajd uy;añhmYapd;a Wmdê .=re wOHdmkh uydpd¾h pkaød .=Kj¾Ok¥ria: wOHdmkh wdpd¾h tï’î’ talkdhl.=re uOHia:dk wdpd¾h tï’î’ talkdhl.=re WmfoaYl uydpd¾h rdcd .=Kj¾Ok.=rejrhd m¾fhaIl f,i uydpd¾h iqfka;%d lreKdr;akwOHdmk m%;sixialrK wd¾’tia’ ueo.u uy;dwOHdmk mßmd,kh uydpd¾h ví,sõ’Ô’ l=,r;akwOHdmk l<ukdlrKh wdpd¾h iqNdIsKS úfcaiqkaorwOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh uydpd¾h ví,sõ’Ô’ l=,r;akwOHdmk wdfhdackh wdpd¾h chka;s .=Kfialrfm<fmd;a ví,sõ’ã’ moañKs kd,sld uy;añhwOHdmk yd ne÷Kq úNd. iag¾,ska fmf¾rd uy;dmdi,a f.dvke.s,s wdpd¾h wdkkao chj¾OkwOHdmk fiajd uydpd¾h wdßhodi o is,ajd

mqia;ld," m%f,aLk iy ú{dmk fiajd ví,sõ’mS’ moañKs kd,sld uy;añhúoHq;a ikaksfõokh uydpd¾h frdayK ,laIauka mshodiidrO¾u wOHmkh wdpd¾h Oïñl mS’ ììf,awOHdmk WmfoaYkh wdpd¾h úkS;ud,s úl%ur;akwOHdmk m¾fhaIK uydpd¾h ohd,;d f,alïf.acd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uydpd¾h wdßhodi o is,ajd

* * *

Ydia;S%h ,sms flfrys" f;jeks weiaj,ska" mqk¾ wjf,dalkhg u. mEfok woyiaiajlSh iudf,dapkj,ska bÈßm;a l< by; i|yka úoaj;a uKav,hg o uf.a ia;=;shmsßkuñ'

wdpd¾h f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= wOHlaI m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j

ixialdrl uKav,fha idudðl

xiii

lD;sh ms<sn| uQ,sl ixl,amh 2008 j¾Ifha § bÈßm;a lrñka

lD;sfha wdlD;sh iy wka;¾.;h yev .eiaùfï ,d

wkqmfïh fufyhhla l<

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ysgmq wOHlaI ckrd,a

^2008'06'23 isg 2010'01'22&

uydpd¾h ,d,a fmf¾rd uy;dg

msßkefï'

xiv

mgqk

1 jk fldgi( úIhud,dj1’ úIhud,dj ví’t,a’wd¾’ .=Kj¾Ok2’ wd.ñl wOHdmkh .euqKqisß .uf.a

udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ¥,aj, r;kidr ysñ

3’ isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh fþ’ fifkúr;ak4’ fou< NdIdj hQ’ kjr;akï5’ English Education lu,d úfþr;ak

,laIañ l=udr;=x.úð;d hgj;a;pkaød wurfialr

6’ fo jk ni ldka;s l=udß .=Kr;ak7’ .Ks; wOHdmkh ví’ r;akdhl

tÉ’tï’ta’ chfiakfþ’ã’ã’ wdßhr;akiqkkao úfþr;ak

8’ úoHd wOHdmkh iqkkao úfþr;ak9’ iudc wOHhkh rxckS chj¾Ok

ir;a chj¾Ok10’ fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh tia’tï’tia’mS’ fiakdkdhl

tia’ã’ iQßhl=udr11’ jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh jhs’fla’ uqo,sf.a

ta’ fifkúr;ak12’ mß.Kl wOHdmkh tia’ u,a,jwdrÉÑ

à’î’ talkdhl13’ ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh B’tï’t,a’wd¾’ m%ekaisiaflda

ta’tï’ l=,isxymS’ta’î’ fmf¾rd

14’ fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh Ô’ví’ chka; wrúkaoohd r;akfialrl=iqud fldauxf.dvfid,uka fm%audkkaoWmd,s rxð;a rKjlfrda,kaâ wfímd,tia’tka’tï’ nKavdrúchr;ak m;srdcudhd wfíúl%u

15’ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh fla’ù’ iqo¾ud yßiapkaø

xv

2 jk fldgi( mdi,a l%uh

16’ fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh tka’tï’tï’wd¾’ o is,ajdud,kS uqKisxy

17’ mdGYd,d l%uh tia’ta’ã’ úkS;d18’ j;= mdi,a tÉ’tia’ m;srK19’ fm!oa.,sl Wmldrl mka;s mS’ã’fþ’ .=Kfialr20’ cd;Hka;r mdi,a whs’tï’tia’ b,x.fldaka21' úfYaI wOHdmk wjYH;d iys; fla’ mshfiak

orejka i|yd wOHdmkh22’ msßfjka wOHdmkh .euqKqisß .uf.a23' ieug wOHdmkh i|yd úl,am fm%auisß je,súg

wOHdmk jevigyka Ô'jhs' úfþiQßh§mdks úfþisxy

24' Expansion of Non Formal Educationin Sri Lanka and Guidelines for

Policy Formulation in the Context of Mega Trends tia’ î’ talkdhl25' Bilingual education Ô'tÉ' wfYdald26’ mdi,a fkajdisld.dr ví,sõ’tï’tï’î’î’ úchfldaka

3 jk fldgi( ;D;Shsl wOHdmkh iy fiajdia: .=re wOHdmkh

27’ úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh is,aú fiakdër28’ jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh î’ta’fþ’tÉ’ niakdhl29’ ld¾ñl wOHdmkh ví’wd¾’ta’tï’ rKisxy30 .=re wOHdmkh( .=re úoHd, yd tÉ'tia' m;srK

cd;sl wOHdmk úoHdmSG tï't,a'fla' rUqlaje,a,31' mYapd;a Wmdê .=re ã’wd¾’B’ .ckdhl

wOHdmkh fla’ta’Ô’ fidaudj;Stia’tia’ iurisxy

32' ¥ria: wOHdmkh tÉ’ã’ta’ ,,s;dtia’ta’ iqis,dj;S

33' .=re uOHia:dk rxckS m;srf.awd¾’tï’ Èidkdhl

34' .=re WmfoaYl ã’wd¾’B’ .ckdhltia’ l=udrf.a

35' .=rejrhd m¾fhaIl f,i f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=

xvi

4 jk fldgi( wOHdmk jHQyh

36’ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ví’ ta’ pd,Ü ví’ta’ ohdmd,

37’ wOHdmk mßmd,kh ta’tia’ ùrr;ak38’ wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh chfiak nq;amsáh39’ wOHdmk ie,iqïlrKh wd¾'ta'tÉ'Ô' rKisxy40’ Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl udkj ixj¾Okh Wfoid wOHdmk wdfhdackh uOqrd fõye,a,

chka; nd,iQßh41' fm<fmd;a pkaød iurisxy42' wOHdmkh yd ne÷Kq úNd. ta’tï’wd¾’î’ wurfldaka

wd¾’mS’ mSßia whs’cS’tia’ fm%au;s,l

43' mdi,a f.dvke.s,s f.dâúka fldä;=jlal= ruKs f¾Kqld rK;=x. mS’Ô’wd¾’iS’ mshodi

44' wOHdmk fiajd whs'tï'fla'î' b,x.isxy

45' mqia;ld," m%f,aLk iy ú{dmk fiajdtï’tï’ .=Kr;ak nKavd

46' úoHq;a ikaksfõokh wd¾’ mshodi r;akisxy47' idrO¾u wOHdmkh tia’ù’mS’ isßfiak’48' wOHdmk WmfoaYkh ruKS f¾Kqld rK;=x.49' wOHdmk m¾fhaIK f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=

ruKs f¾Kqld rK;=x.50' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh f.dâúka fldä;=jlal=

tka’tï’tï’wd¾’ o is,ajd

1

1 jk fldgi( úIhud,dj

1’ úIhud,dj ví’t,a’wd¾’ .=Kj¾Ok 22’ wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 1 .euqKqisß .uf.a 96 wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2 mQcH udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ 117 wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 3 ¥,aj, r;kidr ysñ 1273’ isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh fþ’ fifkúr;ak 1384’ fou< NdIdj hQ’ kjr;akï 1645’ English Education lu,d úfþr;ak 175

,laIañ l=udr;=x.”úð;d hgj;a;pkaød wurfialr

6’ fo jk ni ldka;s l=udß .=Kr;ak 2317’ .Ks; wOHdmkh ví’ r;akdhl 271

tÉ’tï’ta’ chfiakfþ’ã’ã’ wdßhr;akiqkkao úfþr;ak

8’ úoHd wOHdmkh iqkkao úfþr;ak 3119’ iudc wOHhkh rxckS chj¾Ok 354

ir;a chj¾Ok10’ fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh tia’tï’tia’mS’ fiakdkdhl 391

tia’ã’ iQßhl=udr11’ jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh jhs’fla’ uqo,sf.a 417

ta’ fifkúr;ak12’ mß.Kl wOHdmkh tia’ u,a,jwdrÉÑ 448

à’î’ talkdhl13’ ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh B’tï’t,a’wd¾’ m%ekaisiaflda 459

ta’tï’ l=,isxymS’ta’î’ fmf¾rd

14’ fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh Ô’ví’ chka; wrúkao 499ohd r;akfialrl=iqud fldauxf.dvfid,uka fm%audkkaoWmd,s rxð;a rKjlfrda,kaâ wfímd,tia’tka’tï’ nKavdrúchr;ak m;srdcudhd wfíúl%u

15’ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh fla’ù’ iqo¾ud yßiapkaø 537

2

01

úIhud,dj

ví' t,a' wd¾' .=Kj¾Ok

Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk úIhud,dj oi jia .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a we;sjQ mßKdóh l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hls' tod isg wo olajd úIhud,dj wLKav j

ld,dkqrEm j kùlrKh úh'

1'0 merKs hq.fha úIhud,dj - l%s' j' 1500 olajd

úchdj;rKhg fmr meje;s úIhud,dj" úúO weoySï" mqo mQcd" ckm%jdomokï lr f.k ieliS we;s w;r" th fndfyda ÿrg Ndr;Sh n%dyauK wOHdmkl%uhg kElï lshhs'

úchdj;rKfhka miq merKs Ndr;fha meje;s zz.=re f.or l%uhgZZ wkql+,j ieliqKq úIhud,djla mj;skakg we;ehs is;sh yels h'

m%d.a fn!oaO iudch hq.fha meje;s jevjiï iudc l%uhg wkqj" tl,iudcfha meje;au i|yd ieu flkl= u lsishï ld¾h Ndrhla bisÆ w;r,xldfõ wd¾Ól rgdfõ meje;aug WÑ; mßÈ ieliqKq wOHdmk l%uhla iyúIhud,djla ;sìKs'

uyskaod.ukfha isg l%s' j' 1500 olajd jQ hq.fha § fn!oaO wOHdmk wdh;kl%uhlg moku jegqKq w;r .=re f.or wOHdmk iïm%odh wkql%ufhka wfydaisù .sfha h' ta iu. ixúê; fn!oaO wdh;k l%uhla f.dv ke.=Kq w;r" meje;súIhud,dfõ meyeÈ,s úldYkhla isÿ úKs' fn!oaO wOHdmkfha uqLH wruqK jQf,daflda;a;r iqjhg u. fmkaùu yd id¾:l f,!lsl Ôú;hlg wjYHwOHdmkhla §u i|yd úIhud,dj ilia ù ;sìKs' .=re f.or l%shd;aul jQúIhud,djg lshùu" ,sùu yd ixLHd ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOh we;=<;a úh'mkaif,ys fn!oaOd.ñl wOHdmkhg uq,a ;ekla ÿka w;r tys wOHdmkh ,enQwhf.ka jeä fofkla NslaIQka ùug fyda ffjµ Ydia;%h" fcHda;sI Ydia;%h".=relu fyda bf.kSug wfmalaId l< wh jQy' úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha md,s

Ydia;%fõ§ úfYaI fmardfoKsh&" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud

^iïudk& ^fld<U&" wOHdmkm;s ^fld<U&' .=rejßhl" Wm

úÿy,am;sjßhl" úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha ks,Odßkshl" cd;sl

wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s ks,Odßkshl" m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odßkshl"

wdh;k ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaIsldjl jYfhka o fiajh

lr we;' zwOHdmkfha kj ux fidhd fldßhdfjka wdo¾YZ weh rpkd

l< .%ka:hls'

3

NdIdj" ixialD; NdIdj" Pkaoia Ydia;%h" w,xldr Ydia;%h" idys;Hh" b;sydih"wxl .Ks;h" fcHda;sI Ydia;%h" ffjµ Ydia;%h hk úIh h' Bg wu;r j Ñ;%Ys,amh yd m%;sud Ys,amh jeks ,,s; l,d ms<sn| mqyqKqjla o iuyr wdh;kj,ska,nd Èks'

msßfjkaj," m¾fhaIK uÜgñka nqÿ oyu yeoEÍu" ixialD; NdId" Ydia;%klaI;%" hka;% uka;%" .%y Ydka;s jeks foa úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

fuu hq.fha wúêu;a yd úêu;a wOHdmkh tjl meje;s wd¾Ól jHQyhgwkql+, j l%shd;aul jQ neúka Ndr;fhka wd wd¾hfhda o wd¾Ól l%u ms<sn| ±kquyd l=i,;d furg isá ckhdg b.ekajQy' tl, meje;s jevjiï iudc l%uhg.e<fmk mßÈ rdcHfha meje;aug wjYH yia;s Ys,amh" wYaj Ys,amh" lvq Ys,amh"ÿkq Ys,amh yd hqoaO Ys,amh o ms<sn| ±kqu ta ta fY%aKsj, whg wúêu;a f,i ,ndÈ?ks' jevjiï iudchl wjYH;d imqrd,kakg iu;a jQ frÈ úùu" f,dayl¾udka;h" rka ß§ jev" j<x ;ekSu" jvq jev" fmof¾re jev" we÷ï ueiSu" .Dyks¾udKh" jdß l¾udka;h" Ñ;% Ys,amh wd§ jQ ish¨ u wxYj, yi< ±kqu ydl=i,;d mrmqfrka mrmqrg keiS hd fkd § jeäysá m%ùKhka úiska nd,hkag fokq

,eî h'

2'0 hg;a úð; hq.fha úIhud,dj - ^1500 - 1948&

ngysr cd;Skaf.a meñKSu;a iu. Tjqkaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su wruqKq fldg.;a úIhud,d jßkajr furgg y÷kajd fok ,§' j¾I 1505 isg 1658 olajd,xldfõ uqyqÿ nv md,kh l< mD;=.SiSka l%shd;aul l< wOHdmkfha m%OdkwNsm%dh jQfha ls%ia;shdks wd.u m;=rejd yeÍu h' fï i|yd fuys meñKs ñIkdÍkaúiska wrUk ,o úµd,j, l%shd;aul l< idudkH úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQ úIhjQfha mD;=.Sis NdIdj" lshùu iy ,sùu" .Ks;h" .dhkh" ,;ska" fyd| isß;a ydl%sia;shdks wd.u h' tfy;a Tjqka úiska wrUk ,o mdi,aj, l%shd;aul lrk ,oúIhud,d ta ta ñIkdÍ iud.u wkqj fjkia úh' 1602 j¾Ifha § fuys meñKsfciqhsÜjreka11111 wdrïN l< fciqhsÜ úµd,j, my< wxYfha úIhud,djg lshùu",sùu" wd.u yd .dhkh we;=<;a jQ w;r uOHu wxYfha úIhud,djg mD;=.SisNdIdj" iajNdId" udkj úµdj" w,xldr Ydia;%h we;=<;a úh' by< wxYfhaúIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha iudc úµdj" ,;ska NdIdj iy foaj O¾uh h'úIhud,dfõ .dhkh úIhh" wd.ñl .S;sldj,g fjka úh' wdpdr O¾uhkagwe;=<;a jQfha iqYS, j¾Okh hs' tkï iodpdr O¾u m%.=K lsÍu yd pß;dNHdihhs'

m%ekaisialka úµd,j, úIhud,dj fcishqÜjrekaf.a úµd,j, úIhud,djgiudk úh' foaj kS;sh" fyd| isß;a" lshùu" ,sùu" wxl .Ks;h" .dhkh yd ,;skaúIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

rdclSh l=urekag hqfrdamSh rc mjq,aj, <uhska i|yd l%shd;aul jQúIhud,djla l%shd;aul lrk ,§'

wd.ug ±lajQ m%uqL ia:dkh fya;= fldg f.k mD;=.Sis wjêfha ñIkdÍ

4

wOHdmkh i|yd jQ úIhud,dj úIh m%udKfhka yd jHdma;sfhka w;sYh iSudiys;úh' th foaYSh wjYH;d msßuid .ekSu i|yd lsisfia;a WmldÍ fkd ù h'

1658 - 1796 ld,fha ,xldfõ uqyqÿ nv m%foaY md,kh l< ,kafoais cd;Skaf.awOHdmk wruqKq jQfha"

• l%sia;shdks ^frmrudÿ& wd.ug iajfoaYslhska yrjd .ekSu yd frdaudkqlf;da,sl n,h ke;slr ±óu;a"

• ;u wd.u je<|.;a ckhdg lshùu" ,sùu ms<sn| uQ,sl wOHdmkhla §u;a"

• ;u foaYmd,k n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu;a"

• wd.ï me;srùu i|yd wjYH foaYlhska iy .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu;a"

• md,khg iydh úh yels uOHu mdka;sl W.;=ka msßila mqyqKq lsÍu;a h'

Wla; wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd l%shd;aul l< úIhud,dfjys úfYaI,laIK jQfha úIhud,dj mq¿,a fkdùu;a" yqfola frmrudÿ wd.u me;srùu;a iylf;da,sl wd.u uq,skqmqgd ±óu;a uQ,sl wruqKq lr f.k ilik ,oaola ùu;a h'oDIaáh yd wruqKq w;ßka ngysrg nrùu iy ,dxlsl iudcfha meje;aug ys;lrfkdùu;a iqúfYaIS ,laIK úh'

Tjqkaf.a meßIa mdi,aj, úIhud,djg isxy, yd fou< lshùu" ,sùu iyl%sia;= O¾ufha uQ,O¾u fyj;a kHdh we;=<;a úh'

fiufkaßfha my< wxYfha úIhud,djg ,kafoais NdIdj" jHdlrKh" rpkh".%Sla" ySnDD hk NdId o iajNdIdfjka ,kafoais NdIdjg mßj¾;kh lsÍu owe;=<;a úh' by< wxYfha úIhud,djg ,;ska" foaj O¾u Ydia;%h o we;=<;a úh'

fkdau,a mdi,aj, .=rejreka ùug wjYH jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla §u i|ydúIhud,djla l%shd;aul úh'

úialó¾ hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,enQ È<s÷ ore ksjdij, jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ÿkaw;r .Dy l¾uh" ueyqï f.;=ï wdÈh úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

hqfrdamSh orejka i|yd jQ ,kafoais mdi,aj, lshùu" ,sùu" wxl .Ks;h"wlaIr úkHdih" N+f.da, úµdj iy .dhkh úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

Wla; úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIKh jQfha wd.ñl keUqrej wiSñ; ùu h'tkï wksjd¾h wOHdmkhl uqjdfjka wksjd¾h wd.ï me;srùfï jev ms<sfj<lahgf;a úIhud,dj l%shd;aul ùu iy úIhud,dj mgq ùu" m%dfhda.sl jeo.;alñkawvq ùu iy foaYSh ;;a;aj .ek fkd i,ld úIhud,dj ilia lsÍu;a h'

j¾I 1796 § fuys meñKs ì%;dkH cd;slhska ish mßmd,kfha § iydh ùugyels rdcH fiajlhska mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd;a zzldkaÿ ùfï kHdhfhaZZ wfmalaIKu; msysgd foaYSh m%N+ mka;sh" ì%;dkH iudc m%;sudkj,g wkqj ixialD;slmßj¾;khlg Ndck ùu iy;sl lsÍu i|yd;a ilia lrk ,o wOHdmk l%uhgWÑ; jQ úIhud,djla ilia l<y' Tjqkaf.a mdi,a moaO;sfha ,kafoais meßIa

5

mdi,aj, NdId udOHh ujq ni úh' lshùu" ,sùu" wxl .Ks;h iy ls%ia;= O¾uhúIhud,djg wh;a úh'

Wiia mdGYd,d j¾.hg wh;a jQ uQ,sl mdi,aj, uQ,sl bx.%Sis wOHdmkh,nd ÿka w;r" welvñh ke; fyd;a fiufkaßfhys rdcH fiajdj i|yd ;reKhskaiQodkï l<y' ,kafoais wk;a ore ksjdij, o m%fhdackj;a /lshd i|yd <uhsmqyqKq lrkq ,enQy'

1812 j¾Ifha ñIkdÍ iud.ï lSmhla fuys meñK mdi,a j¾. lSmhlaixúOdkh l<y' nemaáia ñIkdÍ iud.u ixúOdkh l< iajNdId mdi,aj,bx.%Sis" mD;=.Sis iy fou< o" bx.%Sis mdi,aj, isxy," l%sia;= O¾uh yd .Ks;h oúIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

jeia,shka ñIkdÍ iud.u ixúOdkh l< iajNdId mdi,aj, iajlSh ,íêhblaukska m;=rejd yeÍu i|yd úIhud,djla l%shd;aul l< w;r" bx.%Sis mdi,aj,úIhud,djg l%sia;= O¾uh" lshùu" ,sùu yd .Ks;h we;=<;a úh' bßod mdi,aj,È<s÷ <uhska l%sia;shdks wd.u b.ekajQ w;r" welvñh Wiia bx.%Sis wOHdmkh,nd §ug lghq;= lf<a h'

wefußlka ñIkdÍ iud.u úiska msysgqjk ,o .%dóh ksoyia mdi,aj,"fou< udOHfhka" uQ,sl wOHdmkh fkdñf,a ,nd Èkss' uOHu mdi,aj," iajNdIdmdi,aj,ska meñKs olaI isiqka" .=re jD;a;shg mqyqKq lrk ,oS'

p¾É ñIkdÍ iud.u úiska ixúOdkh l< .eñ mdi,aj, ujq NdIdfjkab.ekaù h' uOHu mdi,aj, bx.%Sis" lshùu" ,sùu" rpkh" wxl .Ks;h" N+f.da,úµdj úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

1833 j¾Ifha ,xldjg m;aj wd flda,anDDla fldñIfï wOHdmk m%;sixialrKwkqj úIhud,dfõ jeo.;a ;ekla bx.%Sis NdIdjg ysñ úh' m%dfhda.sl ±kqula ,nd§u i|yd mdi,a wrUk ,§' wd.u b.ekaùu ms<sn| zyDoh idlaIs j.ka;shZkue;s pl%f,aLhla o ksl=;a lrk ,§'

1865 j¾Ifha fuda¾.ka lñgq ks¾foaY l%shd;aul ùu iu. 1869 j¾Ifha §

fmdÿ b.ekaùï fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqjk ,È' ñIkdÍ mdi,a úIhud,dj wd.ñlnfjka ñÿKs'

1884 j¾Ifha § fld<U lDIsl¾u úµd,h wdrïN lrk ,È' 1909 j¾Ifha§ fmardfoKsh lDIsld¾ñl úµd,h wdrïN úh' tys úIhud,dj lDIsl¾uhgkeUqre úK' tu úIhud,dfõ foaYSh keUqrejla fkd;sîu;a" tajd úfoaYSh wjYH;dimqrd,Su wruqKq fldg ilid ;sîu;a fya;=fjka iajfoaYSh wOHdmkh msßfyñkameje;sK'

1885 j¾Ifha § wefußlka cd;sl l¾k,a ´,afldÜ;=udf.a uQ,sl;ajfhkamsysgqjk ,o mru ú{dkd¾: iud.u Y%S ,xldfõ fn!oaO mqk¾Ôjfha ;SrKd;aulikaêia:dkhla úh' fn!oaO mßirhla hgf;a Y%S ,dxlslhskag Wiia wOHdmkhla§u wrnhd fld<U wdkkao" uykqjr O¾urdc" .d,af,a uyskao jeks úµd,wdrïN lrk ,È' ;j;a fn!oaO mdi,a rdYshla úúO k.rj, yd .ïno m%foaYj,

6

msysgqjk ,oafoka fn!oaO wOHdmkfha jHdma;sh fõ.j;a úh' fuu úµd,j,l%shd;aul lrk ,o úIhud,d fn!oaO foaYSh keUqrejla .;af;a h' bka fn!oaOwOHdmkhg kj Ôjhla ,eìKs' fï iu. u yskaÿ mdi,a lSmhla weröfuka yskaÿmqk¾Ôjhla rfÜ W;=re m%foaYj, o we;s úh' uqia,sï mdi,a o weröfuka uqia,sïmqk¾Ôjhla o we;s úh'

tfy;a l%sia;shdks ñIkdÍ iud.ïj,g wh;a mdi,aj, iy rch yd foaYShwd.ñl ixúOdk u.ska ixúOdkh lrk ,o mdi,aj, úIhud,d tlsfklgfjkia úh'

1901 iy 1902 jk f;la úúO úIhud,d furg l%shd;aul l< o zzúIhud,djZZhk jpkh wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jHjydr fkd úKs' 1901 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõwOHlaIjrhd úiska ,shk ,o jd¾Isl md,k jd¾;dfõ "Curriculum"2 hk jpkhNdú; lr ;sfí'

1920 j¾Ifha § uydpd¾h lS,a meÜßla ,xldjg meñKSu Y%S ,xld úIhud,db;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djla úh' wOHdmkh m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï u.skal%shd;aul lsÍu iy bf.k .kakd foa ienE f,dalh yd iïnkaO úh hq;= njwjOdrKh lsÍu" úIhud,d ixj¾Ok ld¾hfhys kshe<S isá whf.a wjOdkhg,laùu jeo.;a h'

1928 j¾Ifha § ,xldfõ mdGYd,d i|yd wOHdmk mámdáh yd mdvïms<sn| ks¾foaY m;%sld uehska m%ldYhla ksl=;a úh' 1938 jk ;=re ie,lsh hq;=fjkialï ke;s j l%shd;aul jQfha tu úIhud,djhs'33333 1928 j¾Ifha § wOHdmkfomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska úIh ks¾foaYh ms<sn| úêu;a ks, m%ldYkhla m%ldYhgm;a lsÍu jeo.;a h' ta wkqj 1 isg 8 olajd úIh ks¾foaY meyeÈ,s úh' tla tlaúIh hgf;a b.ekaúh hq;= ud;Dld olajd ud;Dld hgf;a b.ekaúh hq;= iSudjkao olajd ;sìKs'

1931 j¾Ifha ykafoiai .%dóh jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu" wOHdmk uQ,O¾uwkq.ukh lrñka úIhud,dj foaYSh keUqrejlg yerùfï m%h;akhla úh' ñkaÔú;h yd ne÷Kq l%shdj,shla f,i wOHdmkh l%shdjg kexùu wruqKq fldg .;akj úIhud,djla y÷kajd fok ,È' fi!LH jev" m%foaYh .ek ±kqu" l¾udka;bf.kqu" idys;H l,dj yd ix.S;h ms<sn| ±kqu yd l=i,;dj, ixj¾OkhwruqKq fldg .;a úIh y;rla úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh' foaYSh jYfhka wmrgg fhda.H úIhud,djla f.dvkeÕSug úêu;a f,i .;a uQ,sl m%h;akhla f,ifuh ie,fla' m%dfhda.sl ±kqu yd kHdhd;aul ±kqu tlg f.dkq jk neúkaykafoiai wOHdmk l%uh jeo.;a fõ' bx.%Sis ni fojk ni f,i o úIhud,djgwe;=<;a lrk ,È'

j¾I 1944 jk úg wrUd ;snqKq uOH mdi,aj, m%dfhda.sl jev iys; jish¨ u úµd úIh o .Ks;h" yia; l¾ud;h yd fi!kao¾h úIhh o úIhud,djgwe;=<;a úh'

úfoaY wdl%uK iu. 1505 j¾Ifha isg furg l%shd;aul lrk ,oúIhud,dfõ olakg ,enqKq úfYaI ,laIK jQfha úfoaYslhkaf.a wjYH;djkgwkqj u ieliSu iy tjl f,dj ms<s.;a wOHdmk uQ,O¾uj,g wkql+, j w,am

7

jYfhka fyda úIhud,dj yev .eiaùulg fhduq ùu h'

3'0 1950 oYlh

1950 j¾Ifha md¾,sfïka;=fõ § iïu; lrkq ,enQ Oj, m;%sldj ksoyia,xldfõ m<uq jk wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,sh úh' fï wkqj m%d:ñlwjêfha" tkï my< nd,dxYfha isg mia jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ úIhud,dj" ldhslj¾Okh .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu;a" fyd| mqreÿ m%.=K lrùu;a" lshùu" ,sùu yd.Ks; ixl,am wjfndaOh;a" n,lsÍfuka f;dr j yd m%dfhda.sl jev u.skaw;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ie,iSu;a flf¾ jeä ie,ls,a,la olajd we;'

jhi 7 - 11 ld,fha ^m%d:ñl wxYfha fo jk fY%aKsfha isg mia jk fY%aKsholajd&" tkï oaú;Shsl Nd.fha fmd;g u jy,a fkd ù <ud l=;=y,h" we,au ydl%shdldÍ;ajh jeo.;a fldg i,ld WÑ; wOHdmkhla §u woyia flßK'

oaú;Shsl wjêfha lksIaG oaú;Shsl wxYfha úIhud,djg Ydia;%Sh yd Ys,amShhk wxY fol u we;=<;a úK' tf;la mdi,a úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ;ekla ysñ lrf.k ;snQ ngysr ix.S;h yd kegqï fjkqjg fmrÈ. ix.S;h yd Wvrg kegqï"mdi,a úIhud,djg we;=¿ lrk ,§'

1957 j¾Ifha § úIhud,dj úúO;ajhla .ekSug W;aidy ord we;' 1956wxl 43 yd 48 ork pl%f,aL u.ska 1957 ckjdß udifha § l%shd;aul lrkq ,enQúIhud,dfjka wm rg wOHdmkfha úIh lafIa;%h iïnkaO j kj Ôjkhla we;slsÍug W;aidy ork ,È' fï wkqj 1 - 5 fY%aKsj, m%d:ñl úIhud,dj úIh .Khgf;a ilia úh'

I úIh .Kh - ^w& wd.u

^wd& ujq ni

^we& ixLHd

II úIh .Kh - YdÍßl" fi!kao¾hd; aul l% shdldrlï ydks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï

III úIh .Kh - mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï

l% shdldrlï hkak úIhud,djg we;=¿ ùu m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõikaêia:dkhls' YsIHhdf.a ±kqu iy nqoaê j¾Okhg muKla iSud lr ;snqK h,amekmq wOHdmk l%uh ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k hEu k;r lsÍug fï W;aidyh

Wmfhda.s lr f.k we;'

4'0 1960 oYlh

1960 oYlh" Y%S ,xldjg fhda.H jQ iïm%odh f.dvk.d .ekSug jEhï l<ld, iSudjla úh' ksoyi ,eîfuka wk;=re j Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a l%uh ixúOdkhlsÍug fkdfhla fhdackd bÈßm;a ù we;;a" úIhud,dfõ meyeÈ,s fjkialï

8

olakg fkd ,eìKs' fï oYlhg o fuh fmdÿ ,laIKhla úh'

1960 fkdjeïn¾ udifha § md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; l< wdOdr ,nk mdi,ayd .=re úµd, ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk; hgf;a ish¨ mdi,a rchg mjrd .kakd,È' 1961 WmlD; mdi,a yd .=re úµd, úfYaI w;sf¾l úêúOdk mk;md¾,sfïka;=fõ iïu; lr" 1961 ud¾;= 02 od isg kS;s.; fldg l%shd;aul lf<ah' ish¨ u mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu iu. Èjhsfka ieu mdi,l u fmdÿúIhud,djla l%shd;aul lsÍu wdrïN lsÍu úIhud,d b;sydifha jeo.;a ia:dkhlaúh' tf;la úúO úIhud,d fjkqjg rfÜ ish¨ u mdi,aj, tl u úIhud,djlal%shd;aul lsÍfuka úIhud,dj flf¾ jQ wjOdkh jeä úh' rfÜ ish¨ uYsIHhskaf.a ixj¾Okh;a" rfÜ wjYH;djkq;a" wruqKq;a mdi,a wOHdmkh yd ne¢úIhud,dj u.ska bgq lr .ekSfï m%h;akh flf¾ jQ keUqrej o jeä úh'

fï iu. rchg mejreK mq¿,a ld¾hNdrh iy j.lSï bgqlsÍu i|ydwjYH ks¾foaY rchg bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd rch" 1961 ud¾;= ui cd;sl wOHdmkfldñiula uydpd¾h fÊ' B' chiQßhf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka m;a lf<a h' tufldñifï jd¾;dfõ uq,a ks¾foaY w;=re jd¾;djla f,i;a" fo jk fldgfiaks¾foaY wjika jd¾;dj f,i;a bÈßm;a flßK'

w;=re jd¾;dfõ i|yka mßÈ

zzúi¢h hq;= lreKq jYfhka wfmka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jkqfha

^w& ful, ,xldfõ mj;akd iuia; wOHdmk l%uh úNd. lsÍu ydiudf,dapkh lsÍu

^wd& ^i& ck;djf.a cd;sl yd ixialD;sl wfmalaIdj,g wkqrEm jk;

ii& rfÜ wd¾Ól" ld¾ñl yd ixj¾Ok wjYH;dj,g Wmfhda.S jk; yd

iii& cd;sh" wd.u" wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh fyda iudch ;rd;sru fkd ;ld ish¨u <uhskag wOHdmk wjia:d iïnkaOfhka iudk;ajhla ksh; jYfhka,nd fok taldnoaO cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla msysgqùu i|yd wjYH hhswmg yefÕk ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu; yd

^we& cd;sl ixj¾Ok ie,eiafuys wOHdmkh i|yd ,nd .; yels uqo,a m%udKhflfrys ksis mßÈ ie,ls,s olajñka fuys my; i|yka lreKq iïnkaOfhkaúfYaIfhka ie,ls,su;a j ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu;a h'

1' Ydia;%Sh" jD;a;Sh" ld¾ñl yd úµd;aul wOHdmkhg yd b.ekaùfï udOHhg.e<fmk mßÈ mdGYd,d ixúOdkh lsÍu'

2' bx.%Sis NdIdj mdGYd,djkays b.ekaùfï udOHh jYfhka mj;ajd f.khefï fhda.H;dj'ZZ44444

,xldfõ mqrjeishka jk whg wOHdmk udOHh isxy, fyda fou< úh hq;=nj;a" mia jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifha § ffjl,amsl úIhhla jYfhka bx.%Sis b.ekaúhhq;= nj;a bx.%Sis wksjd¾h úIhhla jYfhka b.ekaùu fkd l< hq;= nj;a ks¾foaY

fldg we;'

9

lksIaG úoHd,

zzjhi wjqreÿ 5 § fyda 6 § mdGYd,djg meñfKk <uhd hï w;a±lSïiuqodhla miqìï fldg f.k ths' mdGYd,dfõ ld¾hh úh hq;af;a Tyqf.a w;a±lSïmq¿,a fldg iudc Ôú;hg wjYH jk {dkh yd olaI;d o j¾Okh lsÍuhs'fudard we;s m%udK yd fjk;a jeã we;s ;;a;aj o wkqj <uhska ;=< we;s jkfm!oa.,sl fjkialï ie,ls,a,g Ndck fldg ms<sfh, lrk l%shdkqidÍ jevud¾.fhka <uhdg"

• Tyqf.a wd.ñl Wreuh wjfndaO fldg f.k ta wkqj Ôj;aùug o"

• YÍr Yla;sh yd olaI;d j¾Okh fldg iemodhl j Ôj;a ùug

wjYH uQ,sl lreKq wjfndaO lr .ekSug o"

• NdId olaI;d jeãug o"

• mßudKd;aul ixl,amk ms<sn| woyia yd ixLHd l%uh f;areï

fldg .ekSug o"

• Tyq wjg we;s mßirh fidhd n,d wjfndaO lr .ekSug yd th

mokï fldg f.k l%ufhka mq¿,a jkakd jQ iajNdjO¾uh yd iudch

we;=<;a fldg we;s mßirh ms<sn| lreKq fidhd n,d f;areï .ekSug o"

• Tyqf.a woyia yd yeÕSï fkdfhla udOHj,ska m%ldY lsÍug o"

j¾K" rEm iy Yío ms<sn| WÑ; Ndfjda;amdokhg o"

• Tyq isák mßirfhys wh yd ñ;% iudc iïnkaOlï we;s lr .ekSug

yd l%ufhka iudc iïnkaO;d mq¿,a lr .ekSug o"

iydh ùu lksIaG úµd,hg wh;a lghq;a; fõ'55555

zzúIhud,dj jQl,S fï mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSug ixúOdkh lr we;sl%shdldÍ;ajhka yd w;a±lSï o ms<sn| jevms<sfj< fõZZ66666 hkqfjka úIhud,djks¾jpkh fldg ;sîu miqld,Sk j úIhud,d ixj¾Ok ld¾hfhys ksr;jk whg u.fmkaùula úh'

<ud flakaøSh wOHdmkhla fuu wjêfha § l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj o tysi|yka fldg we;'

fhdað; m%d:ñl mdif,a úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha

• wd.u

• isxy, $ fou<

• rdcH NdIdj

• ixLHd

bx.%Sis ^mia jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifha isg muKls&

10

YdÍßl wOHdmkh ( l%Svd

ix.S; wdY%s; j flfrk YdÍßl wNHdi

iïmdol jev lghq;= ( Ñ;% l¾u yd w;ajev

j;= jev

ueyqï

mßirh weiqre jev lghq;= ( iajNdj wOHhkh" m%dfoaYSh b;sydih

±k w÷kk foa ms<sn| b;sydih" iajfoaYShyd úfoaYSh ùrjrhkaf.a pß;dmodk

m%dfoaYSh N+f.da, úµdj

furg iy msgrg isák lïlrejka ms<sn|

úia;r hkdÈhhs'

úIhud,dfõ lemS fmfkk ,laIK

• <ud flakaøSh keUqrejla úµudk ùu;

• l%shdldÍ wOHdmkhlg fhduq lsÍu;

• <uhdf.a YdÍßl" udkisl" fi!kao¾hd;aul iy iuia;hla jYfhka

iajfoaYSh keUqrejla ;sîu fõ'

6 isg 8 mdGYd,d j¾Ih olajd lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha

- wd.u

- isxy, $ fou<

- isxy, fyda fou< fyda bx.%Sis

- rdcH NdIdj

- uQ,sl .Kslh

- idudkH úµdj ^fi!LH úµdj we;=<;a j&

- ,xld yd f,dal b;sydih ^i jk yd i;a jk mdGYd,d j¾Ij,& iy ,xldb;sydih ^wg jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifhys&

- ,xld yd f,dal N+f.da, úµdj ^i jk iy i;a jk mdGYd,dj¾Ij,& iy

- ,xld N+f.da, úµdj ^wg jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifhys muKla&

- m%cdpdrh ^wg jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifhys muKla&

- Ñ;% l¾uh

- YdÍßl wOHdmkh

- msßñ <uhskag ,S jev fyda f,day jev

11

- .eyekq <uhskag .Dy úµdj

- .dhkh yd ix.S;h

jev ms<sfj< w;a±lSï ^Èklg tla mka;s ld,h ne.ska mdGYd,d j;af;ys§ fyda l=Uqfrys § fyda m%foaYfhys mj;akd .Dy l¾udka;hl mdGYd,dfjys § ufh§u fyda fjhs&7h'

úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• idudkH úµdj úIhh we;=<;a fldg ;sîu;

• iajfoaYSh b;sydih iy N+f.da, úµdj yeoEÍu flf¾ jQ keUqrej;

• msßñ .eyekq jYfhka úIh fn§ula ;sîu;

• jev ms<sn| w;a±lSï ,eîu flf¾ jQ keUqrej; iy

• iajfoaYSh miqìul l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd jQ keUqrej fõ'

fcHIaG úoHd,

lksIaG úµd,fhys wOHdmkh wjika lr ;j ÿrg;a wOHdmkhn,dfmdfrd;a;= jk ieu <uhl=g u" Tyqg wdfõKsl jQ úfYaI <eÈlï ÈhqKq lr.ekSug wjia:d i,ikakd jQ fcHIaG mdGYd,d u.ska YsIHhkag iïmQ¾K wOHdmkslmyiqlï ,eìh hq;= h' fï i|yd i;r j¾.hl mdi,a ta ta l,dm ;=< msysgqúhhq;= njg ks¾foaY fldg we;'

^w& lDIsld¾ñl

^wd& ld¾ñl yd bxðfkare

^we& úµd

^wE& l,d iy jdKsc

ieu fcHIaG úµd,hla u j¾I fol ne.ska fldgia follg fn¥ i;rwjqreoaol wOHhk mámdáhla wkq.ukh lsÍu wfmalaIs; úh' m<uq jk wjqreoaowjidkfha w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isákq we;' tu úNd.fha §Tjqka .kakd úIhfhda ;u mdi,aj, bf.kSug bv i,iajd we;s mßÈ yd ;udf.awkd.; /lshd n,dfmdfrd;a;= fyda wkd.; jeäÿr bf.kSug woyia lrk úIhms<sn| n,dfmdfrd;a;= fyda wkqj f;dard .kakd tajd fj;s' tu fo jk fldgfiawfmalaIK bgqlr .ekSfuka miq úYaj úµd,j, wod< wxYj,g fyda fjk;aúfYaI jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;kj,g we;=¿ úh yels h'

úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• rfÜ wjYH;d imqrd,Su flf¾ jQ keUqrejla olakg ,eîu;

• <uhdf.a olaI;d" yelshd" wjYH;d wNsreÑ wkqj fcHIaG úµd,

12

wOHdmkh ilia fldg ;sîu; iy

• /lshd mdol njla olakg ,eîu yd Wiia wOHdmkhg fhduq lsÍu;a h'

1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ w;=re jd¾;dfjka o wjidkjd¾;dfjka o bÈßm;a lrk ,o fhdackd w;ßka ld,Sk j jvd wod< tajd 1964wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj u.ska idrdxY fldg hï hï ixfYdaOk o iys; jl%shd;aul lrk ,È' 1963 j¾Ifha § ksl=;a jQ ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñika iNdjd¾;dj weiqßka zzcd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla i|yd fhdackd 1964ZZ hkqfjkaye¢kafjk fuhg" ld¾ñl wOHdmkh yd jdKsc wOHdmkh flf¾ jQ fhdackdo we;=<;a úh'

Wla; fhdackd f.k taug miqìï jQ lreKq fndfyda h' miq.sh j¾I úismy;=< wOHdmkfha lrk ,o jeo.;a fjkialï fya;=fldg f.k wOHdmkfhajeo.;alu ms<sn| yeu fokl= u mdfya ±kqïj;a ù we;' óg fmr fï ms<sn|wjOdkh fhduq jQfha k.rno úiQ w;f<diailf.a muKs' tfy;a ksoyia wOHdmkl%uh jHdma; ùu;a" uOH uyd úµd, weröu;a iu. úYd, ;reK msßilgwOHdmkhg msúiSfï wjia:d muKla fkd j" úYaj úµd,j,g we;=<;a ùfïwjia:d o újD; úh' óg fmr fuu wjia:d fkd ,enQ fndfyda fokl=g fuuwjia:d újD; úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka jvd;a hym;a jQ wOHdmkhla i|ydjQ wfmalaIK jeä fjkakg úh' yg .;a iudc fjkialï o fndfyda úh' /lshdkshqla;shg wjia:d jeä ùu;a jD;a;Sh ;;a;aj k.d isgqùu;a ksid óg fmr fkdjQ úrE wkaoñka mD:q, f,i iudchg újD; úh'

ujq NdIdj" wOHdmk udOH NdIdj jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu o úma,ùhfjkialïj,g fya;= úh' wOHdmkfha Wiia u jákdlï ms<sn| jQ Ñka;kfhafjkialï yg .eksKs' tmuKla fkd j" fuh bx.%Sis W.;a fm<eka;sh iyiajNdIdfjka wOHdmkh ,;a fm<eka;sh w;r jQ mr;rh yd ndOl o bj;a ùugfya;= úh'

tfuka u rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd WÑ; jQ wOHdmk l%uhla ieliSfïwjYH;dj o u;= úK' wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd" iajdNdúl iïm;a fuka u mqyqKqY%uh ms<sn| wOHdmkh .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj o ;rfha u ms<s.;a;laúh'

fï w;r Ydia;%Sh fyda ixialD;sl jYfhka muKla jeo.;alula we;swOHdmkhla ,nd §fï wvq¨yq~qlï o Èia úh' ixj¾Okh fjñka mj;sk rglajYfhka orejkag ,nd Èh hq;= wOHdmkh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq úh' zzm%dfhda.slwOHdmkhlZZ8 (Practical Education) jeo.;alu biau;= úh' w;alï" .Dy úµdjiy YdÍßl wOHdmkh ms<sn| wjOdkh jeä úh' zzidudkH úµdjZZ ieu mdi,lgu y÷kajd §fï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh flßK' fulS lafIa;% iïnkaOfhkamdi,aj, meje;s w;=,H;dj ke;s lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla ilia lsÍuwruqKq fldg f.k fuu m%h;akh .kq ,eìKs'

fhdað; m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd wruqKq fufia olajd we;'

• ;u wd.ñl Wreuh wjfndaO lsÍu yd ta wkqj Ôj;a ùu

13

• udxY fmaYS iïnkaëlrKh" l=i,;d ixj¾Okh iy fi!LH iïmkak jÔj;aùfï uQ,O¾u wjfndaO lr .ekSu

• NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu

• m%udKd;aul ixl,am iy ixLHd l%uh ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu

• ;u ióm;u mßirh .fõIKh" wjfndaO lr .ekSu iy iajNdjO¾uhiy iudch we;=<;a jk fia l%ufhka mD:q, jk mßirh .fõYKh

lsÍu iy wjfndaO lr .ekSu i|yd th moku lr .ekSu

• úúO udOH uÕska ;u woyia m%ldY lsÍug iy j¾Kh" yevh iy Yíoh

ms<sn| j ixfõ§ ùu

• ;u lKavdhu iu. ñ;%YS,S" iudc iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕd .ekSu iy

iudc iïnkaO;d ms<sn| lafIa;%h l%ufhka mq¿,a lsÍu i|yd YsIHhdgWmldr lsÍu'

Wla; wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd 1964 § my; oelafjk úIhud,djfhdackd lrk ,È'

m%d:ñl úIhud,dj

• wd.u

• isxy, fyda fou< fuh wOHdmk udOHh jk w;r" foudmshkaf.a wkque;shwkqj fõ&

• ixLHd

• bx.%Sis fyda isxy, fyda fou<

^III fY%aKsfhka by<g fo jk ni&

• fi!LH l%shdldrlï

l%Svd

ßoaudx. p,k ^Eurythmics&

fi!LH l:d

• ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï

Ñ;% iy w;ajev

f.j;= j.dj

ueyqï ^.eyekq <uhska i|yd&

• mßird;aul l%shdldrlï

iajNdj wOHhkh

b;sydih" okakd y÷kk foa iy foaYSh iy úfoaYSh úYsIag mqoa.,hkaf.aÔú; l:d ms<sn| b;sydih we;=<;a

N+f.da, úµdj - ^f.or iy msgrg Y%ñlhska we;=<;a&

14

lksIaG mdi, i|yd úIhud,dj

• wd.u

• isxy, $ fou< ^fuh wOHdmk udOHh fõ' foudmsh leue;a; wkqj&

• isxy, fyda bx.%Sis fyda fou< ^fo jk NdIdj&

• uQ,sl .Ks;h

• idudkH úµdj ^fi!LH úµdj we;=¿ j&

• ,xld iy f,dal b;sydih ^,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh ms<sn| úfYaI

wjOdrKhla iys; j&

• ,xld iy f,dal N+f.da, úµdj

• fi!kao¾hd;aul wOHhk ^Ñ;%" .dhkh" kegqï" ix.S;h&

• YdÍßl mqyqKqj

• ,S jev fyda f,day jev fyda .Dy úµdj ,sx. fNaohlska f;dr j YsIHhskaf.aleue;a; mßÈ&

• jev yqrej ^Work Experience&

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< mka;s i|yd úIhud,d Odrdy;rla fhdackd fldg we;' tajd kï lDIsl¾uh" bxðfkare" úµd iy l,d

fmdÿ yr úIh yhls' tkï"

• wd.u

• isxy,$ fou<

• fojk NdIdjla ^isxy,$ fou<$ bx.%Sis&

• .Ks;h

• udkj Ydia;% ^,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh jk úfYaI wjOdrKhla iys; jñksia j¾.hdf.a úµd;aul iy ixialD;sl ixj¾Okh&

• jev yqrej

wfkla úIh úIhud,d Odrd-mdGud,d wkqj my; ±lafõ'

^wd mdGud,dj - lDIsl¾uh

my; i|yka úIhj,ska ;=kla fyda y;rla

• Ôj úµdj

• ridhk úµdj

• lDIsld¾ñl úµdj

idudkH lDIsl¾uh ms<sn| uQ,O¾u fyda j;= j.dj fyda i;a;aj md,kh

^wd mdGud,dj - bxðfkare

,S fyda f,day jev iy my; i|yka úIhj,ska ;=kla fyda y;rla

15

• fN!;sl úµdj

• ridhk úµdj

• Wiia Y=oaO .Ks;h

• jHjydßl .Ks;h

• cHdñ;sl iy hdka;%sl we£u

^we& mdGud,dj - úoHdj

my; i|yka úIhj,ska ;=kla fyda y;rla f;dard .; hq;= h'

• fN!;sl úµdj

• ridhk úµdj

• Ôj úµdj

• .Dy úµdj

• jHjydßl .Ks;h

^wE& mdGud,dj - l,d iy jdKsc

úµd tla úIhhla iy úIh ;=kla fyda y;rla f;dard .; hq;= h'

• b;sydih

• N+f.da, úµdj ^idudkH fyda jdKsc&

• m%cdpdrh

• NdId ^folla fkdblauúh hq;= h&

• .Dy úµdj

• Ñ;%

• ix.S;h

• jdKscHh

• .KldêlrKh

• ,>q f,aLkh iy h;=re,shkh

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& wjidkfha YsIHhskag ;u wNsreÖka" wjYH;d" yelshdiy wfmalaIK wkqj mdif,ka wia ù /lshdjla fj; fhduq ùug wjia:dj we;'tmuKla fkd j" wjYH iqÿiqlï ,nd .ekSfuka w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& mka;shghEug;a ke; fyd;a ;dlaIK úµd wOHhk wxYfha mdGud,dj,g hEug;a yelsjkq we;'

fuu úIhud,dfõ my; i|yka úfYaI ,laIK olakg ,efí'

• lDIsld¾ñl" bxðfkare" úµd" l,d iy jdKscHh lafIa;% flf¾ jQ wjOdrKh;

• /lshd wjia:d flf¾ jQ keUqrej;

16

• foaYSh wjYH;d mokï lr f.k ilia lsÍu;

• b;sydih iy ixialD;sl Wreuh flf¾ jQ ie,ls,a,

• Y%S ,dxlsl orejkag wjia:dkql+, j WÑ; iajrEmhla .ekSu; iy

• úfoaYSh n,mEïj,ska fjka ùug W;aidy ±Íu h'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<& úIhud,dj

fuh úIhOdrd y;rlska iukaú; h'

fmdÿ yr úIhhka

• wd.u

• isxy, $ fou< $ bx.%Sis

^YsIHhkaf.a leue;a; mßÈ tlla fyda folla&

• jev yqrej

wfkla úIh

^w& mdGud,dj - lDIsl¾uh

• WoaNso úµdj

• ridhk úµdj iy my; úIh folla

• fN!;sl úµdj

• i;a;aj úµdj

• N+f.da, úµdj

• lDIsl¾uh ms<sn| uQ,O¾u$lDIsld¾ñl úµdj

^wd& mdGud,dj - bxðfkare

• Y=oaO .Ks;h

• jHjydßl .Ks;h

• fN!;sl úµdj iy my; úIhj,ska tla úIhhla

• ridhk úµdj

• jvq $ f,day jev

• Ys,amSh we£u

^we& mdGud,dj - úoHdj $ ffjoH $ .Dy úoHdj

• fN!;sl úµdj

• ridhk úµdj iy my; úIh folla

• Y=oaO .Ks;h

• jHjydßl .Ks;h

• WoaNso úµdj

17

• i;a;aj úµdj

• N+f.da, úµdj

• .Dy úµdj

^wE& mdGud,dj - l,d $ kS;s $ jdKscH

my; úIhj,ska y;rla

• Y=oaO .Ks;h

• jHjydßl .Ks;h

• b;sydih

• N+f.da, úµdj

• wdKavql%u

• NdId ^;=klg fkd jeä&

• wd¾Ól úµdj

• jdKscH

mdi,a wOHdmkh wjika jkafka w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< mdGud,d wjidkfha§ h' wdOHdmksl iy jD;a;Sh ud¾f.damfoaY fiajdj, iy foudmsh Wmfoia wkqjYsIHhkaf.a wNsreÖka yelshdjka iy wfmalaIKj,g wkql+, j bka miq /lshdwjia:d fidhd hEug fyda ^iqÿiqlï wkqj& úYaj úµd,hlg msúiSug fyda ;dlaIKúµd jev igykaj,g fyda ;dlaIK wOHdmk mqyqKq jev igykaj,g fydaiyNd.s ùug yels jkq we;'

úIhud,djg wu;r j úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï ms<sn| j o fhdackd

bÈßm;a fldg we;' fïjd my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'

^w& Ydia;%Sh iy ixialD;sl -

idys;H iñ;s" wd.ñl iñ;s" kdgH l,d iñ;s" Ñ;%" mska;dre iy ix.S;

iñ;s

^wd& ;dlaIKsl iy YdÍßl mqyqKq

u,a,j fmdr" mssyskqï md .uka (Hiking) iy .=jka úÿ,s" PdhdrEm" we÷ï

ms<sfh, lsÍu" wdlD;s ;ekSu" f.j;= j.dj" ó ueis md,k iudc (Clubs)

^we& nd,olaI" YsIHNg" Y%uodk iy iudc fiajd jev lghq;= jeks wfkl=;a

l%shdldrlï

w'fmd'i' W'fm<& úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• cd;sfha ixialD;sl miqìu ms<sn| wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj i,id ;sîu;

• ;u m%cdfõ ;ud y÷kd .ekSug Wmldr ùu;

• fojk wksjd¾h NdIdj jYfhka bx.%Sis NdIdj bj;a fldg ;sîu;

18

• úIhud,dj foaYSh keUqrejla .ekSu;

• YsIH fm!reI ixj¾Okh flf¾ keUqre ùu;

• rfÜ wjYH;d imqrd,Su flf¾ m%h;ak ±Íu; iy

• mdi, yd jevf,dalh iïnkaO lsÍug W;aidy f.k ;sîu h'

1966 Oj, m;%sldfõ fhdackd lr" 1967 j¾Ifha § iïu; jQ ixfYdaOk ydnoaO úIhud,d lghq;=j, j.lSu iïmQ¾Kfhka u fld<U 7" fn!oaOdf,daludjf;a msysgqjkq ,enQ úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhg Ndr ùu" Y%S ,xldfõúIhud,d ixj¾Ok b;sydifha w;sYhska u jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla úh' Y%S ,xldfõl%udkql+, j úIhud,d ixj¾Okh lsÍu fï iu. u wdrïN ù we;' Bg fmrwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ffoksl jevlghq;=j, fldgila jYfhka fuh lrk ,§'

zzúIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= jkdys wOHdmk fiajfhys wúÉPskak jtfuka u uq¿ wOHdmk lafIa;%h isidrd u mj;sk wxYhla f,i .sKsh hq;=;;a;ajhlg m;a j we;a;ls' th jQ mßoafoka u jeo.;a fia ie,lSfï m%;sM,hlajYfhka fï ixj¾Ok ld¾hj, ksr; jk ie,iqï iïmdokh yd fufyhùïlghq;= Ndr ld¾h uKav,h Wfoid myiqlï iemhSu jeo.;a lreKla úh' fï;;a;ajh h:d mßÈ i,lk ,ÿ j úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhla fld<Umsysgqùfï ld¾hh wdrïN lrk ,È'ZZ9

1967 j¾Ifha § fuys meñKs m%;sks¾udK yd ixj¾Ok lghq;= iïnkaOnexl=fõ úfYaI{ lKavdhula wOHdmk iólaIKhla mj;ajd" ta ms<sn| m< lrk,o jd¾;djl úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh ms<sn| jeo.;a i|ykla we;=<;alr we;' th fufia h'

zzúIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh w;sYh wjYH hq;a;la ^by< m%uqL;ajhlaÈh hq;a;la& f,i i,lkq ,efí' úIhud,d úúOdldrfhka fmdfydi;a lrkqmsKsi úfYaIfhka u úµd yd .Ks; úIhkays tfia lrkq msKsi ;sridr mokulafï ksid iemfhkq we;' fhojqKq uqo, l=vd h' tfy;a ire ,dNhla fojkq ksh;

h'ZZ10

idudkH yd ld¾ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd kñka 1966 j¾Ifhaiema;eïn¾ ui bÈßm;a lrk ,o wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj o" 1962 cd;sl wOHdmkfldñifï ks¾foaY yd 1963 ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñika iNdfõ fhdackd o wod<lr f.k ilia lr we;' uQ,sl fhdackd hgf;a mdi,a l%uh" uQ,sl" oaú;Shsl ydjeäÿr wOHdmkh hkqfjka wjê ;=klska ixúOdkh flf¾'

fï fhdackd yd iïnkaO jHdLHdkh fufia úh'

zzish¨ u mqrjeishkg mq¿,a mokula u; jQ idudkH úIh moaO;shla wkqjwksjd¾h uQ,sl wOHdmk l%uhla i,id,Su;a" úúO;ajhg m;alrk ,o oaú;ShslwOHdmk l%uhla i,id,Su;a i|yd úêúOdk fuu kj mkf;ys we;=<;a jkqwe;'ZZ11

uQ,sl wOHdmkh" oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh yd jeäÿr wOHdmkh hk tlsfklgms<sfj<ska iïnkaO jQ wjê ;=klska jHjia:dms; fmdÿ wOHdmk l%uh ixúOdkh

19

lrkq ,efí' <uhskaf.a wdOHd;añl" iodpdrd;aul" udkisl yd ldhsl j¾Okhgfya;=N+; jk whqre Tjqka mqyqKq lsÍug j.n,d .ekSu fmdÿ wOHdmkfhyswruqK fjhs'

;u uQ,sl wOHdmkh wjidkfha § rlaIdj,g bÈßm;a ù we;s <uhskagfm!reI;ajh j¾Okh lr.ekSug;a" jD;a;Sh ld¾hlaIu;dj ÈhqKq lr .ekSug;abv m%ia;d jeäÿr wOHdmk l%ufhka i,ikq ,efí' uQ,sl wOHdmkfha mrud¾:hish¨ u <uhskag mq¿,a idudkH wOHdmkhla ,nd §u h' jhi wjqreÿ 5-14iSudfõ isá <uhska i|yd wOHdmkh iemhsh hq;= jQfha lksIaaG úµd, u.sks'fuu lksIaG úµd,hkays wg jk fY%aKsh olajd mka;s muKla ;sìKs' fuuúµd,hkays bf.kqu wjidkfha f;aÍï mÍlaIKhlg uqyqK §ug i,iajd" olajkm%ùK;d wkqj oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd wxY y;rlg j¾. lrk ,omdi,a j¾. y;rlg fhduq flf¾'

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h jQfha <uhskaf.a <eÈlï yd olaI;d wkqjTjqkaf.a fm!reI;ajh yd kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu;a jD;a;Sh ld¾hlaIu;djkÕd,Sug fya;= jk mqyqKqj ,nd §u;a h'

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,nd §u i|yd mdi,a y;r j¾. jQfha"

(i) m%dfoaYSh m%dfhda.sl mdGYd,d - fï mdGYd,d u.ska l¾udka; iy;slhf;la jQ mdGud,d imhkq ,efí'

(ii) lksIaG ld¾ñl mdGYd,d - lDIsl¾u yd ëjr& fï mdGYd,d u.ska lDIsl¾uhyd ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| cd;sl Ys,amSh iy;slh f;la jQ mdGud,dimhkq ,efí'

(iii) lksIaG ld¾ñl mdGYd,d - ^l¾udka; yd Ys,amS& fuu mdGYd,d u.skal¾udka; yd Ys,am ms<sn| cd;sl Ys,amSh iy;slh f;la mdGud,d imhkq,efí'

(iv) fcHIaG úµd, - fuu úµd, u.ska wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<úNd.h o" fcHIaG ld¾ñl mdGYd,d yd ,,s; l,d úµd,j, m%fõY úNd.o f;la jQ mdGud,d imhkq ,efí'

1' lDIsl¾udka;h 2' ëjr l¾udka;h 3' m%dfhda.sl úµdj 4' Ôj úµdj 5'l,d úIh 6' jdKscH úIh 7' .Dy úµdj wd§ wxYj,ska fcHIaG úµd, ilialsÍu o fhdackd úh'

<uhska ;=< Y%udNsudkS wdl,am f.dv ke.Sfï wruqKska jev yqreùu ieu<uhl=f.a u wOHdmkfhys wksjd¾h wx.hla lsÍug o fhdackd lr ;sìKs'

jeäÿr wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h jQfha ;u uQ,sl wOHdmkfha wjidkfha §rlaIdj,g bÈßm;a ù we;s <uhskag fm!reI;aj j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a" jD;a;Shld¾hlaIu;dj ÈhqKq lr .ekSug bv m%ia;d ie,iSu;a úh' fï i|yd

(i) m%dfoaYSh m%dfhda.sl mdGYd,d iy

(ii) iji yd rd;%s mdGYd,d msysgqjkq ,efí'

20

fuu fhdackd l%uh hgf;a iemfhk oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh my; ±lafjkmßÈ fõ'

(i) m%dfoaYSh m%dfhda.sl mdGYd,d u.ska lksIaG úµd, yerhkakjqkag úúOl¾udka; yd Ys,am o" lDIsl¾uh" ëjr l¾udka;h we;=¿ j .Dy l¾udka;o ms<sn| mqyqKqjla iemfha' fuys § jeä wjOdkhla fhduq jkafka m%dfhda.sljevflfrys h' m%dfhda.sl jev u.ska YsIHhd mqyqKq jev lrejl= lsÍugwfmalaId flf¾'

(ii) yd (iii) foj¾.hl lksIaG mdGYd,d u.ska cd;sl iy;sl m;% m%odkhflfrk jvd úfYaI .Kfha mqyqKq myiqlï iemfha' ld¾ñl wOHdmkfhaYs,amSh uÜgfï § rg ms<s.kakd iy;sl m;% l%uhla we;s lsÍug;a" bkslaì;sj" l¾udka;{hka i|yd tn÷ u iy;sl m;% l%uhla we;s lsÍug;a fuul%ufhka woyia flfrhs'

fcHIaG úµd, u.ska Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k f;la jQ Ydia;%Sh mdGud,diemfha' fuys § úúO;ajhg m;alsÍu ;j ÿrg;a isÿ fjhs' fcHIaG úµd,j,my; ±lafjk mdGud,d 7 imhkq ,efí'

(i) lDIsld¾ñl úµdj (v) l,d yd kS;sh

(ii) ëjr l¾udka;h (vi) jdKsc úµdj

(iii) m%dfhda.sl úµdj (vii) .Dy úµdj

(iv) ffcj úµd

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfhys úúO ;;a;ajhla we;s lsÍug o mshjr f.k we;'fuys ,d m<uq mshjfrys lghq;a;la jYfhka oaú;Shsl wOHdmk mdGud,d my;i|yka whqßka úIh .K f,i fldgia lrk ,§' fï wkqj w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<&úIhud,dfõ úIh .Kj,g fjka lsÍu my; ±lafõ'

1' wksjd¾h úIhwd.uisxy, $ fou<

.Ks;h $ wxl .Ks;h

bx.%Sis

jev yqrej yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

21

wkqu; mdGud,d

1 jk j.=j( mdGud,d úIhfhda

mdGud,dj 1 j¾.h 2 j¾.h 3 j¾.h 4 j¾.h

b;sydih NdId folla$ NdIdjla NdIdjla

l,d N+f.da, úµdj idys;H folla$ idys;Hhla idys;Hhla

w¾: Ydia;%h b;sydih$ Ñ;%l¾uh$ Ñ;%l¾uh$

w¾: Ydia;%h ix.S;h ix.S;h

N+f.da, úµdj b;sydih

fN!;sl úµdj fN!;sl úµdj ridhk úµdj ridhk úµdj

úµdj ridhk úµdj ridhk úµdj Ôj úµdj Ôj úµdj

Ôj úµdj jHjydßl lDIsl¾u úµdj .Dy úµdj.Ks;h

jdKscHh fN!;sl úµdj Ôj úµdj .Dy úµdj

ld¾ñl w¾: Ydia;%h ,Sjev$f,day jev lDIsl¾u úµdj ueyqï jev$

,>qf,aLkh yd cHdñ;sl yd ëjr l¾udka;h úùu

h;=re ,shkh hdka;%sl we£u ,S jev ueá Ys,amh

.KldêlrKh fi!LH úµdj

ri{dk - fmrÈ. ix.S;h ^l¾Kdg fyda yskaÿia:dkS&" ngysr ix.S;h" Ñ;%l¾uh" idys;Hh" cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we£u" ueá Ys,amh" úùu hk úIhw;=ßka úIh ;=kla

wkqu; mßjdr úIh

• úµd yd ld¾ñl mdGud,d yodrk isiqka i|yd( NdIdj" idys;Hh" Ñ;%l¾uh"ix.S;h" b;sydih" m%cdpdrh" N+f.da, úµdj

• l,d yd ri{dk mdGud,d yodrk isiqka i|yd( lDIsl¾u úµdj" N+f.da,

úµdj" fi!LH úµdj1212121212

j¾I 1966 - 1967 jljdkqj ;=< uQ,sl wOHdmkh ^1 - 7 fY%aKs& i|yd jQm%dfhda.sl úIh m%udKj;a fkd jk nj yd yh" y;" wg hk fY%aKsj, W.kajkúIh .Kfkys iu;djla fkdue;s ksid fuu fY%aKs i|yd iïu; úIhud,djla;SrKh fldg Èjhsfka msysá wOHdmk uKav, 171ka tl uKav,hl tl mdi,

ne.ska f;dard f.k th w;ayod n,k ,È'1313131313

yh" y; yd wg jk fY%aKsj, ,S jev yd f,day jev b.ekaùu m%;sfYdaê;úIhud,djg we;=<;a fõ'

22

b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj yd mqrjeis mqyqKqj ms<sn| m%;sfYdaê; ks¾foaY m;%wkqj fhdað; mdGud,d Èjhsfka wOHdmk uKav, 171ka tl uKav,fhka tlamdi, ne.ska f;dard f.k tu mdGud¾. 1967 j¾Ifha Ndú; lrk ,§' 1940 §uq,ska u úIhud,djg we;=<;a lrkq ,enQ zzm%cdpdrhZZ fjkqjg zzmqrjeis mqyqKqjZZ

we;=<;a lr ;sfí'1414141414

m%d:ñl yd mYapdoa m%d:ñl mka;sj, bx.%Sis b.ekaùu iïnkaOfhka fok,o wjOdkh fya;=fldg f.k bx.%Sis NdId m¾fhaIK uOHia:dkhla msysgqjk,È'15 bx.%Sis b.ekaùu i|yd jQ fmd;am;a yd bx.%Sis b.ekaùu ms<sn| úfYaI{

úfoaY mqyqKqj i|yd YsIH;aj o msßkeñKs' y; fY%aKsh i|yd bx.%Sis fmd; fuu

j¾Ih ;=< m%ldYhg m;a úh' y;r jk yd mia jk fY%aKsj, mdGud¾. o ilialrk ,È'

m%d:ñl mdGYd,d Ñ;% l,dj úIh ks¾foaY m;%h ixfYdaOkh lrk ,È'yh jeks fY%aKsh i|yd .Dy úµd yd ueyqï jev mdGud¾. o .Dy úµdjmdGud¾. o" YdÍßl wOHdmkh ms<sn| mdGud¾. o ilia lrk ,È'

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

wOHdmk l%u m%;sixialrKh lsÍu;a iu. u úIh ks¾foaY" mdGud,d ydmÍlaIK l%u ld,dkqrEm j fjkia lsÍu m%.;sYS,S wOHdmk ixúOdkhl ;j;a,laIKhls' fï wkqj rfÜ oaú;Shsl mka;sj, isxy, yd bx.%Sis b.ekaùu .ek kjks¾foaY mdGud,d ms<sfh, lsÍug;a" w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& uÜgfï § fï ;dla meje;ajQ mÍlaIK úµdkql+, j fjkia lsÍug;a lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,È' ksoyia,xldfõ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj ;ld úµd yd ld¾ñl wOHdmkh ork n,j;a j.lSui,lñka fï rfÜ úµd yd ld¾ñl wOHdmkh ;j ÿrg;a ixúOdkh lsÍu msKsiúµd.dr ;ekSu yd tajdg wjYH úfYaI WmlrK wdÈh ,nd .ekSfï lghq;=bÈßhg f.k hk ,È'

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& isxy, yd fou< NdId úIh ks¾foaY i|yd zzwZZ ks¾foaYhyd zzwdZZ ks¾foaYh hk úNd. ks¾foaY fol fjkqjg tl u úNd. ks¾foaYhla

1968 isg l%shd;aul lrk ,È'1616161616

ix.S;h yd kegqï ms<sn| mdGud¾. m<uqfjka u ksl=;a lrk ,oafoa fïj¾Ifha § h'

j¾I 1967-1968 ld, iSudj ;=< oaú;Shsl wOHdmksl jev igykaj, ;;a;ajhWiia lsÍu i|yd mshjr f.k we;'

uQ,sl mdGYd,d wjia:dfõ §" wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h" cHdñ;sh fjkqjg.Ks;h b.ekaùu i|yd 1965 j¾Ifha § lrk ,o ;SrKh wkqj .kakd ,omshjrla ksid .Ks;h ms<sn| j ixj¾Ok m%h;akhlg uq, mqrk ,È' mdGYd,ShúIhud,djg .Ks;h tla lsÍu;a" l%ufhka th mka;s mámdáh wkqj jeã f.khEug ie,eiaùu;a ksid oaú;Sh wjia:dfõ uq,a mka;s lsysmh i|yd;a .Ks;hb.ekaùug lghq;= lsÍug isÿ úh' .Ks; ixj¾Ok lghq;= ms<sn| úúO jev

igyka lSmhla u l%shd;aul úh'1717171717

23

fujeks u m%h;akhla ujqni îsxy,$fou<& ms<sn| j o f.k we;' w'fmd'i'îd'fm'& úIh ks¾foaYh îsxy,$fou<& ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' mka;s fmd;a"

mdGud¾. o m%ldYhg m;alrk ,È'1818181818

tjl ;snQ bx.%Sis zzwZZ ks¾foaYh yd zzwdZZ ks¾foaYh fjkqjg m%;sixfYdaê;

w'fmd'i' îd'fm'& bx.%Sis úIh ks¾foaYh ms<sfh, fldg ksl=;a lrk ,È'1919191919

úµd wOHdmkh mq¿,a lsÍug" úfYaIfhka u jHdma; lsÍug" 1963 wrUk ,o

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok jevigyk ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k hk ,È'2020202020

j¾I 1969-1970 jljdkqj ;=< m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg mia jk fY%aKsh olajd

mka;sj, .Ks;h jevud,d ilia lsÍu ms<sn| ,kavka úYaj úµd,hdkqnoaOfj,ais úµd,fha .Ks;h uydpd¾h Ô' ue;sõ uy;d úiska werUQ jev ms<sfj<fï j¾Ifha § ^69-70& ;j ÿrg;a lr f.k hk ,È' ta wkqj ilia l< kjjevud,d 1972 m%;asixialrK wkqj zzl%shdfjka wjfndaOhZZ hk kñka Ndú; lsÍuwerôK'2121212121

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

oy jk fY%aKsj, isák ish¨ u YsIHhska úiska

• wd.u

• m<uq jk NdIdj

• fo jk NdIdj

• .Ks;h fyda wxl .Ks;h fyda jdKsc wxl .Ks;h hk úIh ms<sn|

mdGud,d yeoEßh hq;= úh'22

kj jk yd oy jk fY%aKsj, W.kajk ,o wfkl=;a mdGud,d fufia h'

• úµd yd .Ks; m%irh - fN!;sl úµdj" ridhk úµdj" Ôj úµdj"

lDIsl¾uh" jHjydr .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h

• iudc wOHhk m%irh - b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" wd¾Ól úµdj"

m%cdpdrh

• NdId yd idys;H m%irh - isxy,$fou<$md,s" ixialD;" isxy,$fou<

idys;Hh" wrdì NdIdj

• .Dy úoHd m%irh - .Dy úµdj" ueyqï jev" fi!LH úµdj

• ,,s; l,d m%irh - l,d" ix.S;h" kegqï

• mQ¾j jD;a;Sh m%ir - jdKscH úµdj" ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re,shkh"

.KldêlrKh" cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we£u" ,S jev" f,day jev" l=U,a

l¾udka;h" frÈ úùu

11 yd 12 jk fY%aKsj, ish¨ u isiqka i|yd wd.u" m%:u NdIdj" fo jkNdIdj iy jev yqreùu wksjd¾h úIh úh' mj;ajk ,o wfkla mdGud,dfufia h'

24

isxy,$fou<" b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" wdKavq l%u" wd¾Ól úµdj" md,s"ixialD;" bx.%Sis" Y=oaO .Ks;h yd jHjydr .Ks;h" fN!;sl úµdj" ridhk

úµdj" WoaNso úµdj" i;a;aj úµdj" lDIsl¾uh yd fn!oaO ixialD;sh'

5'0 1970 oYlh

Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eî oYl folla f.ù hEfuka miq wOHdmkhm%udKd;aul jYfhka by< hEu;a" ta i|yd cd;sl wdodhfuka jeh jk úYd,fldgi jißka jir by< hEu;a iu." wOHdmkfhka tf;la fk<d we;s m%;sM,.ek;a wjOdkh fhduq úh'

zzksoyi ,nd fuf;la l,a f.ù .sh o wfma wNs,dIh" wfma wdl,am ydwe.hSï ;j;a jefvkqfha hg;a úð; hq.fha meje;s ;;a;ajhg jvd fnfyúkafjkia j fkd fõ' mqyq jákdlï ms<sn| yeÕSï" kdia;shg;a" mka;s yeÕSug;a ;=vqfok ksire Ôjk rgd wfma cd;sl wdl,amhkg je§ isá ;=uq, ms<s, n÷ h'''ZZ2323232323

zzieu wdKavqjlska u" tu wdKavqj, ieu wOHdmk wud;HdxYhlska u rfÜwOHdmk lafIa;%fhys iïmQ¾K fjkila we;s lsÍug ±rE m%h;ak fndfyda h' fïyeu m%h;akhl u wruqK jvd iqÿiq rgg fhda.H wOHdmkhla f.dvke.Su jqjo ksrka;r j fjkia fjñka mj;akd iudchlska mek k.sk m%Yakj,g ienEúi÷ula we;s lrjk wOHdmk l%uhla fuf;la Wod jQ njla fmfkkag ke;'uq¿uy;a wOHdmk lafIa;%fhys m%;sixialrKhla we;s lrjk kj wOHdmk

ie,eiaula bÈßm;a lsÍug wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ffO¾hj;a jQfha tfyhsks'ZZ2424242424

fï wkqj fuf;la meje;s wOHdmk ie,eiau fjkia lsÍug 1972 j¾Ifha§ fhdackd bÈßm;a úh' ta wkqj fhdað; kj wOHdmkh m%Odk wOHhk wjia:d;=klska hqla; úh' tkï"

^i& m<uq jk isg mia jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

ii& yh jk isg kj jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

iii& oyh isg tfldf<dia jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fhdað; úIhud,dj jQfha"

• wd.u

• wOHdmk udOHh

• fo jk ni

• .Ks;h

• YdÍßl yd fi!kao¾hd;aul l%shdldÍ;ajfhda

• ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldÍ;ajfhda

• mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldÍ;ajfhdaa aa a2525252525

25

• YdÍßl yd fi!kao¾hd;aul l%shdldÍ;ajfhda kue;s mq¿,a úIh lafIa;%hhgf;a l%Svd" fi!LH mqreÿ" fi!LH l:d" wx. p,k l,dj" .dhkh" jdokhyd k¾;kh wdÈ úIh b.ekafõ'

• ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldÍ;ajfhda kue;s mq¿,a úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a Ñ;%l¾uh" w;alï" .eyekq <uhska i|yd ueyqï jev yd msßñ <uhska i|ydj;= jev b.ekafõ'

• mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldÍ;ajfhda kue;s mq¿,a úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a iajNdj

wOHhkh" b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj hk úIh b.ekafõ'

• ;=ka jk fY%aKsfha isg fo jk nila b.ekaùu kshu j we;'

• fo jk ni hgf;a tf;la b.ekaùug myiqlï fh§ ;snqfKa bx.%Sis NdIdj

muKs'

• bx.%Sis wksjd¾h jQfha 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg h'

Wla; úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK my; ±lafõ'

l,ska mej;s úIhud,dj yd iei§fï § fuu úIhud,dfõ my; i|yka

úfYaI ,laIK olakg ,efí'

• m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd b;d iqÿiq úIhud,djla f,i fndfyda

wOHdmk{hka ie,lSu

• ñka m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha úh hq;= fjkialï .=Kd;aul me;a;g nrùu

• Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha kj Ñka;khl wdrïNh ms<sìUq ùu'm<uq jk fY%aKshg we;=<;a lsÍfï jhi wjqreÿ yh olajd jeä lsÍu ksidúêu;a wOHdmkhg jvd;a .e<fmk orejl= m%D:ñl wjêhg we;=<;a úh'

• W.kajk úIhud,dfjka wog jvd M,odhl f,i b.ekaùu .ek wjOdkh

fhduq ùu

• WmfoaYkhg jvd w;a±lSug uq,a ;ek ,efnk m%d:ñl wOHdmkhla

f.dvkeÕSug ñka Rcq j u W;aidyhla f.k ;sîu

• jdÑl l%uj,g jvd l%shdldÍ l%u fnfyúka bjy,a lr .; hq;= nj

wjOdrKh lsÍu

• úIhud,dj <ud flakaøSh ùu yd úIhud,dj iQodku" we,Sï" fïÍu hkdÈhie,ls,a,g f.k ;sîu

• l%shdfjka wjfndaOh uQ,O¾uh wkq.ukh lsÍu yd <uhskag weiska" lkska

muKla bf.kSug fkd j" Tjqkaf.a ish¨ u wjhjhkaf.ka- bkaÈ%hkaf.kabf.kSfï wjia:d ie,iSug W;aidy f.k ;sîu

• fuf;la fjka fjka j b.ekajQ úIh fjkqjg ifudaOdks; b.ekaùfï

l%uhla y÷kajd §u' ñka Y%S ,xldfõ úIhud,d b;sydifha kj msgqjla

26

wdrïN ùu

• YsIHhdf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okh i|yd fhduqjla olakg ,eîu

• úIh ks¾foaY úia;rd;aul j ,sùu' úIh ks¾foaYhla my; ±lafjk fldgiay;rlska hqla; ùu

1' úIh ks¾foaYh

2' úIhhg wod< fmdÿ Wmfoia

3' ta ta úIhh yd úIhh ;=< we;s mdGud,dj,g wod< wNsu;d¾:

4' b.ekaùug Wmfoia

úIhud,dfõ Wla; fjkialï tys m%.;sh Wfoid .;a mshjr fia ie,lshyels h'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh i|yd úIhud,djyh jk fY%aKsfha isg kj jk fY%aKsh olajd fokq ,nkqfha lksIaG oaú;Shsl

wOHdmkhhs' iEu YsIHhl=g u b.ekafjkafka u;= ±lafjk fmdÿ úIhud,djls'

• wd.u

• wOHdmk udOHh

• fo jk ni

• .Ks;h

• úµdj

• iudc wOHhkh

• fi!kao¾hd;aul úIhh

• fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

• mQ¾j jD;a;Sh úIhh 1

• mQ¾j jD;a;Sh úIhh 2 2626262626

Wla; úIh i|yd i;shlg ld, mßÉfþo fjka lr we;s wdldrh

úIhhúIhhúIhhúIhhúIhh ld, mßÉfþold, mßÉfþold, mßÉfþold, mßÉfþold, mßÉfþo

wd.u 02

wOHdmk udOHh 05

fojk ni 06

.Ks;h 06

úµdj 04

iudc wOHhkh 04

fi!kao¾h úIhh 03

27

fi!LH wOHhkh 01

m%d.a jD;a;Sh kHdhsl mdvï 03

m%d.a jD;a;Sh m%dfhda.sl mdvï 04

YdÍßl wOHdmkh 02

1972 g fmr" YsIHhdf.a wNsfhda.H;dj yd idOkh uek Tyq hd hq;=" heúhhq;= w; l=ula ±hs ;SrKh lsÍug ms<sirKla lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfjka ,eîke;' lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh YsIHhl=g ,nd fokqfha fï bv m%ia;d Tyqg,nd § Tyq uekúka ye¢k f.k Tyqg Èh hq;= wOHdmkh l=ula ±hs ;SrKh fldgta wf;a Tyq bÈßhg heùu msKsi h' fuf;la meje;s wOHdmk l%ufhka fïjeo.;a wruqKq wjYH muKg bgq jQ njla fkd fmfka' fuf;la meje;s lksIaGoaú;Shsl wOHdmkh" m%dfhda.sl l%ufhka iïmQ¾Kfhka u wE;a jQ;a yqfola fmdf;a±kqug iSud jQ;a isiq msßila wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.hgiQodkï lrjkakd jQ;a tlla úh'

úµd l,d" jdKsc hk jYfhka úúO wxYj,g fnod f.k bka tla wxYhlafjka fjka j yeoErE YsIHfhda Wmßu jYfhka úIh wglska msßlaiqug fmkSisáhy' bka iu;a jQjkaf.ka Wiia fm< úNd.h i|yd iïudk ,en isá msßiúYaj úµd,hg msúiSfï wfmalaIdfjka bf.kSfuys fhÿKq w;r" tfia neß jQfjdayqfola fmdf;a ±kSug muKla iSud ù wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^id'fm'& muKlawe;s j /lshd fidhd .ekSfï fmdrmsáhg msúishy'

iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%dfhda.sl iajrEmfhka f;dr wOHdmkhla ,o fï yeufokl= u wkd.; n,dfmdfrd;a;= ;nd .;af;a oyÈh fkd fid,ajd lrk /lshdflfrys h' tn÷ /lshd i|yd rfgys bv m%ia;d b;d iSñ; h' ksIamdok wxYfhysrlaId we;;a Bg iqÿiqùug Tjqka ,enQ mqyqKqjla ke;' wmg iïm;la úh hq;= jQwfma ;reK fm< fujeks ÿ¾Nd.Hhlg m;a jQfha wfma u wOHdmk l%ufhysjrÈks'

orejl= ,nk wOHdmkh Tyq fjfik iudch o iu. iïnkaO lsÍugyels jkafka Tyqf.a yelshd u;= fldg" ÈhqKq fldg ta yelshd weiqßka Tyqg Ôjkud¾.hla i,id .ekSug yels jk whqre ta wOHdmkh ÿk fyd;a muKs' th l<yelafla mdGYd,Sh úIhud,dj rfÜ wd¾Ól iïm;aj,g wod< jk mßÈ ilialsÍfuka muKls' fï ;;a;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhi|yd kj úIhud,djla kj uqyqKqjrlska bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;r tys my;oelafjk wx. ,laIK olakg we;'

• fnfyúka u w¾:j;a ùu;

• wksjd¾h úIh f,i ish¨ u úIh bÈßm;a lsÍu;

• fmd;m;ska ,nd.kakd ±kqu Ydia;%Sh mlaIhg u ndr fkd fldg thm%dfhda.sl iajrEmhlska bÈßm;a lsÍu;

• úµd;aul ±kSu úNd.fhka iu;aùu i|yd u muKla fkd j" th wd¾Óliïm;aj,g o" tu.ska ksIamdok l%shdj,g o .e<mS hEfuka /lshd udj;lg

28

fhduq lrùu bgq ùu wfmalaId lsÍu; iy

• fuf;la meje;s .;dkq.;sl úIh iïmQ¾Kfhka u bj;a fkd fj;;a tajdkj;u whqrlska ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla jYfhka bÈßm;a fldg ;sîu'2727272727

úNd.j,ska iu;a ùu i|yd u muKla fkd j" rfÜ wd¾Ól iïm;aj,g otu.ska ksIamdok l%shdj,shg o .e<mS hEfuka /lshd udj;lg fhduq lrùfï wfmalaIdjbgq jk mßÈ ilia jQ úIhud,dj kj uqyqKqjrlska bÈßm;a fldg ;sîu'

wd.u

±kg W.kajk wd.ñl mdGud,dj wd.ñl ±kSu jkfmd;a lsÍulg iSudù ;sfí h hk ielh my< ùu ksid kj ie,eiau hgf;a <uhdg idudðl.=KO¾u mqreÿ mqyqKq lrùu ms<sn| ±ä wjOdkhla fhduq lrúh hq;= w;r"wd.ñl .=KO¾u Ôú;h foi ne,Sug <uhdg wkqn, o Èh hq;= h' tu.ska wd.ub.ekaùu úIhhla f,i muKla fkd j" hym;a mqrjeishl= ;ekSu o wruqKq

fldg .kS'

wOHdmk udOHh

fuh isxy," fou< fyda bx.%Sis úh yels h' wkql%ufhka bx.%Sis Odrdjúhf<kakg yer wOHdmk udOHh jYfhka isxy, fyda fou< fyda f;dard.ekSug iEu foujqmshl=g u ksoyi §u'

fo jk ni

isxy, udOH <uhdg bx.%Sis fyda fou< o" fou< udOH <uhdg isxy, fydabx.%Sis o" bx.%Sis udOH <uhdg isxy, fyda fou< o f;dard .ekSug ksoyi we;'f,dj úµd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl ±kSu w;ska b;d u ÈhqKq hhs ye¢kaúh hq;= NdIdjk m%xY" c¾uka" reishka NdId f;dard .;a mdi,a iaj,amhla w;sf¾l NdIdjkaf,i b.ekaùu .ek o wjOdkh fhduq j we;' úµd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl ±kSuisxy, fyda fou< idys;Hhg tla l< yelafla fuu NdIdj, wdOdrfhka njwjfndaO lr f.k we;'

.Ks;h

kQ;k f,dalh f.dv keÕS we;af;a .Ks;h iïnkaO lr f.k h' fuf;la.Ks;h bf.kSfuka <uhska ,o m%dfhda.sl M,h w,am úh' fmd;m;g iSud jQ.Ks;h <uhdf.a m%dfhda.sl Ôú;hg iïnkaO lsÍug o yeu W;aidyhla u orkqwe;'

.Ks;h" úµdj" iudc wOHhkh iy m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh ifudaOdks; jb.ekaùu flf¾ o úfYaI mßY%uhla ord we;'

úoHdj

ieu <uhl=g u úµdj .ek uQ,sl ±kSula §u kj úIhud,dfõ úfYaI,laIKhls' fuys § úµdj" fyda zzúµdjZZ kñka iuyr mdi,aj, b.ekajQ úIhhg

29

jvd mq¿,a jQ;a" m%dfhda.sl jQ;a .eUqre úµd;aul wdl,am ,nd fok úIhhls'

iudc wOHhkh

fuf;la b.ekajQ N+f.da,h" b;sydih" m%cdpdrh fjkqjg wdfoaY lrk,oaols' fï kj mdGud,dj" wkql%ufhka N+f.da,h" b;sydih" m%cd md,kh" wd¾Ólúµdj" iudc úµdj wd§ úIhhkaf.ka YsIHhdf.a jhi wkqj f;dard .;a ±kqïfldgia iïmsKavkh lr" ifudaOdks; úIhhla jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug mshjr.kq ,efí'

;u mßirfhka wdrïN flfrk wOHdmkh f,dalh olajd mq¿,a fjhs'w;a±lSfuka wdrïN flfrk wOHdmkh wkql%ufhka mq¿,a .eUqre Ydia;%Sh ±kSulgfmrf<hs' ;u mßirh ms<sn| ,nd .kakd ±kSu úµdj" fi!LHh" mQ¾j jD;a;ShúIh wdÈh yeoEÍfï § o fnfyúka m%fhdackj;a fjhs' tfuka u fï úIhbf.kSfï § ,nk ±kSu iudc wOHhkhg o n,mdhs' foaYfm%aó wdl,am f.dvke.Su

o iudc wOHhkfha ;j;a wruqKls'

fi!kao¾hd;aul úIhh

<uhdf.a fõokSh Yla;sh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd fi!kao¾h úIh b.ekaùuwjYH fjhs' ixialD;sl jYfhka ÈhqKq rgl yeu mqrjeishl=g u Ñ;%" ix.S;"kegqï wd§ fi!kao¾hh ks¾udK iïNdjkh lsÍfï yelshdjla ;sìh hq;= h' tuks¾udKhka f.dvke.Sfï wNsfhda.H;dj we;s <uhskg ,,s; l,d fl!Y,Hhj¾Okh lr .ekSug o myiqlï ie,ish hq;= h' ,,s; l,d wNsfhda.H;dj we;s<uhska fidhd.; yelafla mdi,aj, fi!kao¾h úIh ms<sn| uQ,sl b.ekaùulaie,iSfuka muKs' Ñ;%" ix.S;" kegqï hk úIh ;=fkka tlla wksjd¾hfhka 6jk fY%aKsfha yeu YsIHhl=g u b.ekaúh hq;= hhs ;SrKh lr we;'

fi!LHh yd YDÍßl wOHdmkh

<uhdf.a m%ldYk Yla;sh" úpdr Yla;sh yd fõokSh Yla;sh j¾Okhflfrk w;r" YdÍßl Yla;sh wu;l lr ±óu l%uj;a wOHdmkhlg kqmq¿jk'fï ksid fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh kj úIhud,dfõ jeo.;a ia:dkhlaf.k we;' fï i|yd ld, mßÉfþo ;=kla fjka fjhs' tlla YdÍßl j¾Okh"mßirfha mú;%;dj yd f,v frda.j,ska je<lSu wd§ fi!LH ms<sn| kHdhsl±kSula §ug fjka fjhs' wfkla ld, mßÉfþo fol jHdhdï" l%Svd wd§ YdÍßlwOHdmkh i|yd h'

mQ¾j jD;a;Sh úIhh

fuu úIhh kj wOHdmk ie,eiafï b;d u jeo.;a ,laIKh fõ' m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhh yd jD;a;Sh úIhh w;r ie,lsh hq;= fjkila fjhs' jD;a;ShúIhh hkq /lshdjla b.ekaùu h' m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh hkq ljr /lshdjl § jqjm%fhdackj;a jk" tfuka u tÈfkod Ôú;fha § o m%fhdackj;a jk fl!Y,H;db.ekaùï h' fï i|yd ld, mßÉfþo y;la fjka lr we;' tla ld, mßÉfþohla(i) rfÜ iajdNdúl iïm;a" ñksia iïm;a" fï iïm;a ÈhqKq lr .kakd wkaou"

30

ksIamdok uÜgu yd Ôjk ;;a;ajh wd§ wd¾Ól jHQyh ms<sn| uQ,sl ±kSula ,nd§ug o (ii) cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we£u mqyqKq lsÍug o fjka l< yels h' fï tlawxYhlska jirlg mdvï 15 isg 18 olajd w;r ixLHdjla b.ekaúh yels fõ'

;u rfÜ iïm;a o" ñksia wjYH;d imsÍu i|yd tajd Wmfhda.s lr.kakdwkaou o cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we£u o ms<sn| j uQ,sl ±kSula ,nd .ekSu kQ;kljr jD;a;shlg fyda md ;nk ljr mqrjeishl=g jqj wjYH hehs ie,fla'

b;sß ld, fþo 6 m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh I yd m%d.ajD;a;Sh II jYfhka fjka lrwe;'

m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhh I - fï hgf;a lDIsl¾uh" jdKsc úµdj" .Dy úµdj",S" f,day" ueá yd fmaI l¾udka;h .efka'

m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh II - fï hgf;a m%foaYfha flfrk m%Odk l¾udka;b.ekaùug úê úOdk fhdokq we;'

fï úIh l%udkql+, ks¾foaY m;%hla yd mdGud,djla hgf;a b.ekaùu kjjevms<sfjf<a wruqK f,i i|yka fõ'

fï i|yd fjka jQ ld, mßÉfþo yfhka y;rla idudðl jYfhka M,odhlm%dfhda.sl b.ekaùï i|yd o b;sß ld, mßÉfþo fol tu úIh ms<sn| kHdhsl±kSu ,nd §u i|yd o fjka l< hq;= fjhs'

m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh II hgf;a ueKsla l¾udka;h" ëjr l¾udka;h" W¿".fvd¿ ksIamdokh" ngfmd;=j,ska NdKav ;ekSu" fõje,a l¾udka;h wdÈhiuyr m%foaYj, ixúOdkh úKs'

m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh b.ekaùfï jdis

ljr /lshdjl § jqj m%fhdackj;a jk" tfuka u tÈfkod Ôú;fha §m%fhdackj;a jk fl!Y,H;d b.ekaùu'

Y%u ixialD;sh f.dvke.Sug WmldÍ ùu'

<uhdf.a fm!reI j¾Okhg ;=vq fok jd;djrKhla f.dvke.Su -läirlu" l=;=y,h" wd;au Yla;sh" ÿIalr;djkg uqyqK §u yd tajd uev .ekSfïyelshdj" ksrjµ;dj yd wjOdkfhka isàu wd§ ksYaÑ; pß; ,laIK m%dfhda.slmdvï uÕska f.dvkeÕSu'

Y%uhg" Y%ufhys fhfok ;u yjq,aldrhkg" Y%ufhys ksIamdokhg f.!rjlsÍug;a" lKavdhula jYfhka" lKavdhula i|yd jev lsÍug;a YsIHhdwkql%ufhka mqyqKq ùu'

m%foaYfha flfrk l¾udka; b.ekaùfï § <uhd yd ;u m%cdj w;r we;siïnkaOh mq¿,a yd ;shqKq ùu'

l¾udka; b.ekaùfï § kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl ±kqu §ug wu;r j úµdkql+,m¾fhaIKj, fh§ug o <uhd fm,Uùu'

31

;=ka jk ni

hg ±lajQ lreKqj,g wu;r j ;=ka jk NdIdjla b.ekaùu ms<sn| m%Yakho u;= ù we;'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

wdrïN jkqfha 10 jk fY%aKsfhka h' fmdÿ wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl iy;slm;% mÍlaIKfha § olajk idOkh wkqj olaI;u YsIHfhda fcHIaG oaú;ShslwOHdmkhla i|yd 10 jk fY%aKshg we;=<;a lrkq ,n;s' fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhi|yd f;dard .kakd YsIHfhda Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl iy;sl m;% úNd.hgfmkS isá;s' m<uq jrg YsIHhska úIh lafIa;%hka wkqj j¾. flfrkqfha 10 jkfY%aKsfha § h' fN!;sl úµd" Ôj úµd" iudc úµd" jdKsc úµd wd§ úúO OdrdTiafia Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl iy;sl m;% mÍlaIKhg fmkS isàug fïYsIHhskag myiqlï ie,fihs' tla wOHhk lafIa;%hlska f;dard .;a úIh y;rlams<sn| j ,nk úfYaI ±kqug wu;r j wksjd¾h yr úIh lSmhla yeoEÍug ofcHIaG wOHdmkhla ,nk isiqkg isÿ fjhs' idys;Hh ^wOHdmk udOHh& bx.%Sis"

iudc wOHhkh fyda úµd wOHhkh" kQ;k f;dr;=re yd wNsreÑl úIhhla yr

úIhhla jYfhka wksjd¾h lsÍu ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq úKs'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhla ,eîug iqÿiqlï fkd ,nk YsIHhskag lksIaGuÜgfï ;dlaIKsl" jdKsc" ,,s; l,d wd§ úµd,hlg fyda cd;sl fiajd l|jqrlgfyda ne£ug wjia:dj ,efnhs'

;dlaIKsl" jdKsc" ,,s; l,d wd§ wOHdmkhla i|yd f;dard .kakd YsIHhskago oEjqreÿ mdGud,djlska miq ;dlaIKsl" jdKsc fyda ,,s; l,d ms<sn| cd;sliy;sl m;% úNd.hlg fmkS isàug wjia:dj ie,fia'

cd;sl fiajd l|jqre o wOHdmksl uOHia:dk jYfhka ixúOdkh jkqwe;' fïjdfha Ys,amSh uÜgfï mqyqKqjla ,nd §ug;a m%d.ajD;a;Sh mdGud,d hgf;a,enQ iuyr fl!Y,H;d jeäÈhqKq lr .ekSug;a" wjia:dj ie,fia'

Wiia wOHdmkh

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,nk YsIHfhda tfldf<dia jk fY%aKshwjidkfha Wiia wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl iy;sl m;% mÍlaIKhg fmkS isá;s'fuys § ,nk idOk uÜgu wkqj olaI u YsIHhska úYaj úµd,hg we;=<;a jkw;r" úYaj úµd,j,g we;=¿ùfï whs;sh fkd,nk fo jk uÜgfï olaIhskag;dlaIKsl" jdKsc" ,,s; l,d yd jD;a;Sh úIh ms<sn| fcHIaG uÜgfï wOHdmkslwdh;kj,g we;=¿ ùug mq¿jk'

úYaj úµd,hg fyda fjk;a Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khlg fkdf;afrkYsIHhkg cd;sl fiajd ixúOdkhg tl;= ùug mq¿jk'

1972 jif¾ § we;s lrk ,o Wla; wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iu. l%shd;aullrk ,o úIhud,d tjl rfÜ meje;s wd¾Ól ;;a;ajhg .e<fmk wOHdmk

32

l%uhla ìyslsÍug ±rE m%h;akhl m%;sM,hls' tfy;a tu fhdackd l%shd;aullsÍfï § we;s jQ ÿIalr;d;a" iïm;a ys.lu;a ksid 1978 jk úg;a tu wruqKq bgqjQ njla fkd fmksK' fï ;;a;ajfhka wOHdmkh k.d,Su jia wOHdmkfha fïÿ¾j,;d u. yerùu i|yd rch úiska 1978 j¾Ifha § ;j;a mshjrla .kq ,eî h'

úIhud,dfõ ixfYdaOk lSmhla we;s flßKs' merKs .µ mµ .%ka:j,fldgia fm<fmd;aj, olakg ,eîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' 1972 j¾Ifha § bÈßm;al< m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh fjkqjg kj ;dlaIKsl úIhhla lksIaG oaú;ShslúIhud,djg we;=¿ lrk ,§' iudc wOHhk úIhfhys olakg ,enqKq u;fNaoj,g,la jQ úIh fldgia neyer lrk ,§' wfmdi ^idfm& kej; y÷kajd fok ,oS'mdi,g we;=<;a lsÍfï jhi kej; wjqreÿ 5 lrk ,§'

6'0 1980 oYlh

1970 oYlh ;=< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK rdYshla u.ska wOHdmkfham%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul jHdma;shla we;s úK' tfy;a rfÜ wd¾Ól .eg¨j,gms<shula jk wdldrhg ukd f,i ie,iqï ù l%shd;aul ù fkdue;s ksid" W.;a;reK msßi w;r /lS rlaId fkdue;sùfï .eg¨j YS>% f,i jeäfjñka mej;sKs'Wiia wOHdmkh yd Wiia jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ,;a iq¿ msßila ìys jQj;a" nyq;rck;djg bka ,enqfKa Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhla ñi l=i,;d yd olaI;d fkd fõ'

fuu miqìu hgf;a tjeks wvqmdvq ke;s lr cd;sl wjYH;d mokï fldgwOHdmkh ilia lsÍu iïnkaO kj fhdackd 1981 Oj, m;%sldj hkqfjkaye¢kafjk wOHdmk m%;sixialrK u.ska bÈßm;a flßK' tu Oj, m;%sldjbÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa idudkH wOHdmkh" ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh yd wdOqksl;ajmqyqKqj ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh l< lñgq ;=kl ks¾foaY ie,ls,a,g .ksñks'

kj fhdackdj,ska wfmalaId lrk ,oafoa yeu fokdg u mq¿,a mokula we;sfmdÿ wOHdmkhla ,nd § bka miq úúO lafIa;%j,ska wOHdmkh yd mqyqKqj ;jÿrg;a ,nd .kakg wjia:dj ie,iSuhs' ;j o" bf.kSu ,nkakkag úúO wjia:dj,§ moaO;sfhka bj;aùug yd moaO;shg we;=¿ùug;a bv ,efnk l%uhla i|yd bvmyiqlï ie,iSu;a tys wruqK nj i|yka fõ' ^wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd"-idudkH úYaj úµd, iy ;D;Sh" j¾I 1981 wf.daia;= ui Wiia wOHdmkwud;HDxYfha fh!jk lghq;= yd /lS rlaId wud;HdxYfhys iyNd.s;ajh we;sjiïmdokh lrk ,§&

m%d:ñl mdif,a úIhud,dj

zzwjqreÿ 5 § mdi,g uq,a jrg nef|k orejd msúfikafka ;ud f.or §Ôj;a jk mßirhg jvd fjkia iudc mßirhlghs' ta fya;=fjka Tyqg tu iudcmßirhg .e<mS Ôj;aùfï .eg¨ rdYshlg uqyqKmEug isÿ fõ' fï .<md,Sfïld¾hh;a" orejd i;= w;a±lSï yir" mq¿,a lsÍfï ld¾hh;a uekúka bgqlr,SuúIhud,dfõ tla wNsu;d¾:hls' wjqreÿ myla ;siafia tla ;eka lr.;a w;a±lSïrdYshla o" <uhd mka;s ldurhg f.fkk nj i|yka l< hq;= h' fï w.kd

33

w;a±lSï iïNdrh u.ska orejdg ;ud m%ldYhg m;a lr,Su i|yd úIhud,dixúOdkh úh hq;af;a orejd i;= rx.k" kegqï" .S .ehSï" we£ï" ksÍlaIK wd§

iyc olaI;d u;=lr,Sfï u.la .ekSfuks'ZZ2828282828

fï wkqj lrk ,o fhdackdj,g wkql+, j" ks¾udK lsÍu ms<sn| wjOdrKhm%d:ñl mdGYd,d úIhud,dj ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla jYfhka mj;ajd f.khEfï § jeo.;a fõ' ;j o" orejdf.a iajdNdúl l=;=y,h jeälrùu;a" ;ud úiskau hï hï foa .fõIKh lsÍu;a hk ld¾h úIhud,dfjka wfmalaId flf¾'m%d:ñl mdGYd,d lshùï fmd;a úIhud,dfjys wfkla wxY iu.;a" mßirl%shdldrlï iu.;a uekúka iïnkaO lrkq ,efí' lshùu" ,sùu" .Ks;h hkúIhj, uQ,sl olaI;d flfrys jeä wjOdkhla olajkq we;' orejl= fkdfhl=;al=i,;d ,nd .ksñka jefvkakg lrk m%h;akhg w; §ula jYfhka b.ekajqïld¾hfha u wxYhla jYfhka o ie,flk mßoafoka ilia jqKq isiq jev we.ehSulabgqlsÍug lghq;= i,ikq ,efí'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdGud,dj - ^yh jk fY%aKsfha isg wg jk fY%aKsh&

lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdGud,dfõ wOHdmk wruqKq Oj, m;%sldfõ fufia i|yka fõ'

zzm%d:ñl wjia:dfõ § YsIHhka ,nd .;a uQ,sl ±kqu yd l=i,;d ;yjqrel< hq;= h hk uQ,sl m%;sIaGdj u; h lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfõ úIhud,djilia jkafka' fufia lrk w;r u" orejd l¾udka; f,dalhg l%ufhka fhduqlrkq msKsi jD;a;Ska rdYshlg u wod< j mj;sk ir, yelshd ,nd .ekSfïmoku o fï wjia:dfõ § i,lkq ,efí' ;u rfÜ iudc wd¾:sl ixj¾Okhgwod< j mek ke.S we;s cd;sl wjYH;d fudkjd o hkak úfYaIfhka ;u mdi,aÈia;%slalfhka mgkaf.k ±k.ekSfï wdYdj u;= fldg fmkaùug;a fuys § m%h;akorkq we;' iuÕs iïmkak cd;shla f.dvke.Sfï wruqK o" wjOdrKfhka fmkakqï

lrk iudc mqyqKqjla o fï wjia:dfõ § orejdg ,eîug lghq;= fhdokq ,efí'ZZ2929292929

fï wruqKq bgqlr .ekSu i|yd fhdað; mdGud,dj my; i|yka fõ'

• m%:u NdIdj • .Ks;h

• wd.u • bx.%Sis

• úµdj • iudc wOHhkh

• fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh • jHjydßl l=i,;d

• fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh3030303030

hf:dala; úIhhkag fhda.H mßoafoka iudc mqyqKqj ms<sn| wod< fldgianoaO lrkq ,efí' m%dfhda.sl isxy,$fou< hk úIh o b.ekaùug hï mdi,laleu;s kï th oy jk úIhh jYfhka b.ekaùug bv ie,fia'

jHjydßl l=i,;d hk w¨f;ka úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQ úIhh" ld¾ñlúIh rdYshla fjkqjg b.ekafõ' fï úIh b.ekaùfï wNsu;d¾: fufia h'

• l¾udka; f,dalhg orejd l%ufhka msúijd ta flfrys iqn wdl,amhla

34

orejdf.a isf;ys we;s lsÍu

• f.orfodf¾ jevg wjYH jk yqrelï tla tla jhig iqÿiq mßÈ wkql%ufhka.<md f.k b.ekaùug ie,iSu iy tuÕska fmdÿfõ jevg .efkkWmlrK iy fuj,ï ms<sn| ±k we÷kqïlï yd mßyrK yelshd we;slsÍu

• jD;a;shlg keUqre j mj;sk l=i,;d ,nd §u iy jD;a;Ska rdYshlg wod<j W.; yels ir, l=i,;d ms<sn| m%.=K;ajhla ,nd §u

• Ydia;%Sh me;a;g nr fkd jk <uhskag Tjqkaf.a úYsIag;ajh m%o¾Ykh l<yels w¾:j;a b.ekqï jevl fh§u msKsi jev yd ne¢ úIh i,id §u'3131313131

by; i|yka wruqKq wkqj m%dfhda.sl úIhj, wjYH;d meyeÈ,s fõ'

Wla; wruqKq 1972 j¾Ifha wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj m%d.ajD;a;ShúIhhg olajd we;s wruqKqj,ska iuyrla u jk w;r" tys i|yka Y%u ixialD;sh

ms<sn| wruqK fuys i|yka fkdùu wvqjla fõ'

1981 Oj, m;%sldfõ" lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfõ we.ehSu fohdldrhlskaisÿ jk nj i|yka fõ' tkï"

^w& mdGYd,dfõ o mdGud,dNHka;ßl wLKav we.ehSu

^wd& mdGud,d wjidkfhys § mj;ajkq ,nk mÍlaIK

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl mdGud,dj ^9 - 11 fY%aKs&

idudkH wOHdmkfhka bgq lr .ekSug wfmalaIs; wruqKqj,g olajkie,ls,a, fï wjia:dfõ § o fkdwvq j mj;skq we;' jeä ÿr wOHdmkh i|ydmoku ±óu lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdGYd,dfjka isÿjkafka kuqÿ" cd;sl uÜgfukameje;aù cd;sl uÜgfuka iy;sl m%odkh flfrk wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%mÍlaIKfhka wjika jk fcHIaG oaú;Shsl mdGYd,dj isiqka rdYshla i|ydwOHdmk iSudfõ wka;hla fõ'

l¾udka; f,dalhg ixl%uKh ùfuys ,d ;dlaIKsl úIh b;d wdikakie,ls,a,g .efkk neúka" fï wjêfha § tu ;dlaIKsl úIh b.ekaùu hïwdldrhl úfYaI{;d ,laIK .kakjd we;' fï wjia:dfjka miq j Ydia;%Sh;;a;ajfha Wiia wOHdmkhlg fhduq jk YsIHhska blaì;s j ,eìh hq;= úfYaIolaI;dj,g iQodkï lsÍula o isÿ fõ'

fcHIaG mdGud,d úIhud,dj my; i|yka úIhj,ska iukaú; fõ'

• m%:u NdIdj • wd.u

• .Ks;h • bx.%Sis

• úµdj • iudc wOHhkh

• fi!kao¾h wOHhkh • ;dlaIKsl úIhh


35

zziudc mqrjeis mqyqKqj i|yd b.ekaùu lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfõ § fukah' m%dfhda.sl isxy," fou< b.ekaùug leu;s mdGYd,d fjf;d;a tu úIhfi!kao¾h wOHhkhg úl,am jYfhka b.ekaùug tu mdGYd,dj,g wjir;sfí'ZZ3232323232

;dlaIKsl úIhh

jHjydßl l=i,;d ms<sn| j ±lajQ ie,ls,a, fï wjia:dfõ § o" tmßoafokau mj;sk w;r" ,S jev" f,day jev" lDIsl¾uh" .Dy úµdj wd§ úl,am ;dlaIKslúIh rdYshla b.ekaùug ie,eiaùfuka ;dlaIKsl úIhj,ska ,eìh hq;= úfYaIolaI;d ,nd .ekSug o myiqlï imhkq ,efí' ukd idudkH wOHdmkfhkajD;a;Skag wjYH uQ,sl mqyqKqj o ie,fikafka h hk uQ,O¾uh i,l;a u;dlaIKsl úIhh idudkH wOHdmkfha fldgila f,i u ie,lSu fhda.H fõ';dlaIKsl úIhh ksid wjiaf:daÑ; wkqj¾;k olaI;d ,nd .; yels nj oie,fla' jD;a;Sh fjf<| fmd<g wjYH fmdÿ olaI;d ,eÈlï" m%ùK;d iyfm!oa.,sl .=Kdx. ixj¾Okh lr .kakd w;r l¾udka; f,dalhg YsIHhskaf.a

wjOdkh fhduq lr ùu o wjYH fia ie,fla'ZZ33

cd;sl uÜgfuka meje;afjk w'fmd'i' úNd.fha § mÍlaIKg Ndck lrkq,nkafka úIh myls' tkï"

1' m%:u NdIdj 2' .Ks;h

3' bx.%Sis 4' úµdj

5' iudc wOHhkh

fi!kao¾h yd ;dlaIKsl úIh Èia;%slal uÜgfuka mÍlaId flfrkq we;'fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh mdGYd,d m¾Io uÜgfuka mÍlaId flfrkq we;'

zzbx.%Sis NdIdj b.ekaùfï wNsu;d¾:h jkafka <uhskag bx.%Sis fo jeksnila f,i mßyrKh lsÍug m%jK;dj ,nd § bx.%Sis i|yd m%jK;dj ksid ,nkjdisodhl ;;a;aj u.ska <uhskag ,nd§uhs'ZZ3434343434

bx.%Sis b.ekaùfï ld¾hh tf;la bgq fkd jQ ksid bx.%Sis b.ekaùu kxjd,Sui|yd my; fhdackd bÈßm;a úh'

• bÈßhg;a ;=ka jk fY%aKsfha isg bx.%Sis b.ekaùu

• ;=k isg mia jk fY%aKsj,g bx.S%is NdIdj uekúka b.ekafjk mdGYd,dj,tu ;;a;ajh iqrlsñka th jvd ÈhqKq lsÍug mshjr .ekSu

• bx.%Sis b.ekaùu i|yd .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd úfYaI wjOdkhlafhduq lsÍu

• mdGYd,dj, bx.%Sis b.ekaùug wod< ish¨ u ld¾h iïnkaO fldg .<md,Suwud;HdxYfha fjk u bx.%Sis tallhla uÕska isÿ flf¾' fuys § ish¨ uld¾h hkakg fm<fmd;a iy wfkla bf.kqï WmlrK ms<sfh, lsÍu"úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;=" m%d.a fiajd .=re mqyqKqj" fiajdia: .=re mqyqKqjiy we.hSu hk ld¾h we;=<;a fõ' ;j o" ;dlaIK wOHdmk ixúOdkh

36

hgf;a meje;afjk mdGud,dj, jD;a;Sh bx.%Sis úIhh iïnkaO jevg;afï tallfhka Woõ ,efí'

• ;dlaIK wOHdmk ixúOdkh iy ;D;Sh wOHdmkhg .efkk wdh;kj,jD;a;Sh bx.%Sis úIhh ±ä mßY%ufhka b.ekaùu i|yd úfYaI jevigykao ms<sfh, lrkq ,efí'

úIh iu.dó ld¾h ixúOdkh fldg ixj¾Okh lsÍfuys ,d m%Odk j¾.;=kla .ek wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;' tkï"

^1& l%Svd iy u,, l%Svd

^2& nd, olaI jev iy wdOqksl rK mqyqKqj

^3& úfõl ld¾h iudc $jHdmD;s iudc

ñka <uhdf.a wOHdmkhg yd ixj¾Okhg ,efnk Woõ b;d jeo.;a

f,i i,ld we;'

úoHd, ;,fha ^fodf<dia jk yd oy ;=ka jk fY%aKs& úIhud,dj

mYapdoa idudkH wOHdmkh iïmQ¾K fldg wjYH iqÿiqlï ,nk YsIHfhdablaì;s j úfYaI{ lafIa;%hl wOHdmkh i|yd jQ B<Õ wjêhg m%fõY fj;s'úYaj úµd, m%fõYhg fhduq jk úµd, ;,fha wOHdmkh o ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkwêldÍka úiska msysgqjkq ,nk ;dlaIKsl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh" lDIs wOHdmkuKav,fha fufyhùfuka fokq ,nk lDIs wOHdmkh o hk wOHdmk myiqlïfï LKavhg wh;a fõ'

Wla; mdGud,dj,g f;dard .ekSfï uQ,sl ñkqï jkafka wOHhk fmdÿiy;sl m;% úNd.fha § olajk m%ùK;djhs'

úµd, mdGud,dfõ úIhud,dj úIhOdrd follska hqla; fõ' tkï l,diy úµd hkqfjks' úIhud,dj fldgia follska iukaú; fõ'

^i& fldgi - wksjd¾h fmdÿ yr úIh iuQyh

ii& fldgi - ffjl,amsl

fmdÿ yr fldgi i|yd uq¿ mdGud,d ld,fhka y;frka tlla fkd blaujkqwe;' tu yrhg my; i|yka úIh we;=<;a fõ'

• Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh iy iudc wd¾Ól mßirh

• m%:u NdIdj

• bx.%Sis

• m%cd keUqre jHdmD;s weiqfrka jev yqrej

fo jeks fldgi i|yd úIh ;=k my; i|yka Odrd tllska fyda foflkau fyda f;dard .; yels h'

(i) úµd Odrdj

• .Ks;h

37

• fN!; fõoh

• fN!;sl úµdj

• ridhk úµdj

• Ôj úµdj

• lDIs úµdj

(ii) l,d Odrdj

• isxy,

• fou<

• bx.%Sis

• md,s

• ixialD;

• .%Sla

• ,;ska

• kùk NdId $ wrdì" yskaÈ" m%xY" c¾uka

• nqoaO O¾uh) ^fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh o we;=¿ j&

• yskaÿ O¾uh) ^yskaÿ YsIagdpdrh o we;=¿ j&

• ls%ia;= O¾uh)

• bia,dï O¾uh) ^bia,dï YsIagdpdrh o we;=¿ j&

• wd¾Ól úµdj

• N+f.da, úµdj

• b;sydih

• wdKavq l%u

• .Ks;h

• jdKscHh

) ^fuhska tlla muKla f;dard .; yels h'&

wêjD;a;Sh úoHd,

Ñrd.; jD;a;Skays úfYaI mqyqKqj iemhSu i|yd úYaj úµd, ;;a;ajhgiudk Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k ;D;Sh wOHdmk LKavfha we;s lsÍug fhdackdlrk ,È' fïjdfha mdGud,d kuH iajrEmhla .kS' Ydia;%Sh jQ úYaj úµd,mdGud,dj,g jvd fjkia iajrEmhla .kakd fï mdGud,d" ksIamdok yd jdKscjHdmdr meje;aùu;a tajdfha uQ,sl kS;s Í;s ms<sn| b.ekaùu i|yd;a ms<sfh, jkw;r tu.ska jdKscH" ksIamdok" fiajd iemhSu" rdcH fiajh" ks¾udK l,d hkd§lafI;%j, ÈhqKqjg odhl ùug tu úµd¾Òkag wjia:dj ie,fia' fïjdfha mdGud,dmy; i|yka lafIa;%j, jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï ,;a wh ìys lrkq we;'

38

• rdcH yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha ueo uÜgfï l<ukdlrK lafIa;%h

• ld¾ñl yd ks¾udKd;aul l,d wxYh

• iudc iqn idOl wxYh

• we;eï Ys,amS fY%aKs wxY

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk wdh;kh" wê jD;a;Sh úµd, folla jYfhka" tkïÑ;% yd uQ¾;s i|yd folla o kegqï" kdgH yd ix.S;h i|yd tlla o hkqfjkafjka lrkq ,efí'

úIhud,d m%;sixialrK hgf;a WmfoaYl lñgqj, Wmfoia mokï fldgf.k úIhud,d úIh lñgq úiska tla tla úIhhla i|yd iqúfYaI jQ b.ekaùïwNsu;d¾: fm< .iajd f.k" cd;sl uÜgug iß,k kuH jQ úIhud,djlam%drïNl jYfhka ie,iqï lrkq we;' Èia;%slal uÜgfuka fjkia lsÍug;a" iqÿiqúgl ilia lr .ekSug;a yelsjk mßoafoka ms<sfh, lrkq ,nk úIh ks¾foaYyd Wmfoia ieliSfï §" cd;sl uÜgfï úIh ks¾foaY ilia fldg úldYkh lsÍui|yd we;eï Èia;%slalj, úIhud,d ixj¾Ok tall msysgqùug yels fj;e hs

wfmalaId flf¾'3535353535

by; i|yka l%uh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;=my; ±lafjk ld¾hhkaf.ka iukaú; fõ'

• úúO úIh b.ekaùu i|yd Wmfoia ix.%y ms<sfh, lsÍu

• úIhj,g wod< j yr lreKq ms<sfh, lsÍu ^cd;sl iïu; ;;a;ajhiïnkaO m¿oaola we;s fkd jk mßoafoka m%foaYj,g wkql+, jk f,iilid .ekSug iy úia;r lsÍug bv we;sj&

• Èia;%slal úIhud,d tall ^tjeks tall msysgqjd ;sfnk ;kays& úiska o".=rejreka wd§ka úiska o mßyrKh i|yd miqìï øjH iy m%lrK f,aLkms<sfh, lsÍu

• Èia;%slal fiajdia: wOHdmk mssßia úiska o cd;sl uÜgfï fiajdia: wOHdmkmsßia úiska o fiajdia: wOHdmk ieisj, § mßyrKh l< yels miqìï øjHms<sfh, lsÍu

• Èia;%slal úIhud,d ixj¾Ok iy fiajdia: wOHdmk msßia i|yd jD;a;ShmqyqKqj msKsi;a wfkla Èia;%slalj, msßia iu. tla ù lghq;= lrkq msKsi;ajevuq¿ meje;aùu

• cd;sl uÜgfï úIhud,d ixj¾Ok yd fiajdia: mqyqKq ld¾h i|yd fjk;aldrl wdh;kj,ska úfYaI{ fiajd ,nd .ekSu iy tjeks fiajdjka Èia;%slallKavdhïj,g ,nd .ekSug mßmd,k jYfhka iydh ùu

úIhud,d wka;¾.;fhys Èia;%slalfhka Èia;%slalhg .efkk fjkilaúúO Èia;%slal msßiaj, iyNd.s;ajh ms<sìUq ùug bv ie,ish yels ksid;a"w;ayod ne,Sïj,g ksoyi fokq ,nk ksid;a moaO;sh ;=< kùlrKhkag keUqrelrjk Toj;a .;shla we;sfj;e hs wfmalaIs; h' .=re wOHdmk yd Èia;%slalwOHdmkh ndr ks,OdÍka o úµd,hdêm;Ska o úfYaIfhka .=rejreka o úYd,

39

msßila úIhud,d ixj¾Ok ld¾hj, ksr;ùfï M,hla jYfhka" wOHdmkfhysjeo.;a ;ekla .kakd úYd, msßila wOHdmk m%Yak yd .eà kj wOHdmkm%jK;d uekúka wjfndaO lr.kakg fm,fUkjd we;'36


m%d:ñl úIhud,dj

• <ud wjYH;d ms<sn| ie,lSu

• ks¾udKh lsÍu ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq ùu

• ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla jYfhka ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k hEu

lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj

• mdif,ka orejd l%ufhka l¾udka; f,dalhg fhduq lrùug W;aidy

.ekSu

• cd;sl wjYH;d mokï fldg úIhud,dj ilia lr ;sîu

• jHjydßl l=i,;d flf¾ wjOdrKh lsÍu

• m%dfhda.sl úIhj,g ;ekla §u

• bx.%Sis NdIdj b.ekaùu flf¾ jeä ie,ls,a,la fhduq ùu

• we.hSfuka úIhud,d M,odhS f,i;a ld¾hlaIu f,i;a l%shd;aul

lsÍug W;aidy .ekSu

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj

• jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd moku ±óug W;aidy .ekSu

• ;dlaIKsl úIhj,g úfYaI ie,ls,a,la ±laùu

• Ydia;%Sh ;;a;ajfha Wiia wOHdmkh flf¾ o ie,ls,su;a ùu

;D;Shsl wOHdmkh

• úfYaI{ lafIa;%j,g YsIHhska fhduq lsÍug W;aidy .ekSu

• ;dlaIKsl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh flf¾ jQ keUqrej

• Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh iy iudc wd¾Ól mßirh yr úIhj,gwe;=<;a lsÍu

* * *

1985 wxl 28 ork md¾,sfïka;= mk; hgf;a wOHdmk lafIa;%fhald¾hlaIu;dj i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ia:dmkh lrk ,§' th 1986j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul úh' úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh u.ska flreKqúIhud,d ixj¾Ok ld¾hh Bg mejßK' ;j o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh hgf;afjka fjka wdh;k msysgqjd wOHdmk ixj¾Okhg wod< kùlrK l%shd;aul

40

flf¾' fufia msysgqjk ,o m%d:ñl wOHdmk tallh u.ska m%d:ñl wOHdmkhgwod< úúO m¾fhaIK meje;aùu;a" úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= lsÍu;a" mdGud,dkùlrKh lsÍug yd tajdg wod< mdvï yd fm<fmd;a ilia lsÍu;a flßKs'

fuu lghq;= úIhud,d ixj¾Okfha .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeä ùug fya;= ùwe;' jHQyh úúO fjkialïj,g Ndck ùfuka wk;=rej 2009 j¾Ih jk úg"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh m%Odk mSG yhla jYfhka l%shd;aul fõ' NdId udkjYdia;% iy iudc úµd mSGh hgf;a fomd¾;fïka;= y;la l%shd;aul fõ' tajdkï"

• isxy,

• fou<

• bx.%Sis

• fi!kao¾h

• wd.ï

• iudc úµd

• uq,a <udúh ixj¾Ok iy m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

;j o" úµd iy ;dlaIK úµd mSGh hgf;a my; i|yka fomd¾;fïka;=l%shd;aul fõ'

• úµdj" fi!LH iy YdÍßl wOHdmkh

• .Ks;h

• ;dlaIK wOHdmkh

• jdKscHh

• f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh

Wla; fomd¾;fïka;= wod< úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= ms<sn| j.lSuorhs' j.lSï jkqfha"

• úIhud,d ms<sn| ;SrK .ekSu

• úIhud,d kùlrKh lsÍu

• l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd ±ä iydhla iemhSu

• jeäÈhqKq jQ úiqrejd yeÍfï l%fudamdh fhdod .ekSu fõ'

fï u.ska úIhud,dj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh" wd¾Ól n,mEï iy iudÔhwod<;ajh jeäÈhqKq lsÍu wfmalaId flf¾'

idudkH wOHdmkhg wh;a jk ld,iSudj 1985 isg jir myl m%d:ñlwOHdmk wÈhrlska o jir ;=kl fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wÈhrlska o jir follúµd,hSh uÜgulska o iukaú; jk fia m%;sixialrKh lsÍu fya;= fldg f.k"1 isg 11 olajd jQ úIhud,dj m%;sixialrKh lsÍug wjYH úh' Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,ai|yd kj úIh ks¾foaYh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wOHdmk f,alïf.a wxl1984$8 iy 84'10'17 Èke;s pl%f,aLfha kshuh mßÈ 1985 ckjdß ui 01 Èk isg

41

l%shd;aul jQfha h' 1985 § m<uq jk jir iy y;r jk jir u.ska jQ wdrïNfldg" 1986 § fo jk iy mia jk jir o" 1987 § ;=k jir o i|yd jQ úIhks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fï wkqj isÿ úh'

1985 úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrKj, iajNdjh wkqj m%d:ñl wjêh ;=<my< m%d:ñl yd by< m%d:ñl f,i wjê folla y÷kd .; yels úh' m<uq" fojk" yd ;=ka jk jirj, § YdÍßl wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h hkq tl úIhhlaúh' y;r" mia jk jirj, § YdÍßl wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h wOHdmkhhkqfjka úIh folla meje;sK' y;r jk jif¾ isg wdrïNl úµdj yd bx.%SisúIh y÷kajd ÿKss' y;r jk jif¾ isg tf;la meje;s kuH ld, igyk fjkiaùu"by< m%d:ñl wjêfha § we;s jQ ;j;a fjkialuls' úIh ifudaOdkh lr b.ekaùu1992 j¾Ih olajd fkd lvjd mj;ajd we;'

1993 jif¾ § isÿ jQ m<uq jk jir úIhud,d m%;sixialrKj, m%Odk;u,laIKhla jQfha mßir wOHhkh kñka meje;a jQ úIhh fjkqjg zzwm yd mßirhZZkñka w¨;a úIhhla we;=<;a ùu h' úIh ks¾foaY wdlD;sh fjkiaùu o ;j;a ,laIKhla úh'

7'0 1990 oYlh

md¾,sfïka;=j úiska iïu; lrk ,o 1991 wxl 19 ork cd;sl wOHdmkfldñika iNd mk; u.ska" ;reK fkdikaiqka Ndjhg;a" ;reK le/,a,g;afya;+ fidhd ne,Sug;a ÿla .ekú,sj,g fya;= jQ lreKq iy fhdackd bÈßm;alsÍug;a m;a lrk ,o zz;reK fldñika iNdfõZZ m%Odk ks¾foaYhla mK.kajk ,§' mdi,a yer .sh ;reKhska w;r uyd mßudKfha /lshd úrys;Ndjh;awiykh;a we;s l<" wOHdmkh;a /lshdj;a w;r mr;rh fyj;a fkd.e<fmkiajNdjh zz;reK fldñika iNdjZZ úiska ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§' WodiSk .=rejreka"Tjqkaf.a b.ekaùfï l%u iy úIhud,dj fya;= fldg f.k iodpdrh w;ska isÿjQ Y+kHNdjh o Tjqka úiska ksÍlaIKh lrk ,§'

zzire Wreuhla ;rï jdisodhl jQ;a" fohla cd;shlg fkdue;' tfuka utjeks Wreuhka .ek is;ñka yd Woï wkñka muKla ld,h .;lsÍu ;rïNhdkl fohla fkdue;' wOHdmkh jkdys wkd.;h wfmalaId lr f.k iliaúh hq;a;ls' iudÔh ÈhqKqj WodlsÍu msKsi wOHdmkh uq,a ;ekla f.k l%shdl< hq;= h' úfYaIfhka u nd, mrïmrdjg wOHdmkh ,nd Èh hq;af;a wkd.;fha§ Tjqkag uqyqK mEug isÿ jk Ôú;fha m%Yakj,g uqyqK §ug Tjqka ;=< Yla;shlawe;s lrk wdldrhghs'ZZ3737373737

Wla; woyiska fldñika iNdj úiska" iuia; mdi,a wOHdmkh u.skawjidk jYfhka idlaId;a lr .ekSug wfmalaIs; cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq kjhlay÷kd f.k we;' tajd YsIHhdg mdi,a ld,h ;=< § uqÿkam;a lr .; fkdyelsjkakd jQ o mdi,a Èúfhka Tíng úysfokakd jQ o §¾> ld,Sk wruqKq iuQyhlafõ' tfy;a YsIHhdf.a tu .ukg mokula jYfhka mdi,a wOHdmkh ,nkld,h ;=< § u m%.=K lr .; yels fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQy myla o y÷kd f.k we;'

y÷kd f.k we;s cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq fufia h'

• l%shdYS,S cd;sl taldnoaO;djla" cd;sl wkkH;djla yd cd;sl iu.shla

42

f.dv keÕSu

• mD:q, jYfhka úisÍ hk iudc idOdrK rgd msysgqùu

• ±ßh yels Ôjk rgdjla f.dvke.Su ^iqÿiq jd;h yd c,h fkd wvq j

,efn;e hs is;sh fkd yels j¾I 2000 yd bka Tíng;a .e<fmk" bis,sh

yels Ôjk l%uhla&

• Wodr jQ iEySula yd wd;au ;Dma;shla f.k fokakd jQ /lshd wjia:d

cks; lsÍu

• cd;sfha iudc yd wd¾Ól j¾Okhg rel=,la jk udkj iïm;a

ixj¾Okh i|yd ish,a,kag u iyNd.s úh yels úúO wjia:d ie,iSu

• tlsfkld .ek wLKav jQ;a" .eUqre jQ;a" ie,ls,a,la ±laùfï ixl,amh

;yjqre jk cd;sh f.dvke.Sfï ld¾hfhys l%shdYS,S iyNd.s;ajh

• ksr;=re j fjkia jk f,dalfha wNsfhda.hkg uqyqKmdkakg yels jk

mßÈ wkqj¾;k rgdjka f.dvke.Su yd ;ukaf.a yd wkHhkaf.a

wNsjDoaêh Wod jk fia tu fjkiaùu yiqreùfï Yla;sh ÈhqKq lr .ekSu

• ia:djr;ajh yd iqrlaIs;Ndjh cks; lrkakd jQ wkfmalaIs; yd jHdl+,

wjia:dj,g uqyqK§fï Yla;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu

• cd;Hka;r iudcfha f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla we;s lr .ekSug Wmfhda.s

jk yelshdjka j¾Okh lsÍu3838383838

by; i|yka fmdÿ cd;sl wruqKq w;am;a lr .ekSu i|yd fmdÿ ksmqK;dlÜg, myla o y÷kd f.k we;' tajd kï"

• ikaksfõok ms<sn| ksmqK;dj

fuu ksmqK;d iuQyh fldgia ;=klska iukaú; fõ' tkï" idlaIr;dj".Kkh yd udkkh iy rEmKh hkqfjks'

• mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d iuQyh mßirhg wod< fõ' ^iudÔh" Ôj úµd;aul ydfN!;sl mßirh&

• wdpdr O¾uj,g yd wd.ug wod< ksmqK;d fuu ksmqK;d iuQyh .=Kd;aulNdjh yd wdl,amj,g fndfyda ÿrg wod< h'

• l%Svd yd úfõlh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d iuQyh i;=g yd tn÷ udkisl fm,Uùïj,g iïnkaO h'

• bf.kSug bf.kSu ms<sn| ksmqK;dj

fuu ksmqK;d iuQyh YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K f,dalfha iajNdjhgfl<ska u iïnkaO h'

Wla; wruqKq iy ksmqK;d úIhud,d ixj¾Okh lsÍfï § uÕ fmkaùulafldg we;'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNd m<uq jd¾;dj ^1992& rch úiska ms<s.;a

43

w;r fhdað; m%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd idudkH wOHdmkh fjkqfjkackdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldhla m;a lrk ,È' úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmkh muKlafkd j" mQ¾j <ud úh wOHdmkh" fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh" jeäysá wOHdmkhwLKav wOHdmkh yd úfYaI wOHdmkh o 1997 § ls%hd;aul jQ fuu m%;sixialrKj,gwe;=<;a úh'

fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh

úYaj úµd," wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fi!LH wud;HdxYhyd fjk;a wod< wdh;kj, iydh fmr mdi,a úIhud,dj ilia lsÍu i|yd ,nd.ekSu ms<sn| i|yka lsÍu" Y%S ,xldfõ fmr mdi,a úIhud,dfõ jeo.;aikaêia:dkhla fõ' ilia lrkq ,nk úIhud,dj kshdul jYfhka w;ayodne,Su" bka wk;=re j wjYH f,i ixfYdaOkh lr m<d;a iNdj,g fnod yeßums<sn| fhdackdj o jeo.;a fõ' fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh i|yd fufia ilia lrfnod yßkq ,nk úIhud,dj wksjd¾h fkdjQj;a" fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh i|yduÕfmkaùula jkq fkdwkqudk h'

m%d:ñl wjêh i|yd jQ úIhud,dj

1997 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jQ m%d:ñl úIhud,dj ilia lsÍfï § idudkHwOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh úiska fok ,o Wmfoia ud,djw;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ'

• m%d:ñl wjêfha <uhl= cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdj úiska wOHdmk

wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu i|yd mdol jk my; ±lafjk ksmqK;d ,nd.kafka hehs wfmalaId lsÍu

• ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

• iajdNdúl" iudc yd lD;s%u mßirh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

• wd.u yd idrO¾u ms<sn| ksmqK;d

• bf.kSug bf.kSu ms<sn| ksmqK;d

• wOHdmkh <uhdf.a uki" Tyqf.a olaI;d" wdl,am yd yelshd j¾OkhlsÍug úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka YsIH flakaøSh j l< hq;= h'

• <uhdf.a Ôú;fha m<uq wjqreÿ iy bf.kSfï l%shdj,shg fuka u fm!reI;ajj¾Okhg o w;sYhska u jeo.;a fõ' fï ld,h ;=< jeä fokl= ms<s.;amy; i|yka bf.kSfï l%shdodu ;yjqre lr .; hq;= h tkï"

• f;dr;=rej,ska fmdfydi;a nj

• m%dfhda.sl l=i,;dj,ska fmdfydi;a nj

• úkh .rel nj

• YS,dpdrlu yd yeÈhdj

44

• m%ikak j l:d lsÍu

• ujqni" wd.u O¾uh" .Ks;h yd mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï wka;¾.;ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla wkq.ukh lrkq ,efí'

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha mgka bx.%Sis NdIdj woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug Ndú;lr" ;=ka jk fY%aKsfha mgka bx.%Sis NdIdj úêu;a f,i b.ekaùu yd ;uujq nig wu;r j wfkla cd;sfha NdIdjla Ndú; lsÍug o wkqn, §u

• m%d:ñl wjêh jeo.;a wjê ;=klska iukaú; ùu

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh - m<uq jk yd fo jk fY%aKs

• fo jk m%Odk wjêh - ;=ka jk yd isõ jk fY%aKs

• ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh - mia jk fY%aKsh

• fmd;a m;a wdY%s; jev" fi,a,ï yd l%shdldrlï hk úê ieu wjêhlg u

we;=<;a ùu - orejdf.a nqoaê j¾Okh wkqj wjêfhka wjêhg fï

wxY ;=k o iqÿiq mßÈ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § Ndú; lsÍu

• ie,iqï lrk ,o úfkdaod;aul lghq;= yd l%shdldrlï uÕska blaukska

<uhska y÷kd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu" y÷kd .;a mßÈ <uhdg .e<fmk

whqre bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh .=rejrhd úiska ksis f,i ie,iqï

lsÍu" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< <uhskaf.a we.hSï wLKav j isÿlsÍu" tla tla m%Odk wjêhla wjidkfha <uhskaf.a ksmqK;d we.ehSu"fï i|yd f,aLkhla .=rejrekag iemhSu

Wla; Wmfoia l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh lsÍu" fm<fmd;a yd jev fmd;a ,sùu yd fjk;a wod< WmlrK iemhSula" .=re mqyqKqjlaÈh;a lsÍu" .=re WmfoaYl mqrmamdvq msrùu o l%shd;aul lsÍu fhdackd lrk ,§'

fï wkqj ilia lrk ,o m%d:ñl úIhud,dj iy m%d:ñl fY%aKs i|ydld,h fjka lsÍu 2 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ' fï ld, úiqrefuys lemS fmfkk,laIK lsysmhla fufia h'

• 1 m%Odk wjêfha § ujqni úIhys i|yd .Ks;h úIhhg jvd jeä

ld,hla fjka lsÍu

• úIh iu.dó yd ffjl,amsl l%shdldrlï i|yd ld, igyfkys ld,hfjka lsÍu

• 2 yd 3 m%Odk wjêj, § ñks;a;= 30l úfõl ld,h fjka lsÍu

45

2 jk j.=j( m%d:ñl fY%aKs i|yd úIhud,dj iy m%d:ñl fY%aKs i|yd ld,hfjka lsÍu

i;shlg meh

úIh lafIa;%h $ wx.h 1 m%Odk 2' m%Odk 3' m%Odk wjêh wjêh wjêh

meh ñks;a;= meh ñks;a;= meh ñks;a;=

ujqni 5 00 5 00 5 00

bx.%Sis - 3 00 3 30

fo jk cd;sl NdIdj - 1 00 1 00

.Ks;h 3 30 5 00 5 00

mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï 6 00 6 00 7 30

wd.u 1 15 2 00 2 00

úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï 0 30 0 30 0 30

ffjl,amsl ls%hdldrlï - - 0 30

uq¿ bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ld,h 16 15 22 30 25 00

úfõl ld,h 1 15 2 30 2 30

Woh /iaùu yd wd.ñl j;dj;a 1 15 1 15 1 15

YÍr iqj;d l%shdldrlï 1 15 1 15 1 15

uq¿ mdi,a ld,h 20 00 27 30 30 00

1998 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul jk m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• jir mylska iukaú; m%d:ñl wOHdmk pl%h m%Odk wjê ;=klg

fn§u ^1jk rEm igyk&' tkï"

1' m%Odk wjêh - m<uq jk iy fo jk fY%aKs

2 m%Odk wjêh - ;=ka jk iy y;r jk fY%aKs

3 m%Odk wjêh - mia jk fY%aKsh

• m<uq jk fY%aKshg we;=¿ jk orejka y÷kd .ekSug myiq jk l%shdldrlï

iuQyhla y÷kajd §u

• idudkH wOHdmk wjêh wjidkfha § isiqka úiska j¾Okh lr .;

hq;= hhs ks¾foaYs; ksmqK;d m%ldYhg m;a lr ;sîu" tajd f.dv ke.Sug

iqÿiq wä;d,ula iemfhk mßÈ ieliqKq úIhud,djla ùu - ksmqK;d

mdol úIhud,djla

47

• úIh lafIa;% ixLHdj y;rlg iSud ùu

• NdIdj • wd.u

• .Ks;h • mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï

• orejl=f.a mQ¾K j¾Okhg NdId yd .Ks; ksmqK;dj,g wu;r j

;j;a wxY lsysmhlg wh;a ksmqK;d j¾Okh ùu wjYH h'

Wod ( fi!kao¾h" ks¾udK" úµdj" idrO¾u" YdÍßl j¾Okh yd fi!LHhfuu ksmqK;d fjka fjka j úIh jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug jvd isiqkg .e<fmkf;aud Tiafia u;= lr bf.kSug ie,eiaùu jvd fhda.H f,i ms<s.efka' fujeksf;aud 16lska iukaú; mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys fmrg jvd ifudaOdks;,laIK fmkakqï flf¾'

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg u l%shdldrlï mdol bx.%Sis kï úIhhla y÷kajd

§u

• fo jk m%Odk wjêfha isg úêu;a j bx.%Sis úIhh o fo jk cd;sl

NdIdjla o ^isxy, $ fou<& we;=<;a ùu

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg È.g u úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj,g;a" mia jk

fY%aKsfha § isiq <eÈhd yd wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk ffjl,amsl úIhj,g;a

ld, igykska bv m%ia;d iemhSu

• m%d:ñl wjêfha § fhdod .kakd bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõo m%OdkjYfhka f;jeoEreï fõ'

• fi,a,ï yd úfkdao ckl jev

• l%shdldrlï

• wiqka.; jev

m<uq jk m%Odk wjêfha § fi,a,ï iy l%shdldrlïj,g jeä nrla owiqka.; jevj,g wvq nrla o ,efí' ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêfha § l%shdldrlï iywiqka.; jevj,g jeä nrla o fi,a,ïj,g wvq nrla o ,efí' fï wkaougm%Odk wjê ;=k ;=< bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%ufõo ixl,k l%ufhka fjkia fõ'

• isiq bf.kqï m%.;sh yd ÿIalr;d ms<sn| j f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu msKsi

wúêu;a ;lafiare lsÍï úêj,g m%uqL;dj fok" wLKav j lr f.k hd

hq;= mdi,a mdol ;lafiare lsÍu i|yd m%uqL;ajhla ,efnk we.hSï

l%shdj,shla mj;ajd f.k hEu

• ieug wOHdmkh ;yjqre lr .ekSu b,lal lr .ksñka ta i|yd

m%ñ;shla jYfhka tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha § isiqka úiska

wksjd¾hfhka u m%ùK;dj m%o¾Ykh l< hq;= w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d

y÷kajd §ug mshjr .ekSu

48

• tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha § <Õd lr .; hq;= hehs wfmalaIs;

w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d ms<sn| j m%ùK;djla ,nd we;a ±hs ;lafiare

lsÍug mshjr .ekSu

• tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha wfmalaIs; w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d

ms<sn| m%ùK;djla ish¨ u isiqkag ,nd §u b,lal lr f.k" tu tla

m%Odk wjêh tl u .=rejrhl= hg;g m;a lsÍug wkqn, §u

• tla isiqjl=f.a idOkh ;j;a isiqjl=f.a idOkh iu. ii|d ;SrK

.ekSfï l%ufhka ñ§ ksYaÑ; wruqKla fyda ks¾Kdhlhla iu. idOkh

ii|d ;SrK .ekSug iu;a ks¾Kdhl uQ,sl ;lafiare lsÍfï l%u fhdod

.ekSug wkqn, §u

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêfha isiqkag yh jk fY%aKsfha isiqka iu. tla ù"

ixúOdkd;aul j" l%shdldrlï iy fi,a,ïj, fh§ug bv m%ia;d

iemhSu

wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%d:ñl wOHdmk ie,iqïjHdmD;sfha wekac,d ví,sõ' ,sÜ,a úiska kj m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ my; i|yka

úfYaI ,laIK y÷kd f.k we;'4242424242

• w;S;fha È m%d:ñl uÜgfuys mjd úIhud,d ilid .ekSfï § Bg we;=<;a

úIh lreKqj,g jeä wjOdrKhla ysñ jQfha È.g u Wiia wOHdmkfhysfhfok <uhska iq¿ fo fkl=f.a ´kE tmdlï imqrd,k mßoafoks' m%Yakhfj; t<efUk fï ú,difhka neyer jk m%d:ñl uÜgfï kjúIhud,dfjka jeä;r wjOdrKhla ysñ jkq we;af;a fmdÿ wOHdmkhwjidkfha § <uhska úiska w;alr .kq ,efí hhs wfmalaIs; ksmqK;dj,gh' fï jQl,S ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla hhs

ye¢kaúh yels h'

• úIhud,djg we;=<;a úIh lreKq .Kk y;rlg iSud fõ' NdIdj$NdId"

.Ks;h" wd.u iy mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï hk fïjd h'

• orejdf.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okh Wfoid wjYH YslaId (Disciplines) lsysmhla

we;=<;a jk zzmßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlïZZ kue;s úIh lafIa;%h y÷kajd

§fï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ifudaOdks; iajNdjh w;S;fha meje;s muKg

jvd uekúka biau;= ù fmfka'

• l%shdldrlï weiqfrka b.kSfï § yd fi,a,ï lsÍfï § WÑ; jdx ud,djlaWmfhda.s lr .ksñka iïNdIK bx.%Sis (Conversational English) iy ujqni w;r uqiqjla <uhska yd .=rejreka úiska Ndú; l< yels jk wkaofï

49

mßirhla mka;sh ;=< cks; lsÍu i|yd I jk m%Odk wjêfha §" l%shdldrlïmdol fldg .;a jdÑl bx.%Sis y÷kajd fokq ,efí'

• fi,a,ï lrk l, yd l%shdldrlïj, fhfok l," I jk m%Odk wjêfha<uhskag 6 jk fY%aKsfha <uhska iu. wfkHdkH l%shdjkays fh§ugie,iqï.; wjia:d ,nd §u' fufia fY%aKs ñY% lsÍfï wruqK jkqfhaiudkhska w;r fuka u jhiska ie,lsh hq;= fjkila we;s lKavdhïyryd iyfhda.S;dj iy msßia jYfhka lghq;= lsÍfï myiqj ±kùuhs'

• fo jk m%Odk wjêfha mgka úêu;a j bx.%Sis o" fo jk cd;sl NdIdjla o^isxy,$fou<& b.ekaùug mgka .efka'

• m%Odk wjê ish,af,ys § úIh iu.dó jev (Co - curricular activities) iy3 jk m%Odk wjêfha § Wf.k .kakjqkaf.a ßis fkdßislïj,g ydwjYH;djkag iß,k mßÈ ;ukag ukdm úIhhla f;dard .; yels jkmßÈ úl,am úIhud,djla iemfha'

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha .=rejrhdg " ta ta <uhdf.a fm!oa.,sl wjYH;djkagiß,k whqßka jvd M,odhS wkaoñka lghq;= lsÍug yels jk mßÈ" úfYaIfhkailik ,o l%shdldrlï Ndú; lrñka" ieu orejl=f.a u mdi,g we;=¿jk wjia:dfõ § mj;akd ksmqK;d fjk fjk u y÷kd .efka'

• wúêu;a l%u Wmfhda.S lr .ekSu flfrys jeä;r wjOdrKh iys; j"fkdlvjd mka;s mdol ;lafiare lsÍï isoq flf¾'

• tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha § <uhska m%ùK;dj ysñlr .; hq;= hehswfmalaId lrk w;HjYH ksmqK;d y÷kd f.k" tajd .=rejrekag y÷kajdfokq ,efí'

• tla tla m%Odk wjêhl wjidkfha § m<uq NdIdj iy .Ks;h iïnkaOksmqK;d wjOdrKh lrñka w;HjYH ksmqK;d ms<sn| m%ùK;aj uÜgug<uhska ish¨ fokd u mdfya m;a jk nj iy;sl lr .ekSug .=rejrekagwkqn, foa'

• uq¿ m%Odk wjêh mqrd u" hï lsis ore msßila yd iu. ;ks .=rejrhl= /£ isàug yels jk mßÈ" tl mka;s ndr .=rejrhl= 1 jk yd 2 jk m%Odkwjêj,g m;alsÍfï mqreoaog wkqn, fokq ,efí'

• <uhskaf.a idOk uÜgï (Achievement) ixikaokh lsÍug wkqn, fokwkaofï ;lafiare lsÍu ms<sn| l%uj,ska neyer ùug W;aidy lsÍu" tfia uks¾Kdhl uQ,sl ;lafiare lsÍug wod< úê (Criterion referenced assess-

ment techniques) lrd <Õd fõ'

• fi,a,ï" l%shdldrlï iy wiqka.; jev hk ;=fkys WÑ; ñY%Khlaweiqfrka bf.kSu - b.ekaùu isÿjkq we;' fï ñY%Kfha ixrpl wx.j,m%udKh fY%aKsfhka fY%aKshg l%ufhka fjkia jkq we;' m<uq jk fY%aKsfha§ fi,a,ï iy l%shdldrlïj,g jeä wjOdkhla fhduq jk w;r mia jkfY%aKsfha § l%shdldrlï iy wiqka.; jev fj; jeä wjOdkhla fhduqfõ'

50

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh

m%d:ñl wjêfha § ifudaOdk l%uhg bf.kqu ,en" lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêhgmsúfi;a u úIh uQ,sl bf.kqï lghq;= wdrïN fjhs' ta wkqj yh jk fY%aKshifudaOdks; úIhud,djlska úIhmdol úIhud,djlg yqre lsÍfï ixl%dka;sj¾Ihla fia i,ld we;'

• ujqni

• bx.%Sis NdIdj

• .Ks;h

• úµdj yd ;dlaIKh

• iudc wOHhkh

• Ôjk ksmqK;d

• wd.u

• fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh


• l%Svd yd fjk;a l%shdldrlïj, § fo jk cd;sl NdIdj Ndú; lsÍug

<uhskag wkqn, §u

• fï wjêfha m%dfhda.sl jev yd myiqfjka l< yels jHdmD;s Tjqkaf.a

wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ;ekla .kS'

• ieu mdi,l u l%shdldrlï i|yd ldurhla fjka lrkq ,efí' tys §

Tjqka ir, WmlrK yd l%u Ndú; lrñka iajhx bf.kqug fhduq

lrkq ,efí'

• m%d:ñl wxYfha § wdrïN l< bx.%Sis NdIdj m%.=K lsÍu lksIaG wxYfha

§ ;jbÿrg;a Yla;su;a lrkq we;'

• fmrg jvd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh

lr ta wkqj w¨;a fm<fmd;a" jev fmd;a yd w;sf¾l lshùï i|yd

fmd;a o imhkq ,efí'

• kj jk fY%aKsh wjidkfha § mdi,a mdol lr .;a m%ùK;d úNd.hla

meje;aùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fõ' tys m%;sM, wkqj olaI;d wkqj b;d u

iqÿiq wxYj,g isiqka fhduq lsÍug yelsjkq we;'

• idu wOHdmkh" cd;sl iu.sh" m%cd;dka;%Sh uQ,O¾u" udkj ysñlï"

ia;%S mqreI iudk;dj" mßir ixrlaIKh hkd§ ixl,am iudc wOHhkh

yd fjk;a wod< úIh u.ska b.ekaùu iudc j.lSï" m%cdj .ek

51

j.lSï" cd;sl iu.sh hk ye.Sï jeäÈhqKq lsÍug wjYH wdl,am yd

yeisÍï rgd fï khska ;yjqre flfrkq we;'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh - w'fmd'i' id'fm<&

úIh ks¾foaY úIh j¾. folla hgf;a fnod we;' yr úIh wksjd¾hfhka

bf.k .; hq;= w;r ffjl,amsl úIh Wmßu jYfhka folla f;dard .ekSug

YsIHhdg wjia:dj ,efí'

yr úIh bf.kSfuka iaÓr mq¿,a wdOHdmksl mokula ,efnkq we;' my;±lafjk"

• m<uq ni

• bx.%Sis

• .Ks;h

• úµdj yd ;dlaIKh

• iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih

• wd.u

• fi!kao¾h wOHhkh îdys;Hh fi!kao¾h úIh iuQyh hgf;a úl,amúIhhla fõ&

• ;dlaIKsl úIh

úfYaI lafIa;%j,ska jeä ÿrg;a bf.kSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk YsIHhkagyeoEßh yels ffjl,amsl úIh mdGud,d my; ±lafõ'

• fo jk ni jYfhka isxy,$fou<

• b;sydih

• N+f.da, úµdj


• ixj¾Ok wOHhkh

• idys;Hh îsxy," fou<" bx.%Sis&

• fjk;a NdId

fï wjêh olajd jQ wOHdmk l%shdj,sfhka ìys jk isiqka mQ¾K fm!reIj¾Okhlska hq;a Wiia fm< uÜgfï Ydia;%Sh lghq;= fyda ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkhla,eîug fyda jev f,dalhg msúiSug fyda iqÿiqlï ,enQjka lrùu w'fmd'i'îd'fm<& m%;sixialrKj, m%Odk wruqK fõ'

52

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh w'fmd'i' W'fm<&

fuu wjêh j¾I follska hqla; h'

fuf;la l,a fï úNd.fha úIh ks¾foaY" mdGud,d jHQyh yd úNd. l%uhm%Odk jYfhka u úYaj úµd,j,g isiqka f;dard .ekSfï wruqKg iSud ù ;sìKs'fïjd úYaj úµd,j, mdGud,dj, wjYH;d wkqj Wiia fm< úIh f;dard .ekSuksid jeä ÿr wOHdmkhg fyda /lshd wjia:dj,g fuu úIhj,ska iu;a ùumuKla m%udKj;a fkd fõ' tneúka Wiia fm< wjêfha wOHdmk l%ufha wruqK

fkdmudj fjkia úh hq;= h'

j¾;udk Wiia fm< úNd.fhka ld¾h folla bgq fjhs' tla wf;lskaWiia fm< idOk uÜgu uekSfï úNd.hla jk w;r wfkla w;ska úYaj úµd,i|yd f;dard .ekSfï úNd.hla o fõ' tl u úNd.hlska ld¾h folla bgqlsÍugwfmalaId lsÍu wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sj,g mgyeks fõ'

fï fya;= idOl ish,a, i,ld n,d ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh úiskamy; ±lafjk fjkialï ks¾foaY lr we;'

• úNd. wfmalaIl isiqka bÈßm;a úh hq;= úIh i;r úIh ;=klg wvq lrkq,efí'

• úYaj úµd,j,g we;=¿ ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk YsIHhka úiska wod<úYaj úµd, mSGh u.ska b,a,d we;s mßÈ wjYH úIh ixfhdackh f;dard.; hq;= h'

• úYaj úµd,hg we;=<;a ùug wfmalaIs; isiqka fmdÿ idudkH mÍlaIKhlgfmkS isáh hq;= h' tu.ska YsIHhl=f.a my; i|yka nqoaêuh yelshd we.hSugNdck lrkq we;'

• idudkH ±kqïj;a nj

• .eg¨ úi£fï yelshdj

• ;¾lk yelshdj ^úYaf,aIKd;aul" úêu;a" ixLHduh yd wjldYuh&

• wjfndaOh yd ikaksfõok yelshdj

• lDIsl¾uh" Ôj úµdj" ridhk úµdj" .Dy úµdj yd fN!;sl úµdj

hk úIh yeoEÍfï § m%dfhda.sl jev wksjd¾h lrkq ,efí' wksla

úIh i|yd mejreï" jHdmD;s jd¾;d wdÈh m%dfhda.sl jev fjkqjg i,ldn,kq ,efí' jHdmD;s jev bf.kSfï yd b.ekaùfï fldgila

jkafka h'

• Wla; m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍug WmldÍ jk f,i Wiia fm< mka;swe;s ieu mdi,l u m%dfhda.sl jev lsÍug wjYH jk úµd.dr yd mqia;ld,myiqlï o ieu mdGYd,djlg u .=re wjYH;d o imhkq ,efí'4141414141

my; fhdackd o bÈßm;a fldg we;'

53

bx.%Sis NdIdj b.ekaùu ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd

m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd ujqnig wu;r j

bx.%Sis NdIdj o Ndú; lsÍu

• ;=ka jk fY%aKsfha § yd bka Tíng bx.%Sis NdIdj úêu;a f,i b.ekaùug

wjYH fm<fmd;a yd .=re w;afmd;a iemhSu

• yh jk fY%aKsfha isg bx.%Sis NdIdj úIhhla f,i b.ekaùu

• j¾I 2000 isg bx.%Sis NdIdj idudkH fm< úNd.hg fmr yr úIhhla

jYfhka ieliSu

;dlaIKsl yd m%dfhda.sl yelshd ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd

• l%shdldrlï u.ska bf.kSu m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ;ekla .ekSu'

• w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& wjêfha úµdj yd ;dlaIKh hk úIhud,d ixfYdaê;kj úIh ks¾foaYhlg wkqj b.ekaùu

• w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& wjêfha lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka;" jdKscHh" fiajd ydjD;a;Sh lafIa;%j,g wod< jk w¨;a ;dlaIK úIh Odrdjla y÷kajd §u

• ;dlaIKsl yelshd ÈhqKq lsÍu m%dfhda.sl jev yd jHdmD;s jev

l%shdldrlïj, m%Odk ;ekla .ekSu

;j o úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd

• úúO wdldrfha l%shdldrlï jeä m%udKhla ixúOdkh lsÍug mdi,aj,g

wkqn, §u

• jevigyka id¾:l lr .ekSug .=re uKav,fha;a" mdi,a m%cdfõ;a iïmQ¾Kiyfhda.h wjYH neúka" m%cdj iïnkaO l%shdldrlï yd jHdmD;s o" YsIHixj¾Okhg m%cdj iïnkaO lr.ekSu o fnfyúka u M,odhS jk nj o

y÷kd f.k we;'

úfYaI wOHdmkh ms<sn| j o wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;

• miqng <uhskag fuka u iqN. <uhskag o idudkH mdi,a l%uhg ndOd

fkdjk wkaofï úfYaI igyka ms<sfh, lsÍu fhdackd fldg we;'

idrO¾u wOHdmkh yd cd;sl tluq;= nj j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd

• idrO¾u yd iodpdrh fjk u úIhhla f,i b.ekaùug fkdyels

ksid mdif,a W.kajk ish¨ u úIh iu. ifudaOdks; úh hq;=

hehs fhdackd lrk ,È'

54

3 jk j.=j( úIh lafIa;% $úIh i|yd ld,mßÉfþo fjka lsÍu yh jkfY%aKsfha isg tfldf<dia jk fY%aKsh olajd

úIhh $ úIh lafIa;% i;shlg fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo .Kk

^tla ld,mßÉfþohla ñks;a;= 40&

fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh

6 7 8 9 10 11

wd.u 3 2 2 2 2 2

m<uq ni 5 5 5 5 5 5

bx.%Sis 5 5 5 5 5 5

.Ks;h 5 6 6 6 6 6

mßir wOHhkh 9 - - - - -

úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh - 6 6 6 6 6

fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 4 3 3 3 - -

fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh 4 3 3 3 3 3

isxy,$fou< fo jk NdIdjla f,i 2 2 2 2 - -

iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih - 5 5 5 5 5

Ôjk ksmqK;d - 3 3 3 - -

;dlaIKsl úIhh - - - - 4 4

lKavdhï l%shdldrlï 3

w;sf¾l úIh 4∆ 4∆

i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo .Kk 40 40 40 40 40 40

uQ,dY%h( kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jev igyk' oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ^6 - 11 fY%aKs&' 1999ckjdß cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh"cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh' msgqj 09'

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd úIh f;dard .ekSul%shd;aul jk j¾Ih - 2001

kj úIhud,djg wkql+, j idudkH fm< úNd.h i|yd yr úIh wglaiy w;sf¾l úIh iuQyhla we;=<;a fõ'

yr úIh

• wd.u

55

• m<uq jk NdIdj

• bx.%Sis

• .Ks;h

• fi!kao¾h wOHhkh

• úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh


• ;dlaIKsl úIhh

w;sf¾l úIh

by; i|yka wksjd¾h úIhhka wgg wu;r j YsIHhl= leu;s kï fuuúIhhka w;=ßka tlla fyda folla fyda f;dard .; yels h'

• b;sydih

• N+f.da, úµdj

• ixj¾Ok wOHhkh

• isxy, $ fou< ^fo jk NdIdjla f,i&

• fjk;a NdId ^c¾uka $ yskaÈ $ md,s $ ixialD;&

• fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

• idys;Hh ^isxy," bx.%Sis" fou<&

w;sf¾l úIh f,aLkh" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh pl%f,aLhlau.ska mdi,aj,g okajkq ,efí'

y÷kajd fokq ,nk kj úIhh

mßir wOHhkh - yh jk fY%aKsh

fuf;la 6 jk jir i|yd úµdj iy iudc wOHhkh hk úIh folW.kajk ,§' fuu úIh fol fjkqjg 6 jk fY%aKsh i|yd zzmßir wOHhkhZZ

hk úIhh bÈßm;a fldg we;'

iudc mßirh o iajdNdúl ^fN!;sl yd ffcj& mßirh o lD;%su fyj;aks¾ñ; mßirh o hk wxY fuu úIh m:hg we;=<;a lr we;' fuu úIhks¾foaYfha we;=<;a fjka fjka bf.kqï tall iudc úµd wxYhg fyda úµdj yd;dlaIK wxYhg fyda jeämqr nr jk mßÈ ilid we;'

fuu úIhfhka ,efnk moku u; 7 jk fY%aKsfha § yd bka Tíng fjkafjka úIh folla jYfhka tkï ziudc wOHhkh yd b;sydihZ jYfhka tlaúIhhla o zúµdj yd ;dlaIKfõohZ jYfhka ;j;a úIhhla o fj; fhduq ùugYsIHhdg myiq jkq we;'

iudc Ôú;hlg o fN!;sl yd ffcj mßirhg o wod< ksmqK;d 6 jk

56

fY%aKsfha YsIHhd flfrys j¾Okh lsÍfuys ,d j.lSu tu úIhhg wka;¾.;jk neúka thska YsIHhdf.a wkd.;h m%dfhda.sl Ôú;h ilia lr .ekSug fukau bÈß wOHdmk lghq;= ixúOdkh lr .ekSug o buy;a n,mEula jkq we;'

fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh ^yh jk - kj jk fY%aKs&

fuf;la úIh folla f,i fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh hk úIhmdi,a moaO;sfha W.kajk ,È' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wkqj fï úIhhkafol tl u úIhhla f,i ie,fla'

yh jk fY%aKsfha úIh wka;¾.;h f;dard .ekSfï § uQ,sl wjOdkhfhduq ù we;af;a yqÿ ±kqï lafIa;%h mq¿,a lsÍu flfrys fkd j" fi!LHhgys;lr mqreÿ we;s lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk bf.kqï w;a±lSï ,nd §u flfrys h'tfia u y;a jk iy kj jk fY%aKsj, § bÈßm;a lrk úIhh fldgia i|ydwjYH wä;d,u yd uQ,sl yqrelï ,nd fok wkaoug o úIh wka;¾.;h fm<.iajd we;'

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh ^yh jk - tfldf<dia jk fY%aKs&

fuf;la yh jk jif¾ isg wg jk jir olajd isxy, NdIdj muKlaúIhhla jYfhka bÈßm;a lr ;sìKs' yh fY%aKsfha isg ñka bÈßhg tu úIhhisxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh f,i bÈßm;a fldg we;'

fo jk ni ^isxy, $ fou<& ^yh jk - kj jk fY%aKs&

mqoa.,hska w;r;a" iudc w;r;a wfkHdkH wjfndaOh yd iyfhda.s;djj¾Okh i|yd NdIdjg ysñ jkafka w;sYhska jeo.;a jQ ia:dkhls' tneúka Y%S,xldfõ isxy, NdIdj l;d lrk ck;dj fou< ni oek.ekSu;a fou< NdIdjl;d lrk ck;dj isxy, ni oek.ekSu;a iudc wka;¾ l%shd we;sùug uy;afia m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' fï wkqj ujqni yd bx.%Sis ni yefrkakg fo jkNdIdjla bf.kSu yd b.ekaùu cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sfha fldgila f,i

bÈßm;a fldg we;'

úoHdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh ^y;a jk - tfldf<dia jk fY%aKs&

j¾;udkfha wmg Ôj;a ùug isÿ ù we;af;a iajdNdúl mßirhl muKlafkd j ñksid úiska ks¾udKh lrk ,o lD;%su mßirhl o fjhs' fï ks¾ñ;mßirh fkdfhl=;a ;dlaIKsl fuj,ïj,ska iukaú; fõ' fï ksid iajdNdúlmßirh wo fnfyúka fjkia ù we;'

tneúka wjg mßirh ms<sn| j ixfõ§ j isàu wo w;HjYH lreKla njgm;a ù we;' fï ld¾hfhys ,d úµdj ms<sn| ±kqu muKla m%udKj;a fkd jkqwe;' j¾;udk iudchg ;dlaIKfõoh ms<sn| ±kqu o wo wjYH ù ;sfí' fï

57

lreKq mokï lr f.k fuu kj úIhh zúµdj yd ;dlaIKfõohZ f,i bÈßm;afldg ;sfí'

fuu úIhh u.sska úµdj yd ;dlaIKh hk lafIa;% fol w;r we;siïnkaO;d muKla fkd j" tu lafIa;% fol iudch flfrys n,mdk wkaou oolajd we;'

fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh ^yh jk - tfldf<dia jk fY%aKs&

yh jk fY%aKsfha § isiqkg fi!kao¾h wOHhkh fjka fjka úIh jYfhkafkd j ifudaOdksl f,i Ñ;%" kegqï yd ix.S;h hk úIh wOHhkh lsÍug isÿfõ' y;a jk fY%aKsfha § yd bka Tíng ;u wNsreÑh mßÈ leu;s úIhhla f;dard.ekSug Tjqkg bv ,efnkq we;' yh jk fY%aKsfha § ,efnk fi!kao¾h úIhy÷kd .ekSfï wjia:dj ksid Tjqkaf.a olaI;d wkqj wod< fi!kao¾h úIhhf;dard .; yels fõ'

Ôjk ksmqK;d ^y;a jk - kj jk fY%aKs&

ksfji" mdi, yd iudch ;=< .; lrk wm Ôú;j," Ôjk rgd yd ÔjkksmqK;d w;r we;af;a ±ä in|;djls' fh!jk fh!jkshkaf.a ld,Sk wjYH;dyd fi!LH .eg¨ ms<sn| Èjhsfkys Èh;a flreKq wOHhk lsysmhla u Y%S ,xldfõmdi,aj, Ôjk ksmqK;d bf.kqula wksjd¾hfhka u isÿ úh hq;= nj fmkajd §we;' tfia jqj o mj;akd úIhud,dj Ôú; úIhfhys mek kef.k úúOwNsfhda.j,g m%udKj;a wdldrhlska Wr§ug Yla;shla ,nd fok njla fkdfmfka' tys m%;sM,hla yeáhg bf.kqu ,nk fndfyda fofkla ;uka ljqreka ±hsyßyeá fkd oks;s' ;u wkkH;dj ms<sn| wjfndaOh o i;=gqodhl uÜgul ke;'

1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a wkqu; lksIaG oaú;Shsl ^6 - 9& iyfcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^10-11 fY%aKs& úIhud,d

1998 foieïn¾ ui 04 Èk od;ñka hq;a wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmkwud;HdxY f,alïf.a wxl w;s' f,a' ^wOHd' ix'&$32 ork pl%f,aL wxl 1998$45u.ska 1999 ckjdß ui isg ish¨ u mdi,aj, mQ¾fjdala; úIhud,dj l%shd;aullsÍu wdrïN lsÍug kshñ; úh'

58

4 jk j.=j( kj ixfYdaOk hgf;a ta ta úIhh i|yd ld,mßÉfþo fjka l<

hq;= wdldrh ^6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11 hk fY%aKs i|yd&

úIhh$wOHhk wxYh i;shlg fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo

^ld,mßÉfþoh úkdä 40&


6 7 8 9 10 11

wd.u 3 2 2 2 2 2

m<uq jk ni 5 5 5 5 5 5

bx.%Sis 5 5 5 5 5 5

.Ks;h 5 5 6 6 6 6

fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 4 3 3 3 - -

fi!kao¾h úIhh 4 3 3 3 3 3

isxy,$fou< fo jk NdIdjla f,i 2 2 2 2 - -

mßir wOHhkh 9 - - - - -

úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh - 6 6 6 6 6

iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih - 5 5 5 5 5

Ôjk ksmqK;d - 3 3 3 - -

;dlaIKsl úIhh - - - - 4 4

lKavdhï l%shdldrlï 3 ) ) ) - -

w;sf¾l úIhh I - - - - 2 2

w;sf¾l úIhh II - - - - 2 2

i;shlg fjka flfrk

ld,mßÉfþo 40 40 40 40 40 40

y;a jk" wg jk yd kj jk fY%aKs i|yd my; ±lafjk úIhhkaf.ka tlaúIhhlska tla ld,mßÉfþoh ne.ska uilg ld,mßÉfþo y;rla fjka lrf.k mdif,a wNsu;h mßÈ lKavdhï l%shdldrlï i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

• m<uq ni • bx.%Sis • .Ks;h



• Ôjk ksmqK;d

59

YsIHhl=g wksjd¾h úIh wgg wu;r j my; ±lafjk w;sf¾l úIhw;ßka folla yeoEÍug yels h' tla w;sf¾l úIhhla i|yd ld,mßÉfþo folne.ska w;sf¾l úIh fol i|yd ld,mßÉfþo y;rla fjka flfrhs'

• b;sydih

• N+f.da, úµdj

• ixj¾Ok wOHhkh

• oaú;Shsl NdIdjla f,i isxy, $ fou<

• idys;Hh ^isxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis$wrdì&

• kQ;k fyda iïNdjH NdIdjla

• fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

kj úIhud,djg wkql+, j idudkH fm< úNd.h i|yd wksjd¾h úIhwgla iy w;sf¾l úIh folla we;=¿ j úIh 10lg isiqjl=g fmkS isáh yels h'

wksjd¾h úIh yr úIh&

ish¨ u YsIHhka úiska fï úIh f;dard .; hq;= fjhs'

• wd.u ^nqoaOd.u" l%sia;shdks wd.u ^frda'l'& l%sia;shdks ^frda'l'fkd'&

^ffYjd.u" bia,dï O¾uh&

• m<uq jk NdIdj

• bx.%Sis

• .Ks;h

• fi!kao¾h wOHhkh ^Ñ;%$k¾;kh ^Ndr;$isxy,& ix.S;h

^fmrÈ.$wmrÈ.$l¾Kdg&



• ;dlaIKsl úIhh ^lDIs úµdj$.Dy wd¾Ól úµdj$jdKsc úµdj$ yia;

l¾udka;h&

w;sf¾l úIh

fuu úIh w;ßka folla YsIHhl=g f;dard .; yels h'

1' b;sydih 2' N+f.da, úµdj 3' ixj¾Ok wOHhkh

4' isxy,$fou< fo jk NdIdjla f,i

5' kQ;k fyda iïNdjH NdIdjla ^,;ska$md,s$m%xY$ixialD;$uef,a$ wrdì&

6' fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

7' idys;Hh ^isxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis$wrdì&

60

1997 j¾Ifha kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK u.ska lksIaG oaú;Shsl fY%aKsi|yd y÷kajd ÿka úIhud,dj iy fhdod .;a ld, mßÉfþo ixLHdj 5 jk j.=fõ

±lafõ'

5 jk j.=j( lksIaG oaú;Shsl f.%aKs i|yd úIhud,d rduqj

úIhh i;shlg fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo tla ld, mßÉfþohla i|yd úkdä 40&

fY%aKs fY%aKs fY%aKs fY%aKs

6 7 8 9

wd.u 3 2 2 2m<uq NdIdj 5 5) 5) 5)

bx.%Sis 5 5) 5) 5)

.Ks;h 5 6) 6) 6)fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 4 3 3 3

fi!kao¾h úIhhka 4 3 3 3

isxy,$fou< ^fo jk NdIdjla f,i&

mßir wOHhkh 9 - - -

úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh - 6) 6) 6)

iudc úµdj yd b;sydih - 5) 5) 5)

Ôjk ksmqK;d - 3) 3) 3)

lKavdhï jev 3 ) ) )

uq¿ .Kk 40 40 40 40

10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd fhdod .;a úIhud,dj iy ld,mßÉfþo ixLHd 6 jk j.=fõ

±lafõ'

61

6 jk j.=j( 10 iy 11 fY%aKs i|yd úIhud,d rduqj

i;shlg fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo

úIhh ^tla ld,mßÉfþohla i|yd úkdä 40&

fY%aKs fY%aKs

10 11

wd.u 3 2

m<uq NdIdj 5 5

bx.%Sis 5 5

.Ks;h 6 6

fi!kao¾h úIhhka $ idys;Hh 3 3

úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh 6 6

iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih 5 5

;dlaIKsl úIhh iy Ôjk ksmqK;d 4 4

w;sf¾l úIhh I 2 2

w;sf¾l úIhh II 2 2

uq¿ .Kk 40 40

oaú;Shsl úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• oaú;Shsl wOHhkfha § úIh jYfhka meyeÈ,s j fnÿKq úIhud,djla ùu

• jvd;a úia;D; wjia:d u; mokï jQ bf.kqulg yd jvd;a ksoyia Ñka;kl%shdj,shlg YsIHhd fhduq lrkq ,eîu

• fuu tla tla úIhh yd ine¢ .eg¨ wjia:d yd ixl,am YsIHhskag w¾:j;ajk whqßka o Tjqkaf.a Ôú;hg wod< jk f,i o bÈßm;a lsÍu msKsi WÑ;mßÈ bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSu úIh ndr .=rejrhdi;= j.lSula ùu

• yqfola ks¾foaYs; úIh ikaOdrh y÷kd .ekSfuka muKla hf:dala; j.lSumQ¾K jYfhka bgq l< fkd yels ùu; úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq yd wNsu;d¾:ms<sn| j fuka u iuia; mdi,a wOHdmkfha fmdÿ wfmalaIdjka .ek oukd wjfndaOhla .=rejrhd i;= úh hq;= ùu'

• úIh ks¾foaYj, wruqKq iy fmdÿ wNsu;d¾: meyeÈ,s j olajd ;sîu'

• úIh b.ekaùug ierfik .=rejrhd cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKqj, isg úIhks¾foaYfha fmdÿ wNsu;d¾: f;la jQ wfmalaId wkql%ufhka lshjd wjfndaOlr .ekSu wjYH h' úIh ks¾foaYfha wvx.= wka;¾.;h ish mka;s ldurfha

62

isiqkaf.a m%fõY p¾hdjkag yd ;;ajhkg Tìk mßoafoka isiqkg bÈßm;alsÍu i|yd bf.kqï wjia:d f;dard .ekSfï § yd bf.kqï l%shdldrlïixúOdkh lsÍfï § by;ska i|yka lrk ,o úúO uÜgïj, wOHdmkwfmalaId ms<sn| wjfndaOh m%fhdackj;a jkq we;' tu wfmalaIdjka bgq lr.ekSug kï Wola mka;s ldur b.ekaùï muKla m%udKj;a fkd jk nj

meyeÈ,s h' Bg wkqmQrl úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï mdi, ;=< ixúOdkh

lsÍu o w;HjYH h' Bg wu;r j ta wfmalaIdjkg .e<fmk wdldrfhabf.kqu ;lafiare lsÍfï l%fudamdh o fhdod.; hq;= fõ' ta ish,a, mdi,;=< ixúOdkh lr .ekSug uQ,sl u.fmkaùula jYfhka" zzbf.kqïb.ekaùfï l%fudamdhZZ zzmdi,a m%;sm;a;s jev igykaZZ zzwe.hSuZZ hk wxYo úIh ks¾foaYfha we;=<;a lr ;sîu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhls'

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm<

• Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isáh hq;= úIhh ixLHdj y;f¾ isg ;=k olajdwvq fldg we;'

• úYaj úµd, mSGj,g we;=<;a ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk isiqka ta ta úYajúoHd, mSG u.ska kshu lrk ,o úIh ixfhdackj,g wkqj mdGud,dwOHhkh l< hq;= fõ'

• j¾I 2000 isg w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isg úYaj úµd, m%fõYhwfmalaId lrk ish¨ u isiqka" idudkH ±kqïj;a nj (General awareness)

yd Ñka;k yelshd mÍlaId lsÍu i|yd idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKhg fmkSisáh hq;= h'

mj;akd Wiia fm< úIh ixfYdaOk" úIh ks¾foaY yd úNd. l%u m%OdkjYfhka u ilia ù we;af;a ±kg úYaj úµd,j, mj;sk mdGud,d yeoEÍu i|ydwe;=<;a jk iq¿;r YsIH ixLHdjf.a wjYH;djkg wkqj h' Wiia fm< yodrkYsIHhkaf.ka 90]la muK jk nyq;rhlg úYaj úµd, myiqlï fkd ,efí'úYaj úµd, moaO;sfhka mßndysr j isák w;súYd, udkj iïm;a flfrys ±kgmj;sk Wiia fm< iuyr úIh ks¾foaY ;=< ie,ls,a,la olajd ke;' fï ksid kjwOHdmk m%;sixialrK jevigyk hgf;a Wiia fm< i|yd kj úIh 1998iema;eïn¾ ui isg y÷kajd §u wdrïN flf¾'

wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxY f,alïf.a oaú' w'$103 wxl ork1998 wm%sfh,a ui 09 Èk od;ñka hqla; pl%f,aL wxl 98$15ys i|yka mßÈ úYajúµd, m%fõYh ms<sn| w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIh ixfhdack my; i|yka mßÈ fõ'

úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<& úIh ixfhdack

kj úIh ixfYdaOkh wkqj j¾I 2000 § meje;afjk w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&úNd.fha m%;sM, u; úYaj úµd, m%fõYh ,eîu i|yd YsIHhska fmkS isáhhq;af;a úIh ;=klg muKs'

63

úYaj úµd, u.ska meje;afjk úúO m%:u Wmdê mdGud,dj,g we;=<;aùu i|yd YsIHhska úiska w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& mÍlaIKhg fmkS isáh hq;= úIhixfhdack my; ±lafõ'

1' l,d úIh Odrdj

l,d îudc úµd" udkj Ydia;% yd NdId" fi!kao¾h wOHhk& hkd§lafIa;%hkays m%:u Wmdê mdGud,dj,g we;=<;a ùu i|yd YsIHhskag fmkS isáh

yels úIhud,dj my; ±lafõ'

1'1 iudc úoHd$jHjydßl iudc wOHhk (

wd¾Ól úµdj foaYmd,k úµdfõ uQ,sldx.

N+f.da, úµdj ;¾l úµdj iy úµd;aul l%uh

b;sydih .sKqïlrKh$jHdmdr ixLHdkh

.Dy wd¾Ól úµdjlDIs úµdj$.Ks;h

1'2 wd.ï iy YsIagdpdr

nqoaO O¾uh$fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh

ls%ia;= O¾uh$.%Sl iy frdau YsIagdpdrh

yskaÿ O¾uh$yskaÿ YsIagdpdrh

bia,dï$bia,dï YsIagdpdrh

1'3 fi!kao¾h wOHhk

Ñ;%" kegqï îsxy,&$kegqï ^Nr;&

ix.S;h ^fmrÈ.$l¾Kdgl$ngysr&

kdgH iy rx.l,dj îsxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis&

1'4 NdId

1'4'1 úfoaYSh NdId

Ök" uef,a" m%xY" m¾ishka" W¾ÿ" c¾uka" reishka" yskaÈ" cmka

1'4'2 iïNdjH NdId

wrdì" .%Sla" ,;ska" md,s" ixialD;

1'4'3 cd;sl NdId

bx.%Sis" isxy," fou<

(i) by; 1'1 ys ±lafjk iudc úµd$jHjydßl iudc wOHhk hk úIhldKavfhka wju jYfhka tla úIhhla f;dard .; hq;= h' YsIHhdf.aukdmh wkqj fï ldKavfhka úIh folla fyda ;=k u jqj o f;dard.; yels h' úIh ixfhdackh f;dard .ekSfï § my; ±lafjk lreKqie,ls,a,g .; hq;= h'

64

- by; 1'2 ys ±lafjk wd.ï iy YsIagdpdr w;=ßka hï wd.ula f;dard.; fyd;a Bg iïnkaO YsIagdpdr úIh f;dard .; fkd yels h'

- fi!kao¾h wOHhkh ms<sn| m%:u Wmdê mdGud,djlg we;=<;aùug wfmalaId lrk YsIHhska by; 1'3 ldKavfhka leu;s úIhhlafyda folla f;dard .; hq;= h'

- by; 1'4 ldKavfha ±lafjk NdId w;=ßka YsIHhl=g f;dard .;yelafla NdId folla muKls' tfy;a my; (ii) olajd we;s mßÈiïNdjH yd cd;sl NdId iïnkaOfhka fï iSudj n, fkd mdhs'

(ii) by; ^1& fldgfiys olajd we;s wjYH;d" cd;sl iy iïNdjH NdIdmuKla yodrk YsIHhskag n, fkd mdhs' Tjqkag cd;sl NdId ;=k^bx.%Sis" isxy, iy fou<& fyda wju jYfhka tla cd;sl NdIdjlawe;=<;a cd;sl yd iïNdjH NdId ixfhda.hla f;dard .; yels h'^ksoiqka( isxy," md,s iy ixialD; fyda bx.%Sis" .%Sla iy ,;ska&' by;1'4'2 fldgiska ±lafjk iïNdjH NdId ;=kla f;dard .; fkd yels njie,lsh hq;= h'

2' jdKsc úIh Odrdj

l<ukdlrKh" jdKscH yd jHdmdr wOHhk hk lafIa;%j, m%:u WmdêmdGud,d i|yd wjYH úIh ixfhdack my; ±lafõ'

i. jHdmdr wOHhk" wd¾Ól úµdj" iy .sKqïlrKh fyda

ii. jHdmdr wOHhk" wd¾Ól úµdj iy jHdmdr ixLHdkh$.Ks;h fyda

iii. my; úIhj,ska folla(

- jHdmdr wOHhkh" wd¾Ól úµdj" . sKqïlrKh$jHdmdrixLHdkh$.Ks;h iy my; úIh w;=frka f;dard.;a tla úIhhla"

- bx.%Sis" m%xY" c¾uka" Ök" cmka" fN!;sl úµdj" lDIs úµdj" ;¾lúµdj iy úµd;aul l%uh" N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih" foaYmd,kúµdfõ uQ,sldx.

igyk ( jdKscHh" .KldêlrKh yd uQ,H l<ukdlrKh hkd§ m%:u Wmdê

mdGud,dj,g m%fõYh i|yd w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& mÍlaIKhg .sKqïlrKh

f;dard f.k ;sîu wjYH fõ'

3' ffjoH úoHdj$oka; Y,H úoHdj$mY= ffjoH úoHdj

ridhk úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj iy ðj úµdj

4' lDIsl¾uh$lDIs úoHdj

my; ±lafjk úIh ixfhdack w;=ßka tlla (

65

ridhk úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj iy Ôj úµdj

ridhk úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj $ .Ks;h" Ôj úµdj $ lDIs úµdj

ridhk úµdj" Ôj úµdj" lDIs úµdj $ .Ks;h

5' bxðfkare úoHdj

fN!;sl úµdj" ixhqla; .Ks;h iy ridhk úµdj

6' úoHdj $ jHjydßl úoHd

my; ±lafjk úIhhka w;=ßka f;dard .;a úIh ;=kla (

ridhk úµdj .Ks;h$ixhqla; .Ks;h

Ôj úµdj Wiia .Ks;h

lDIs úµdj fN!;sl úµdj

7' kS;sh

my; ±lafjk úIhud,dfjka f;dard .;a úIh ;=kla (

wd¾Ól úµdj" foaYmd,k úµdfõ uQ,sldx." N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih";¾l úµdj iy úµd;aul l%uh" jHdmdr wOHhk" .sKqïlrKh" jHdmdrixLHdk" fN!;sl úµdj" ridhk úµdj" .Ks;h$ixhqla; .Ks;h" Wiia.Ks;h" Ôj úµdj" lDIs úµdj fyda by; úIhj,ska tlla fyda follaf;dard f.k l,d úIh Odrdfõ my; ±lafjk úIh w;=ßka wfklaúIh$úIh f;dard .ekSu'

- wd.ï yd YsIagdpdr ^l,d úIh Odrdfõ 1' 2&

- iïNdjH NdId ^l,d úIh Odrdfõ 1'4'2&

- cd;sl NdId ^l,d úIh Odrdfõ 1'4'3&

- Ök" m%xY" c¾uka" cmka

8' ks¾udK mßir ^jdia;= úoHdj&

my; ±lafjk úIh w;=ßka wju jYfhka tla úIhhla (

Ñ;%" ixhqla; .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h" N+f.da, úµdj" ridhk úµdj" Ôjúµdj

my; ±lafjk úIh w;=ßka wfkla úIhh$úIh f;dard .ekSu (

jHdmdr wOHhk" .sKqïlrKh" jHdmdr ixLHdkh" wd¾Ól úµdj" foaYmd,kúµdfõ uQ,sldx." b;sydih" ;¾l úµdj iy úµd;aul l%uh" .Dy wd¾Ólúµdj" .Ks;h" wrdì" Ök" bx.%Sis" m%xY" c¾uka" yskaÈ" cmka" ixialD;" md,s"isxy," l,d úIh Odrdfõ 1'2 ys we;=<;a YsIagdpdr úIh

66

9' m%udK iólaIK ^f.dvke.s,s wd¾Ól úoHdj&

my; ±lafjk úIh w;=ßka wju jYfhka tla úIhhla"

ixhqla; .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h" fN!;sl úµdj" jHdmdr ixLHdkh

my; ±lafjk úIhj,ska wfkl=;a úIhh$úIh f;dard .ekSu'

ridhk úµdj" Ôj úµdj" .sKqïlrKh" wd¾Ól úµdj" jHdmdr wOHhk

h" ;¾l úµdj iy úµd;aul l%uh" N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih

10' uekqï úoHdj

fN!;sl úµdj" ixhqla; .Ks;h iy fjk;a ´kE u úIhhla'

;j o" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxY f,alïf.a wxl oaù'w'$103ork 1998 cQ,s ui 31 Èk od;ñka hq;a pl%f,aL wxl 98$25g wkqj ta iu. jQweuqKqfuys jQ jir 2000 isg w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& úNd.h iu. mej;afjk idudkH

fmdÿ mÍlaIKh ms<sn| lreKq fufia h'

jir 2000 isg w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& úNd.h iuÕ meje;afjk idudkHfmdÿ mÍlaIKh

1'0 idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKh y÷kajd §fï fya;=

úNd. idu¾:H iïnkaOfhka flfrk wjOdrKh ksid Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkl%uh wLKav j úfõpkhg md;% ù ;sfí' m%isoaO úNd.j, § úYsIag m%;sM, ,nd.ekSu fya;=fldg f.k ckm%sh mdi,aj,g yd úYaj úµd,j,g we;=<;a ùu"YsIH;aj Èkd.ekSu yd jdis iy.; /lshdj,g m%úIag ùu jeks úfYaI wjia:disiqkg Wod fõ' fï ;;a;ajh ksid wOHdmkfha jvd jeo.;a wruqKq wu;llrñka isiqka úNd. i|yd iQodkï lrùu iïnkaOfhka .=rejreka yd foudmshka;=< fm,öula we;s ù ;sfí' Y%S ,xldfõ mj;akd úNd. l%uh isiqka ;=< we;sf;dr;=re wdj¾ckh lsÍfï yelshdj flf¾ uy;a úYajdihla ;nd we;s njfmfka' ta wkqj mka;s ldurfha b.ekafjk úIh lreKq jkfmd;a lsÍu úNd.j,§ fyd| m%;sM, w;am;a lr .ekSfï b;d u i;=gqodhl l%uhla nj ikd: ù ;sfí'fï ksid Y%S ,xldj ;=< mÍlaIK yd b.ekaùï l%fudamdhhka ms<sn| ixl,amiuqodfha fjkil wjYH;djla mj;S' úIh lreKq jkfmd;a lsÍu iïnkaOfhkaflfrk fï wjOdrKh fya;= fldg f.k wkd.;fha ld¾hlaIu yd M,odhSmqrjeishka f,i lghq;= lsÍug wjYH jk Wiia m%cdkk yelshd yd Ñka;kolaI;d j¾Okh lsÍu m%n, f,i wu;l flfrk nj wOHdmk{hska úiskaksrka;r j fmkajd § we;' fï ;;a;ajh fjkia lsÍu i|yd úúOdldrfhaueÈy;aùïj, wjYH;djla mj;S' w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& úNd.h iu. idudkH fmdÿmÍlaIKh y÷kajd §u tjeks ueÈy;a ùuls'

fujeks mÍlaIKhla ;=< wkd.;fha § ienE Ôú; wjia:dj,g id¾:lf,i uqyqK §ug bjy,a jk ;ud Ôj;a jk jgmsgdj ms<sn| idudkH ±kqïj;a nj

67

îïm%cdkkh& o iuyr udkisl olaI;d o YsIHhd ;=< m%.=K lsÍfï wjYH;dj

biau;= fldg ±laùfï yelshdj mj;S'

2'0 idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKfha jHqyh

fuu mÍlaIKh my; ±lafjk i;rúO nqoaêuh ,laIK mÍlaId lsÍui|yd ielfihs'

2'1 idudkH ±kqïj;a nj îïm%cdkkh&

2'2 .eg¨ úi£fï yelshdj

2'3 ;¾lk yelshdj ^úYaf,aIKd;aul" úêu;a" ixLHd yd wjldY&

2'4 wjfndaOh yd ikaksfõok yelshdj

1998 wm%sfh,a 30 Èk Èjhsfka uOHia:dk 80l cd;sl mdi,aj, iy 1 AB yd1C mdi,aj, isxy, yd fou< udOHfhka l,d" jdKsc yd úµd úIh Odrdj,

bf.kqu ,nk isiqka 2469la fhdod f.k mj;ajk ,o kshdul mÍlaIKhlska,nd .kakd ,o w;a±lSï wkqj idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKfha ld, iSudj meh fol1$2la úh hq;= nj ;SrKh fldg ;sfí' mÍlaIKh jrK mylska hq;a jdia;úl.Kfha nyqjrK m%Yak 60lska iukaú; jkq we;' idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKfhahf:dala; fldgia i|yd ;efnk nr my; ±lafjk wkaoug isÿ fõ'

idudkH ±kqïj;a nj îïm%cdkkh& - m%Yak 15

.eg¨ úi£fï yelshdj - m%Yak 15

;¾lk yelshdj - m%Yak 15

wjfndaOh yd ikaksfõok yelshdj - m%Yak 15

fuu weuqKqfuys idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKhg we;=<;a flfrk m%Yak j¾.ms<sn| ksoiqka wvx.= fjhs' mÍlaIKh ms<sn| jeäÿr úia;r 1998 j¾Ih wjidkùug fmr mdi,aj,g imhkq ,efí' fï ms<sn| j fmd;a msxpla uqøKh fldg

fnod § ;sfí'

8'0 2000 oYlh

Y%S ,xldfõ l%udkql+, úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= wdrïN lrkq ,enqfõ1960 oYlfha w.Nd.fha § úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh ia:dms; lsÍu;aiu. h' 1986 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ia:dms; lsÍu;a iu. úIhud,dixj¾Okh tys j.lSula njg m;a úK' flfia jqj o jir .Kkdjla ;siafiaúIhud,d ixj¾Okh fufia isÿ lrkq ,enQj;a tu lghq;af;ys kshe¿Kq whgúIhud,d ixj¾Okh i|yd fmdÿ uÕfmkaùula flfrk wm rgg wdfõKsl jQms<s.;a m%;sm;a;shla fkd ù h' tfy;a fï úYd, wvqmdvqj ke;s lsÍu wruqKqfldg 2000 cQks ui zzcd;sl úIhud,d m%;sm;a;shZZ (National curriculum policy and

curriculum process plan - Sri Lanka. National Institute of Education and Ministry of Educa-

tion and Higher Education, Sri Lanka, 15th June 2000) m%ldYhg m;alsÍu" úIhud,d

68

ixj¾Ok b;sydifha b;d jeo.;a ixêia:dkhla úh' fuu m%ldYkh u.skaúIhud,d ixj¾Okh ms<s.;a m%;sm;a;shlg wkql+, j ixj¾Okh lsÍfïwjYH;dj;a" tys § ie,lsh hq;= lreKq iy fhdackd;a wvx.= ùu ksid" j¾I2000ka miq úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;=j, fhfokakjqkag b;d jeo.;aud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhla imhd we;'

zzlsishï YsCIKhla b.ekaùu iy bf.kqu myiq lsÍu i|yd mdi,la úiskaiïmdokh lrkq ,nk" mrud¾:" wruqKq" wka;¾.;h" b.ekaùï Wmdhud¾."we.hSu iy w;HjYH bf.kqï iïm;a we;=<;a mdGud,djlaZZ

"A course of study provided in school to include the aims, objectives, content

teaching strategies, evaluation and essential learning resources to facilitate, learning and

teaching of a given discipline."4343434343

"A stuctured series of intended learning outcomes"

fuh .=rejrekag YsIHhskag b.ekaùfï iy bf.kqï l%shdldrlï ie,iqïlr .ekSug Wmldß jkjd muKla fkd j" úIhud,d l%shd;aul lsÍfï iykshuqlrKh lsÍfï lghq;=j, kshe¿Kq wëlaIljrekag yd l<ukdlrejkag";u ld¾hhka" ld¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS f,i lsÍug iy fjk;a whgud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh iemhSu n÷ ld¾h i|yd o iydh fõ'

1998 isg 2007 j¾Ih olajd l%shd;aul jQ úIhud,dj ms<sn| my; i|ykawoyia m< ù we;'

zz6-11 fY% aKs i|yd l% shd;aul jk úIhud,dj u.ska ±kg fi;laie,fikafka Ydia;% Sh wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka Wkkaÿjla olajk isiqkaw;f<diailg muKs' úYaj úµd, m%fõY úNd.h iu;a jqj o" úYaj úµd,hgmsúiSug fkd yels jk YsIH msßi flfrys fuka u úYaj úµd, m%fõYh wiu;ajk isiq msßfia wkd.;h iïnkaO j o j¾;udk wOHdmk l%ufhka wjOdkhfhduqjkafka iq¿ jYfhks' wm rfÜ b;d jeo.;a iïm;la jk ñksia iïm;skajeä m%udKhla we;=<;a jk fï ;reK YsIHhskag ljr brKula w;afõ o@ zztaZZidu¾:H y;rla fyda ;=kla ,nd úYaj úµd,hg b;d Wiia wkaoñka iu;a jkYsIHhka iq¿ fldgila iïnkaO jeä ie,ls,a,la fhduq jk w;r" úIh lsysmhlskaWiia fm< wiu;a jk YsIH ixLHdj .ek o wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu jeo.;a fkdjkafka o@ ±kg mj;akd ;;a;ajh wkqj oaú;Shsl wOHdmk l%uh wjidkfha;reK msßig w;a jk brKu w;s Nhdkl h'ZZ4444444444

69

7 jk j.=j( 1998 isg 2007 j¾Ih olajd l%shd;aul jQ úIhud,dj

6 fY%aKsh ^úIh lafIa;% 9& 7-9 fY%aKs ^úIh lafIa;% 11&

m<uq jk NdIdj m<uq jk NdIdj

.Ks;h .Ks;h

bx.%Sis bx.%Sis

wd.u wd.u

mßir wOHhkh" úµdj yd úµdj iy ;dlaIKfõoh

iudc wOHhk úIhhkaf.a tl;=jla

fi!kao¾h úIhhka iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih

m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d fi!kao¾h úIh

fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d

isxy,$fou< Ôjk ksmqK;d

^fo jk cd;sl NdIdj& ^fo jk cd;sl NdIdj&

fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

fuu ;;a;ajh hgf;a 2003 j¾Ifha m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ cd;sl wruqKq wgla i|yka fõ' tajd fufia h'

1' udkj wNsudkhg .relsÍfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúOiudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr.ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍuu.ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

2' fjkia jk f,dalhl wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl WreufhaudyeÕs odhdohka y÷kd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu

3' udkj whs;sjdislïj,g .re lsÍu" hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn| ±kqïj;a ùu"yDohx.u ne£ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk .=Kdx.m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu;hka iy m%cd;dka;%slÔjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hEugiydh ùu

4' mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm; iy udkj w.hj,g .relsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

5' iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i|yd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh"úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¿ fjk;a Okd;aul wx. ,laIKixj¾Okh lsÍu

6' mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj .=Kh jeä ÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõwd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl jk M,odhS ld¾hhka i|yd wOHdmkfhkaudkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

4545454545

70

7' YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev.eiSugyd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iQodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K ydwkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

8' m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñlr .ekSug odhl jk hqla;sh"iudk;ajh iy wfkHdkH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am yd l=i,;d

fmdaIKh lsÍu'4646464646

Y%S ,xldjg iqÿiq úIhud,djla ieliSfï § fhda.H ksmqK;d cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNdj úiska y÷kd f.k we;' tfia y÷kd .;a uQ,sl ksmqK;d fufia±lafõ'

1' ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

idlaIr;dj" ixLHd ms<sn| ±kqu" rEml Ndú;h iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKm%ùK;ajh hk wkqldKav y;rla u; ikaksfõok ksmqK;d mokï fõ'

idlaIr;dj (- idjOdk j weyqïlka §u" meyeÈ,s j l:d lsÍu" f;areï.ekSu i|yd lshùu" ksje/È j iy ksrjq,a j ,sùu" M,odhS whqßka woyia yqjudrelr .ekSu

ixLHd ms<sn| ±kqu (- NdKav" wjldYh yd ld,h" .Kka lsÍu" .Kkh

iy ñkqï i|yd l%udkql+, b,lalï Ndú;h

rEml Ndú;h (- f¾Ld iy wdlD;s Ndú;fhka woyia ms<sìUq lsÍu iyf¾Ld" wdlD;s iy j¾K .<mñka úia;r" Wmfoia yd woyia m%ldYkh yd jd¾;dlsÍu'

f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh (- mß.Kl ±kqu iy bf.kSfï § o fiajdmßY%j, § o fm!oa.,sl Ôú;fha § o f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK Wmfhda.Slr .ekSu'

2' fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d

- ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidß Ñka;kh" wdrïNl Yla;sh" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨

ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S yd ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï yeÕSfukalghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r in|;d" kj fidhd .ekSï iy .fõIKh jeksj¾.Sh l=i,;d

- Rcq .=Kh" bjid ord isàfï Yla;sh iy udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍu jeksw.hhka

- Ñ;a;fõ.S nqoaêh

3' mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

fuu ksmqK;d iudc" ffcj iy fN!;sl mßirhkag wod< fõ'

71

iudc mßirh (- cd;sl Wreuhka ms<sn| wjfndaOh" nyqjd¾.sl iudchlidudðlhka ùu yd iïnkaO ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;d" idOdrK hqla;sh ms<sn|yeÕSu" iudc iïnkaO;d" fm!oa.,sl p¾hdj" idudkH yd ffk;sl iïm%odh"whs;sjdislï" j.lSï" hq;=lï iy ne£ï'

ffcj mßirh (- iÔú f,dalh" ck;dj iy ffcj moaO;sh" .ia je,a"jkdka;r" uqyqÿ" c,h" jd;h iy Ôjh - Ydl" i;a;aj yd ñksia Ôú;hg iïnkaOjQ wjfndaOh" ixfõ§ nj yd l=i,;d'

fN!;sl mßirh (- wjldYh" Yla;sh" bkaOk" øjH" NdKav iy ñksiaÔú;hg tajdfha we;s iïnkaO;dj" wdydr" we÷ï" ksjdi" fi!LH" iqj myiqj"Yajikh" kskao" ksial,xlh" úfõlh" wmøjH iy u,my lsÍu hkdÈh yd

iïnkaO jQ wjfndaOh" ixfõÈ;dj yd l=i,;dj'

bf.kSu" jev lsÍu iy Ôj;a ùu i|yd fuj,ï iy ;dlaIKh m%fhdackhg.ekSfï l=i,;d fuys wvx.= fõ'

4' jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu'

;u jD;a;Sh <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y÷kd .ekSu'

yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka /lshdjla f;dard .ekSu iy jdisodhl yd;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu

hk yelshdjka Wmßu lsÍu yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;sh ydiïnkaO l=i,;d'

5' wd.u iy wdpdr O¾uhkag wod< ksmqK;d

mqoa.,hkag ;u ffoksl Ôú;fha § wdpdr O¾u" iodpdrd;aul yd wd.udkql+,yeisÍï rgdjkag wkq.; fjñka jvd;a WÑ; foa f;dard thg iß,k fia lghq;=lsÍu i|yd w.hhka Wlyd .ekSu yd iaùhlrKh

6' l%Svdj iy úfõlhg m%fhdackhg .ekSfï ksmqK;d

fi!kao¾hh" idys;H" fi,a,ï lsÍu" l%Svd yd u,, l%Svd" úfkdaodxY ydfjk;a ks¾udKd;aul Ôjk rgdj,ska m%ldY jk úfkdaoh" i;=g" wdfõ.h iytjka udkqIsl w;a±lSï

7' zbf.kSug bf.kquZ ms<sn| ksmqK;d

YS>%fhka fjkia jk ixlS¾K yd tlsfkld u; hefmk f,dalhl mßj¾;k

72

l%shdj,shla yryd fjkiaùï yiqrejd .ekSfï § yd Bg ixfõ§ j yd id¾:l jm%;spdr ±laùu;a iajdëk j bf.k .ekSu;a i|yd mqoa.,hska yg Yla;sh ,nd §u

by; i|yka ksmqK;d" Y%S ,xldfõ bf.kSu ,nk ish¨ u YsIHhka flfrys

j¾Okh lsÍu wksjd¾hfhka isÿ úh hq;= h'4747474747

2003 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfjka fhdað; fjkialï iytu fjkialïj,g fya;=

^w& 6 - 9 fY%AKs i|yd fmdÿ isjq wjqreÿ úIhud,djla'

^wd& wka;¾.;fhka fkd.eUqre hehs o úµdj iy iudc wOHhk hk úIhfol u Èhdre lsÍula hehs o úfõpkhg ,la j we;s" 6 jk fY%aKsfha mßir

wOHhkh bj;a lsÍu

^we& úµd úIh Odrdj, wka;¾.;hg iSudjka mek ù we;ehs o úfõpkhg,la ù we;s úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh" fmr meje;s mßÈ úoHdj

f,iska fjkia lsÍu

^wE& ziudc wOHhkh yd b;sydihZ fjkqjg b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj iymqrjeis wOHdmkh $ m%cdpdrh úIh kej; b.ekaùu' 1970 isg fuu úIhifudaOdkh lsÍug .;a W;aidyh fya;=fjka b;sydih iy m%cdpdrh hkúIh fol u wj;lafiarejg yd fkdi,ld yeÍulg ,la j we;e hs jd¾;dù we;s w;r uyck woyia úuiqï" iïuka;%K iy wOHhk úIhud,dfõiudc úµd wxYh fndfyda rgj, isÿjkakdla fuka fjka jQ úIhj,skaiukaú; úh hq;= njg m%n, b,a,Sula ùu'

^b& idrO¾u we;=<;a lsÍug;a" mqoa., ixj¾Okh m%j¾Okh lsÍug;a 1998 §y÷kajd fokq ,enQ zÔjk ksmqK;dZ úIhhg úIhud,dfõ fkdjeo.;a;ekla ysñ ù we;s ksid o" tys wruqKq bgq lr .ekSug wfmdfydi;a ùuksid o" tu úIhh bj;a fldg" ta fjkqjg idrO¾u iy mqoa., ixj¾Okhjeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï l=i,;d ish¨ u úIhj,g we;=<;a lsÍu'

^B& ±kg we;s m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIK l=i,;d hk úIh lafIa;%hg mß.KlidlaIr;dj o we;=<;a lsÍfuka th kej; ilia fldg z;dlaIK l=i,;dZhkqfjka kï lsÍu

^W& mdi,a mdol we.hSï hgf;a ;lafiarejg ,la l< yels jk mßÈ l%shdldrlïmdol jHdmD;s$m%dfhda.sl jev wksjd¾h ixrplhla jYfhka úIhud,dfõtla tla úIh iu. ifudaOdkh lsÍu4848484848

fhdað; lksIaG oaú;Shsl 6-9 fY%aKs& úIhud,djg wvx.= úIh lafIa;% fodf<di

^w& m<uq jk NdIdj ^wd& .Ks;h^we& bx.%Sis ^wE& wd.u

^b& úoHdj ^B& b;sydih

73

^W& N+f.da, úµdj ^W!& m%cdpdrh$mqrjeis wOHdmkh

^t& fi!kao¾h úIh - Ñ;%" ix.S;h" kegqï

^ta& ) rEml l,dj (Graphics) ) mß.Kl idlaIr;dj (IT)

) uQ,sl ;dlaIKfõoh ) lDIsl¾uh

) wdydr ilia lsÍu

^T& fi!LHh iy YdÍßl wOHdmkh

^´& fo jk cd;sl NdIdj jYfhka isxy,$fou<

;dlaIKsl l=i,;d fuka u wod< fjk;a úIhj, l%shdldrlï mdolbf.kqï$m%dfhda.sl jev i|yd 1997 m%;sixialrK fhdackd lr we;s mßÈl%shdldrlï ldurhla yels blaukska iEu mdi,l u ixúOdkh l< hq;= h' fuu

l%shdldrlï úIhud,dfõ wksjd¾h ixrplhla jkq we;'

fhdað; fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh Î& 10-11 fY%aKs w'fmd'i' îd'fm<&

^w& m<uq jk NdIdj ^b& úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh

^wd& .Ks;h ^B& iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih

^we& bx.%Sis ^W& fi!kao¾h úIhhla

^wE& wd.u ^W!& ;dlaIK úIhhla

w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.h i|yd YsIHhka yg b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj"ixj¾Ok wOHhkh" fojk NdIdjla f,iska isxy,$fou<" kùk iy iïNdjHNdId idys;Hh îsxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis$wrdì& hk úIh w;=ßka w;sf¾l úIh follao f;dard .; yels h'

1' fhdað; fjkialï fol lksIaG oaú;Shsl fY%aKs i|yd y÷kajd ÿka

fjkialïj,g wkql+, fõ'

^w& úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh fjkqjg" mq¿,a lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaY iys;j úµdj

^wd& w'fmd'i' id'fm<& úNd.fha § úIh nyq,;dj je<elaùu i|yd b;sydih"N+f.da, úµdj iy m%cdpdrh wksjd¾h úIh fldgia jYfhka we;=<;aiudc úµd úIhh49

2' ±kg w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.h i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIh hgf;a úl,ammdGud,d i|yd fmkS issákq ,efí' fldñIka iNdfõ fufyhùfuka lrk,o wOHhkhkaf.ka fmkS f.dia we;s mßÈ fndfyda mdi,aj, jvd;a u ckm%sh;dlaIK úIh i|yd jqj o" w¾:j;a wOHhkhla i|yd wjYH WmlrK fkdue;' ta w;r u" uqyqÿ Ôù iïm;a ;dlaIKh iy f.dvìï c,dY Ôù iïm;a;dlaIKh jeks úIh W.kajkq ,nkafka mdi,a 2]lg;a wvq m%udKhl h'tfia fyhska" tu úIh fol bj;a lsÍu" i;a;aj md,kh" lDIsl¾u úIhh

74

iu. ifudaOdkh lsÍu iy f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh tl;= lsÍu o fhdackdflf¾' jD;a;Sh mqyqKq wdh;khkag we;=<;a ùu fyda /lshd flfrys fhduqùu fyda myiq lrjkq i|yd mdi,aj, b.ekaúh yels ;dlaIK úIh wglskatlla f;dard .ekSu YsIHhkag yels fjhs' fuu úIhud,d lafIa;%h i|ydm%udKj;a WmlrK yd udkj iïm;a iemhsh hq;= h'

3' mdi,a ld,igyfkys wjldY fkd ue;s neúkq;a" fuu úIh oyh M,odhSf,i b.ekaùug mdi,aj, wjOdkh fhduq ùu iy;sl lrjkq i|yd;a"fjk;a w;sf¾l úIh b.ekaùu fhdackd fkd flf¾' fi!kao¾h úIh ;=<yd ;dlaIK úIh ;=< m%udKj;a úl,am wka;¾.; j we;'

4' w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& i|yd jQ wksjd¾h úIhud,djg úIh wgla iy úNd.fha§ mÍlaId fkdflfrk úIh folla we;=<;a h'

^w& fi!LHh iy YdÍßl wOHdmkh

^wd& fo jeks NdIdjla jYfhka isxy,$fou<

5' ta wkqj 10 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd jQ úIhud,dj fuf,i fõ'

^w& m<uq jk NdIdj ^wd& .Ks;h

^we& bx.S%is ^wE& wd.u ^b& úµdj

^B& iudc úµd - b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" m%cdpdrh$mqrjeis wOHdmkh

^W& Ñ;%$ix.S;h$kegqï$kdgHlrKh yd rx. l,dj$idys;Hh îsxy,fyda fou< fyda bx.%Sis fyda wrdì&

^W!& ie,iqï ;dlaIKh f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh$lDIsl¾uh$wdydr ;dlaIKhyd .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj$l,d Ys,am$jHdmdr wOHhkh$bÈlsÍï jHdmdr$fudag¾ ld¾ñl Ys,amh$úÿ,s ;dlaIKh

) fi!LHh iy YdÍßl wOHdmkh

) fojk cd;sl NdIdj f,i isxy,$fou<

) fuu úIh w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.fha § mÍlaId fkd lrkqwe;'

l%shdldrlï iys; jHdmD;s$mejreï mdol fldg .;a m%fõYhla ieu úIhhlai|yd u jQ úIhud,djl wksjd¾h wx.hla jkafka h' th mdi,a mdol we.hSuhgf;a ;lafiare flfrkq we;'5151515151

wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk f,alïf.a wxl B ã$05$2$2$2 iy 2004'09'13od;ñka hq;a pl%f,aL wxl 2004$17 u.ska iudc wOHhkh úIhh fjkqjgN+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih" mqrjeis wOHdmkh hk úIh fjka fjka jQ úIhhjYfhka y÷kajd §u l%shd;aul lrk ,È'

75

6 - 11 fY%aKs úIhhka i|yd fhdað; ld,h fjka lsÍu

8 jk j.=j( 6-11 olajd fY%aKsj, úIhhka i|yd fhdað; ld,h fjka lsÍu

úIh i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo m%udKh


6 7 8 9 10 11

wd.u 2 2 2 2 3 3

m<uqjk ni 5 5 5 5 5 5

bx.%Sis 8 5 5 5 5 5

.Ks;h 8 6 6 6 6 6

úµdj 5 6 6 6 6 6

b;sydih 2 2 2 2 2 2

N=f.da, úµdj 2 2 2 2 2 2

m%cdpdrh 2 2 2 2 2 2

fi!kao¾h úIh 2 3 3 3 3 3

;dlaIKsl l=i,;d$ie,iqï 2 3 3 3 3 3iy ;dlaIKh

isxy,$fou< ^fojk NdIdj& 1 2 2 2 1 1

fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 1 2 2 2 2 2

i;sfha iïmQ¾K ld,mßÉfþo .Kk 40 40 40 40 40 40

2007 j¾Ifha úIhud,d m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍu

mdi,a úIhud,dj ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj ixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eîuúIhud,dfõ .=Kd;aulNdjhg bjy,a fõ' tneúka wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" cd;slwOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha o ks¾foaY u; j¾I2007 isg ixfYdaê; úIhud,dj hgf;a l%shd;aul lsÍu weröh' wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha f,alïf.a wxl ED/0/12/06/15/01 ork" 2006'03'07 od;ñka hq;azzoaú;Shsl fY%aKs ^6 - 11& i|yd kj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lrkq ,enQ úIhud,djmy; ±lafõ' fuu pl%f,aLfha olajk kshuhkag wkqj 2007 jif¾ 6 yd 10 fY%aKsi|yd o 2008 jif¾ § 7 jk yd 11 jk fY%aKs i|yd o" 2009 jif¾ 8 jk fY%aKshi|yd o 2010 o 9 jk fY%aKsh i|yd o fuu pl%f,aLh l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ;úh' ;j o merKs úIhud,dj ^99$45 pl%f,aLh yd tys ixfYdaOkh& 2007 jif¾§ 7" 8" 9 yd 11 fY%aKs i|yd o" 2008 j¾Ifha § 8 jk yd 9 jk fY%aKs i|yd o 2009

j¾Ifha § 9 jk fY%aKs i|yd o n,meje;aúK'

76

9 jk j.=j( 6-9 fY%aKsj, úIh i|yd i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo fjka l<hq;= wdldrh

úIhh i;shlg fjka jk ld,mßÉfþo

6 7 8 9

fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh

wd.u ^nqoaO O¾uh $ lf;da,sl$l%sia;shdks O¾uh$ffYjfkaß$ bia,dï 2 2 2 2

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh$

fou< NdIdj yd idys;Hh 5 5 5 5

bx.%Sis 5 5 5 5

.Ks;h 5 5 5 5

úµdj 5 5 5 5

b;sydih 2 2 2 2

N+f.da, úµdj 2 2 2 2

Ôjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh 2 2 2 2

)fi!kao¾h úIh 3 3 3 3

m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIK l=i,;d 3 3 3 3

fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 2 2 2 2

fo jk NdIdj f,i isxy,$fou< 2 2 2 2

mqia;ld, Ndú;h 1 1 1 1

))fjka fkdlrk ,o ld,mßÉfþo 1 1 1 1

tl;=j 40 40 40 40

) fi!kao¾h úIh hg;g wh;a jkqfha wxl 3'2'2ys i|yka úIh h'

)) fjka fkdlrk ,o ld,Éfþoh úÿyf,a l<ukdlrK uKav,húiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk úIh" wOHhk ld¾h iy l%Svd idys;Hix.ï jeks úIh iu.dó lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; yels h'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl fY%aKs ^10 - 11& úIh i|yd ld,mßÉfþo

kj úIhud,dj yr úIh yd ldKav úIh hkqfjka fldgia follskaiukaú; h' yr úIh yhls' ldKav" úIh ldKav ;=kla hgf;a f.dkq lr we;sw;r tu ldKav ;=fkka tla ldKavhlska tla úIhh ne.ska úIh ;=kla f;dard.; hq;= fõ' fï wkqj ish¨ u YsIHhka úiska yr úIh yhla yd ldKav úIh;=kla we;=¿ j úIh kjhla yodrkq ,eìh hq;= fõ'

5 05 05 05 05 0

77

yr úIh

îsh¨ u isiqka fuu úIh yh u yeoEßh hq;=hs'&

1' wd.u ^nqoaO O¾uh$lf;da,sl O¾uh$l%sia;shdks O¾uh $ffYjfkß $bia,dï&

2' isxy, NdIdj

3' .Ks;h

4' bx.%Sis

5' b;sydih

6' úµdj

ldKav úIh

my; i|yka úIh ldKavhkaf.ka tla ldKavhlska tla úIhhla muKlaf;dard .; hq;= h'

m<uq úIh ldKavh

1' N+f.da, úµdj

2' mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh

3' jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh

4' iïNdjH NdId yd kQ;k NdId

^md,s$ixialD;$m%xY$c¾uka$yskaÈ$cmka$wrdì&

5' fo jk NdIdjla f,i isxy,$fou<

fo jk úIh ldKavh

1' ix.S;h ^fmrÈ.$wmrÈ.$l¾Kdgl& 2' Ñ;%

3' kegqï ^foaYSh$Ndr;Sh& 4' kdgH yd rx. l,djîsxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis&

5' idys;H ridiajdoh îsxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis$wrdì&

f; jk úIh ldKavh

1' f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ldKavh

2' lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh 3' ëjr yd wdydr ;dlaIKh

4' ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh 5' Ys,am l,d

6' .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj 7' úµq;a f,aLklrKh yd

8'fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh ,>qf,aLkh

9' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh

78

10 jk j.=j( 10 - 11 fY%aKsj, úIhhka i|yd ld,mßÉfþo fjka l< hq;=wdldrh

úIhh i;shlg fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo

10 11

fY%aKsh fY%aKsh

wd.u ^nqoaO O¾uh $ lf;da,sl

l%sia;shdks O¾uh$ffYjfkaß bia,dï 2 2isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh$fou< NdIdj yd idys;Hh 5 5

.Ks;h 6 6

bx.%Sis 5 5

b;sydih 3 3

úµdj 6 6

m<uq jk úIhh ldKavfha úIhhla 3 3

fo jk úIhh ldKavfha úIhhla 3 3

f; jk úIhh ldKavfha úIhhla 3 3

mqia;ld, Ndú;h 1 1

) fjka fkdlrk ,o ld,mßÉfþo 3 3

tl;=j 40 40

fjka fkd lrk ,o ld,mßÉfþo ;=fkka tla ld,mßÉfþohla YdÍßlwOHdmkh i|yd fjka l< hq;= w;r b;sß ld,mßÉfþoh úÿyf,a l<ukdlrKuKav,h úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk" wOHhk ld¾h iy l%Svd" idys;H ix.ï jeksúIh iu.dó lghq;= i|yd fhdod .; hq;= h'


• f.da,ShlrKh iu. Wod ù we;s kj f;dr;=re hq.hl id¾:l úh yels;reK msßila mdif,ka rgg odhdo lsÍu wruqK ùu

• úIh lafIa;%fha fuka u úIhhg wod< bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,s lafIa;%fhao lemS fmfkk fjkialï /ila we;=<;a ùu

• meje;s úIhud,dfõ úIh lSmhla u bj;a fldg ;sîu

• kj úIh rdYshla úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu

• ish¨ u úIhj, wka;¾.;h hdj;ald,Sk lr ;sîu

• ksmqK;d mdol YsIH flakaøSh" l%shdldrlï m%uqL úIhud,djla ùu

79

• mdi,a wOHdmkfha mQ¾K mßj¾;khla we;s jk wdldrhg ie,iqï fldg;sîu

• j;auka iudch ;=< msßfyñka mj;sk" tfy;a id¾:l Ôú;hla .; lsÍugw;HjYH Ñka;k yelshd" iudc yelshd iy mqoa., yelshd bÈß mrïmrdjgw;am;a lr §u wruqKq lsÍu

• bf.kqu i|yd;a" bf.kqu ms<sn|j;a lrk we.ehSu jeo.;a ;ekla .ekSu

• kj úIhud,d o¾Ykhla u; Yla;su;a j f.dvke.Su

Wla; úIhud,d m%;sixialrK ms<sn| foaYSh wOHdmk{hska úúO woyiam< fldg we;'

w'fmd'i' îd'fm<g& wod< úIhud,d m%;sixialrK ms<sn| cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= Ndr" iyldr wOHlaI ckrd,a" .sksf.awoyia fufia h'

zzw'fmd'i' îd'fm<& uÜgfï § úIhud,dj yr úIh yhlska yd ffjl,ams;úIh ;=klska iukaú; h' tfia jqj o w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& uÜgug t<fUk úgúIhOdrd lsysmhlska tla úIhOdrdjlg wod< úIh i|yd uQ,sl;ajh foñkaúIh ;=kla f;dard .; hq;= h' úµd$.Ks; úIhOdrd f;dard .kakd isiqkag tuúIhj,g wu;r j w¨;ska y÷kajd § we;s ;dlaIK úIh f;dard .ekSug wjldYke;' l,d yd jdKscH úIhOdrd f;dard .kakd isiqka N=la;s ú¢k fï jrm%idoh"úµd$.Ks; isiqkag ,nd §ug kï w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< uÜgu i|yd kej; úIhy;rla we;=<;a lsÍu ms<sn| j is;d ne,Sug isÿ fõ'

w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& uÜgfï yr úIhud,djg úIh yhla we;=<;a fõ'w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.fha idu¾:Hh ;SrKh lsÍfï § fï úIh iu;a ùuwksjd¾h fkd jQj o" w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isàu i|yd fï úIhf;dard .ekSu wksjd¾h h'

yr úIhud,dfõ wd.ug fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo fol m%udKj;a fkdjk nj fndfyda whf.a u;hhs'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh ;=< ld,hla ;siafia ifudaOdks; j ;snQ b;sydihúIhhla f,i y÷kajd § ;sîu fuu úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIKhls' iudcwOHhkh úIhh ;=< l%shd;aul jQ N+f.da, úµdj yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh hkúIh fol b;sydih yr úIhhla f,i fjka ùu;a iu. u ffjl,amsl úIhhlaf,i y÷kajd §ug isÿ ù ;sîu o iqúfYaI ,laIKhls'

ffjl,amsl úIhud,dj úIh ldKav ;=kla hgf;a bÈßm;a jk w;r" Bgl,d yd jdKscH úIhh" fi!kao¾h yd ridiajdoh yd iïnkaO úIhh fuka u;dlaIKsl úIh o we;=<;a h' l,d úIh hgf;a N+f.da, úµdj" mqrjeis wOHdmkhyd m%cd md,khh fuka u kQ;k NdId (Modern Languages) yd iïNdjH NdId(Classical Languages) hgf;a bÈßm;a jk NdId úIh rdYshla we;=<;a h' ñkakQ;k NdIdjkag m%xY" c¾uka" cmka" yskaÈ hk NdId wh;a jk w;r iïNdjHNdIdjkag md,s" ixialD; hk NdId wh;a h' fo jk NdIdj o fï úIh ldKavhg

80

u we;=<;a lr ;sfí' fï úIhh hgf;a isxy, <uhskag fou< NdIdj;a" fou<

<uhskag isxy, NdIdj;a yeoEÍug bv ,efí'

zzjHjidhl;aj wOHhkZZ (Entrepreneurial Studies) m<uq jk ffjl,amslúIh ldKavh hgf;a bÈßm;a jk w¨;a u úIhhhs' wka;¾ cd;sl lïlreixúOdkfha (ILO) ;dlaIKsl iydh we;s j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iïmdokhlrk fuu úIhh" jHdmdr yd .sKqïlrK wOHhk hk kñka tod meje;súIhfha u ixj¾Okhls' ir, jHdmdr ie,iqï fuka u ir, .sKqï o ilialsÍug fï úIhh hgf;a wjia:dj ,nk isiqka fyg ojfia id¾:l ùu i|ydwjYH jk iajhx wjfndaOh" wjia:d yd ;¾ck y÷kd .ekSug wjg mßir.fõIKh" wdrïNh" fjkialï i|yd fhduq ùu" ksis wjodkï .ekSu jeksmqoa., yelshd rdYshla o ixj¾Okh lr .kq we;' ;SrK .ksñka iaj Yla;sfhkake.S isàug wjYH moku fufia isiqka ,nd .kakd úg iajhx /lshd i|ydfhduq jk ;reK msßia jeä lr .ekSug;a /lshd i|yd rch u; hefmk msßiwvq lr .ekSug;a wmg yels jkq we;'

fi!kao¾h úIh ldKavh hgf;a fi!kao¾h úIh y;la o idys;Hh ydridiajdoh yd iïnkaO úIh y;rla o y÷kajd § ;sfí' fi!kao¾h úIh ldKavhgix.S;h" kegqï" Ñ;% yd kdgH yd rx. l,dj (Drama, and Theatre) hk úIhlafIa;% we;=<;a h' ix.S;h hgf;a bÈßm;a jk úIh ixLHdj ;=kls' fïjd isxy,ix.S;h" l¾Kdgl ix.S;h yd ngysr ix.S;h fõ' k¾;khg we;=<;a úIhixLHdj folls' fïjd isxy, kegqï yd Nr; kegqï h' Ñ;% úIhh ;ks úIhhlajqj o isxy, yd fou< Ñ;% w;r ixialD;sl fjkialï /ila ;sfí' kdgH yd rx.l,dj o ;ks úIhhls' tfy;a isxy," fou<" bx.%Sis hk udOH ;=fkka ´kE uudOHhla hgf;a fï úIhh yeoEÍug isiqkag bv ;sfí'

fi!kao¾h úIh ldKavhg we;=<;a úIh 11ka b;sß úIh y;r isxy,idys;Hh yd ridiajdoh" fou< idys;Hh yd ridiajdoh" bx.%Sis idys;Hh ydridiajdoh yd wrdì idys;Hh yd ridiajdoh hkq fõ'

;dlaIKsl úIh wglska ieÿï ,;a ;=ka jk úIh ldKavhg fi!LHh ydYdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh o we;=<;a lr ;sfí' ;dlaIK úIh ldKavhg wh;a fiiqúIh w;r lDIs ;dlaIKh yd iïnkaO úIh folla o" uQ,sl ;dlaIKh ydiïnkaO úIh folla o we;' w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& uÜgfï § uDÿ ;dlaIKh yd oDV;dlaIKh hgf;a y÷kajd § we;s úIh w¾:j;a j f;dard f.k úfYaI{;dj,eîug isiqkag bv i,iñka w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& uÜgfï § lDIs úIh ixLHdjfollg yl=¿jd ;sîu fuu úIhud,dfõ iqúfYaI ,laIKhls' lDIs yd wdydr;dlaIKh iy ëjr yd wdydr ;dlaIKh fufia y÷kajd § we;s úIh folhs'lDIsl¾uh yereK úg i;a;aj md,kh yd Wµdk úµdfõ fldgia m<uq jkúIhh hgf;a o" iuqø yd f.dv;r c,dY wdY%s; Ôj iïm;a ;dlaIK fo jk úIhhgf;a o wdydr ;dlaIKh iu. ifudaOdkh lsÍfuka fuu kj úIh fol ilialr ;sfí'

ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh (Design and Technology) yd Ys,am l,d(Arts and Crafts) uQ,sl ;dlaIKh hg;g jefgk úIh fol h' tod fjka fjka j

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l%shd;aul jQ jvq jev" fïika jev" f,day jev" fudag¾ ld¾ñl Ys,amh jeks úIhñka m<uq jk úIhh hgf;a o ueá jev" úùu" mska;dre lsÍu" úis;=re ks¾udKjeks úIh fo jk úIhh hgf;a o taldnoaO lr we;' fï úIhfha m%OdkwjOdkh ks¾udKlrKhg ysñ jk neúka fuhska ´kE u tla úIhhla ms<sn| jm%ùK;ajh ,enQ .=rejrhl=g fuu ifudaOdks; úIhh uekúka b.ekaùug wjldY we;'

;dlaIK úIh ldKavhg wh;a b;sß úIh jkafka f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dlaIKh (ICT)" .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj" úµq;a f,aLklrKh yd ,>qf,aLkh ydikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh hk úIh y;rhs' fuhska f;dr;=re ikaksfõok;dlaIK úIhh" 2006 j¾Ifha m%:u jrg w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& uÜgug y÷kajd §we;s w;r úµq;a f,aLklrKh yd ,>qf,aLkh" h;=re,shkh yd ,>qf,aLkh(Shorthand and Typing) kñka l,ska meje;s úIhh kùlrKh lsÍfuka ilidwe;' wdydr ;dlaIKfha fldgia we;=<;a lsÍfuka fydag,a mdi,aj,g msúiSfïmokula o .Dy l<ukdlrK fldgi yryd .Dyia: l¾udka;j,g msúiSfïmokula o" ilia .Dy wd¾Ól úµd úIhh o wog .e<fmk mßÈ hdj;ald,Sk lrwe;' m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKj,ska f;dr j l%shd;aul lsÍug kshñ; úµq;af,aLklrKh yd ,>qf,aLkh kï jQ úIhhg úúO mß.Kl fhÿï Ndú;fhka.=Kd;aul nfjka by< f,aLk ilia lsÍu fuka u f,alï mßpfha fldgia owe;=<;a h' ,>qf,aLlhka i|yd by< b,a¨ula md¾,sfïka;=" Widú jeks ia:dkj,mj;sk neúka o bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh u.ska fï ld¾hh myiq lr .ekSugY%S ,dxlsl jdiSkag yels jk oji ;ju;a wdikak ke;s neúka o ,>qf,aLkfhauQ,sldx. o fï úIhhg we;=<;a lr we;'

Y%S ,xldfõ w;HjYH M,odhS udOHfõ§ka ìyslr .ekSfï moku ieliSui|yd o ikaksfõok yd udOH wOHhk úIhh ;dlaIKsl úIhhla f,i w¨f;kay÷kajd § ;sfí'5252525252

;j o Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh iy mqyqKqj iïnkaO (Education and Training in

Sir Lanka 1989) wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ o wdOdr ,ndf.k lrk ,omÍlaIKfhka wkdjrKh jQ Y%S ,xldfõ j¾;udk úIhud,dj wdY%s; .eg¨

ixlaIsma; j fiakdër úiska olajd we;af;a fufia h'5353535353

1' j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul jk úIhud,dj oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ,nk mrmqrg

wod< fkd ùu' úfYaIfhka u tl u úIhud,d wdlD;shla Y%S ,xldfõoaú;Shsl mdi,aj, bf.kqu ,nk ish¨ u isiqka i|yd l%shd;aul jk ksidw;s olaI YsIHhskag iy ÿ¾j, YsIHhskag iajlSh yelshdj,ska m%fhdack,nd .ekSug fkdyels ùu'

2' m%d:ñl yd oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj o Ydia;%Sh keUqrejlska hqla; ùu' YsIHhskabf.kSu ,nk ld,fhka 82]la muK Ydia;%Sh úIh i|yd fjka ù we;sw;r" Ydia;%Sh fkd jk úIh i|yd fjka ù we;af;a 18]l ld,hla ùu'

3' úIh iu.dó lghq;= flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fkdlsÍu' fm!reI;ajj¾Okhg w;HjYH jk l%Svd lghq;=j,g úIhud,dfõ ysñ ù we;af;ab;d wvq jeo.;aluls' Y%S ,xldfõ oaú;Shsl mdi,aj, j¾;udkfha l%shd;aul

82

jk ld, igyfka ld, mßÉfþo 40ka l%Svd i|yd fjka ù we;af;a ld,mßÉfþo tlla muKs' fuh iïmQ¾K ld, iSudfjka 2'5]la muKs'

4' ish¨ u úIhj, ;sria iy isria iïnkaO;d w;r .e<mSula meyeÈ,s júµudk fkdùu' we;eï mdG .%ka: my< jirj, isg by< jir olajdl%udkql+, j ir, ;;a;ajfha isg ixlS¾K ;;a;ajh olajd ÿIalr;d úµudkjk f,i ilia lr fkd;sîu'

5' ndysr úNd. flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lsÍu' fï ksid l=i,;dj¾Okh jeks wOHdmk wruqKqj,g jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fkdùu' úNd.flakaøSh bf.kSu we;s ùu" tl u jif¾ kej; /f|kakka iy úNd.wiu;a jkakkaf.a m%udKh jeä ùu ksid we;s jk wmf;a heu'

6' YsIHhska Ydia;%Sh úIh bf.kSfï jeämqr ksr; ùu' m%dfhda.sl lghq;= iSudjk w;r m%dfhda.sl lghq;= mÍlaIKhg Ndckh lrkafka úIh lSmhlskamuKs' ta úIhj,g o m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu l%udkql+, j isÿ fkdfõ'

7' ta ta jir i|yd kshñ; mdG .%ka:j,g wu;r j lshùu i|yd Wmfhda.slr.; yels fmd;m; úr, ùu'

8' mdi,a ld, igyfka wd.u úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd fjka ù we;s ld,iSudj m%udKj;a fkdùu'

9' cd;sl úIhud,dj hkqfjka ye¢ka jQ taldnoaO jQ lksIaG oaú;Shsl iyfcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,djla olakg fkd,eîu' úIhud,dfõ wruqKq tlaia:dkhl o" úIh lreKq ;j;a ;ekl o" úIh b.ekaùfï WmlrK ;j;a;ekl o wd§ jYfhka úisÍ we;'

by; i|yka lreKq ie,ls,a,g Ndck lr úIhud,dj ld,dkqrEm j"foaYdkqrEm j" m%;sixúOdkh ùug kï úIhud,dfõ m%udKd;aul iy .=Kd;aulkùlrK bÈßfha § isÿ úh hq;= h'

1998 j¾Ifha isÿ lrk ,o m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska miq jkej; m%d:ñl wOHdmk kùlrKhla isÿ lrk ,oafoa 2007 j¾Ifha § h' zz1998j¾Ih isg jir wgla mdi,aj, l%shd;aul lsÍfï § ,;a w;a±lSï ie,ls,a,g f.kfuu ixialrK isÿ lr we;' tfia u 2003 j¾Ifha § m< l< cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNd jd¾;dj" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska l%shd;aul lrk ,oúIhud,d miqfmjqï jevigyk u.ska ,nd .;a f;dr;=re" úúO wdh;k uÕskam%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| mj;ajk ,o m¾fhaIKj,ska ,nd .;a f;dr;=re iy.=re uy;au uy;aóka yd .=re WmfoaYl uy;au uy;aóka úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,of;dr;=re o fuu ixialrKh i|yd m%fhdackhg .kakd ,È'ZZ54 m%d:ñl wOHdmkh;j ;j;a Yla;su;a lsÍu wrNhd" 2007 kùlrK wdrïN lrk ,§' fï hgf;am%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj," m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg wod<fjkialï isoaO fldg we;' m%d:ñl orejd .ek kej; kej;;a ;j ;j;a is;dn,d iuyr fY%aKsj, iuyr úIhj,g wod< iuyr ixl,am kej; jrla fm<.iajdwe;' ld,Sk j wjYH hhs is;d kj f;aud y÷kajd § we;'

83

my; ±lafjk cd;sl wruqKq u; msysgd fuu ixialrK isÿ lr we;'

i. udkj wNsudkhg .re lsÍfï ixl,amhla u; msysgd Y%S ,dxlsl nyqúOiudcfha ixialD;sl úúO;ajh wjfndaO lr .ksñka cd;sl taldnoaO;dj"cd;sl Rcq .=Kh" cd;sl iu.sh" tluq;=lu iy iduh m%j¾Okh lsÍfuka;=<ska cd;sh f.dvke.Su iy Y%S ,dxlSh wkkH;dj ;yjqre lsÍu

ii. fjkia jk f,dalfha wNsfhda.hkag m%;spdr olajk w;r cd;sl WreufhaudyeÕs odhdo y÷kd .ekSu iy ixrlaIKh lsÍu'

iii. udkj whs;sjdislïj,g .re lsÍu' hq;=lï yd j.lSï ms<sn| ±kqïj;a ùu"yDohx.u ne£ulska hq;= j tlsfkld flfrys ie,ls,su;a ùu hk .=Kdx.m%j¾Okh lsÍug bjy,a jk iudc idOdrK;aj iïu; iy m%cd;dka;%slÔjk rgdjla .eí jQ mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍu iy mj;ajd f.k hEugiydh ùu

iv. mqoa.,hskaf.a udkisl yd YdÍßl iqj iïm; iy udkj w.hhkag .relsÍu u; mokï jQ ;sridr Ôjk l%uhla m%j¾Okh lsÍu

v. iqiudys; jQ iunr fm!reIhla i|yd ks¾udmK yelshdj" wdrïNl Yla;sh"úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" j.lSu yd j.ùu we;=¿ fjk;a Okd;aul wx. ,laIKixj¾Okh lsÍu

vi. mqoa.,hdf.a iy cd;sfha Ôj .=Kh jeä ÈhqKq flfrk iy Y%S ,xldfõwd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd odhl jk M,odhS ld¾h i|yd wOHdmfhkaudkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh lsÍu

vii.YS>%fhka fjkia jk f,dalhla ;=< isÿ jk fjkialï wkqj yev .eiSugyd tajd md,kh lr .ekSug mqoa.,hska iQodkï lsÍu iy ixlS¾K ydwkfmalaIs; wjia:djkag id¾:l j uqyqK §fï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

viii.cd;Hka;r m%cdj w;r f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla ysñlr .ekSug odhl jkhqla;sh" iudk;ajh iy wfkHdkH .re;ajh u; mokï jQ wdl,am ydl=i,;d fmdaIKh lsÍu

cd;sl wruqKq uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug odhl jk ksmqK;d folla w¨f;kaolajd we;' fïjd 1998 j¾Ifha wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkql+, j olajd we;sksmqK;dj,g wu;r j h' tu ksmqK;d lÜg, fol jkqfha"

- fm!reI;aj j¾Okhg wod< ksmqK;d - ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidÍ Ñka;kh"wdrïNl Yla;sh" ;SrK .ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh lsÍu" úpdrYS,S ydú.%dyd;aul Ñka;kh" lKavdhï yeÕSfuka lghq;= lsÍu" mqoa.,dka;r

in|;d" kj fidhd .ekSï iy .fõIKh jeks j¾.Sh l=i,;d

- jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d" wd¾Ól ixj¾Okhg odhl ùu" ;u

jD;a;Sh <eÈhd iy wNsfhda.H;d y÷kd .ekSu" yelshdjkag iß,k whqßka/lshd f;dard .ekSu iy jdisodhl yd ;sridr Ôjfkdamdhl ksr; ùu'hk yelshd Wmßu lsÍug yd Odß;dj jeä lsÍug wod< fiajd kshqla;shyd iïnkaO l=i,;d'

84

wOHdmk f,alïf.a wxl Bã$1$9$1$1$04 ^1& ork 2006'12'22 od;ñka hq;apl%f,aL wxl 2006$49" wkqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha m<uq m%Odk wjêh ^1 yd 2fY%aKs& i|yd kj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu wrUk ,§' ta wkqj my; ±lafjkm%;sixialrK y÷kajd § we;'

m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a l%shd;aul jk pl%f,aL wxl 1998$44yd 1998'11'23 Èke;s iy pl%f,aL wxl 2000$02 yd 1999'12'15 Èke;s pl%f,aLhkagwu;r jYfhka fuu pl%f,aLh 2007 jif¾ ckjdß m<uq jk Èk isg l%shd;aulflf¾'

ta wkqj 1998 j¾Ifha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a y÷kajd § we;s m<uqjk yd fo jk fY%aKs i|yd jk m%d:ñl wOHdmk jevigykaj,g my; ±lafjkwx. w¨f;ka we;=<;a lr we;'

i. fojk cd;sl NdIdjla f,i isxy, isiqka fou< NdIdj;a" fou< isiqkaisxy, NdIdj;a bf.kSu

ii. Èkm;d ñks;a;= 15la f,ig l%shd;aul jQ YÍr iqj;d jevigyk Èklgñks;a;= 20la f,i l%shd;aul lsÍu

iii. mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIh iu. l%shd;aul jQ l%shdldrlï mdoljdÑl bx.%Sis jevigyk .Ks; úIh iu. o l%shd;aul lsÍu'

iv. Èjd wdydr §fï jevigyk i|yd ld,h fjka lsÍu

v. m<uq jk yd fo jk fY%aKs i|yd jk fmdÿ .=re w;afmd;a fol fjkqjgixialrKh lrk ,o .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y folla y÷kajd §u

vi. YÍr iqj;d l%shdldrlï" Èjd wdydrh" fo jk cd;sl NdIdj hk jevigykai|yd ld,h ,nd .; hq;= neúka ±kg Èklg meh 04la jk ld,h meh04 ñks;a;= 15la f,i §¾> lsÍu'

ta wkqj tla tla úIh i|yd i;shlg kshñ; ld,h my; ±lafjk mßÈúh hq;= h'

11 jk j.=j( i;shlg kshñ; ld,h

úIh i;shlg ld,h

1' ujq ni meh 05

2' .Ks;h meh 03 ñks;a;= 30

3' mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï meh 05 ñks;a;= 30

4' wd.u meh 01 ñks;a;= 15

5' fo jk cd;sl NdIdj ñks;a;= 30

6' Woh /iaùï yd wd.ñl j;dj;a meh 01 ñks;a;= 15 Èklg ñks;a;= 15 ne.ska&

7' úfõl ld,h meh 01 ñks;a;= 15 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 15 ne.ska&

85

8' wdydr .ekSu i|yd ñks;a;= 50 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 10 ne.ska&

9' YÍr iqj;d l%shdldrlï meh 01 ñks;a;= 40 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 20 ne.ska&

10' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï ñks;a;= 30 ^i;sfha tla Èkl&

i;shlg uq¿ ld,h meh 21 ñks;a;= 15

fuf;la Ndú; l< fm<fmd;aj, lsisÿ fjkila isÿ fkd fõ'

óg wu;r j 1998 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd y÷kajd § we;s m%d:ñlwOHdmkh ms<sn| ish¨ jev igyka bÈßhg o l%shd;aul flf¾'

fo jk m%Odk wjêh ^3 yd 4 fY%aKs& iy ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh ^5 fY%aKsh&i|yd ±kg l%shd;aul jk YÍr iqj;d jev igyk i|yd" fjka lr we;s ld,hñks;a;= 15ls' tfy;a 2007 jif¾ isg fuu jevigyk i|yd fuu wjêj,gñks;a;= 25l ld,hla fhdod .; hq;= h' fuu jeämqr tla jk ñks;a;= 10l ld,hfuu wjê i|yd fjka lr we;s ñks;a;= 30la jQ úfõl ld,fhka ,nd .; hq;=fõ' ta wkqj fuu wjê i|yd YÍr iqj;d l%shdldrlï i|yd ld,h ñks;a;= 25layd úfõl ld,h ñks;a;= 20la f,ig ixfYdaOkh flf¾'

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHqylrK hgf;a 1999 j¾Ifha isg cd;sluÜgñka l%shd;aul jk m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK

• m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fjka lr we;s wjqreÿ myl ld, iSudj úIhud,dixj¾Ok yd wfkl=;a lghq;=j, myiqj ;ld m%Odk wjê ;=klg fn§u'

m<uq jk wjêh ( m<uq jk iy fo jk fY%aKs

fo jk m%Odk wjêh ( ;=ka jk iy y;r jk fY%aKs

;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh ( mia jk fY%aKsh

• m<uq jk fY%aKshg we;=¿ jk orejka wdrïNfha § u myiqfjka y÷kd.ekSug .=rejrhdg Ndú; l< yels ie,iqï .; fi,a,ï yd l%shdldrlïiuQyhla y÷kajd §u

• idudkH wOHdmk wjêh wjidkfha § isiqka úiska j¾Okh lr .; hq;=hehs ks¾foaYs; ksmqK;d m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' tajd f.dv ke.Sug iqÿiqmokula iemfhk mßÈ ieliqKq ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ùu

• úIh lafIa;% y;rla hgf;a ixúOdkh lr ;sîu'

- NdIdj

- wd.u

- .Ks;h

- mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï

• orejl=f.a mQ¾K j¾Okhg NdIdj yd .Ks; ksmqK;dj,g wu;r jfi!kao¾h" ks¾udK" úµdj" fi!LHh yd fmdaIKh jeks ;j;a wxY

86

lsysmhlg wh;a ksmqK;d j¾Okh ùu wjYH h' fuu ksmqK;d fjka fjkaj úIh jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug jvd isiqkg .e<fmk f;audj,skaawjia:dkql+, j u;= lr bf.kSug ie,eiaùu jvd fhda.H f,i ms<s.efka'fujeks wxY u;= lr .ekSug iu;a f;aud iuQyhlska iukaú; mßirhwdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys fmrg jvd ifudaOdks; ,laIK fmkakqïlsÍu

• mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha §NdIdj" .Ks;h iy wd.u hk úIh lafIa;%j,g iïnkaO ksmqK;d j¾Okhgo wjia:d ie,fik fyhska tys úIh iïnkaëlrK ,laIK fmkakqï lsÍu

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg u mka;sfha .=rejrhd úiska l%shd;aul l< hq;=l%shdldrlï mdol jdÑl bx.%Sis kï kj wx.hla y÷kajd §u

• fo jk m%Odk wjêfha isg úêu;a j bx.%Sis úIh y÷kajd §u

• m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg È.g u úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj,g;a" mia jkfY% aKsfha § isi q <eÈhd yd wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk ffjl,am sll%shdldrlïj,g;a ld,igyfkka bv m%ia;d iemhSu

• m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfjka isiqka ;=< Ôjk ksmqK;d ixj¾OkhlsÍug bv i,id ;sîu

• iuia; m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêh ;=< u bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha §m%Odk ;ekla ysñ jkqfha YsIH flakaøSh ÈYdjg keUqre jQ l%ufõoj,g h'tu l%ufõo m%Odk jYfhka f;jeoEreï fõ

- ie,iqï.; fi,a,ï yd úfkdaockl jev

- l%shdldrlï

- wiqka.; jev

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêfha § ie,iqï.; fi,a,ï iy l%shdldrlïj,g jeäwjOdkhla o wiqka.; jevj,g wvq wjOdkhla o ,efí' fo jk m%Odkwjêfha § fuu l%ufõo ;=kg u wdikak jYfhka iudk j wjOdkh ysñfõ' f; jk m%Odk wjêfha § l%shdldrlï iy wiqka.; jevj,g jeäwjOdkhla o fi,a,ïj,g wvq wjOdkhla o ,efí' fï wkaoug bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%ufõo ixl,k m%Odk wjê ;=k ;=< l%ufhka fjkia ùu

• isiq bf.kqï m%.;sh yd bf.kqï ÿIalr;d ms<sn| j y÷kd .ekSu msKsiksÍlaIKh" jdÑl m%Yak lsÍu" isiqkag ijka §u jeks wúêu;a l%uj,gm%uqL;dj fok wLKav j lr f.k hd hq;= mka;s ldur mdol ;lafiarelsÍfï l%shdj,shla mj;ajd f.k hEu'

• tla isiqjl=f.a ,l=Kq fyda idOk uÜgï fyda ;j;a isiqjl=f.a ,l=Kq fydaidOk uÜgï fyda iu. ii|d ;SrK .ekSfï l%ufhka ñ§ ksYaÑ; wruqKlafyda isiq mQ¾j idOk uÜgula iu. isiq idOkh ii|d ;SrK .ekSugiu;a" ks¾Kdhl uQ,sl iy mQ¾j idOk uQ,sl ;lafiare lsÍfï l%u fhdod.ekSug wkqn, §u

87

• ieug wOHdmkh ;yjqre lr .ekSu b,lal lr .ksñka" ta i|yd m%ñ;shlajYfhka" tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha § isiqka úiska wksjd¾hfhka um%ùK;d uÜgug <Õd úh hq;= w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d y÷kajd §ugmshjr .ekSu

• tla tla m%Odk wjêh wjidkfha § <Õd lr .; hq;= hehs wfmalaIs;w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d ms<sn| j m%ùK;ajhla ,nd we;a±hs ;lafiarelsÍug mshjr .ekSu

• tla tla m%Odk wjêhla wjidkfha wfmalaIs; w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;dms<sn| m%ùK;djla ish¨ u isiqkag ,nd §u b,lal lr f.k tu tlam%Odk wjêhla tl u .=rejrhl=f.a hg;g m;a lsÍug wkqn, §u

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêfha isiqka mßir wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfha bf.kqï-b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha fh§ isák úg .=re wëlaIKh hgf;a" ixúOdkd;aulj yh jk fY%aKsfha isiqka iu. lKavdhï jevj, fh§ug bv m%ia;diemhSu

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêfha § muKla ujqni úIhhg .Ks;h úIhhg jvdjeä ld,hla o" fo jk yd f; jk m%Odk wjêj, § úfõl ld,h i|ydÈklg ñks;a;= 20l ld,hla o fjka lsÍu

• 2007 j¾Ifha isg m<uq jk m%Ok wjêhg fo jk cd;sl NdIdj y÷kajd§u' th ijka §ug yd l:khg muKla iSud lr ;snqK o ;=ka jk fY%aKsfhaisg lshùu yd ,sùu lafIa;% iïnkaO lrñka úêu;a j isiqkag bf.kSugwjia:d i,id ;sîu'

• 2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shdldrlï mdol jdÑl bx.%Sis .Ks;h úIhh i|yd oNdú; lsÍu

• 2007 j¾Ifha isg isiqkaf.a ldhsl yd udkisl ixj¾Okh i|yd WmldÍjk YÍr iqj;d jev igyka m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh i|yd l%shd;aul lsÍu

12 jk j.=j( 12 jk j.=j( 12 jk j.=j( 12 jk j.=j( 12 jk j.=j( ld,h fnod .ekSu - ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh ^mia jk fY%aKsh&

úIh i;shlg ld,h

1' uõ ni meh 05

2' .Ks;h meh 05

3' mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï meh 7 ñks;a;= 30

4' bx.%Sis meh 3 ñks;a;= 30

5' fojk cd;sl NdIdj meh 01

6' wd.u meh 02

7' Woh /iaùï yd wd.ñl j;dj;a meh 01 ñks;a;= 15 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 15 ne.ska&

8' úfõl ld,h meh 01 ñks;a;= 40 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 20 ne.ska&

88

9' YÍr iqj;d l%shdldrlï meh 02 ñks;a;= 05 ^Èklg ñks;a;= 25 ne.ska&

10' úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï ñks;a;= 30 ^i;sfha tla Èkl&

11' ffjl,amsl l%shdldrlï ñks;a;= 30

i;shlg uq¿ ld,h meh 30

idrdxYh

Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul jk úIhud,dj Y; j¾I .Kkdjla uq¿,af,a we;sjQ mßKdóh l%shdj,shl m%;sM,hls' m%d.a fn!oaO jevjiï hq.fha ixúê; núkawvq wOHdmkhla meje;Su fya;=fjka wixúê;" tfy;a iudcfha meje;aug;a"wd¾Ól rgdjg;a WÑ; úIhud,djla l%shd;aul ù we;' uyskaod.ukfhka miq jwkql%ufhka ixj¾Okh jQ fn!oaO jevms<sfj<g wkqj f,daflda;a;r iqjhgu.fmkaùu yd id¾:l f,!lsl Ôú;hlg wjYH wOHdmkhla §u wruqKq fldg.;a úIhud,djla l%shd;aul ù we;'

j¾I 1505 isg j¾I 1948 olajd jQ hg;a úð; hq.fha §" fuys meñKs ngysrcd;Skaf.a wjYH;d imqrd,Su wruqKq fldg .;a úIhud,d jßka jr y÷kajd §we;' l%sia;shdks wd.u me;srùu wNsm%dh lr .;a j¾I 1505 § fuys meñKsmD;=.SiSyq Bg iß,k úIhud,djla y÷kajd ÿkay' mD;=.Sis NdIdj" ,;ska ydl%sia;shdks wd.u úIhud,djg we;=<;aùu fya;=fjka Tjqkaf.a úIhud,dj tjlmeje;s úIhud,djkag yd;amiska u fjkia iajrEmhla .;af;a h' l%sia;shdkswd.ug wkql+, j iodpdr O¾u m%.=K lsÍu;a" iajfoaYslhska l%sia;shdks wd.ugyrjd .ekSu;a wruqKq lr f.k mD;=.Sis NdIdj" wdpdr úµdj" .dhkh" .Ks;h"wd.ñl .S;sld" foaj kS;sh jeks úIh o úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh' fulS úIhud,djw;sYhska u iSud jQjla neúka foaYSh wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd WmldÍ fkd ùh'

j¾I 1638 isg 1658 ld,h ;=< mD;=.SiSka mkakd ±ófuka miq md,k n,hi;= lr.;a ,kafoaiSka úiska y÷kajd fok ,o úIhud,dj o foaYSh wjYH;dimqrd,Sug WÑ; fkd jQ w;r" th yqfola iajfoaYlhska frmrudÿ l%sia;shdkswd.ug yrjd .ekSu;a" md,khg iydh úh yels msßila mqyqKq lsÍu;a wruqKqfldg f.k ilia jQjla úh' È<s÷ ore ksjdij, l%shd;aul jQ úIhud,djg .Dyl¾uh yd ueyqï f.;=ï we;=<;a jQ w;r" mdi,a úIhud,djg wxl .Ks;h"N+f.da, úµdj jeks úIh o we;=<;a úh' wd.ñl keUqrej wiSñ; ùu;a" foaYSh;;a;aj yd wjYH;d .ek fkdi,ld yeÍu;a mD;=.SiSka yd ,kafoaiSka úiska

l%shd;aul lrk ,o úIhud,dj úfYaI ,laIK úh'

j¾I 1796 § fuys meñKs bx.%SiSyq ;u wfmalaIK u; msysgd ilia lrk ,owOHdmk l%uhlg WÑ; úIhud,d ilia fldg l%shd;aul l<y' ñIkdÍkaf.a

Woõfjka wd.u me;srùu yrh fldg .;a wOHdmk jHdmdrh i|yd ilia lrk

,o úIhud,djla tu wjêfha l%shd;aul ù we;' fou<" bx.%Sis" isxy, wd§ NdIdúIhud,djg tl;= úh' l%shd;aul lrk ,o úIhud,dj, foaYSh keUqrejla

89

fkd;snqK;a Tjqkaf.a jdish ;ld m%dfhda.sl ±kqu ,nd §u;a" lDIsl¾uh flf¾jQ iq¿ keUqrej;a lemS fmksKs' bx.%Sis W.;a uOHu fm<eka;shla ìys lsÍuúIhud,d fjka f.k we;s W;aidyhls'

úIhud,dj, foaYSh keUqrejla fkd;sîu;a" úfoaYSh wjYH;d imqrd,SuwruqKq fldg f.k ilid ;sîu;a ksid" l%shd;aul lrk ,o wOHdmkh iajfoaYShwOHdmkfha miqnEug fya;= úh' fï fya;=fjka j¾I 1885 muK jk úg yg.;afn!oaO" yskaÿ yd uqia,sï mqk¾Ôjhka ksid furg wOHdmkh hqfrdamSh .%yKfhkauqojd .ekSug;a foaYSh keUqrejla we;s j úIhud,d ilia lsÍug;a uq, msßKs'j¾I 1901 § úIhud,dj i|yd 'Curriculum' hk moh Ndú; lsÍu wdrïN ùuiqúfYaIS isoaêhla úh'

j¾I 1931 § l%shd;aul lrk ,o ykafoiai .%dóh jHdmD;sh wm rfÜúIhud,dj foaYSh keUqrejlg yerùug;a" m%dfhda.sl wxYh flf¾ iajfoaYsljYfhka is;d úfYaI ie,ls,a,la fhduq lsÍug;a .kakd ,o m%h;akhla úh'fi!LH jev" m%foaYh .ek ±kqu" l¾udka; bf.kqu" idys;H l,dj iy ix.S;hms<sn| ±kqu yd l=i,;d ixj¾Okh wruqKq fldg .;a úIh y;rla úIhud,djgwe;=<;a úh' 1944 j¾Ifha isg m%dfhda.sl jev iys; j ish¨ u úoHd úIh o".Ks;h" yia; l¾udka;h yd fi!kao¾hh úIh o úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh'

1950 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj" ksoyia ,xldfõ m<uq jk wOHdmkm%;sixialrK fhdackdj,sh úh' ta wkqj wOHdmkh m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl yd Wiiahkqfjka wjia:d ;=klg fn§u fya;=fldg f.k ta ta wjê i|yd úIhud,dixj¾Ok lghq;= lsÍfï keUqrejla w;s úh' m%d:ñl wjia:dfõ úIhud,dj" jhi5 - 7 w;r orejkaf.a ldhsl j¾Okh fyd| mqreÿ m%.=K lsÍu yd n, lsÍïj,skaf;dr j m%dfhda.sl jevj,ska ;=<ska w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:d ie,iSu flf¾jeä ie,ls,a,la olajd we;' m%d:ñl <uhd ms<sn| wjfndaOhla we;s j" ±kqugmuKla jy,a fkd jk wOHdmkhla §u i|yd úIhud,d ilia lsÍu lemSfmfkk ,laIKhla úh' oaú;Shsl wjêfha lksIaG oaú;Shsl wxYfha úIhud,djgYdia;%Sh yd Ys,amSh hk wxY fol u we;=<;a úh' ngysr ix.S;h yd kegqïfjkqjg fmrÈ. yd Wvrg kegqï úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu" úIhud,djgfoaYSh keUqrejla §fï m%h;akhla úh' j¾I 1957 § m%d:ñl úIhud,dj úIh .Khgf;a ilia ùu o" zzl%shdldrlïZZ hkak úIhud,djg we;=¿ ùu iqúfYaIS,laIK úh' YsIHhdf.a nqoaê j¾Okhg muKla iSud lr ;snqKq h,a mek.shwOHdmk l%uhla i|yd jQ úIhud,djla fjkqjg l%shdldÍ wOHdmkhla §u i|ydjQ úIhud,djla y÷kajd §u 1950 oYlfha isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùuls'

1960 oYlh" Y%S ,xldjg fhda.H jQ iïm%odh úIhud,dfjka f.dvk.d.ekSug jEhï l< hq.hla úh' 1961 j¾Ifha ish¨ mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu;aiu. Èjhsfka ieu mdi,l u fmdÿ úIhud,djla l%shd;aul lsÍu wdrïN lrk,È' ñka rfÜ ish¨ u YsIHhskaf.a ixj¾Okh;a" rfÜ wjYH;djkq;a" wruqKq;aúIhud,dj u.ska bgqlr .ekSfï m%h;akh flf¾ jQ keUqrej ;j;a jeä úh' 1961j¾Ifha cd;sl wOHdmk fldñifï ks¾foaY wkqj Ydia;%Sh" jD;a;Sh" ld¾ñl ydúµd;aul wOHdmkhg wjOdkh fhduq ù we;' mia jk mdGYd,d j¾Ifha §

90

bx.%Sis ffjl,amsl úIhhla jYfhka b.ekaúh hq;= njla" bx.%Sis wksjd¾h úIhhlajYfhka b.ekaùu fkd l< hq;= nj;a ks¾foaY fldg we;' lksIaG úµd,úIhud,dfõ o YsIH flakaøSh njla olakg ,eìK' m%d:ñl úIhud,dfõ mßirhweiqre jevlghq;= hgf;a m%dfoaYSh b;sydih" iajfoaYSh ùrjrhkaf.a pß;dmodk"m%dfoaYSh N+f.da, úµdj jeks úIh we;=<;a lsÍfuka <uhdf.a mßirh flf¾±lajQ ie,ls,a, úµudk fõ' zzokakd fohska fkd okakd foag hEuZZ" zzir,fohska ixlS¾K foag hEuZZ jeks bf.kqï-b.ekaùï uQ,O¾u flf¾ ie,ls,a,laolajñka <ud flakaøSh úIhud,djla ilia lsÍug .;a m%h;akh o meyeÈ,s úh';jo idudkH úµdj yd f,dal b;sydih" m%cdpdrh" ,S jev$f,day jev jeksúIhhka lksIaG úµd, úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu flf¾ ie,ls,a,la olajdwe;s w;r úIhud,dj iajfoaYSh miqìul l%shd;aul lsÍu wfmalaIs; úh' fcHIaGúµd, úIhud,dfõ lDIsld¾ñl" ld¾ñl yd bxðfkare úµd iy l,d iy jdKscúIh we;=<;a lsÍu /lshd n,dfmdfrd;a;= iy wkd.; jeäÿr bf.kSu flf¾

olajk ,o ie,ls,a, úµudk fõ'

1964 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj wkqj m%dfhda.sl wOHdmkhl jeo.;alubiau;= ù we;' rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh i|yd mqyqKq Y%uhla i|yd wOHdmkhwjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= nj o" ta wkqj úIhud,dj ilia úh hq;= nj owjOdrKh úh' úIhud,dj úfoaYSh n,mEïj, .%yKfhka ñ§ula o olakg we;'ld¾ñl wOHdmkh yd jevyqrej ms<sn| wjOdkh lksIaG mdi,a úIhud,djgwe;=<;a ù we;' 1966 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj u.ska fhdað; úIhud,d kj wdrlaf.k we;' uQ,sl" oaú;Shsl yd jeäÿr wOHdmkh hkqfjka y÷kajd fok ,owOHdmk wjê ;=kg ta ta wjêj, wOHdmk mrud¾: bgqlr .ekSu i|ydúIhud,d ilia ù we;' uQ,sl wOHdmkfhka ish¨ u <uhskag mq¿,a idudkHwOHdmkhla iemhSug;a oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfhka <uhskaf.a <eÈlï yd olaI;dwkqj Tjqkaf.a fm!reIh yd kdhl;ajh j¾Okh lsÍug yd jD;a;Sh ld¾hlaIu;djk.d,Sug;a fya;= jk mqyqKqj ,nd §ug;a" jeäÿr wOHdmkfhka ;u uQ,slwOHdmkh wjidkfha § rlaIdj,g bÈßm;a ù we;s <uhskag fm!reIh j¾Okhlr .ekSug;a" jD;a;Sh ld¾hlaIu;dj ÈhqKq lr .ekSug;a bvm%ia;d ie,fikmßÈ ta ta úIhud,d ilia lrk ,§' fulS úIhud,djkays .Ks;h yd úµd úIhflf¾ ±ä wjOdkhla § we;s w;r ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj ;ld úµdyd ld¾ñl wOHdmkh ork n,j;a j.lSu fya;=fldg f.k tu lafIa;% Yla;su;alsÍug m%h;ak ord we;' úfoaY n,mEï rys; ùu;a" foaYSh keUqrejla .ekSu;a"rfÜ wjYH;d imqrd,Su i|yd Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug;a úIhud,d fõ oelsh yelsm%jK;d fõ' mdi, yd jevf,dalh iïnkaO lsÍug W;aidy .ekSu i|yd oúIhud,dj Wmfhda.S fldg f.k we;s nj meyeÈ,s h' úIhud,dj fmdaIKhlsÍu i|yd úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a lsÍu o lemS fmfka'

1967 j¾Ifha § msysgqjk ,o úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh" úIhud,d

ixj¾Okfha m%.;sh lrd .kq ,enQ mshjrla úh'

1970 oYlh ;=< l%shd;aul jQ 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, m%;sM,hlajYfhka .=Kd;aul Ndjhg nr jQ úIhud,d bÈßm;a úh' fufia y÷kajd fokq

91

,enQ m%d:ñl úIhud,dj m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha kj Ñka;khl wdrïNh úh' úIhks¾foaY ,sùu ms<sn| j o m%.;shla úh' WmfoaYkhg jvd w;a±lSïj,g uq,a;ek,efnk" jdÑl l%uj,g jvd l%shdldÍ;ajhg jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ jk" zzl%shdfjkawjfndaOhZZ hk bf.kqï isoaOdka;h mokï lr .;a <ud flakaøSh" m%d:ñlúIhud,djla bÈßm;a ùu m%d:ñl úIhud,d b;sydifha ikaêia:dkhla úh' rfÜwd¾Ól iïm;aj,g o" tu.ska ksIamdok l%shdj,shg o .e<mS hEfuka /lshdudj;lg fhduq jk mßÈ oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIhud,dj kj uqyqKqjrlska bÈßm;afldg we;' .;dkq.;sl úIhj,ska .e,ù ifudaOdks; iajrEmhlska úIhud,djbÈßm;a fldg ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' fï iu. iudc wOHhkh yd m%d.ajD;a;ShúIh kj úIhh o y÷kajd § we;'

Wla; wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fya;=fjka 1970 oYlh ;=< wOHdmkfham%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aul jHdma;shla we;s jqj;a" rfÜ wd¾Ól .eg¨j,g ms<shïjk wdldrhg ie,iqï iy.; j l%shd;aul fkdùu ksid /lshd úrys;NdjhYS>%fhka jeä úKs' nyq;rhg ,enqfKa Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhla ñi l=i,;d ydolaI;d fkd ù h' fuu ;;a;ajh mokï fldg f.k bÈßm;a lrk ,o 1981wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd hgf;a m%d:ñl úIhud,dj" <ud wjYH;d .ekie,ls,su;a ù we;s w;r" ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla jYfhka ;j ÿrg;a mj;ajdf.k hEu jeo.;a úh' ks¾udK lrKhg tu úIhud,dfõ jeo.;a ;ekla § we;'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,djg ;dlaIKsl úIh rdYshla we;=¿ lsÍfukaukd idudkH wOHdmkfhka jD;a;Skag wjYH uQ,sl mqyqKqj ie,iSu jeo.;amshjrla úh' cd;sl wjYH;d mokï fldg úIhud,dj ilia lr ;sîu" jHjydßll=i,;d wjOdrKh lsÍu" yd m%dfhda.sl úIhj,g ;ekla §u fuu úIhud,dfõlemS fmfkk ,laIK úh' úIh iu.dó jev .ek o i,ld ;sîu iqúfYaIS,laIKhla úh'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dfjka jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd moku ±óugW;aidy oeßK' ;dlaIKsl úIhj,g úfYaI ie,ls,a,la olajd ;sîu;a" Ydia;%Sh;;a;ajh yd Wiia wOHdmkh flf¾ ie,ls,su;a ùu;a tys úµudk fõ'

;D;Sh úIhud,dj u.ska YsIHhska úfYaI{ lafIa;%j,g fhduq lsÍug W;aidyord we;s w;r ;dlaIKsl yd jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh flf¾ jQ keUqrej meyeÈ,s h'Y%S ,xldfõ ixialD;sl Wreuh iy iudc wd¾Ól mßirh yr úIhj,g we;=<;alsÍu o jeo.;a fõ'

1985 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ia:dmkh lsÍu úIhud,d

lghq;=j, .=Kd;aul Ndjh jeäùug fya;= úh'

fldf;l=;a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iy úIhud,d ixfYdaOk isÿlrkq ,enQj;a1990 oYlh jk úg;a rfÜ meje;s m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fkd ù h' fï ksid cd;shf.dvkexùfï ld¾hhg Wr§fï § wem lem ù wjxl fiajhla rg fjkqfjkabgqlsÍug bjy,a jk ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d wOHdmk moaO;sfhka isiqka ;=<we;s lsÍfï jeo.;alu wjOdrKh úh' 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhduq ù

we;af;a fuu wruqK fj; <Õd ùug h'

92

1992 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdfõ ks¾foaY ,nd f.k lghq;= lsÍuúIhud,dfõ b;d jeo.;a ixj¾Ok mshjrla úh' y÷kd .;a fmdÿ cd;sl wruqKqiy tajd w;am;a lr .ekSu msKsi fhdað; fmdÿ ksmqK;d mdol lr f.kúIhud,d ixfYdaOkh fldg 1997 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul lrk ,§' ujqni" wd.uO¾uh" .Ks;h yd mßirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï wka;¾.; j fufia l%shd;aullrk ,o m%d:ñl úIhud,dj ksmqK;d mdol" <ud flakaøSh l%shdldrlï mdoliy ifudaOdks; jQ m%Odk wjê ;=klg fnok ,oaola úh' fuys úIh iu.dól%shdldrlïj,g jeo.;a ;ekla § we;' lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj" mQ¾Kfm!reI ixj¾Okhlska hq;a Wiia fm< uÜgfï Ydia;%Sh lghq;= fyda ;dlaIKslwOHdmkhla ,eîug fyda jev f,dalhg msúiSug fyda iqÿiqlï ,enQjka lsÍfïwruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu msKsi ilia lrk ,oaola úh' iodpdrd;aul nj ydmqrjeisNdjh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhfok mßÈ iaj ixj¾Okh i|yd <uhskagWmldÍ lsÍfï wruqKska Ôjk ksmqK;d úIh úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu jeo.;afõ' m%dfhda.sl jev yd myiqfjka l< yels jHdmD;s o úIhud,dfõ jeo.;a;ekla bis,S h' idu wOHdmkh" cd;sl iu.sh" m%cd;ka;%jd§ uQ,O¾u" udkjysñlï" ia;%S mqreI iudk;dj" mßir ixrlaIKh hkd § ixl,am úIh u.skab.ekaùfï m%h;akhla o ord we;'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj yr úIh iy ffjl,ams; úIh hgf;a fnod;sîu o jeo.;a ,laIKhla úh' w'fmd'i' W'fm< úNd.h i|yd bÈßm;a úh hq;=úIh y;r" úIh ;=klg wvq lrkq ,eìKs' úµd úIh yeoEÍfï § m%dfhda.sl jevwksjd¾h flßK' wfkl=;a úIh i|yd mejreï jHdmD;s" jd¾;d wdÈh wksjd¾hfldg we;'

2000 jif¾ § cd;sl úIhud,d m%;sm;a;shla m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu" úIhud,dixj¾Ok ld¾hj, kshe<S isákakjqkag ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajhla imhd we;' 2003cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ i|yka wruqKq wg;a" ksmqK;d y;lamdol lr f.k fhdað; fjkialï flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' 6 - 9 fY%aKsúIhud,dfjka mßir wOHhkh bj;a lsÍu" úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh úIhhfmr meje;s úµdj f,iska fjkia lsÍu" iudc wOHhkh yd b;sydih fjkqjgb;sydih y÷kajd §u' N=f.da, úµdj iy mqrjeis wOHdmkh$m%cdpdrh úIhkej;;a úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍu" Ôjk ksmqK;d úIhh fjkqjg idrO¾u iymqoa., ixj¾Okh jeäÈhqKq lsÍfï l=i,;d ish¨ u úIhhkg we;=<;a lsÍu"m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIK l=i,;d úIhh kej; ilia fldg" zz;dlaIK l=i,;dZZhkqfjka kï lsÍu" l%shdldrlï mdol jHdmD;s $ m%dfhda.sl jev wksjd¾hixrplhka jYfhka úIhud,dfõ tla tla úIh iu. ifudaOdkh lsÍu"úIhud,dfõ isÿ lrk ,o m%Odk m%;sixialrK fõ' meje;s úIhud,dfõ úIhlSmhla u bj;a fldg kj úIhhka rdYshla úIhud,djg we;=<;a fldg we;'

ish¨ u úIhj, wka;¾.;h hdj;ald,Sk fldg we;' kj úIhud,dj o YsIH

flakaøSh" ksmqK;d mdol tlla ùu;a" msßfyñka mj;sk j;auka iudcfha" id¾:lÔú;hla .; lsÍug w;HjYH yelshd bÈß mrïmrdjg w;am;a lr §u wruqKqlsÍu fuu úIhud,dfõ iqúfYaIS ,laIK fõ'

93

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úIhud,djg kQ;k NdId iy iïNdjH NdId rdYshla uwe;=<;a fldg we;' jHjidhl;aj wOHdmk (Entreprenurial studies) úIhud,djgwe;=<;a lrk ,o w¨;a u úIhh fõ'

m%d:ñl úIhud,dj o m%;sjHqylrKhlg ,la ù we;' 2003 cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNd jd¾;dj,ska" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha miqfmjqï jevigykaj,ska(Feedback Programmes) iy fjk;a úúO ud¾.j,ska ,o f;dr;=re m%fhdackhgf.k 1998 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul lrk ,o m%d:ñl úIhud,dj m%;sixialrKhlgyd m%;sjHqylrKhlg md;% úh' fï wkqj 2007 jif¾ isg" m<uq jk m%Odkwjêfha úIhud,djg fo jk cd;sl NdIdj we;=¿ lsÍu;a l%shdldrlï mdoljdÑl bx.%Sis" .Ks; úIhh i|yd o Ndú; lsÍu;a" tu jdÑl bx.%Sis m%Odk wjê;=kg u y÷kajd §u;a isÿ fldg we;' ;jo" úIh i|yd fjka lrk ,o ld,fhafjkila o" úIhj,g we;=<;a f;audj, fjkialï lSmhla o isÿ fldg we;' fïish,a, úIhud,dfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh kexùu i|yd f.k we;s mshjr jqj;a",eîug kshñ; f;dr;=re mdol fldg f.k bÈßfha § o úIhud,dfõ .=Kd;aulNdjh ;j ;j;a jeä fldg" cd;sl wruqKq lrd hEu i|yd hï hï fjkialïisÿ jkq fkdwkqudk h'

mdol igyka

1. Ministry of Education (1969). Education in Ceylon: A centenary volume,

part I. Colombo: Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, p. 287

2 Ministry of Education (1969). Education in ceylon: A centenary volume,

part III. Colombo: Ministry of Education and Cultural Affairs, p. 925

3' m%d:ñl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1995&' Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh -m¾fhaIK wdY%s; iudf,dapkhls' uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"32 msgqj'

4' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1962&' 1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdfõ w;=re jd¾;dj" ud¾;= 1962' fld<U( cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdj' 1 jk msgqj'

5' tu 19 msgqj

6' tu 19 msgqj'

7' tu 21 msgqj'

8. Ministry of Education. (1964). Proposals for a national system of educa

tion. Colombo: Ministry of Education p. ii

9' ohdr;ak" ã' Ô' ^1971&' 1967-68 j¾Ih i|yd wOHCI ckrd,af.a md,kjd¾;dj' 1971 ckjdß' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" A 24 msg'

10' tu A 24 msgqj'

94

11' tu A 24 msgqj'

12' tu A 17 msgqj'

13' fmf¾rd" weï' fÊ' ^1969&' 1966-67 j¾Ih i|yd wOHdmk wOHCI ckrd,af.amd,k jd¾;dj" 1969 fkdjeïn¾' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" A 15msgqj'

14' tu A 16 msgqj'

15' tu A 17 msgqj'

16' tu A 21 msgqj'

17' ohdr;ak" ã' Ô' ^1971&' 1967-68 j¾Ih i|yd wOHCI ckrd,af.a md,kjd¾;dj" 1971 ckjdß' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" A 22 msgqj'

18' tu A 22 msgqj'

19' tu A 22 msgqj'

20' tu A 22 msgqj'

21' ohdr;ak" ã' Ô' ^1971&' 1967-68 j¾Ih i|yd wOHCI ckrd,af.a md,kjd¾;dj" 1971 ckjdß' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" A 12 msgqj'

22' tu A 16 msg'

23' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' wOHdmkfha kj u.' fld<U( wOHdmkwud;HdxYh" 1 jk msgqj'

24' tu 2 msgqj'

25' tu 6 msgqj'

26' tu 7 msgqj'

27' tu 8"9 msgq'

28' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd( idudkH" úYajúµd, iy ;D;Sh ^jD;a;Sh" ;dlaIKsl iy wêjD;a;Sh&' fld<U( WiiawOHdmk wud;HdxYh fh!jk lghq;= yd /lS rlaId wud;HdxYh" 01 jkmsgqj'

29' tu 2 msg'

30' tu 2 msg'

31' tu 2 msg'

32' tu 5 msg'

33' tu 5 msg'

34' tu 6 msg'

35' tu 23 msg'

36' tu 24 msg'

37' wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1992&' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ m<uqjeks ieis jd¾;dj' fld<U( wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj' 1" 2 msgq'

95

38' tu 7 msgqj'

39' m%d:ñl wOHdmk jHdmD;sh ^2000&' m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau 1998" m%d:ñlwOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd ud¾f.damfoaY' uyr.u(cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 7 msgqj'

40' tu 3 msgqj'

41' wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1997&' idudkH wOHdmkfham%;sixialrK' fld<U( idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾hidOl n<ldh" 16 jk msgqj'

42' ,sÜ,a" wekac,d" ví,sõ' ^2000&' Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh'fld<U( wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" wOHdmk yd WiiawOHdmk wud;HdxYh" 61" 62 msgq'

43' National Institute of Education and Ministry of Education & Higher Educa

tion (2000). National curriculum policy and curriculum process

plan - Sri Lanka. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.

44' fiakdër" tia' ^2008&' Y%S ,xldfõ oaú;shsl mdi,a úIhud,dm%;sixialrK wjYH;d' fld<U( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda"248" 249 msgq'

45' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003&' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNd jd¾;dj 2003' fld<U( cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" 131msgqj'

46' tu 64" 65 msgq'

47' tu 66" 88 msgq'

48' tu 131" 132 msgq'

49' tu 133 msg'

50' tu 136 msg'

51' tu 131-135 msgq'

52' .sksf.a" whs't,a' ^2008&' kj iyi%lfha m%:u oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIhud,dm%;sixialrKh - 2007" kj úIhud,d ±lau yd mdi,awOHdmkfha wfmalaIs; fmr<sh' ' ' ' ' mdÿlal( wOHdmk jD;a;ShksmqK;d flakaøh' 27"29"30 msgq'

53' fiakdër" tia' ^2008&' Y%S ,xldfõ oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIhud,d m%;sixialrKwjYH;d' fld<U( weia' f.dvf.a iy ifydaorfhda" 117" 118" 119"120 msgq'

54' m%d:ñl wOHdmk tallh ^2000&' úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yh' m<uq jk fY%aKsh' uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" v

msg'

96

m%fõYh

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk úldYh yd iïnkaO j wd.ñl wOHdmkh .ek lrk

idlÉPdjl § f,dalfha wd.ï my< ùu wd.ñl mQcljreka úiska tu úIh

b.ekaùug fhdod .;a l%ufõoh" hqfrdamfha mqk¾Ôjk iufhka miq tu

wOHdmkhg ,efnk kj uqyqKqjr" Y%S ,xldfõ ngysr cd;Skaf.a wOHdmkh

hgf;a wd.ñl wOHdmkfha iajrEmh iy ksoyia Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkh

hk úIh fCI;% hgf;a lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu wjYH fjhs' furg ngysr cd;Ska

meñKSug fmr meje;s wd.ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j fuu ix.%yfha msßfjka

wOHdmkh ud;Dldj hgf;a lreKq idlÉPd jk fyhska fuu ,smsfha úIh iSudj

Y%S ,xldj ngysr cd;Skag hg;a ùfï hq.fha isg wdrïN lsÍu WÑ; h' bÈßhg

tk lreKq oelaùï wkqj fjk;a ud;Dldjlg wod< j olakg fkd,efnk

m%;súreoaO n,fõ.j, >Ügkhl iajrEmh fuys § lemS fmfkk nj lsj yels h'

th furg l%sia;= O¾ufha jHdma;sh yd Bg m%;súreoaO jHdmdrhl jD;a;dka;hla

jk w;r mqk¾Ôjk iufhka miq ngysßka Wod jk kj hq.h iïnkaOfhka

ie,l+ úg wOHdmkh wd.ñka fjka lsÍfï fhÿKq we;eï wOHdmk{hkaf.a

W;aidyh iu. o ne£ mj;S' ta w;r wd.ï Wmfhda.s lr f.k orejdf.a udkisl

j¾Okfha Wmrsuh <Õd lr .; yels njg lrk od¾Yksl idlÉPd o wmg yuq

fjhs' furg iómd;S;fha isÿ jQ iqúfYaI iudc fmr<shla jQ 1956 È kjrchla

n,hg m;a ùu;a ud;Dldjg iïnkaO jkakla nj fndfyda úpdrlhkaf.a wjOdkhg

,la fkd jQ nj;a furg wd.ñl wOHdmkfha kj hq.hg moku jegqfKa tu

foaYmd,k úma,jhg m%n, f,i n, mE fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍCIl iNdfõ

jd¾;dfjka nj;a bÈß msgqj, § biau;= lr olajkq ,efí'

wdpd¾h .euqKq isß .uf.a

mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud fld<U&" rdclSh mKaä;" o¾YkúYdro ^le,Ksh&' .=rejrhl= jYfhka rcfha fiajhg ne£ cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odßhl= jYfhka úY%du ,ndisà' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iyldr wêldßjrhl= jYfhkao wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fï;=fõ ixialdrl f,aLlhl= jYfhkao Y%S ,xld rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ mßj¾;l yd ixialdrlhl= jYfhkao lghq;= lr we;' Y%S chj¾Ok mqr úYajúoHd,fha o md,s yd fn!oaOwOHhk mYapd;a Wmdê wdh;kfha ixialD;sl wOHhkh ms<sn| j ondysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl= jYfhka l%shd lr we;'

02

wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 1

97

mqk¾Ôjk iuhg fmr wd.ñl wOHdmkh

udkj YsIagdpdrfha m%d:ñl hq.fha wOHdmkh hkq yqÿ wjêu;a wdldrfhkamrmqfrka mrmqrg mj;ajd f.k tk ,o f,dalh ms<sn| wjfndaOh iy Ôú;fha

w;aoelSïj, ikaksfõokhla úh' hqoaOh" ovhu" wdydr fidhd .ekSu" f,vfrda. iy Bg ms<shï jeks Ôú;hg n, mE ixisoaê ms<sn| jeäysáhka úiska B<Õ

mrmqrg odhdo lrkq ,enqKq oekqj;a nj ñka woyia fjhs' tu oekqug m¾hdf,dalh,enqfKa b;d mgq fCI;%hl úysÿKq wjfndaOhlsks' wyi f.rùu" .xj;=r" jix.;

frda." i;=re ìh jeks Ôú;hg n, mE fndfyda foa Tjqka wjfndaO lr .;af;awoDYHudk n,fõ.hlg iïnkaO lr .ksñks' tajdfha m%Njh N+;hkaf.ka isÿ

jk nj;a f.da;%sl kdhl mQclhd lrk Ydka;sl¾u u.ska Bg iykhla ,eìhyels nj;a úYajdi lrk ,È' fï ;;a;ajh udkj úoHd{hska úia;r lrkafka

m%d:ñl úYajdi jYfhks'

f.da;%sl iudc l%ufhka YsIag;ajhg m;a jQ miq f,dalh iy ifydaor udkj

iudcfha mq¿,a nj ñksidg wjfndaO jkakg úh' mgq iSud iys; m%d:ñl úYajdiuÜgñka bÈßhg .sh ñksia oekqu l%ufhka úYajfha mq¿,a mrdihl úysÈKs' tys

wdrïNh yd úldYh ms<sn| j fuka u ñksia Ôú;h tu f,dal O¾u;d iu. ne|Swe;s whqre o ñksidf.a úuiSug lreKq úh' iuia; úYajh foaj ks¾udKhla nj;a

th l%shd;aul jkafka uejqïldr foúhdf.a leue;a;g wkqj nj;a ;ud hkq foajks¾ñ; f,dalfha yqÿ wxY=jla muKla nj;a foúhkaf.a m%idofhka muKla tu

Ôjk .eg¨ úi|sh yels nj;a fya is;S h'

m%d:ñl úYajdij,ska bÈßhg .sh fï woyia oeka ye|skafjkafka tlfoajjdoh kñks' f,dal wd.ï my< jQfha ta wkqj h' fN!f.da,Sh fn§ï wkqj

tlfoajjd§ wd.ï úúO m%foaYj, iuld,Sk j my< jQfha udkj fldÜGdi fjkaj mej;Sfï fya;=fjks' ta ta wd.ïj, wka;¾.;h mÍCId lsÍfï § fmkS hkafka

f,dalh yd ñksid ms<sn| j iuia;dldrfhka is;kakg fï hq.fha ñksid W;aidyl< whqre h'

l,ska fkd;snqKq whqßka wd.ñl oekqu j¾Okh ùfï fya;=fjka ohdj"

lD;{;dj" Wkqka flfrys f.!rjh iy Wiia udkisl ;;a;ajhla w;am;a lr.ekSfï m%h;akh ñksid ;=< j¾Okh ùug wd.ï bjy,a jQfha ta ta Ydia;Djrekaf.a

b.ekaùï wkqj h' wd.ïj,ska lshjqfKa iuia; udkj iudchg u fmdÿ O¾u;djqj o ta ta wd.ï woyk ne;su;=ka fjk fjk u lKavdhï jYfhka fn§ isàu

m%Yakj,g ;=vq ÿkafka h' m¾ishdj" Ndr; foaYh" BY%dh,h jeks m%foaYj, ÈhqKqjQ udkj YsIagdpdrj,g iqúfYAI jQ talfoajjd§ wd.ï my< jQ miq tla tla wd.ñl

fldÜGdihlg iSud jQ úYajdi rdYshlska ta ta wd.ñl fldÜGdi tlg nef|kw;r wksl=;a tjka fldÜGdij,ska fjka ùu o olakg ,eìKs'

fufia ixúOdkh jQ iEu wd.ul u n,OdÍka jQfha tu wd.fï mQclmsßihs' Tjqka uejqïldr foúhka iy ñksid w;r mqrella f,i l%shd lf<a

wd.ñl Ydka;sl¾u u.ska foúhkaf.a wdYS¾jdoh ,nd §u ;u j.lSu f,i Ndr.ksñks' foaj ks¾udKh m%;sfCIm l< nqÿoyu fyda ffck O¾uh jeks wd.ïj,

jqj o mQcl fyda mQcH msßia wd.ñl b.ekaùï ck;djg bÈßm;a lsÍug ne£

98

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ffjÈl O¾uhg wod< .%ka:fha lshfjkafka hck ^hd. lsÍu& hdck ^hd.lrùu& wOHhk ^bf.kSu& wOHdmk ^b.ekaùu& hk ld¾h f,dal ks¾udml

m%cdm;S foúhd n%dyuKhdg Ndr lr we;s nj h' iqúYd, Ndr;Sh idys;HhffjÈl fyda m%;sffjÈl ^= fjohg tfrys j u;= jqKq& mQcH - mQcl wd.ñl

fldgia úiska fmdaIKh lr mj;ajd f.k wjq;a we;s whqre mÍCId lsÍfï oS fmkShkafka wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO jQ Ydia;%h;a wd.u;a w;r meje;s oeä iïnkaO;dj

h' Ndr;fha § n%dyuKhska f,!lsl yd wd.ñl wxY fofla u wOHdmkh Ndr jl%shd l< w;r Tjqkag tfrys j u;= jQ fn!oaO ffck jeks wd.ïj, mQcH msßia

wd.ñl b.ekaùï m%p,s; lsÍu u.ska wdOHd;añl ixj¾Okhg wod< wOHdmkhÈhqKq l<y'

miq l,l § úYsIag wOHdmk wdh;k f,i f,dal m%lg jQ Ndr;Sh úl%uYs,d"

c.oao,d .Kfha úYaj úoHd,j, m%;sffjÈl wOHdmk wxY ÈhqKq j .sh whqrem%lg h' fïjdfha n,OdÍka jQ fY%aIaG W.;a;= o¾Yk Ydia;%h" ;¾l Ydia;%h jeks

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.ekSfï wNs,dIh ÈhqKq lr .;a;jqka meúÈ njg m;a ùu h' Ök foYdgl"mdyshka" bÜisx" yshqxidka jeks NsCIqka Ndr;fha O¾u Ydia;%Sh .%ka: bf.kSug

Ôú;h mrÿjg ;nd ixpdrh lr Ydia;%h o /f.k wdmiq uõrgg .sh whqre tujD;a;dka;j, i|yka fjhs'

wd.ñl ikaksfõokh

b.ekaùu yd bf.kSu hk l%shdoduh tla l< úg isÿ jkafka ikaksfõokhlsÍu yd ms<s.ekSu h' j¾;udkfha wOHdmk ikaksfõokh yd ieiª úg wd.ï

ìys jQ uq,a hq.fha tu b.ekaùï ikaksfõokh jqKq wdldrh wkqudk lsÍu mjdÿIalr h' oeka we;s wdldrhg wd.ñl Y=o aO .%ka: f,LkdrEV lsÍula

tl, lsis u wd.ula iïnkaOfhka oelal yels fkd ù h' ta wkqj iajNdjfhkau .=ma; iajNdjhla .;a wd.ñl b.ekaùu ikaksfõokh lsÍu isÿ jQfha fndfyda

úg wjdÑl j h' bka woyia jkafka wd.ï b.ekaùug jpk Ndú; fkd l< njfkd fõ' we;eï úg jpkj,ska o ;j;a úgl jpkj,ska f;dr j o lrk ,o tu

ikaksfõokh iSud rys; m%ldYk jQ nj h' wl=re u.ska ,shd olajk jpkhl we;sw¾:fha meyeÈ,s nj j¾;udkfha f,aLk.; j we;s ish¨ u wd.ñl f,aLkj,g

fmdÿ h' tfy;a uq,a hq.fha f,aLkfhka f;dr j l< jdÑl ikaksfõokhwd.ñl i;Hh m%ldY lsÍfï § .=ma; iajNdjhla .;af;a h'

fõoh yodrk YsIHhska uka;% mdG iajdOHdh flf<a .=re;=udf.ka widf.k h' th bf.k .kakd YsIHhdf.a yeoeÍug" ijka§ug foúhka meñfKk

nj ie,lsK' m¾ishdfõ fIkaâ wfjia;d mdG o f,aLkfhka f;dr j mj;ajdf.k tk ,o w;r tajdfha wka;¾.; jQfha foúhkag l< iaf;da;% h' fn!oaO

;ka;%hdkh fnfyúka u .=ma; jQ w¾: Y+kH uka;%j,ska hqla; úh' tfy;a tajd

99

cm lsÍfuka úiauhckl m%;sM, ,efn;ehs ie,fla' fndfyda wd.ïj, we;s foajjdlH tla mqoa.,hl=g foúhkaf.ka weiqKq f,i ie,flk tajd h'

wd.ñl i;H" jpkhg ke.Sfï § jqj o .=ma; iajNdjh wdrCId lsÍugW;aidy f.k ;sfí' yskaÿkaf.a n%yauka ;;a;ajh o l%sia;shdkskaf.a ms;D" mq;%"Y=oaOd;au úia;rh o ksoiqka h' fndfyda úg foúhka yd wd;auh úia;r lrwe;af;a .=ma; wdldrhg h'

Ndr; mqrdúoHdfõ lshfjk yrmamd kgnqka w;r we;s Ñ;%dCIr" ffjÈlidys;Hhg jvd merKs hhs ie,fla' tfy;a tu wCIr fhdod f.k fmdÿ wd.ñlf,aLk ,sùula isÿ fkd jQfha f,aLkh mdm l¾uhla f,i ie,lSfï fya;=fjkss'miQl,l jdÑl Y%e;s mdG fjkia fkd ù /l .ekSug úúO Wml%u fhdod .eksKs'fn!oaOhska furg § ;%smsglh f,aLk .; flf<a tfia fkd lr neß ;;a;ajhlaWoa.; jq úg h' oeka ;;a;ajh fl;rï fjkia ù we;a o lsjfyd;a ish¨ u mdfyawd.ñl mdG .%ka: oeka uqøs; j msgm;a iq,N j olakg ,efí'

tmuKla fkd j wd.ñl i;Hhka úia;r lrk úúO .Kfha .%ka:" iEuwd.ula iïnkaOfhka u m%ldYs; j we;' tfy;a wOHdmkh yd wd.u iïnkaOlsÍfï § mek k.sk .eg¨j kï fï .=ma; i;Hhka orejl=g wjfndaO lr §fïúoHd;aul l%ufõohla ilia lr .ekSuhs'

wd.u iïnkaO jQ ish¨ u merKs wOHdmk l%u .=re flaJøSh j mej;S we;'th j¾;udkfha ckm%sh j we;s YsIHflaJøSh wOHdmkhg mgyeks jk njmeyeÈ,s h' hdjÔj Ndr;Sh wOHdmkh;a .=re l=, wOHdmkh;a .ek úuiq úgfuh is;d .; yels h' tys úuiSug fyda w;ayod ne,Sug wjYH;djla ke;'m%;HCIh fjkqjg wkqudkh u;= fjhs' ;¾lh fjkqjg .;dkq.;sl;ajh tys /£ mj;S'

Ydia;%h iy mQcl n,h

Ndr;Sh wOHdmk l%uh n%dyuKhka Ndrfha meje;s w;r ish¨ u úoHdjkaf.am%Njh f,dj uejQ uyd n%yauhdg mejÍ ;sìKs' fï nj wjfndaO jkafka fõofhawkqfldgia ish,a, u wd.ug iïnkaO lr we;s whqre msßlaiSfï § h' YsCId" l,am"jHdlrK" ksrela;s" Pkaoia" fcHda;sI hk wx. ihlg tajd fnod we;' ñka YsCIdkï fõo mdG WÉpdrK úê h' l,am kï hd. l%u h' jHdlrK kï NdId kS;sh' ksrela;s kï mo ksIam;a;shhs' Pkaoia kï ldjHfha § Wmfhda.s lr .kakdud;%d msysgqùu ms<sn| jQ wl=re iïnkaO kshñ; l%u h' fcHda;sI kï kCI;%úoHdj h' miq l,l NdId Ydia;% yd úoHd f,i ÈhqKq ù .sh {dkh fõofhka um%Nj jQ wdldrh ñka is;d .; yels h'

Ndr;Sh wOHdmk b;sydih mÍCId lrk úg fmkS hkafka n%dyauKhkagtfrys j u;= jQ u;jd§ka w;r m%uqL;ajh oerE fn!oaOhska trg Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhysñ lr .;a njhs' iqm%lg úl%uYs,d" c.oao,d" ´oka;mqÍ" kd,kaod jeks fn!oaOúYaj úoHd,j,ska ta nj ;yjqre fõ' fï ;;a;ajh ye¢kaúh hq;af;a foajjdohm%;sfCIm l< wd.ñl wOHdmkfha ke.Su f,i h' ta ksid u fuys § ksoyiaÑka;khg wkqn, §ula isÿ úh' mqoa.,hdf.a uki iy oekqu iajdëk j iyfjk fjk u jvd .; hq;= nj;a fya;=M,jdoh mokï lr f.k f,dalh ú.%yl< hq;= nj;a nqÿoyfï b.ekaúK'

100

fï yer f,dj fjk;a m%foaYj, o Ydia;% {dkh ÈhqKq jQfha wd.ñl mQclmCIh w;r h' .Dyia: Ôú;h .; lrkakkag Ydia;%h fjkqfjka lem lsÍug

;rï úfõlhla fkd ù h' fï ksid YsIag f,dalfha bÈß .ukg fya;= jQ NdIdYdia;%" .Ks;" Ñ;%" uQ¾;s jeks l,d" fcHda;sI Ydia;%h jeks úIh rdYshla bÈßhg

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foaY .fõIKj,ska Wod jqKq kj hq.h

furg b;sydifha ljodj;a l,ska w;aoelSula fkd jQ isoaêhla kï 1505 §isÿ jQ ngysr cd;Skaf.a wdl%uKhhs' mD;=.Sis kdúlhska ,xldjg f.dvneiSfuka

wdrïN jQ kj hq.h rgg mßydkslr kj ixialD;shla y÷kajd ÿkafka h' ,kafoaisiy bx.%Sis hk wkqm%dma;sl ngysr cd;slhska miqj ;u n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu

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f;dr;=re yqjudre jkakg úh'

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ngysr rgj, mqoa.,fhda fjk fjk u is;+y' l%ufhka úoHd ld¾ñl mqk¾Ôjkhq.hla ñysu; Wod úh' ta ta YsIagdpdrj, jeã .sh wlaIr Ndú;h oekqu igyka

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nj;a ;j;a úYd, oekqula ,nd f.k wvq mdvq imQrd .; hq;= nj;a ngysr ñksidis;kakg mgka .;af;a fï iu. u h'

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fidhd .ekSï u; u Ôú;h jvd myiq jk nj;a f,dalh l=vd jk nj;a ñksid

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w;r ÈhqKq ù .sh .%Sl o¾Ykjdo wd.ñl u;jdoj,g by<ska isáñka udkjflakaøSh ksoyia Ñka;khla bÈßm;a flf<a h' m%xYfha rEfida kj wdl,am u;=

lrñka kj ñksil= ìys l< yels nj m< lrñka ,shQ tñ,a kï mrudo¾YSwOHdmkhla ,nk orejd .ek jQ .%ka:h Rcqj u lshd mEfõ wd.ñl Ñka;kfhka

f;dr j orejd iajNdjO¾uh f;areï .ksñka jeäh hq;= nj h'

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.;dkq.;sl woyia wd.u yd ne£ mj;sk nj;a th i;Hfhka ndysr nj;aúoHdfjka ;yjqre úh' mDÓúh f.da,dldr nj" th iQ¾hhd jgd N%uKh jk nj"

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l<jqkag oreKq o~qjï mekùug fjk u mÍCIK uKav,hla mj;ajd f.k hk,§' th ye¢kajqfKa Inquisition kñks' m,a,sfha u;hg úreoaO woyia oerEjka

fiùug m;a lrk ,o wd.ñl uKav,hla jQ fuh ksoyia úka;kfha bÈß.ukgm%n, ndOdjla jQ nj fkd lsjukd h'

tfy;a o~qjñka hgm;a fkd jqKq nqoaêu;a;= úoHd;aul i;H;d Tmamq l<y'tys m%;sM,h jQfha wd.ñl u;jdo LKavkh ù hdu h' foúhka mDÓúh uejQ njnhsn,fha i|yka Èkhg fmr;a mDÓúh meje;s nj;a ñksid tys Ôj;a jQ nj;a

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mqk¾Ôjk iufha wdrïNh

udkj b;sydih iïnkaOfhka 15 jk ishji ikaêia:dkhla jkafka

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102

neyer nqoaê m%fndaOhlg wkqn, ÿkafka ke;' mqk¾Ôjk iuh hkq ñksia nfõw.h biau;= ùu wdrïN jQ ld,hhs' wd.u úiska hgm;a lrkq ,enq ñksia nqoaêh

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m,a,sh m%Odk jQ nj yels h'

ksrd.ñl;dfõ ke.Su

udkj flakaøSh nqoaê m%fndaOh yuqfõ jefgñka meje;s ;u wd.fï wdêm;Hh

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103

úoHd;aul iudc jdoh f,i ye¢kajqKq fuu foaYmd,kh ixl,amh l%shd;auljqKq rgj, wd.u hkq h,amek .sh woyia ud,djla njg m;a úh' fï j¾;udk

f,dalfha n,mj;akd ksrd.ñl Ñka;kfha bÈß.uk ms<sn| jD;dka;fha me;slvls'

l%ufhka kjf,dj ìys jqfKa .fõIKh" ;¾lkh" mÍlaIdj w;ayod ne,Suiy m%;HfõCIKh lsÍu we;=<;a l%shdoduhla Tiafia bÈßhg wd kj oekqu

;=<sks' wOHdmkh u.ska YsIHhd ixj¾Okh lsÍu .;dkq.;sl jQ .=reflakaøSh;dfjka ñ§ YsIH flakaøSh njg fmrf<kakg úh' kjf,dj ìys lsÍug

fya;= jQ ufkdaúoHdj" mßKdujdoh" udkj úoHdj yd iudc úoHdj .Kfhaidudðl úoHdj,g;a fN!;sl úoHd yd .Ks;h .Kfha Y=oaO úoHdj,g;a uq,sl

jQfha fï kj oekqu fidhd hdfï jHdmD;shhs'

wd.u ñh fkdhEfï fya;=j

wd.fuka fjka lr wOHdmkh bÈßhg f.k hdu b;d id¾:l j isÿ ùf.k hk wdldrh .; jQ Y;j¾I ;=k y;r ;siafia isÿ jQ l%shdj,sh foi ne,Sfï§ jegyS hhs' mQcljrekaf.a .%yKfhka wOHdmkh l%ufhka ñ§ f.dia we;' taw;r wd.ñl mQcljre o kj wOHdmk l%ufõoh wkqj bÈßhg hñka kjÑka;hgodhl fjñka isá;s' l,ska i|yka l< úoHd úIhhkays;a o¾Ykjdoj,;a m%ùK;ajh,;a tnkaokaf.ka úIh{dkh m%p,s; lsÍfuys ,d úYsIag odhl;ajhla ,efnñkamj;S' tfy;a wd.ñl;ajh f,dfjka ;=rka jqfKa ke;' tfia u wd.ñl úúO;ajhgbv i,iñka ish¨ u u;jdo fkd.eà mj;sk jd;djrKhla ìys j ;sfí' ta w;rúoHd o¾Yk u;jdoj,ska fmdaIKh jQ wd.ñl W.;=ka wod< mßÈ ;u woyiaikd: lsÍug kj úoHd;aul m¾fhaIK Wmfhda.s lr .kakd wdldrhla o fmkShhs' o¾Ykjdo b;sydifha wd.ñl u;jdo w;r .egqu b;d id¾:l j Ydia;%ShiajrEmfhka bÈßm;a lsÍula fmksKs' b;d uE;l isg m%lg jk m%jK;djlajkafka wêfN!;sljd§ m¾fhaIKj,ska bkaøsh úIh fkd jk f,dalh .ek lrkúuid ne,Suhs' fïjd úoHdj;a wd.u;a w;r mqrella fjñka wd.ñl {dkh ydiïnkaO we;eï u;jdo ñ:Hdjla fkd jk njg idOl f.k yer mdk njlafmfka'

kj f,dj ìys lsÍfï mqfrda.dóka w;r wd.u iïmQ¾Kfhka u Ôú;fhkaneyer l< hq;= hehs woyia l< wh úr, jqy' wOHdmk{hska idudkHfhkawoyia lf<a orejdg ;ukag iqÿiq wd.u f;dard .ekSug yels jk ;rug nqoaêhfïrE miq Bg wjia:dj Èh hq;= nj h' thska fmkS hkafka wd.u hkq wOHdmkfham%uqL wx.hla f,i fkd ie,lsh hq;= nj h' tfy;a f,dal ck.ykfhka úYd,fldgila wd.ñl úYajdi u; f.dv ke.=Kq ixialD;shla mj;ajd f.k h;s'breÈk oyï mdi,a u.ska mqcljre orejkag wd.ñl oekqu ,nd fo;s' wúêu;ayd úêu;a wdldrfhka wd.ñl m%pdrl o lghq;= lr f.k h;s'

l,ska meje;s mqcl n,h iy wd.ñl md,kh ksid mqoa.,hd wd.ug yels

úh' tfy;a wd.u hkq flkl= yojf;a r|jd .; hq;a;la njla j¾;udkfha;yjqre fjhs' th yqÿ wOHd;auhg iSud fjhs' túg th iudc n,fõ.hla fkd

fõ' ta wkqj úúO iudcj, isák úúO wd.ïj,g wh;a msßiaj,g tl u udkj

104

iudchla f,i tla úh yels h' udkj ksoyi .ek lrk kj hq.fha ú.%yj, §leu;s wd.ula weoySug mqoa.,hdg ksoyi ;sìh hq;= h hkak u;= ù tk

ixl,amhla fjhs' ta wkqj wd.u hkq iudc tall w;r .egqï we;s lrk idOlhlafkd fõ' fï oelajQfKa kj hq.fha wd.ï ms<sn| j we;s mrudo¾YS wdl,amhhs'

fï wdldrhg ljr wdldrfha úfõpk uOHfha jqj o wd.u hkq wo;a iÔù

j mj;akd n,fõ.hls' f,dal ck;djf.ka úYd, fldgil wOHd;auh md,khjkafka thsks' úêu;a wOHdmkhla ,enqK;a ke;;a jeäysáhkaf.ka fyda

mQclhskaf.ka B<Õ mrïmrdjg wd.ñl{dkh mjrd fokq ,efí' th yoj;skayoj;g iïfma%IKh jk woDYHudk j ikaksfõokh jk úYajdi moaO;shla fjhs'

fï wkqj wd.u hkq mqoa.,hd ilia lrk idOlhls' th mdi,a moaO;sfhaúIhhla jYfhka b.ekaùu j¾;udk nyqjd¾.sl yd nyq wd.ñl iudcj,

m%dfhda.sl oqIalr;d we;s lrhs' ta w;r tlla jkafka fndfyda wd.ïj, fjk;awd.ï woykakkag tfrys jk woyia .eí ùuhs' ta wkqj fjk;a wd.ï ñ:HdoDIaá

fjhs' thska isÿ jkafka mdi,aj, YsIH ck fldÜGdi w;r fn§ï we;s lsÍuhs'yskaÿ" uqia,sï" isla" l%sia;shdks" fn!oaO ck fldgia we;s bkaÈhdkq mdi,la wd.u

b.ekaùfï § u;= jk ÿIalr;d fuys § is;d ne,Sug iqÿiq h' fï lreKq ie,ls,a,g.;a bkaÈhdj jeks rgj,a wd.u mdi,a úIhOdrdfjka neyer lr ;sîu f;areï

.; yelalls'

fï w;r wd.u wOHdmkfhka neyer l< hq;= njg o m%n, ;¾l u;= fõ'ta iu. u WmksIoa iDIsjreka {dk .fõIKh u.ska øjHuh f,dalh blaujd

f.dia m%d;syd¾h mEfï Yla;sh ,nd.;a wdldrh ie,ls,a,g f.k ta .KfhawdOHd;añl m¾fhaIKj,g ñksid fhduq lsÍu wjYH nj m< lrk u; fjhs'

kQ;k wOHdmkfhka iyc Yla;sh ÈhqKq l< yelafla bkaøsh úIh we;=<; muKs'tfy;a wd.ñl wNHdi u.skA bka Tíng o ñksid f.k hd yels h' fï wkqj

uki yslau jk wd.ñl úkh <ud úfha isg u ÈhqKq l< hq;= fõ' tfia nqÿkaje£u fyda hdÉ[d lsaÍu u.ska isiq uki yslau úh yels h'

f,dalh ms<s.;a m%ldYk w;r tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixúOdkfha hqfkiaflda

m%{ma;sh tlls' tys lshfjkafka hqoaOh yg .kafka ñksidf.a uki ;=< nj h'ft;sydisl ieka*ekaisiaflda iïfï,kfha § ,xld ksfhdað;hd Oïumoh f.k

yer olajd m%ldY lf<a ffjrfhka ffjrh fkdikaisf|k nj h' fï wdldrhgwd.ñl b.ekaùï u.ska uki yslauùu f,dal m%Yak úi£ug bjy,a jk w;r th

fnfyúka l%shd;aul l< yels ms<sfj;ls' ulaksid o h;a wd.u hkq wo;a f,dalck;dj nyq, jYfhka wdOHd;añl j md,kh lrk ixia:dj jk fyhsks'

Y%S ,xldfõ idïm%odhsl wd.ñl wdOHdmkhg t,a, jQ m%:u wNsfhda.h

úoHd mqk¾Ôjkh ms<sn| wdrïNl wjêh jk 15 jk ishji furgg

jeo.;a jkafka ta isoaêh ksid fkd fõ' tu ishji f.ù h;a u furgg m%:ujrghqfrdamSh wêrdcjd§ka f.dvneiSfï fya;=fjks' tkï mD;=.SiSka h' ta jk úg

foaY .fõIKfhka iy úfoaY wdl%uKfhka Okh w;am;a lr .ekSfï jHdmdrfhys

105

fh§ isá ngysr cd;Skag hqfrdamSh kj Ñ;a;k úma,jfha rYañh j;a jefokakgld,hla fkd ù h' n,h Wÿrd .ekSu;a" uxfld,a,lEu;a rdcH m%;sm;a;sh lr.;a fï wdl%uKslhska ,xldj jeks rgj,g we;=`t jQfha w;lska ;=jlal=j;a wkslaw;ska nhsn,h;a /f.k nj lshkq ,efí' wdhqO n,fhka rgj,a hg;a lr.ekSu;a wd.u me;srùu u.ska iajfoaYslhskaf.a wdOHd;auh wdl%uKh lsÍu;aixfla;d;aul j m%ldY flfrkafka ta wdldrfhks' furg meje;s mkai,a wOHdmkhfjkqjg w,a,d.;a m%foaYj, mdi,a msysgqùu u.ska iajfoaYSh ixialD;sl mokuì| fy<Su werôK' ta ;rï mq`t,a f,i orejkag wOHdmkh §fï úêu;a jevms<sfj<la furg fyda Ndr;fha ljodj;a bka fmr fkd ;sìKs' .eyekq msßñorejka flfia fyda mdi,g f.kaùug fuu hg;aúð;jd§yq yels iEu W;aidyhla u.;ay' mdi,a úIhud,dfõ wd.u m%uqLia:dkh .;af;a h' tkï lf;da,sl O¾uhhs'fï ksid mD;=.Sis n,hg hg;a jQ uqyqÿnv m%foaYj, orejka mdi,a u.ska lf;da,sllsÍfï jHdmdrh fnfyúka id¾:l jk nj fmksK' fuh wjYH jQfha wd.ufjkia l< mqrjeishka iaÓr j u hg;aúð;jd§kaf.a .%yKhg wiq ùu ksid Tjqkalsisúgl tu rchg úreoaO fkd ùu fya;=fldg f.k h' fï yer jeäysáhkagrcfha ;dkak udkak §u u.ska TjqyQ w,a,d .kakd ,oy' flfia jqj o jeäysáhkawd.u fjkia l< nj fmkajQfha fndrejg nj o ta fmkaùu m%fhdackhg f.kB<Õ mrmqr ;ukag wjYH úêfha lf;da,slhska lr .; yels nj o lf;da,slñIkdßjre oek .;ay' wd.u b.ekaùu md,kfha tla wxYhla jQfha tfyhsks'

b.ekaùfï l%ufõofha kj uqyqKqjr

mdi,aj, isxy, wl=re;a W.kajk ,§' wd.u b.ekaùfï l%ufõoh m%OdkjYfhka .S;sld lg mdvï lsÍu iy kdgH rÕoelaùu úh' mdG .%ka: Ndú;hlatl, fkd jQfha ta jk úg;a uqøK Ys,amh y÷kd f.k fkdmeje;s fyhsks' tawkqj furg idïm%odhsl wOHdmk l%uhg ;rula kj uqqyqKqjrla §u fï mdi,aj,skaisÿ ù we;' fï yer m,a,sj, fjk u orejkag hdÉ[d mqyqKq lsÍï mej;=Kq njfmfka'

mD;=.Siskaf.ka n,h w,a,d .;a ,kafoaiSka o wd.u b.ekaùu w;ska oeäW;aidyhl fh§ we;' ,kafoais iufha § mdi,ska wia jQ miq o fkdlvjd wjqreÿfolla wd.u W.; hq;= úh' tfy;a Tjqka m%pdrh flf<a m%Odk jYfhkafm%df;ia;ka; wd.uhs' 1737 § fld<U uqøKd,h msysgqùu jeo.;a jkafka t;ekamgka mdG.%ka: u.ska wd.u b.ekaùu werUqKq fyhsks' hqfrdamSh úoHd mqk¾ÔjkhwOHdmkhg n,mEfõ ;jÿrg;a wd.u me;srùug kj ld¾ñl {dkh fhdod.ekSu u.sks'

f; jk hqfrdamSh cd;sh jQ bx.%SiSka furg meñKsfha wk;=re j h'wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka ful, isÿ jQ m%Odk fjkialu kï uq¿ rg u Tjqkaw,a,d .;a miq l%ufhka rg mqrd u mdi,a msysgqùuhs' orejka mdi,a heùukS;sfhka wksjd¾h úh' tfy;a mdi,a wOHdmkh Ndr f.k ;snqfKa l%sia;shdksñIkdßjreka h' uq,a cd;ska folg jvd bx.%SiSka idOdrK wd.ñl iy wOHdmkslm%;sm;a;shla mj;ajd f.k .sh njg idOl we;' ta wkqj wd.ñl fkd jkmdGYd,d o rch u.ska mj;ajd f.k hk ,oafoa m%Odk jYfhka lshùu ,sùu yd

106

wxl .Ks;h b.ekaùug h' tfy;a wd.ñl mdGYd,dj, l%sia;=O¾uh b.ekaúK'n%jqkaß.a iufha § wdrïN lrk ,o ñIkdß mdGYd,d miqj rcfha mdi,a njg m;a úh'

bx.%Siskaf.a md,kh" hgf;a rfÜ md,kh ck;djg ys;lr f,i mj;ajdf.k hdug .;a wjxl W;aidhl m%:u mshjr jkafka flda,anDDla leurka mÍlaIliNdj u.ska wOHdmkh ms<sn| úuid ne,Su h' tu fldñIfï fhdackd wkqjm;a jqKq mdi,a fldñIug wdÉãlka we;=`t mqcljre we;=<;a jQy' mdi,a md,kh;snqfKa Tjqkag Ndrj h' rch l%sia;shdks mdi,aj,g uqo,ska wdOdr flf<a h'fun÷ mdi,a mÍlaId lsÍula u.ska rfÜ md,kh jvd ck;djg ys;lr jqjlalsÍug bx.%Siska fm,öu úoHdmqk¾Ôjkfha m%;sM, f,dj mqrd me;sÍula f,iie,lsh yels h' fï jk úg ì%;dkHfha rdcH md,kh fjkqjg m%;sm;a;shla f,irdcH ks¾ndO m%;sm;a;shg ms<s.ekSula ;snqKs' fï ksid wd.u me;srùug rdcHn,h fhoùu ì%;dkH m%;sm;a;shla f,i bÈßhg wdfõ ke;' ta fjkqjg ta ta ckfldÜGdij,g wjYH mßÈ wOHdmkh ilia úh' hq;= njg rch iDcqj u úreoaOfkd ù h' tfy;a j¾;udkfha fuka ck;d wjYH;dj fjkqfjka rch bÈßm;aù wd.ñl ixialD;sl Wreuhka /l .ekSu n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd úh yels úh'tfyhska furg tajk úg;a meje;s mkai,a mdi,a kñka jd¾;dfõ y÷kajd we;swOHdmk wdh;k kùlrK lsÍu fyda m%p,s; lsÍu flda,anDDla fldñIfïks¾foaYhla fkd ù h' ta wkqj l%sia;=O¾uh m%p,s; lsÍfï ñIkdß jHdmdrhfkdlvjd mj;ajd f.k hk ,§' th hdmkh m%foaYfha fou< ckhd iïnkaOfhkao uykqjr" .d,a, fld<U jeks k.rj, ñY% ckhd iïnkaOfhka o fjkia fkdù h' fuu wd.ñl wOHdmkh rcfhka ,enqK uq,Huh wdOdrj,g wu;r jbx.%Sis NdIdj m%pdrh lsÍug wOHdmkh fhdod .ekSu .ek wkqn, §ï o úh'tfyhska fn!oaOhskag m%Odk jYfhka u fuu wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sfhka úYd,jYfhka ydks isÿ úh'

bia,dï O¾uhg rdcH wkq.%yh

fï w;r fkd¾;a wdKavqldrhdf.a ld,fha § uqia,sïjreka fjkqfjka uoardidmdi,la msysgqùug rch bÈrm;a ùu úfYaI isoaêhls' uqia,sïjreka lf;da,sl lsÍulsisodl isÿ fkdjkakla nj wjfndaO lr .; bx.%SiSka Tjqkaf.a is;a Èkd .ekSug.;a W;aidyhla f,i fuh fmkS hhs' ta u.ska rdcH úfrdaë úma,jhlg Tjqkaf.aWmldrh ,eîu j<lkakg rchg yels jk fyhsks'

bx.%Sis hq.fha l%sia;=Nla;sl mQcljrekaf.a wOHdmk lghq;= yqÿ wd.ub.ekaùug iSud fkdjQ w;r wOHdmkfha kùk m%;sixialrKj, m%;sM, ;umdi,a u.ska fnod yeÍug Tjqkag yels úh' fuh isÿ jQfha bx.%Sis mdi,aj,sks' tajdTjqkaf.a md,khg hg;a ù mej;sKs' fï jk úg hqfrdamfha úoHd mqk¾Ôjkfham%;sM, ìys fjñka mej;=Kq w;r mdi,a muKla fkd j úYaj úoHd, mjd kùkwOHdmkfhka m%fndaOj;a úh' tajdfha kj;u m¾fhaIK wkqj YsIH olaI;dÈhqKq lrk wdldrh .=re YsIHhskag mqyqKq lrjk ,§' fï wkqj NdIdjidys;Hh" l%Svd" fi!LHh" N+f.da, úoHdj" .Ks;h jeks úIh idudkH mdi,aúIhud,dfõ wx. úh' Wiia wOHdmkfha § kS;sh" ffjoH úoHdj" bxðfkare

107

úoHdj jeks úIh yod< YsIHfhda iïNdjkSh iudc ;;a;ajhla we;s jD;a;slhkaf,i fiajh l<y' fï Wiia .Kfha jD;a;sj,g wod< úIh W.kajk ,oafoabx.%Sis udOHfhka muKs' fï yer idudkH bx.%Sis oekqula we;s whg mjd rcfhamdi,aj, úêu;a wOHdmkh újD; úh' tajdfha iy;sl rch ms<s.ekSu ksid tajdiudcfha úúO wxYj, W.;alu ms<sn| j ;Srlhla úh'

Wiia /lshdjla ,eîu myiq úh ta lsisjla ke;;a yqÿ bx.%Sis oekSu muKlafya;= fldg f.k jqj o rfÜ Wiia iudc ;;a;ajhla ,eîug yelshdj ;sìK' fïa

wdldrhg l%sia;=Nla;sl mqcljreka md,kh l< bx.%Sis mdi,a bx.%sis wdKavqjmj;ajd f.k hdug Woõ lf<a rch" l%sia;=Nla;sl mqcl mlaIh hk fo fldgi

jv jvd;a Wkqkg ióm fjñks'

fï wkqj l%sia;shdks wd.ñl wOHdmkh hkq furg rch;a" bx.%Sis NdIdj;a"l%sia;shdks YsIagdpdrh;a tlg ne| ;nkakla úh' ta iu. u rfÜ ck.ykfhka

úYd,;u fldgi jQ fn!oaOhska o m%Odk cd;sh jQ isxy,hska o fo jk .Khg weofy<Sula úh' isxy, NdIdj lssis u ;ekl wOHdmkfha Wiia wjia:dj, § udOHh

jYfhka Ndú; fkd ù h' Wiia jD;a;slhska f,i ie,l=fKa fodia;r" kS;s{.Kldêldß .Kfha /lshdj, kshqla;hka jQ w;r tjdg wod< wOHdmkh ,enqfKa

bx.%Sis udOHfhka idudkH l%sia;shdks mdi,aj,sks'

wOHdmkh ms<sn| fn!oaO m%fndaOh

fï w;r NslaIQkaf.a wkq.%yh ,enQ mkai,a wOHdmkh ì| jeáK' flda,anDDlafldñIu tk úg furg mkai,a wOHdmk wdh;k 94la jQ nj i|yka fõ' fï yer

NsCIqka jykafia,d w;r md,s" ixialD; iy nqoaO O¾uh bf.kSu iïm%odhdkql+, jlr f.k hk ,§' ta ljr úIhlg fyda wd¾Ól jákdlula fkd ùh' we÷fuka

mjd isxy, W.;=ka iy bx.%Sis W.;=ka fjkia jQfha l,siï we£u bx.%Sis W.;=kagiSud ùu;a tnkaokag iqúfYaI j iudc ;;ajhla ysñùu;a fya;=fjks' rcfha /

lshd bx.%Sis W.;=kag iSud úh' NslaIQkaf.a wdOHd;añl kdhl;ajh rfÜ ms<s.ekSug,la jqj o wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka fn!oaO mQcH mlaIhg iudcfha ljr fyda

j.lSula ysñ jqfKa ke;' mdi,a l%uh ìys jQ miq mkai,a mdi,a wNdjhg .sfha h'.=re mqyqKqj iy rcfha kS;s Í;s hgf;a mdi,aj, úêu;a wOHdmkh ÈhqKq ù .sfha

h' tajdfha iy;sl rch ms<s.ekSu ksid tajd iudcfha úúO wxYj, W.;alums<sn| jQ ;Srl úh'

fï w;r furg fn!oaOhska rch úiska fkd i,ld yeÍu .ek NslaIQka

m%uqL fn!oaOfhda n,j;a l,lsÍug m;a j isáhy' 1873 jk õg fn!oaO l%sia;shdksm%isoaO jdo we;s ùu fï u;jdo iuia;fha Wmßuh fmkakqï flf<a h' tl, isÿ

jQ mdkÿrd jdofhka fn!oaOhka ch .ekSu;a tu jdofha jd¾;d ngysr f,dalfhame;sÍu;a furg wOHdmkfha kj msgqjla fmr<Sug fya;= úh' fykaß iaà,a

´,alÜ;=ud iy í,ejeÜials ue;sksh furgg meñK fn!oaOhska ù fn!oaO wOHdmkhk.d isgqùug l%shd lf<a mruú{dkd¾: fn!oaO ix.uh msysgqùfuks' ta u.ska

1885 § uq,a jrg oyï mdi,la wdrïN lsÍfuka werUqKq fn!oaO wOHdmkh kÕd

108

isgqùfï jHdmdrh ÈhqKq jQfha fn!oaO mdGYd,d we;s lsÍfuks' tajd w;r bx.%SismdGYd,d o úh' fld<U wdkkao úoHd,h" kd,kaod úoHd,h" úYdLd úoHd,h

jeks fn!oaO bx.%Sis mdGYd,d u.ska l%sia;shdks ñIkdßjrekaf.a wdêm;Hfhkaf;dr j bx.%Sis udOHfhka f,!lsl úIh bf.kSug fn!oaO orejkag wjia:dj

,eìK' ta ksid ksrd.ñl úIhhkays m%ùK;ajh ,enqfjda ngysr rgj,g f.diajeäÿr wOHdmkh o ,nd wdmiq meñKsfha kjf,dfõ oekqfuka m%Ndú; ùfuks'

Tjqka w;r úYajúoHd, wOHdmkh ,enQ" fmdÿfõ wd.u m%;slafIm l< wh

o jQ w;r" tn÷ wh w;r jQ foaYmd,k u;OdÍka ls%ia;shdks - fn!oaO wd.ïw;ßka tll j;a mdi,a wOHdmkhg jQ we;=<;a ùu .ek leue;a;la oelajQfhake;' ta iu. u fmrÈ. NdId Ydia;% yod< furg YsIHhka ngysr Wiia wOHdmkh,nd meñKsfha bx.%sis udOHfhka fmrÈ. wOHdmkfha w.h wjfndaO lr .ksñks'iudcfha jdujd§ foaYmd,k u; oerejka mka;s igk .ek Wkkaÿ fjoa§foaYysff;IS ksoyia u;OdÍ fn!oaOfhda foaYSh ixialD;sh;a fn!oaO mßirh;añIkdÍ wOHdmkfhka úkdY ù hdu ie,lS,a,g f.k fn!oaO m%fndaOh n,fõ.hlaf,i i,ld foaYmd,k fmr<shla we;s lrkakg fmruqK .;ay' tn÷ fmr<shlwjYH;dj iksgqyka jqfKa l,siï w¢k bx.%Sis l;d lrk" ñIkdß mdi,aj,skawOHdmkh ,enq fn!oaO kñka jQ foaYmd,k{hska fjkqjg isxy, udOHfhka jevl< yels foaYSh ixialD;sh mokï lr .;a fn!oaO yeÈhdjla we;s msßila w;grfÜ md,k n,h m;aúh hq;= njg ke.=Kq Woaf>daIKj,sks'

yskaÿ iy uqia,sï wd.ñlhkaf.a wOHdmk m%fndaOh o fï iu. u;= fjñkawdfha h' bx.%Sis md,lhskaf.a wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shg tfrys j hdmkfha wdreuq.kj,¾ ;=ud we;s l< —jkakd¾ m;f;hsys˜ kï bx.%Sis úoHd,h miq l,l yskaÿúoHd,h f,i kï flßKs' hdmkfha o ñIkdß wOHdmkhg tfrys j ke.=Kq y~thska uq¾;su;a úh' .ïfmd, iy fld<U iysrd úoHd, .Kfha uqia,sï wdh;kbx.%Sis W.;=ka ìys lf<a h' fï ish,af,ka m< jqfKa bx.%Sis wêm;Hfha wd.ñlwOHdmk m%;sm;a;shg tfrys j ish¨ ck fldgiaj,ska Woaf>daIK u;= jQ nj h'tfy;a rg ksoyi ,enQ miq iq¿ ck fldgia ;Dma;su;a jQ njla fmkS .sfha h' tfiafkd jQ fn!oaOhska w;r ixialD;sl úma,jhg y`v ke.=fKa ta w;r h'

1954 jk úg fn!oaOhskg wOHdmk fCI;%fha úYd, widOdrKhla isÿfjñka mj;akd njg;a ñIkdÍ wOHdmkhg fn!oaO orejka ì,s fkd l< hq;=njg;a y`vla u;= úh' tys moku jQfha" wOHdmkh u.ska fn!oaO orejka l%sia;shdkslsÍug tfrys ùu h' fï .ek fkdikaiqka jQ .sys meúÈ fn!oaO kdhlfhda iuia;,xld fn!oaO iïfï,kfha § .;a ;SrKhla wkqj rfÜ fn!oaOhskag isÿ ù we;swidOdrK;d fidhd n,d ms<shï fhdackd lsÍug .sys meúÈ mÍlaIl iNdjla m;alsÍug ;SrKh l<y' Èjhsfka úúO m%foaYj, fn!oaO ixúOdkj, bÈß m;a l<woyia úuid ne¨ tu mÍlaIl iNdj ta ish,a, leá lrñka lreKq we;=<;a lrjd¾;djla ilia lf<a h' .; jQ ishjia fol ;=< fï rfÜ úYd,;u iudcfmr<sh we;s l< ksjerÈ uyck u;h ms<sìUq l< f,aLkh f,i fuh ye¢kaúhyels h'

tu jd¾;dfõ ta jk úg bx.%Sis W.;a mka;shg rfÜ rdcH wkq.%yh we;=`tish¨ jrm%ido ysñ jQ meje;s whqre;a wOHdmkfhka fn!oaOhska fldka lr we;s

109

whqreka bx.%Sis udOH l%sia;shdks mdi,aj, W.;a YsIHHska ta fya;=fjka u isxy,fn!oaOhskag jvd iqúfYaI m%;s,dN fldgila ù we;s whqre;a ixLHd f,aLk iys;j ;¾ldkql+, j olajd we;' rcfha Wmldrh we;= j ;eka ;ekaj, msysgqjd we;sl%sia;shdks mdi,aj,g rcfha uqo,a wdOdr ,eìKs' tfy;a tajdfha W.;af;aidudkHfhka fn!oaOhska h' fï <uhskag nqÿoyu bf.kSug wjia:dj fkd,eìKs' fn!oaOhska l%sia;shdkshg yerùug neß kï Tjqka —krl fn!oaOhska˜lsÍug wdOdr lsÍu rcfha ryis.; m%;sm;a;sh úh'

fuhg ms<shï fidhd l%shd;aul lsÍug iuia; ,xld fn!oaO iïfï,kfhaksfhdað;hska rg ksoyi ,nd .;a miq rdcH kdhlhka yuq j idlÉPd l<;a úúO

fya;= ksid tu idlÉPd M, rys; úh' tu iïfï,kh uyckhdf.ka u iukaú;mÍËl' iNdjla m;a fldg ;;a;ajhg ms<shï fhdackd lrkakg mejrefõ bka

miqj h' fuu fldñIu rfÜ nqoaOYdikhg" iodpdrhg yd wOHdmkhg wod< jbÈßm;a l< fhdackd w;r" fuys § wjOdkh fhduq jkafka wOHdmkh ms<sn|

fldgig h' ta w;r" jQ my; i|yka lreKq úfYaIfhka jeo.;a fõ'

i 1958 ckjdß 01 jk od jk úg wdOdr ,nk ish¨ u mdGYd,d rchg .;

hq;= h'

ii ck.ykh yd j¾. ie;mqï m%udKh .ek o i,ld ish¨ u m<d;aj,

mdGYd,d we;s lsÍu rcfha j.lSu nj kS;s .; l< hq;= h'

iii rcfha mdGYd,djl hïlsis wd.ñl mlaIhlg whs;s YsIHhkaf.a .Kk

ishhg mkia tllg jeä kï ta mdGYd,dfõ uq,a .=re moúhg jeä mlaIfhawd.u woyk .=rejrhl= u m;a l< hq;= h'

iv ish¨ u mdGYd,dj, ta ta <uhskaf.a fouõmshkaf.a wd.u b.ekaùu wksjd¾h

úh hq;= h'

v lsis u wOHdmk wdh;khl jhi wjqreÿ 21 iïmQ¾K fkd jQ lsisjl=

iajlSh foudmshkaf.a wd.ñka fjk;a wd.ulg yerùug ;e;a lsÍu o~qjï,eìh hq;= jrola jk f,i oKavkS;s ix.%yh ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= h'

vi oekg ;sfnk wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ .%ka: m%ldYk uKav,h úiqrejd

yeÍh hq;= h'

vii 1957 ckjdß udifha mgka ish¨ u wNHdi úoHd, rch ika;l úh hq;= h'

fn!oaO mdi,a isiqka l%sia;shdks wd.ug yerùu" fn!oaO wd.ñl wOHdmkhfkd i,ld yeÍu" fn!oaO fmd;m; wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka fnod yeÍug

ndOd lsÍu" l%sia;shdks mdi,a w¨f;ka msysgqjd" fn!oaO <uhska tajdg we;=<;alsÍu hk lreKq furg fn!oaOhskag fl;rï lkiai,a,g fya;= ù o by;

i|yka fhdackdj,ska fy<s fõ'

fuu fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍlaIl iNdj 1954 ui 2 jk Èk m;a lrk ,o

w;r tu jd¾;dj t<s olajk ,oafoa 1956 fmnrjdß 4 jk od h' fï jk úg rfÜ

110

foaYmd,k lr<sfha úYd, fjkialï isÿ fjñka mej;sK' n,fha isá tlai;acd;sl mËfha ^tcdm& m%n, weu;sjrhl= j isá tia' ví,sõ wd¾' ã' nKavdrkdhl

uy;d rcfhka bj;a j úmlaIhg f.dia Y%S ,xld ksoyia mlaIh msysgqjd .;af;ah' tu mlaIfha m%;sm;a;s m%Odk jYfhka u foaYSh ixialD;sh k.d isgqùu wruqKq

lr f.k ilia úh' 1956 uq, § t'cd'm' rch úiqrejd yrk ,§' úYd, ixialD;slúma,jhla rgg wjYH nj uyck u;h úh'

NslaIqka jykafia,df.a m%Odk;ajfhka we;s lr .kakd ,o mxpuyd n,fõ.h

kï ixúOdkh ish¨ u foaYmd,k mËj,g oi mk;la bÈßm;a lr thgiyfhda.h fok mCIj,g w¨;a rchla msysgqùug wdrdOkd lrk nj okajk ,§'

fï oi mk; w;r fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍlaIl iNd jd¾;dj l%shd;aul lsÍu otlla úh' nKavdrkdhl uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka hq;a uyck tlai;a fmruqK

kï foaYmd,k mË lSmhl tlai;a ixúOdkh tu oi mk; ms<s.;af;a h' tawkqj ,enqKq uyck m%;spdrh wkqj kjrch n,hg m;a úh' fï wkqj mkiayfha

úma,jh kñka ye¢kafjk rdcH fmr<shg rfÜ wd.ñl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shm%n, fya;=jla jQ nj meyeÈ,s jkq we;'

mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu iy tys m%;sM,

ish¨ u mdi,a rchg mjrd .; hq;= nj fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍCIl iNdfõ

ks¾foaYhla jqj o th l%shd;aul lsÍug mkia yfha rchg wjia:djla fkd ,eìKs'foaYmd,k wia:djr;ajh thg fya;= jQ nj fmfka' tfy;a 1960 § n,hg m;a rchtu ia:djrfhka bj;a fkd ù 1961 § md¾,sfïka;= mk;lska ish¨ u mdi,aj, iy

.=reúoHd,j, md,kh rchg mjrd .;af;a h' fuh wd.ñl wOHdmkhiïnkaOfhka w;sYhska u jeo.;a mshjrla jQfha hqfrdamSh wdl%uKslhska rfÜ

n,h w,a,d .;a od isg u meje;s ;¾ckhla jYfhka furg fn!oaOhska ie,l+mdi,a u.ska rg jeishka l%sia;=Nla;shg yerùfï jHdmdrh thska iïmQ¾Kfhka

u k;r jQ fyhsks' tmuKla fkd j tla cd;sl mrud¾:hla we;=j rfÜ ish¨ uwd.ñl yd jd¾.sl msßia" tlai;a cd;shl fldgialrejka f,i f.dv kexùug

bka wjia:dj Wod úh'

foaYmd,kfha kj m%jK;d

1962 § rch m;a l< chiqßh fldñIï jd¾;dj" wd.ñl wOHdmkhg fjkajQ ks¾foaY bÈßm;a fkd l<;a wOHdmkh u.ska ixialD;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu ms<sn|

wjOdkhg fjka jQ ks¾foaY bÈßm;a fkdl<;a wOHdmkh u.ska ixialD;sh ÈhqKqlsÍu ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' ta wkqj ta ta ck jd¾.sl iy wd.ñl

ixialD;sh wdrlaId fjhs' 1965 § m;a jQ rch o fn!oaO jd¾;dfõ ks¾foaY .ekie,ls,su;a ùu ksid Wod jQ m%;sM,hla kï fmdah Èk rcfha ksjdvq Èk lsÍu h'

fuh mdi,a moaO;shg ;Èka n, mE w;r bre Èk oyï mdi,a f,i ye¢kajqKqwdh;k fmr fmda Èk fyda fmda Èk meje;aùug ñka wjia:dj ,enqKs' bka miq

tajd ye¢kajqfKa oyï mdi,a kñks' fï u.ska wd.ñl j;dj;aj,g fn!oaO

111

<uhska yqrelrùula wfmalaId lrk ,o nj fmfka' mdi,aj, O¾u foaYkd ydYS,jHdmdr meje;aùu ms<sn| ÈhqKqjla olakg ,eìKs'

1970 § n,hg m;a rchg iqúfYaI ;;ajhlg uqyqK mdkakg isÿ úh' tkï

1971 § we;s jQ ;reK le/,a,hs' th wOHdmk moaO;sh flf¾ fl;rï n,mEfõo h;a udi .Kkla úYaj úoHd,j, iy mdi,a jid oud ;nd ler,s lrejkag

uqyqK fokakg rchg isÿ úh' wka;sug jerÈlrejka jQ Tjqka mqkre;a:dmkhlrkakg rch ;SrKh l< w;r tys § wd.ñl wOHdmkh u.ska YsIHhska ;=<

úkh we;s lsÍfï jeo.;alu j.lsj hq;a;ka wjfndaO lr .;a njla olakg,eìKs' wka;jdudxYsl n,fõ. úiska wd.ñl yd idudcsl úkh ì|fy<Sug

ms<shu th f,i úia;r lrk ,o w;r jeäysáhkag ie,lSu jeks wd.ñliodpdrfhka biau;= lrk ,o .=KO¾u fkd i,ld yeÍug foaYmd,k n,fõ.

úiska ;reKhska fm,Uùug ms<shu wd.ñl wOHdmk ÈhqKq lsÍu nj fn!oaOmQcH mlaIfha wkqYdikdj úh' fï ler,sldr m%jK;dj u¾okh lr" ;reK msßia

hyu.g .;hq;= nj foaYmd,k n,OdÍkaf.a o woyi nj m< úh' wd.ñlwOHdmkh k.d isgqùug rch jvjvd;a Wkkaÿ jQfha fï miqìu hgf;a h'

wd.ñl wOHdmkfha kj uqyqKqjr

uOH;k hq.fha hqfrdamfha meje;s wd.u yd rdcHh w;r ne£u;a" wOHdmkh

hk wd.udkql+, yeisÍu mqyqKqj lrkakla h hk moku;a wd.ug tfrys u;m%ldY lsÍu o~qjï ,eìh hq;a;la meje;s whqre;a b;sydifhka meyeÈ,s fjhs'B<Õ hq.j, § isÿ jQfha ke.S f.k wd ksoyia Ñka;kh bÈßfha wd.ñl wOHdmkh

miq neiSuhs' wd.u mdi,a úIh Odrdfjka mßndysr jQjla f,i iudcfha Ndú;jQfha bka wk;=rejhs' fï ;;a;ajh m%cd;ka;jd§ fyda iudcjd§ kj foaYmd,k

rgdj,ska rdcHhka ;=< ;yjqre úh' wd.u hkq yqÿ fm!oa.,sl úYajdihla ñifmdÿ iudcfha m%.;shg u. mdok mdi,aj,g w;=<;a lr .; hq;a;la fkd jk

nj fï ish¨ u md,k ;ka;%j, ms<s.ekSu jQ whqre ngysr rgj, iy bkaÈhdjjeks fmrÈ. rgj, o mdi,a úIhud,d úuiSfï § fmkS hhs'

tfy;a ,xldfõ ;;a;ajh fuhg fjkia úh' furg meje;af;a wd.ñlNdjh iy ksrd.ñl Ndjh w;r .egqula fkd j hg;a úð;jd§ka we;s l< m%Odk

foaYSh wd.ug tfrys j l%sia;= O¾uh b.ekaùfuka we;s l< wOHmkfha wdl%uKhhs'ta ksid u foaYSh ixialD;sl m%fndaOh wkqj isÿ j" md,k úm¾hdifha miq mkfya

oYlfha w.Nd.h mgka" fn!oaO wOHdmkh k.d isgqùug rch mshjr .;af;a h'ta iu. u md,k ;ka;%hg uqyqK fokakg isÿ jQ w¨;a ;;a;ajhla olakg ,eìK'

tkï mQ¾j hg;a úð; iufha meje;s iudc jHQyh fjkia ùu h' ta wkqj m%Odkcd;sh iy jeä fokdf.a wd.ug iudk ;;a;ajhlska iqÿ cd;slhskag iy Tjqkaf.a

wd.ïj,g ie,lSuhs fida,anß jHjia:dfõ 29 jk j.ka;sfhka th ;yjqre lr;sìKs' flfia jqj o ke;s ù .sh fn!oaO whs;sjdislï h<s ,nd Èh hq;= njg

lreKq oelajQ fn!oaO jd¾;dj jqj o ish¨ u mdi,a orejkag ;u foudmshkaf.awd.u bf.kSug myiqlï ie,ish hq;= nj lshd we;' m%cd;ka;%jd§ rchlg thg

tfrys j l%shdlsÍfï wjYH;djla we;s fkd ù h'

112

fï w;r wd.u;a kùk úoHd;aul Ñka;kh;a w;r we;s .egqu wkqjwd.u úIh mdi,ska bj;a l< hq;= njg woyia m< l< iq¿ msßila o jQ nj wu;l

l< hq;= ke;' fudjqka m%Odk jYfhka u udlaiajd§ foaYmd,k o¾Ykh ksfhdackhl< msßfia wdYS¾jdoh ,enqy' wd.u urKska u;= ðú;h wjOdrKh lrk neúka

kj f,djg yev .efik orejdg tu wOHdmkfhka m%fhdackhla ke;s njg fïwh lreKq oelajQfha" ngysr ÈhqKq jQ ksrd.ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| u;jdo mokï

lr .ksñks' ta wkqj wd.u hk fmdÿ idudch fNao lrk idOlhls' úúO wd.ïtl u mdi,l b.ekaùfuka mdi,a iudcfha tlai;a nj ì| jefÜ' fjk fjk;a

mdi,a wd.ï jYfhka mj;ajd f.k .sh o ;;a;ajh fjkia fkd fõ'

fï w;r ngysr Wiia wOHdmk wdh;kj,ska udkj m%.;shg ys;lr kjm¾fhaIK lafI;% ìys úh' udkj úoHdj" iudc úoHdj yd ;=,kd;auljdo wd.ï

yd o¾Ykjdo .ek yeoeÍu fï w;r úh' fï .Kfha wOHhkj, § wkdjrKhjQ lreKq w;r wd.ïj, úIu;d fuka u iudk;d o jk nj iy ish¨ u

wd.ñlhskag iu.s j isáñka ;u wd.ñl wkkH;dj /l f.k Ôj;a úh yelsnj úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h' wd.u hkq ñksidf.a wdOHd;auh ixjr lrk

iy udkj ohdj;a ifydaor;ajh;a ÈhqKq lrkakla ñi ñksid fNao lrkaklafkdjk nj fuys § wjOdrKh úh' nyq jd¾.sl iudchl wd.u bÈßm;a l<

hq;af;a tu iudkd;au;dj mokï lr .ksñks'

mQ¾j hg;a úð; iuh blaujd ksoyia iuh blaujd ksoyia Y%S ,xldjg

msúiqKq orejdg fï wkqj bÈßm;a jkafka kj úoHd;aul hq.hg WÑ; wd.uls'ta wkqj woDYHudk n,fõ. iy m%;syd¾h l:dj,ska jeiS .sh wd.ula fjkqjgorjd y÷kd .kafka ukqIH;ajh udOH lr .;a wd.ï úIhhls' th ish¨ u

ñksiqka iudk h hk iudkd;au;d O¾uh ;yjqre lrhs' nqoaO O¾uh mdvfukal=,fNaoh ksIam%Nd flfrk w;r l%sia;= O¾uh mdvfuka ish¨ u ukqIHhska

foaúhka jykafiaf.a orejka nj b.ekafõ' bia,dï O¾ufhka lshfjkafka o tuudkj ifydaor;ajhhs' yskÿ O¾ufhka o tu iudk;au;dj u ;yjqre lrñka

mdvï oelafõ' ta wkqj wd.ï w;r iudk njla olajk lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍïwd.ñl wOHdmkfha § oelal yels h'

fï yer ish¨ u wd.ñl b.ekaùïj,ska biau;= jk mß;HdYS,s nj lreKdj"ffu;%sh" l< .=K ie,lSu jeäysáhkag ie,lSu" .s,kqkag Wjgeka lsÍu" i;Hh

l:d lsÍu" fidrlñka je<lSu jeks .=KO¾u wkqj yev .efik YsIHhd iudchgys;lr iodpdrhla wkqj yslaóula ,nhs' tfia u ;ukaf.a wd.fï b;sydih"

Ydia;Djrhdf.a pß;h iy úfYaI f,dal ú.%y o W.kS' fï wkqj wd.u úIhhbf.kSfuka isÿ jk iodpdr j¾Okhg tfrys ùug lreKq ke;'

uE; § wd.ï úIhhg tla lrk ,o mdvï fldgila kï rfÜ we;s fjk;a

wd.ï ms<sn| y÷kajd §u h' l,la wd.ñl mdG .%ka:j, we;=<;a j meje;s tuúIh lreKq oeka b;sydi úIhh hgf;a tk nj fmfka' fuh nyqjd¾.sl

iudchl wfkHdkH ixialD;Ska wjfndaO lr .ekSug;a" wkH ixialD;sj,g.relsÍug;a orejd fmd,Ujkiq¨ bÈß mshjrls' rgla jYfhka .;a úg jd¾.sl

.egqï je<elaùug bka jk fufyh buy;a h'

113

1956 j¾Ih iómd;S;fha ,xld b;sydifha igyka jkafka foaYSh ixialD;sfhamqk¾Ôjkfha mdol iuh jYfhks" ful, NdIdj" wd.u yd foaYSh;ajfha fjk;a

wx. h<s k.d isgqúh hq;= njg u;= jQ cku;h foaYmd,k fCIa;%fha § l%shd;aulùu wdrïN úh' fuu oYlfha w.Nd.h ;=< isÿ jQ NslaIqka mdi,a .=rejreka f,i

n|jd .ekSu;a úfoHdaoh úoHd,xldr úYaj úoHd,h u.ska fn!oaO wd.ñlwOHdmkhg kj uqyqKqjrla §u;a fuys § jeo.;a jkafka tu isoaê rfÜ mdi,a

moaO;sh flf¾ isÿ l< m%n, n,mEï ùfï fya;=fjks' ta yer msßfjka wOHdmkhiïnkaOfhka lrk ,o ixj¾Okd;aul fjkialï fuu ix.%yfha fjk;a ;ekl

idlÉPd fjhs' fufia NsCIq wOHdmkh iy mdi,a moaO;sh hd lrk rcfha jevms<sfj< rfÜ wd.ñl wOHdmkfha b;sydifha § jeo.;a jk wdldrh wu;l l<

hq;= ke;' bx.%Sis md,k iufha § l%sia;shdks mQcljreka mqyqKq lrk fiufkaßj,grcfha wdOdr ,nd §u iu. fï ;;a;ajh ii|d ne,sh hq;= h'

nqoaO O¾uhg wod< wOHdmkh ÈhqKq lsÍug rchj,a úiska fkdlvjd

;nk ,o bÈß mshjr rdYshl m%;sM, oeka ,eî ;sfí' wkqrdOmqrfha nqoaOY%djlO¾u mSGh 1969 isg l%shd;aul fjhs' oeka úYaj úoHd, moaO;sfha u fldgila jk

th NsCIqka i|yd u fjka jQjls' fn!oaO yd md,s úYaj úoHd,h wdrïN jQfha 80oYlfha § h' mYapd;a Wmdê md,s yd fn!oaO wOHdmk wdh;kh tu wxYfha ;j;a

bÈß mshjrla f,i l%shd;aul jkafka 70 oYlfha mgka h' fï yer Y%S chj¾Okmqr" le,Ksh" fmardfoKsh" fld<U" yd reyqKq úYaj úoHd,h" fn!oaO wOHdmk

wxY l%shd;aul fjhs' fïjdfha fn!oaO wOHdmkh f,dalfha Wiia wOHdmkfhafjk;a úIh iu. .e<fmk fia kj oekqu yd ii|ñka b.ekafjk nj úfYaIfhka

i|yka l< hq;a;ls'

uE;l § fnd/,af,a welajhskdia wdh;kh" rch ms<s.;a l%sia;shdks WiiawOHdmk wdh;khla j mj;S' fï yer fmardfoKsh yd le,Ksh úYaj úoHd,j,

l%sia;shdks YsIagdpdrh ms<sn| wOHhk wxY we;' yskaÿ O¾u iy bia,dï ms<sn|Wiia wOHdmk myiqlï úYaj úoHd,j, we;s w;r wod< wxY l%shd;aul fjhs'

fï wkqj mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< wd.ñl wOHdmkh hkq ;djld,sl mshjrlafkd j wLKav wOHdmkh i|yd jq wä;d,ula nj meyeÈ,s fõ' idudkH fm<

úNd.fhka wd.u úIhfhka iu;a YsIHhdg fufia Wiia fm<g wd.ñl YsIagdpdrhúIhhka jYfhka yodrd" úYaj úoHd,fha tu úIhhkaf.ka u Wmdê-mYapd;a

Wmdê iy ämaf,daud ,eîfï wjia:dj oeka Wod ù we;'

wd.ñl .=remqyqKqj

wd.ñl wOHdmkfhka wfmalaId lefrk m%;sM, ,eîug m%Odk ndOdj

jQfha .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfï § ta i|yd wjOdkh fhduq fkd lssÍu nj j.lsjhq;af;da wjfndaO lr .;ay' ta w;r ish¨ u .=re úoHd, rchg mjrd .; hq;=

njg fn!oaO jd¾;dj l< ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul ùu" wd.ñl .=re mqyqKqjg b;dys;lr ;;ajhla úh' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fn!oaO WmfoaYl iNdfõ Wkkaÿj

u; §mjHdma; fn!oaO .=re mqyqKqjev ms<sfj< lSmhla u l%shd;aul jQfha ñka miq

114

j h' fïjd fiajdia: mqyqKq mdGud,d f,i mj;ajk ,o w;r tajdfha WmfoaYljrekafuka u iyNd.s jQ .=rjre o oeä Wkkÿjlska tu ld¾hfhys fh§ isáhy' Ndjkd

jev igyka o fï w;r ùfuka fy<s jkafka iyNd.s jQjka tu ld¾hh i|ydlemùu h'

B<. mshjr jQfha wd.ñl ^fn!oaO& .=re mqyqKqj i|yd u fjka jQ .=re

úoHd, mj;ajd f.k hdu h' fï i|yd óß.u .=re úoHd,h lem úh' miq jksÜgUqfõ Ydßmq;% .=reúoHd,h werôK' rch NslIqkag .=re m;aùï §u fuys §

mdol jQ lreKla úh' fn!oaO jd¾;dfõ ks¾ÈIag nqoaO O¾uh b.ekaùug NslaIqkaf.afiajh ,nd .ekSug bka wjia:dj Wod úh' mdi,a yd .=re úoHd, rchg mjrd

.ekSfï fya;=fjka fï jk úg fjk;aa wd.ñl .=re mqyqKq wdh;k fkd jQfyhska ta ta wd.ï i|yd fjk fjk u .=reúoHd,j, mj;ajd f.k hdug rch

wkqn, ÿkafka h' ta wkqj l%sia;= O¾uh fjkqfjka fnda,j,dk .=reúÿy," yskaÿO¾uh fjkqfjka m,df,a .=reúÿy, iy bia,dï O¾uh fjkqfjka wälaldf,a

.=reúÿy, l%shd;aul úh' fï w;r kjl .=rejreka i|yd wdrïN lrk ,oúoHdmSGj, o wd.u b.ekaùu mqyqKqj i|yd úêúOdk fhdod we;' fï wdh;kj,

wd.u úIh b.ekajQfha ufkda úoHdj jeks .=re mqyqKqjg w;HjYH fjk;a úIho iu. h' ta ksid .;dkq.;sl;ajfhka neyer j YsIHhdg m%shckl whqßka

Ôú;hg iïnkaO lr wd.u úIh bÈßm;a lsÍu .ek is;d ne,Sug mqyqKq jk.=rejrekag fï u.ska wjia:dj Wod úh'

wo jk úg úYaj úoHd,j, wOHdmk úoHd mdGud,dj, o cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha .=remqyqKq mdGud,dj, o wd.u b.ekaùfï l%ufõoh wjOdkhg,la j ;sfí'

wd.ñl wOHdmkh y iafõÉPd ixúOdk

hg;a úð; hq.fha wd.ñl wOHdmkh hkq rcfha wdOdr we;= j l%sia;shdkshg

<uhska yerùfï jHdmdrhla f,i y÷kd .; hq;= ;;ajhla mej;sK' fn!oOhskaiïnkaOfhka u fï ixfõ.odhl ;;a;ajhg ms<shï fh§ug mQfrda.dó jQfha

mruú{dkd¾: fn!oaO iud.u wdrïN l< l¾k,a ´,afldÜ;=ud h" t;=udf.aW;aidyh u; bx.%Sis udOH fn!oaO mdi,a wdrïN ùu fn!oaOhkag iekis,sodhl

lreKla úh' ta yer .ïno j o tu iud.fï mdi,a wdrïN lrk ,§'

miqj fld<U ;reK fn!oaO ix.uh wrïN lrk ,oafoa fn!oaO m%N+jrekaf.auq,sl;ajfhks' tys u.fmkaùu wkqj úydria:dk wdY%fhka bre Èk oyï mdi,a

wdrïN lrk ,§' fï jHdmdrh Èjhsfka me;sr .sfha orejkag O¾u {dkh ,nd§fï wjYH;dj ish¨ u fn!oaOhkag oekS ;snqKq fyhsks' rfÜ meje;s mkai,a

wOHdmk l%uh ì| jefgñka mej;s w;r mdi,a l%uh ;=< O¾uh bf.kSugwjia:djl fkd ùu fuys § ;Èka n,mE lreKla úh'

bre Èk oyïmdi,aj,g iqÿiq f,i O¾uh b.ekaùu w¨;a wNsfhda.hlaúh' iqqqÿiq mdvï fmd;a fkd ;sìKs' b.ekaùfï l%u o fkd ùh' .=rjreka jYfhka

iafõÉPdfjka l%shd lf<a ta ms<sn| mqyqKqjla we;s wh fkd jQy' tfy;a ms<sfj<ska

115

mka;s wkqj Ydik b;sydih" nqoaO pß;h jeks ud;Dld wkqj mdvï bÈßm;a lrk,§' úfYaIhla kï wNsO¾uh jeks .eUqre O¾u lreKq o oyï mdi,aj, ir,

mdvï u.ska bÈßm;a lsÍu h'

mka;s uÜgñka jd¾Isl j ;E.s fnod §fï W;aij meje;aùu" O¾u úNd.meje;aùu jeks Èß §ï u.ska oyï mdi,a wOHdmkhg isiqka fmd,Ujk ,§' oyï

mdi,a wjidk iy O¾udpd¾h hk úNd. iy;sl m%udKj;a Wiia uÜgulskamj;ajd f.k tk ,§' flfia jqj o rch fuu jHdmdrg,g lsis u Wmldrhla

fkd l<d muKla fkd j tu úNd. iy;sl o ms<s.;af;a ke;'

mkia yfha wdKavq fmr<sfhka miq rch uq,ajrg oyï mdi,a fmd;a uqøKhg

wdOdr lf<a h' tu iy;sl rch ms<s.; hq;= njg ke.=Kq Woaf>daIKj,g wkql+,ùu ;j ÿrg;a m%udo fjñka mej;sK' w¨;ska msysgqjk ,o ixialD;sl

fomd¾;fïka=fjka hï hï wdOdr ,enqK o wjYH mßÈ fuu wOHdmkh rchueÈy;a fkd ùu .ek Woaf>daIK mej;sK' fï w;r 1980 oYlfha w.Nd.h jk

úg oyï mdi,a fjkqfjka rch úfYaI Wkkaÿjla oelaúh' ta wkqj fï jk úgoyï mdi,a .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu" oyï mdi,a iy;slj,g úYaj úoHd,h m%fõYh

iy rcfha /lshdj,g f;aÍfï mÍlaIKj, § ,l=Kq .Kkla tl;= lsÍu jeksmshjrj,a rch f.k ;sfí' ta yer tu úNd. meje;aùu W;a;r m;% ,l=Kq lsÍu

yd mdG .%ka: ,shd m< fldg fnod §u o rch u.ska u isÿ fjhs'

oyï mdi,a iy;sl ms<s.ekSu jeks rcfha Èß §ï fjk;a wd.ñl wxYiïnkaOfhka o l%shd;aul h' mdi,aj, bia,dï O¾uh b.ekaùug fu!,ú .=rejreka

m;a lsÍug rch mshjr .ekSu o i|yka l< hq;= h' fï yer yskaÿ iy bia,dïwd.ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO jQ iafõÉPd ixúOdk uE; § l%shd;aul jQ wdldrh

tu iïm%odhka .ek idlÉPd lrk ,xldfõ wOHdmk ishjfia f,aLkj, oelafjknj ie,lsh hq;= h'

wd.ñl wOHdmkfha mßmd,kh

j;aukayS wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wd.ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| wOHlaIjrhl=hgf;a fjk u wxYhla l%shd;aul j mj;S' tys fn!oaO" ls%ia;shdks" yskaÿ iy

bia,dï wd.ñl lghq;= fjkqfjka fjk fjk u WmfoaYl iNd l%shd;aul h'fï yer cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha o wOlaIjrhl= hgf;a wd.ï ms<sn| fjk

u fomd¾fïka;=jla mj;S' tys o ta ta wd.ïj, lghq;= iïnkaêlrKh Ndr jfjk fjk u ks,OdÍyq l%shd lr;s' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j tu úIhhka

ms<sn| we.hSï Ndr j l%shd lrhs' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j mdG .%ka:,sùu yd uqøKh lr fkdñf,a fnod yßhs' fï wkqj rcfha j.lSula f,i

wd.ñl wOHdmk lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hkq ,efí'

ks.ukh

YsIag f,dalfha wOHdmkh uq, isg u mej;=fKa wd.ug iïnkaO fldgf.k h' ta ksid u th wd.ñl mqcljrekaf.a j.lSula f,i ie,lsK' tfy;a

116

mqk¾Ôjk hq.fhka miq wd.u wOHdmkfhka fjka l< hq;= njg m%n, u;hlaf.dv ke.sK' tfy;a wd.ñl mqcljre kùk úoHd Ydia;% m%.=K lrñka ;jÿrg;a

wOHdmkh ms<sn| j.lSu orkakg jQy' ta iu. u ksrd.ñl wOHdmk u;hms<s.;a rgj,a" wd.u bj;a lr wOHdmkh f.dv ke.+y' fï w;r foaY .fõIKfha

fhÿKq ngysr cd;Syq w¨; w,a,d .;a rgj, wOHdmkh;a l%sia;shdks O¾uh;a tlalrñka mdi,a werUQy' Y%S ,xldj wh;a jkafka ta rgj, .Khg h' rg ksoyia jQ

miq ke.=Kq m%n, uyck Woaf>daIKj, wOHdmkfha l%sia;shdks n,h oeäúfõpkj,g ,la úh' 1956 § ìys jQ iy bka miq j wd rchj,a iuia; ,xld

fn!oaO iïfï,kh bÈßm;a l< fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍlaIl iNd jd¾;dfõwOHdmkhg wod< fldgia úYd, jYfhka l%shd;aul lsÍfï fya;=fjka rfÜ

jeäfokdf.a wd.u jk nqoaOd.ug;a fjk;a wd.ïj,g;a wOHdmkfha ysñ ;ekah<s Wreu ù ;sfí'

wdfY%ah .%ka:

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1969& ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ishji m%ldYkh'

tlai;a cd;Skaf.a úYaj m%ldYh ^1948&

.uf.a" cS' ^2009& msßf;ys mßKduh'

chùr" ã' ^2009& Y%S ,xldfõ iuhdka;rjdo ikaksfõokh'

iuia; ,xld fn!oaO uyd iïfï,kh ^1954& fn!oaO f;dr;=re mÍlaIl iNdjd¾;dj'

E mail message on education (1979) Jean Jacques Roussacau. New York: Basic

Books.

Inquisition in Wikipedia.Org. Wiki

Meegame, A. (2009) Philip Gunawardana and the 1956 revolution in Sri

Lanka.

Mookerjie, R. (1947) Ancient Indian Education: Brahmanical and Buddhist.

London: McMillan.

Learning to be (1972)

Navaratnam, R. (1957) New frontiers in east-west philosophies of education.

Secular education. Wikipedia.Org. Wiki.

Michel, Nugert. W.W.W. The Case for a secular education system.

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wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 2

wdpd¾h udUq,af.dv iqukr;k ysñ

ye¢kaùu

wd.ñl wOHdmkh hkq O¾u p¾hdfjys ±kqu" j;a ms<sfj;a iy fjk;a

Ndú; jYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h'1 udkj iudc fndfyduhl foudmshka ;u orejkayod jvd .ekSu i|yd úúO ixl,am" isß;a úß;a" úYajdi Wmfhda.s lr.kakd njolakg ,efí' fn!oaO O¾uh" yskaÿ O¾uh" l%sia;shdks O¾uh yd bia,dï O¾uh Y%S,dxlsl wOHdmkh flfrys o" n,md we;' fn!oaO" yskaÿ" l%sia;shdks" bia,dï wOHdmkl%u iu j mj;ajdf.k hdug rch uQ,sl j.lSula ork w;r" iudc.; fjk;awdh;k o óg iïnkaO ù we;' j¾;udkfhys úsúO wd.ñl iudchla jYfhka wmw;r wfkHdakH úYajdih" ñ;%lu" ifydaor;ajh" bjiSu" ord .ekSfï Yla;sh" fyd|ys;" ffu;%sh" lreKdj wd§ .=Kdx. ÈhqKq lsÍug wOHdmkfhka l%shdud¾. we;sflf¾' fï ;;a;ajh jvd;a ÈhqKq l< hq;= j ;sfí'

mqoa., fm!reI j¾Okh lsishï tla lafIa;%hlg muKla iSud jQjla úhfkdyels h' lskï lafIa;%hlska j¾Okh w;alr .;a; o" mqoa.,hl=f.a fm!reIhj¾Okh lsÍug wd.ñl wOHdmkh w;HjYH jk nj jeä fokl= úiska wújdofhkau ms<s.;a;ls' wd.ñl wOHdmkh" fm!reIh j¾Okhg w;HjYH idOlhla nj ã'leu,a fpfld*a i|yka lrhs'

ñksidg tla;rd wOHdmk uÜgul § hï hï lghq;= lsÍug W.kajkq ,efí'fuh ld¾ñl wOHdmkhl wfmalaIdjhs' úfõpkd;aul j úuiSug o ft;sydisl"ixialD;sl yd m¾fhaIKd;aul jQ miq;,hkays msysgd Ôú; yrh fiùu yd we.ehSugo mqoa.,hkag wdOdfrdamldÍ jk ñïula o ;sfí' th ksoyi uq,a fldg.;a úoHdkql+,wOHdmk ñïuhs' ;j;a wOHdmk uÜgula ;sfí' tkï W;a;Í;r mrfuda;a;u foams<sn| j we;sjk woyia iy weoySï idïm%odhS is;=ï-me;=ï iy ixfõok flfrysme;sÍ hdfuka ta udkj yeisÍu m%fndaO lr,Sfï yd ud¾f.damfoaYh §fï uÜguhs'fuh wd.ñl wOHdmk ñïu hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'2

wd.u úIh Odrdj b.ekaùfï § ta ;=< l=ula b.ekaúh hq;= o hkak ms<sn|j .eg¨ iy.; ;eka u;=fjhs' ta ms<sn| j fndfyda wmeyeÈ,s wjia:d o olakg,efí' wd.ñl isoaOdka; úu¾Ykfhka u wd.ug fyda <uhdg fyda mQ¾K j fiajdjlaisÿ fkd fõ' jfrl wd.u b.ekaùu ms<sn| j tx.,ka; idñ uka;%S uKav,fha we;sjQ újdohl § ú,sia idñjrhd u;= l< woyia úuid ne,Su ldf,daÑ; h'

Ydi a; %m; s m %:u fm< Wmdêh ^Y % S chj¾Okmqr" 1986& "mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" 1993&"o¾YkiQÍ Y%S chj¾Okmqr" 1993&' .=rejrhl=" ksfhdacH úÿy,am;sjrhl="úÿy,am;sjrhl=" iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIjrhl= ^Y%S chj¾Okmqrl,dmh&" yd Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl=f,i o lghq;= lr we;' j¾;udkfha cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

wd.ï fomd¾;fïka; =fõ wOHlaI f,i fi ajh lr;s '

117

"wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h ffp;isl fodr.=,a újD; lsÍuhs' tfy;a wms wd.ub.ekaùfï § is;aj, fodr.=,a jeiSug wfma ld,h .; lruq"3

wd.u b.ekaùfï § úkh l%uhla <uhdg fmkajd §u b;d fhda.H hehsie,fla' úkh l%uhla hkq ixl,am" i;H" isoaOdka; u; f.dvk.d .;a úIh lreKq

iuQyfhls' th is;d u;d fuka u l%udkql+, j o b.ekaúh yels h'4

iaÓr f,i wd.u b.ekaùug tu l%uh fhdod .ekSu wd.fï u;= meje;au

fjkqfjka nj iaÓr h'

wd.ñl wOHdmkh rgl wkd.;fha fndfyda foa ;SrKh lrk nj ljqre;aokakd fmdÿ lreKls' ta ksid u wd.ñl wOHdmkfhys ±kg mj;akd kS;s u;lhgk.d .ekSu o jeo.;a h' tkï" wd.ñl .=rejreka iïnkaOfhka ±ka n,mj;ajkkS;s w;r lsishï wd.ula W.kajk .=rejrhd tu wd.ñlhl= ùu;a" Tyq tu wd.ub.ekaùug wod< iqÿiqlï imqrd ;sîu;a wjYH ùu h'

wd.ñl wOHdmkh i|yd jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï imqrd,Su muKla m%udKj;a fkdfõ' wOHdmkfhys fhfokakd ta i|yd my; i|yka wx. ;u Ôú; fm!reIhg tl;=lr .; hq;= h'

1' ;u wd.u .ek iaÓr wjfndaOh yd fya;= idOl iys; úYajdih yd Nla;sh

2' hym;a Ñ;a;fõ.sl iunr;dj ksid we;sjk mQ¾K iqiudys; fm!reI;ajh

3' fh!jk mrmqr flfrys fhduq jQ ldreKslNdjh

4' úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| kùk ±kqu iy ksrjq,aNdjh

5' ukd wOHdmk Ys,aml%u iïNdrh

6' ld¾hh idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd hym;a wdl,amj,ska hqla;ùu i|yd Bgwemlem ùu'5

Y%S ,dxlslhka ishjia .Kkl isg úúO wd.ï" ckj¾." NdId w.hñka tlgÔj;a jQ cd;shls' ta nj wka;su uykqjr rdcOdks hq.fhka o o¾Ykh fõ' tl,l%sia;= Nla;slhkag" uqia,sï Nla;slhkag bvlvï § ta whf.a foajia:dk wdrïNlsÍug rcfhka wjir § ta wd.ñlhka wdrlaId lrk ,§' wka;su rcq øúv yskaÿNla;slfhls' tfy;a nqÿ oyug o fiajh lf<a h'

bmerKs wd.ñl úúO;ajh iq/lSfï iudc ,laIKh h<s Èß.kajk ,oafoaksoyia ,xldfõ m%:u wOHdmk wud;H wdpd¾h iS'ví'ví' lkakka.r ue;s;=udúisks' 1947 wxl 26 ork wOHdmk ^ixfYdaOk& wd{dmk; u.ska rcfha iEu mdi,lu tla wd.ulg whs;s isiqka wju jYfhka 15la isáfha kï ta wd.u b.ekaúh hq;=h hk kS;sh ms<s.kakd ,§' tneúka wfma rdcH mdi,a l%uh f,dal wd.ï y;r^04&la W.kajk" wd.u úIhhla jYfhka wksjd¾h l< tl u wOHdmk l%uh h' fïkS;sh wkqj fuf;la tla wd.ulg iSud ù mej;s wd.ñl wOHdmk rgdj fjkia ù;u wd.u bf.k .ekSfï ksoyi YsIHhdg ysñúh' ;u wd.ug fjkia jQ wd.ulafouõmsh b,a,Su wkqj fyda b.ekaùu ;ykï úh'

fuu miqìu hgf;a 1965ka miq Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkh fln÷ù o

hkak úuid ne,Su fuu ,smsfhys wruqKhs'

118

1965 miq wd.u úIhh i|yd úIhud,dfõ ysñ jQ ia:dkh

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKfha §

² m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh-wd.u we;=¿ úIhhka 7 la o

² lksIaG-oaú;Shsl úIh ud,djg wd.u we;=¿ úIhhka 10la o ks¾foaY lrk,§'

fmrg jvd wd.u úIhfha mrud¾: mq¿,a jQ w;r kj úIh ud,dj wd.u;=<ska ðú;h foi ne,Sug <uhdg wkqn, fok f,i ieliqKs'

76-80 ork 1976 wfm%a,a 22 Èke;s wOHdmk pl%f,aLhg wkqj wd.u úIhhgwod< ld,Éfþo 60ka 57la u ;u wd.u bf.k .ekSu i|yd;a wfkla ld,Éfþo 03wkH wd.ï ±k.ekSu i|yd;a fjka lrk ,§' fï wkqj YsIHhd ;u wd.u ms<sn|fuka u fjk;a wd.ï yd ixialD;Ska ms<sn| bf.kSug;a tajdg .re lsÍug;a l=vdl, isg u fhduq lsÍula wd.ñl úIhfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= ù we;'

h<s;a 1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj-lksIaG-oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wruqKq w;riu.s iïmkak cd;shla f.dvke.Sug wjYH wdl,am we;s lsÍu wfmalaIdj úh' Bgiu.dó j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh;a úIh wka;¾.;h;a ilia úh' ,sÅ;"jdÑl" m%dfhda.sl we.hSï we;=<;a wLKav we.hSï l%uh wd.u úIh iïnkaOfhkao y÷kajd fok ,§'

1997 wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n<ldh jd¾;dj u.ska m%d:ñlwOHdmkh ms<sn|j úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq l< w;r m%Odk wjê 3 hgf;a thixúOdkh lrk ,§'

1' m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh - 1 fY%aKsh yd 2 fY%aKsh

2' fo jk m%Odk wjêh - 3 fY%aKsh yd 4 fY%aKsh

3' ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh - 5 fY%aKsh

by; wjê 03 weiqßka iodpdrh" idrO¾u" yqremqreÿ lsÍu" bjiSu" fjk;ack fldgia flfrys ffu;%sh lsÍu Tjqkaf.a ixialD;sl miqìu w.h lsßu' tlsfkldiu. idufhka iy iu.sfhka Ôj;aùu hk mq¿,a jQ mrud¾:hla lrd YsIH Ôú;hl=vd l, isg u fhduq lsÍula isÿfõ' 2006'03'17 Èke;s wOHdmk pl%f,aL wxl2006$09 u.ska yr úIhhla f,i mdi,aj, wd.ñl wOHdmkh y÷kdf.k ;sfí'tu.ska úúO jd¾.sl yd úúO wd.ñl mßirhl ðj;ajk j¾;udk isiqjd ;uwd.ñl mßirh ;=< yodjvd .ekSfï j.lSu rch i;=jk nj o ms<sf.k ;sfí'pl%f,aL wxl 2006$49 hgf;a i;shlg meh 1 ñks;a;= 15la o 2007$29 wxl 03pl%f,aLh wkqj meh 2 o fï i|yd fjkalr we;'6

by; whqßka wd.u úIhfha jákdlu y÷kd f.k m%;sixialrK l%shd;aull< o mdi,a m%OdkSka fuys jákdlï f;areï f.k isákafka±hs .eg¨jla u;= fõ'Bg fya;=j jkafka h<s;a 2008$19 pl%f,aLh nqoaO O¾uh úIh b.ekaùu i|ydmdi,aj, fiajh kshq;= .=rejrekaf.ka wod< iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾K l< .=rejrhd fhdojk

f,i ks¾foaY lsÍfuks'

iEu wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhlska u úfYaI wjOdkhg ,lajk úIhhla

njg wd.u úIh m;a jQ w;r" pl%f,aL wxl 1998$15" 1999 isg l%shd;aul jk kjm%;sixialrK ^fcHIaG oaú;Shsl& úIh ud,dfõ yr úIhhla njg wd.ï úIhh m;alrk ,§' ta wkqj fn!oaO" l%sia;shdks ^frda'l& l%sia;shdks ^frda'l'fkd& ffYj yd

119

bia,dï wksjd¾h úIh lKavhg wh;a úh' iEu YsIHhl= u ;u wd.u yeoEÍu;aúNd.h i|yd fmkS isàu;a fï ;=<ska wksjd¾h úh'

tfy;a ^Wiia fm<& úIh Odrdfõ § fï ;;a;ajh fjkia úh' fuf;la l,laYsIHhl=g ;u wd.u;a Bg wod< YsIagdpdrh;a úIhhka jYfhka f;dard.; yelsjqj;a" kj m%;sixialrKfha § wd.ï úIhh yd YsIagdpdrh úIhh w;=ßka hïYsIHhl= wd.ï úIh f;dard.; fyd;a Bg iïnkaO YsIagdpdrh úIhh f;dard.;fkdyels h'

nqoaO O¾uh$fn!oaO YsIagdpdrh

l%sia;= O¾uh$.%Sl yd frdau YsIagdpdrh

yskaÿ O¾uh$yskaÿ YsIagdpdrh

bia,dï O¾uh$bia,dï YsIagdpdrh

jYfhka wod< ldKav fyda tla úIhhla muKla f;dard .ekSug isÿ ù we;' w'fmd'i'^Wiia fm<& ish¨ YsIHhka iïnkaOfhka wd.u úIhh b.ekaùula isÿjkafka oke;' wod< úIhh f;dard .kakd úoHd¾Òka i|yd muKla úIh lreKq .eUqßkab.ekaùula isÿ fõ'

m%;sixialrKfha § fld;rï jeo.;alula ÿkak o l%shd;aul ùfï § mdi,am%OdkSka wd.u úIhh fkdi,ld yeÍu wLKav j isÿ jk njg o meñKs,s ,eî we;'

wd.u úIhh ´kE u whl=g b.ekaùug yels fohla fkd fõ' wd.u b.ekaùujvd fyd¢ka l< yelafla ksjerÈ oekqula we;s j tu wd.u woykakl=g-ms<smÈkakl=gmuKs' kuq;a 1990$40 ys i|yka jk mßÈ rcfha úÿy,aj, hï wd.ula b.ekaùui|yd fjk;a wd.ulg wh;a .=rejreka o fhdod .kakd wjia:d o we;ehs i|ykafjhs' tfy;a" th tfia fkdúh hq;= h hkak tu pl%f,aLfhys i|yka fjhs' tkïmdi,aj, ta ta wd.ï b.ekaùu i|yd tu wd.ïj,g wh;a .=rejreka j m;a lsÍu ydfhoùu l< hq;= h hkakhs' fuh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m%dfhda.sl;ajh ms<sn| úúOu;jdo mj;shs'7

wOHdmk pl%f,aL 1990$40 i|yka wdldrhg mdi,aj, wd.u b.ekaùui|yd wod< wd.ïj,g wh;a .=rejreka u fhdod .ekSu l< hq;= h' rcfha mdi,aj,wd.ï b.ekaùu i|yd fjk;a wd.ulg wh;a .=rejreka fhdod .kakd wjia:d tugh' fuu ;;a;ajh ;=< o mdi,aj, orejkag wd.ñl wOHdmkhg uq¿ukska uwj;S¾K ùug yelshdjla fkd,efnk w;r" fï u.ska wod< úIh m:h .ek fkdokakd

flkl= úiska wd.ñl wOHdmkh úlD; lr" b.ekaùug o bvm%ia;d ;sfí'

wd.ñl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKqjwd.ñl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKqjwd.ñl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKqjwd.ñl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKqjwd.ñl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKqj

1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd w;=re jd¾;djg wkqj foudmshkaf.a

wd.u" tu wd.u woyk .=rejrhl= úiska iEu <uhl=g u b.ekaúh hq;= w;r mdi,am%Odkshd o tu wd.u woyk nyq;r YsIH ixLHdfõ wd.ug wh;a whl= úh hq;= h'ta wkqj m<uqjrg wd.u W.kajk .=rejrekg o mqyqKq wjia:d ysñ úh'

lsishï wd.ula W.kajk .=rejrhd tu wd.ñlhl= ùu;a" Tyq tu wd.ub.ekaùug wod< iqÿiqlï imqrd ;sîu;a wjYHfhka u isÿ úh hq;= h' 1972 wOHdmkm%;sixialrKh uÕska .=re wOHdmkh flfrys iqúfYaIS wjOdkhla fhduqlrk ,§'kj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd mq¿,a jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul lrk ,§' ta

120

wkqj"

1' Wiia fm< iu;=ka 700la .=re fiajhg n|jd .ekSu yd wd.ñl .=rejrekgo wjia:dj ,eìK&'

2' mQ¾K ld,Sk" tla wjqreÿ" ÿria: ;eme,a ud¾.sl mdGud,d wdrïN lrk,§'

iEu wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhlska u .=rejreka kj l%uhg iQodkï lsÍufu;eka isg l%shd;aul úh' h<s;a 1977 fláld,Sk úfYaI mqyqKq mdGud,dj" WmdêOdÍka"kqmqyqKq .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu olakg ,efí' fïúIh mqyqKq lsÍï w;rg wd.ï úIh ks¾foaYh o tlaúKs'

1985ka miqj wOHdmk úoHdmSG wdrïNùu;a iu. mQ¾jfiajd mqyqKqj i|ydn|jd .ekSu;a jD;a;Sh iqÿiqlï iys; .=rejreka mdi,a lafIa;%hg wj;S¾Kùu;aisÿúh'

1985 wxl 28 ork cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;k mk; u.ska cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh msysgqjd wOHdmk ixj¾Ok jevigyka lrf.k hdu iy iudk wruqKqwe;s fjk;a wdh;k iu. lghq;= lsÍu wdrïN l< wjia:dfõ § tu wdh;kh ;=<wd.ï fomd¾;fïka;=jla ia:dmkh flßKs' wd.ï .=re WmfoaYljreka" wOHlaIjrekaiy iïm;a mqoa., mqyqKqj o fuys § isÿ flf¾'

pl%f,aL 1998$45 hgf;a 1999 isg l%shd;aul jq kj úIhud,dj cd;sl wOHdmkfmdÿ ksmqK;d mdol lr.;a;ls' ta wkqj ñka jvd;a ixfõ§ j id¾:l f,i b.ekaùul%shdjg kexùfï j.lSu mejÍ we;af;a .=rejreka fj; h' b.ekaùu id¾:l lr.ekSu i|yd wjYH úúO b.ekaùï l%u Wmfhda.S lr .ekSug mQ¾K ksoyi .=rejrhdgwe;' yqÿ foaYk l%ufhka jdÑl j lrk b.ekaùug jvd Y%jH oDYH WmlrKWmfhda.s lr .ksñka m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï u.ska .=rejrhdf.a b.ekaùï l%shdj,shjvd;a m%shckl lr.; yels nj ;jÿrg;a ±la fõ'

wd.ñl wOHdmkh ;=<ska wd.ñl yeÕSï yd nqoaêh ÈhqKq úh hq;= h' tneúka

iodpdrd;aul .=KO¾u flfrys we,aula we;sjk whqßka b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ilia

lr .ekSu wjYH h'

.=re N+ñldfõ jHqyd;aul fjkila isÿ jQ by; m%;sixialrK jev igykyryd we.hSfï ixialD;sfha isg ;lafiare lsÍfï ixialD;sh lrd YsIHhd /f.khdfï j.lSu .=rejrhdg mejßKs' mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev igyk^S.B.A) i|yd úfYaIfhka u .=rejrhd mqyqKq l< w;r" kso¾Yl we.hSï ilia lsÍu±kqu wdl,am l=i,;d ixj¾Okh jk whqßka bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shfufyhùula flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' wd.ñl wOHdmkh o m%dfhda.SlrKhùu fuys § ±lsh yels úh'

2007 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ixfYdaOk u.ska .=rejrhdg mßKduk.=re N+ñldj lrd fhduqùug isÿúh' j;auka .=rejrhd myiqlï i,ikafkls' kjbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ks¾udmS bf.kqï kHdh u; mokï ù we;' ta wkqj E5

wdlD;shg wkqj ;u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh i|yd wjYH Ñka;kh;a mqyqKqj;aiu. u p¾hduh fjkila lrd o fhduq lsÍu olakg ,efí' fn!oaO" yskaÿ" l%sia;shdks"lf;da,sl" bia,dï hk wd.ï úIh ks¾foaY yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ksmqK;dmdol j ilia úh' ta i|yd .=re mqyqKqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" m<d;a wOHdmkfomd¾;fïka;= iu. tla j isÿ flßKs'

121

wd.ñl wOHdmkfhys úldYkh

wOHdmk ixj¾Okfha § úIh ud,djg ysñjkafka jeo.;a ia:dkhls' cd;slwjYH;dj,g .e<fmk whqßka úIh ud,dj fjkia lsÍu ld,Sk j isÿ fõ' 1947 wxl26 ork wOHdmk ^ixfYdaOk& wd{dmk; u.ska we;slrk ,o wd.ñl úIh iïnkaOixfYdaOkh 1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska 1963 t<s olajk ,o wjikajd¾;dj wkqj fouõmshkaf.a wd.u iEu <uhl=g u tu wd.u woyk .=rejrhl=úiska u b.ekaúh hq;= w;r mdi,a m%Odkshd o nyq;r YsIH ixLHdfõ wd.ug wh;awhl= úh hq;= h' by; fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ ud;Dld 33 hgf;a ks¾foaY bÈßm;alrk ,ÿj fkdñ,fha fmd;a iemhSu" .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu wd.ñl úIh iïnkaOj o iqúfYaIS jeo.;alula .;a nj fmfka'8

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK 1971 le/,af,ka miqj bÈßm;a jkakls' thiudc l%ufha fuka u wOHdmk Ñka;kfha o úma,ùh fjkila lrd .uka lsÍugfya;= mdol úh' kj úIh ud,djg wkqj wd.u b.ekaùfï § udkqIsl .=KO¾u ydidudðl .=KO¾u ms<sn| ±ä wjOdkh fhduq lrñka wd.u O¾uh ;=<ska Ôú;hfoi ne,Sug <uhdg wkqn, Èh hq;= h' fï wkqj ±kqug muKla iSud fkdù bkaTíng .sh wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;a hymqreÿ Ôú;hg iïnkaO lrf.k tajd m%dfhda.slj l%shd;aul lrkakl= njg YsIHhd fmdaIKh lsÍu flfrys uq,a;ek fok ,§' YsIHÔú;h ;=< ;u wd.u o¾Ykh muKla fkdj fjk;a iuh iuhdka;r ±kqu o ,eìhhq;= h' ta ;=<ska ;u wd.u w.h lrñka ms<smÈkjd fia u wka wd.ïj,g .re lsÍugo YsIH Ôú;fha isg u yqrejla ,efí' fuys ,d 1976$80' 1976 wfm%a,a 22 ksl=;a lrk,o pl%f,aLh b;d jeo.;a fõ' 6 fY%aKsfha isg j¾Ihlg kshñ; ld,mßÉfþo 60ka57la ;u wd.ï bf.k .ekSug;a 60ka 03 wkH wd.ï ±k.ekSu i|yd;a fjkalrk,o nj by; o olajk ,§'

j¾;udk wOHdmk m%jK;d fndfyduhl W,am; f,i ie,flkafka 1981wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,shhs' tfia u ,dxlSh iudch ;=< buy;awdkafoda,khlg ;=vqÿka 81 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj jvd;a mq¿,a w¾:hlska wd.ñlúIhh foi n,d we;' tys wruqKq w;r m<uq jk wruqK f,i wm iudcfha wd¾Ól"iudÔh iodpdrd;aul yd foaYmd,k wjYH;d imqrd,Su flfrys wjOdkh fhduqlrwe;' lksIag oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wruqKq 05la fhdackd l< w;r 04jk wruqK iu.siïmkak cd;shla f.dv ke.Sug wjYH wdl,am we;s lsÍu úh' úIh ud,dj úIhhka10la jQ w;r wd.u tla úIhhla f,i y÷kajd fok ,§' fcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj ^6-9 fY%aKs& úIhhka 9la jQ w;r NdIdj we;=¿ úIhhka my i|yd cd;sluÜgñka úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska úNd. mj;ajk w;r wd.u" fi!LHh ydYdÍßl wOHdmkh úIhhka Èia;%sla uÜgñka wLKav we.hSï o" Wmfhda.S lrf.kmÍlaId lr m%ñ;s iu;djla we;slr m%;sM, §ug fhdackd lrk ,§' wLKav we.hSïl%uh iïnkaO we;s jQ úfrdaO;d yd úúO .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhka ksid th bj;aúh' 1992 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj u.ska bÈßm;a lrk ,o jd¾;dj wkqjcd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq yd ksmqK;d 5 y÷kajd fok ,§' tys § wdpdr O¾uj,g ydwd.ug wod< ksmqK;d j¾Okh flfrk whqßka wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;aj, fh§u mqomQcd isß;a úß;aj,g keUqre lrùu flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lr we;' bf.kqïb.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï u.ska th imqrd .ekSug wfmalaIdlr we;'

2007 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wd.ñl wOHdmkfha kjuq Èid .;ùulalrd fhduqù we;' kj iyY%lfha úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï

122

l%ufõohkays m¾fhaIKd;aul fjki weiqßka wd.ï úIh úoHd¾Òka ;=< Ôú;m%;HlaIhla ùu i|yd jQ m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlula njg m;alsÍu kj mshjrls' úYd,±kqï iïNdrhla ysñlr Èh hq;= h' hk wdl,amh fjkqjg isiqka ;=< iunrfm!reIhla we;s lrñka tÈfkod Ôú; wNsfhda.j,g id¾:l j uqyqK Èh yels isiqmrmqrla ìys lsÍug .fõIKd;aul Yla;shla ,nd §u kj l%ufõofhys uQ,sl ,laIKhfõ' iaj wdOHd;añl wruqKq ixj¾Okhg fuka u iduQysl j lghq;= lsÍug o yqrelrñka wOHdmkfhys wruqKq idlaId; a lr .ekSug fhdu qfjñka O¾um%;HlaIlrKfhys iqNodhl kj m%fõYhla ,nd .ekSu wfmalaId ù we;'

idrO¾u wOHdmkfha úldYkh yd wd.ñl wOHdmkhg bka ,o msájy,

ksoyiska miq úúO W;aidy ±rej o wOHdmkfha iodpdrd;aul ixj¾Okhlawe;=¿ wruqKq bgq lr .ekSu wmyiq ù we;' 1971" 1989 fuka u wm rfÜ wmrdOo¾Ylfhka kï wd.ï úIhhkaf.a Wiia mrud¾: i;a O¾uhkag lsisÿ n,mEulawe;sjQ njla fkdfmfkk njg fpdaokd t,a, ù we;' fuu ;;a;ajh iukh lsÍui|yd hy mqrjeishka mqyqKq lsÍug mqrjeis wOHdmkh ^m%cdpdrh& mdi,a úIhud,dfõ6-11 fY%aKsj,g we;=<;a lr ;sfí' isxy," úoHdj" yd ;dlaIKfõoh hk úIhhkab.ekaùfï fh§ isák .=reNj;=ka" ;ukag wod< úIh ud,dfjka isiqkag ±kqufn§ug wu;r j Tjqkaf.a wdl,am yd p¾hd rgd ixj¾Okhg u. mdod .ekSu i|ydl%shd lsÍu wfmalaIdj fõ' ta w;rg udkj ysñlï úIhg wod< t<Uqula o Ndú; fõkï" wu;r ld,hla fyda Y%uhla fkdue;s j úIh ud,dfjka udkj .re;ajh w.hkisiq mrmqrla f.dvke.Su i|yd Yla;su;a mokula ±ñh yels fõ'

idrO¾u wOHdmkh

idrO¾u m%j¾Okh yqÿ úIhhla fkdj Ôjk mqyqKqjls' idrO¾u m%j¾Okhgndysr f,dalfha úúO ndOd we;sjk fyhska tajd wìnjd hym;a fm!reIhlaf.dvke.Sug wjYH ±kqu wdl,am l=i,;d fyj;a ksmqK;d we;s lsÍu idrO¾u jevms<sfj<l wNsu;d¾:h fõ'

pß; j¾Okh tla fj,djlg fyda ld,mßÉfþohlg iSud fkd fõ' tneúkafuu idrO¾u m%j¾Okh uq,a mdi,a ld,h ;=< u bgqlr.; yels m%;sm;a;shla ydjevigykla f,i ilia úh hq;= h' ^pl%f,aL wxl 2006$3& wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhaidu yd idrO¾u tallhla ia:dms; lr we;s w;r idu yd idrO¾u m%{ma;shlaTiafia idufhka iyÔjkfhka msß iudchla ;ekSu i|yd idu jevigyka l%shd;aullsÍu;a idu ks,OdÍka mqyqKq lsÍu;a mdi,a mokï lrf.k úúO jevigyka l%shd;aullsÍu;a isÿúh'

jD;a;Sh ud¾f.damfoaYh yd WmfoaYkh úIhh o j¾;udkfha y÷kajd §we;' by; i|yka ;%súO úIhhka bf.kqï l%shdj,shg iïnkaO fkdjk w;r úIhud,dj u.ska mdi,a Ôú;h mqrd l%shd;aul jk m%dfhda.sl;ajhg uq,a;ek fok úIhf,i l%shd;aul fõ'

wd.ñl yd iodpdr j¾Ok wud;HdxYhla o ia:dmkh lr we;' tys fufyjrù we;af;a iodpdr iïmkak iudchla f.dv ke.Su i|yd idrO¾u jákdlïck;dj ;=< j¾Okh lrkq msKsi m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka iïmdokh lsÍu ydl%shd;aul lsÍu h'

123

by; wud;HdxYfha m%Odk ld¾hhka ^05& myla jk w;r y;r jk ld¾hjk wd.ñl wOHdmkh f.dvkexùfuys,d m¾fhaIK lghq;= fufyhùu yd wjYHuQ,H m%;smdok ,nd §u" tu fomd¾;fïka;=j Tiafia l%shd;aul fõ' Y%S ,xldfõfomd¾;fïka;= w;ßka"

1' fn!oaO lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j'

2' yskaÿ wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j'

3' l%sia;shdks wd.ñl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j'

4' uqia,sï wd.ñl ixialD;sl lghq;= fomd¾;fïka;=j

hk fomd¾;fïka;= yd iïnkaO tla tla wud;HdxY fufyjr m%ldYh foi ne,Sfï§ ta ta wd.ug wod< wOHdmksl" ixialD;sl" yr moaO;shla wdrlaId lsÍula m%j¾OkhlsÍula wruqKq ù we;'

wd.ñl wOHdmkfha uE; ld,Sk m%jK;d

wd.ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska úúO wjia:dj,

pl%f,al$jHjia:d úêúOdk mkjñka jeo.;a mshjr lsysmhla f.k ;sfí'

1' m%d:ñl yd oaù;Shsl mdGYd,d Wfoid nqoaO O¾uh" lf;da,sl O¾uh" l%sia;shdksO¾uh" yskaÿ O¾uh iy bia,dï O¾uh ms<sn| ks¾foaY m;% ilia lsÍu'fuu ld¾hh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh fj; mejÍ we;'

2' by; fhdað; úIh ks¾foaY wd.ñl ixia:d úiska wkqu; lsÍug wu;r j"wjia:dkql+, j ixfYdaOkh lsÍu'

3' mdGYd,d wd.ñl wOHdmkh i|yd Ndú; jk fm< fmd;a" wOHdmkwud;HdxYh úiska m< flfrk w;r tajd wOHdmk .%ka: WmfoaYl uKav,hu.ska wkque;shg ,la lsÍu'

4' wd.u b.ekaùfuys olaI .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu wd.ñl .=re WmfoaYljrekayd wd.ï úIh wOHlaIjreka m;a lsÍu'

5' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska .=re úoHd, úIh ud,djg wd.u we;=<;a fldgks¾foaY m;%" mdGud,d" we.hSï l%u iemhSu'

6' wd.u b.ekaùfuys,d jD;a;sh mqyqKqjla fkdue;s .=rejrekaf.a m%fhdackhmsKsi idlÉPd" fiajd ld,Sk" ksjdvq ld,Sk" mqyqKq mdGud,d l%shd;aul lsÍu'

7' YsIHhkag Èkm;d wd.ñl j;dj;a lsÍu i|yd yeu mdGYd,djl mQckShia:dkhla ;nd .ekSug yd mj;ajdf.k hdug ffO¾hh ,nd §u'

8' mdGYd,djl nyq;r YsIH ixLHdj woyk wd.ñl j;ams<sfj;aj,ska mdif,aWoEik /iaùu weröu;a mdGYd,d wjidkfha § wd.ñl .d:d fyda .S .hdjev ksu lsÍu isß;la jYfhka mj;ajdf.k hdu'

9' mdGYd,dikak isoaOia:dk iy mdi, w;r lsÜgq iïnkaO;djla ks;rmj;ajdf.k hkq ,eîu'

10' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wd.ñl yd idrO¾u wxYhla mj;ajdf.k hdu iywd.ï úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokh" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y" .=re WmfoaYlmqyqKqj" w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úIh Ndr .=reNj;=ka mqyqKq lsßu hk lghq;=

i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wd.ï fomd¾;fïka;=j ia:dms; j ;sîu'

124

iudf,dapkh

1948 foieïn¾ 10 jk Èk tlai;a cd;Skaf.a uyd uKav,h úiska iïu;

lrk ,ÿj m%ldYhg m;a l, udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkfha 18jkj.ka;sfha fufia i|yka fjhs'

—is;Sfï yDo idlaIsh ±Ífï yd wd.ï weoySfï ksoyi N=la;s ú£fï whs;sjdislïiEu mqoa.,hl= u i;=j we;' ;u wd.u fyda úYajdih fjkia lsÍfï ksoyila";kshu fyda wkHhka iu. iuQy jYfhka fyda fm!oa.,sl j fuka u m%isoaêfha ;uweoySï yd wd.ï m%lg lsÍfï" b.ekaùfï" ms<sme§fï" jkaokd lsÍfï" wkq.ukhlsÍfï ksoyi thg we;=<;a fõ'˜9

rcfha mdGYd,dj, wd.u b.ekaùu ms<sn| j m;a lrk ,o cd;sl wOHdmkfldñifï ^1961& w;=re jd¾;dfõ i|yka lrk lreKq o j¾;udkhg lsisÿ wvqjlskaf;drj .e<msh yels h'

—wmf.a yeÕSu wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhl m%Odk woyi kï úúO wd.ñlúYajdi we;=j úúO wd.ñl mßirhkays Ôj;ajk <uhskag wd.ñl fjkialulafkdue;s j yß jerÈ" fyd|-krl wjfndaO lrf.k úkaokd;aul iy ks¾udKd;aulYla;s j¾Okh lr .ksñka Wiia Ôú; .; lsÍug w;a±lSï ixúOdkh lsÍuhs'lsishï mdGYd,djl úfYaI ie,ls,s ,nk wd.ula fkd;sîu jeo.;a h' fï woyibIag lr .ekSu i|yd tfiau lsis u <uhl=g ;ud ;;a;ajhla ke;a;l= hehs hkyeÕSu mdif,a § we;slr .ekSug bv fkd;eìh hq;=hs'˜10

´kE u iudchl meje;au iy;sl ùfï ,d tu rgjeishkaf.a wd.u b;djeo.;a fõ' wd.ula ke;s ñksidg msßmqka Ôú;hla ke;ehs mejiSfï lsisÿ jrolake;' mdi,a wëlaIKh ;=< wd.u úIh iu;aùu muKla m%udKj;a h hkakj¾;udk fouõmsh-isiq Ñka;khhs' fujka Ñka;khla wkd.;fha furg .ukau.g idOdrKhla bgq lrkafka o hkak nqoaêu;a j úu¾Ykh lr" furg wkd.;wd.ñl wOHdmkh i|yd msUqrem;a ieliSu fyg Èkh hym;a ùug fya;= idOl jkqfkd wkqudk h'

mdol igyka

1' ksõfhdalays wd.ñl wOHdmk ix.ufha ks, m%ldYkh ^1967& ReligionEducation. 5 jk ldKavh'

3' The Times Educational Supplement ^fkdje' 17&'

4' Walton, J. and James, L. K. (1933) The Discipline of Education, Madison8'

2' - tu - 390 jk msgqj'

5' wrïm;a; ã' ^1969& wd.ñl wOHdmkh" ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishjim%ldYkh III ldKavh 947 jk msgqj'

6' wOHdmk pl%f,aL wxl 2007$29'

7' wOHdmk pl%f,aL wxl 2002$01$05'

125

8' wOHdmk pl%f,aL wxl 2008$21'

9' udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| úYaj m%ldYkh ^1947& 10" 18 jk j.ka;sh'

10' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñifï w;=re jd¾;dj ^1961& 37 jk msgqj'

126

127

1'1 wd.ñl wOHdmkh

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%h ft;sydisl j j¾Okh jQfha wd.ñl miqìulahgf;a h' wkqrdOmqr hq.fha zwdrdñl wdh;k flakaø lr f.k wd.ñl mokulahgf;a furg wOHdmkh wdrïN úh' tu miqìu ilia ùug uq,sl moku jQfhanqÿ oyuhs' tod fuod;=r Y; j¾I 25lg;a jeä ld,hla wd.ñl wOHdmkfham%Ndj iuia; wOHdmk moaO;shg u ,enqKd hehs lSu ft;sydisl i;Hhls'1

j¾;udkh jk úg f,dal m%jK;d Tiafia wOHdmk moaO;sh" wOHdmkmßmd,kh" wOHdmkfha wruqKq o úYaùh jYfhka fjkilg n÷ka ù ;sfí' fï;;a;ajfhka Y%S ,xldjg o ñÈh fkd yels h' tu iuia; cd;Hka;r Wmk;Skayuqfõ iajdëk j¾Okhlg úIh ud,dj o fhduq ù mj;S' ta n,fõ.hkag wkqrEmj yd iu.dó j —wd.ï˜ bf.kqï yd b.ekaùï ld¾hh o wOHdmkh ;=<úúOdldrfhka ielfiñka l%shdjg kexù ;sfí' fï j¾Okh o wkql%ñl h'

wd.ñl wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl fjkialï kQ;k hq.h olajd úldYkh ùwe;s wdldrh fufia wdlD;shlg kexúh yels h ^1 jk rEmh&' 1 jk rEmh wkqjmeyeÈ,s jkafka wd.ïj, jHdma;shg iudc" wd¾Ól" foaYmd,k yd Wmfhda.s;djfya;= mdol ù we;s njhs' nqÿ oyfï jHdma;shg o iduhsl iyðjkh we;=Mfndfyda idOl fjfiiska u n,md ;sfí'

kQ;k f,dalfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï rgdj ;=< wfkl=;a wd.ï bf.kSfïwjldYh o ie,iS we;' nqÿ oyfï uQ,sl yrh wkHd.ñl fldgia yd mQcl;=uka,d úiska o wOHhkh lrkq fndfyda úg oel.; yels h'

02

wd.ñl wOHdmkh - 3

l,d - f.!rj Wmdê fmardfoKsh&" mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud

^fld<U&" wOHdmkm;s fmardfoKsh&" Ydia;%m;s - fn!oaO wOHdmkh

^le,Ksh&" uykqjr j;af;a.u wrx., úoHd,fha wdpd¾hjrhl= f,i

fiajh fldg oekg nqoaO O¾uh .=re WmfoaYljrhl= f,i lghq;=

lr;s'

¥,aj, r;kidr ysñ

128

1' ft;sydisl uq,a wjêh 1' nqÿ iuh

2' yskaÿ iuh

2' mD;=.Sis wjêh 1' nqÿ iuh

2' yskaÿ iuh

3' ls;= iuh

3' ,kafoais wjêh 1' nqÿ iuh

2' yskaÿ iuh

3' ls;= iuh

4' ls;= frmrudÿ

5' bia,dï

4' ì%;dkH wjêh 1' nqÿ iuh

2' yskaÿ iuh

3' ls;= iuh

4' ls;= frmrudÿ

5' bia,dï

5' kQ;k wjêh 1' nqÿ iuh

2' yskaÿ iuh

3' ls;= iuh

4' ls;= frmrudÿ

5' bia,dï

iajdëk j iajlSh

wd.ï b.ekaùu yd

;=,kd;aul j

wd.ñl b.ekaùu

lr ;sfí

1 jk rEmh( Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkfha ft;sydisl j¾Okh

1'2 wd.ñl úIhfha we;s jákdlu

wd.u hkq l=ula o@ zwd.uZ hk jpkh uE;l § Ndú;hg f.k ;sfí'

fmdÿfõ ish¨ u wd.ï ye¢kaùu i|yd fhda.H jpkhla f,i jHjydr fõ'

bx.%Sis NdIdfõ Religion hk jpkh fjkqjg fï wd.u hk md,s jpkh fhdod

f.k we;s w;r tys w¾:h f,i zweoys,a,Z ziuhZ zYdikhZ ziiakZ" z,íêhZ

f,iska iqo¾uka bx.%Sis$isxy, Yío fldaIfhys ^1999& w¾: olajhs' ñksid flfrys

n,mj;akd jQ f.!rjkSh yeÕSï" by< úYajdi ;,hka" <eÈhdjka" je÷ï msÿï"

lemùï" Y%oaOdj" foaj Nla;sh wd§ ixlS¾K l%shdj,sh wd.ug wh;a nj tys

jeäÿrg;a ú.%y lr olajhs'

nqÿ iuh ;=< by; oela jQ ,laIK o we;=<;a w;r tu zwd.ïZ Ôjk

o¾Ykhla f,i o ia:dms; ù ;sfí' iuia; f,dalhg u úYaj kshduh" o¾Ykhla

f,iska nqÿ oyu l%shd;aul jk nj úoaj;ayQ mji;s'2

zwd.uZ hk jpkh ksje/È j w¾: iSud lr f.k we;s whqre úfYaI

wjOdkhg ,la úh hq;= h' ulaksid o wd.ï /ila fuhg wka;¾.; jk neúks'

129

Relegere ^ß,scß& hk jpkh (To observe) iudoka ùu" ie,ls,su;a ùu"

/lSu" ne£u hk f;areï we;s ,;ska jpkhlska ì£ wdjls' hf:dala; bx.%Sis

jpkh ngysr f,dalfha m<uqfjka u jHjydr lr we;af;a ñksid iy ks¾ud;D

foú flkl=ka w;r we;s ne£u fyj;a iïnkaOh uq,a lr f.k h' ngysr

f,dalfha fn!oaO" yskaÿ" l%sia;shdks" bia,dï" ffck iy hqfoõ hkd § fkdfhla

weoySï l%u oelaùug (Religion) ß,scka hk jpkh fhdod f.k ;snqK;a ish¨ u

weoySï l%uj, ks¾ud;D foú flkl= isák nj fkd lshfõ' we;eï wd.ï foaj

ks¾udK jdÈ h' fï iSudjla oek ye¢k ta ta ck fldgiaj, wd.ï wkqj ish

mrïmrdj, mejÍula f,i;a Ôjk m%;smodjla f,i;a wd.u b.ekaùug fï jk

úg l%shdlrñka isák nj o fmfka'3

1'3 Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkfha foaYSh miqìu

Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkfha wdrïNh wkqrdOmqr hq.hhs' fï wjêh

iEu wxYhlska u iïNdjH hq.hla f,i ie,fla'4 tfia u frdau" .%Sl YsIagdpdrh"

yrmamd" fuifmdf;añhdj" Ök yd m¾ishd YsIagdpdrj,g wdikak njla Wiq,d

;sfí' fï iuh iuhdka;r b.ekaùï isÿ jQfha uyd úydrfha muKla fkdfõ'

fÊ;jkh" wNh.sßh" biqreuqKsh jeks wd.ñl ia:dk weiqre lr f.k o th

ixj¾Okh úh' iuh-iuhdka;r fuka u l,d-Ys,am" wd¾Ólh" lDIsl¾uh"

l¾udka;" ;dlaIKh we;=<;a wka;a¾cd;sl in|;dj,ska hq;a mq¿,a wOHdmk

l%shdj,shla tu.ska jeã .sfha h' th iodpdrd;aul mokulska hqla; jQjls'5

wkqrdOmqrfha wdrïN jQ tu wOHdmkh kQ;k hq.fha úYajúoHd, mYapd;a

Wmdê wdh;k" úoHdmSG olajd jHdma; ù ;sfí' foaYSh" úfoaYSh wxY Tiafia fï

iuh iuhdka;r wOHdmkh l%u l%ufhka úldYkh ù we;' ta wxY ms<sn| mq¿,a

idlÉPdjlg n÷ka úh hq;= h' fï wd.ñl wOHdmkh ksid .=re l=, yd wdpd¾h

mrïmrdjla o ìys úh' ta iu. u bf.kqï b.ekajï l%ufõo jHdma; ù we;s

whqre o m%Yia; fõ'6

1'4 lkakka.r hq.h iy wd.ñl wOHdmkh

fvdkfuda¾ m%;sixialrK wkqj 1931 i¾jck Pkao n,h ,eî rdcH uka;%K

iNdj yd úOdhl ldrl iNd l%uh l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. ,xldfõ wOHdmk

lafIa;%fha m%n, fjkialï isÿ ù ;sfí' wkqldrl úIh ud,djla tf;la l%shd;aul

ùu ksid" fï hq.fha § foaYSh rgdjlg yqre lrjk mßÈ úIh ud,dfõ hï hï

fldgia ixialrKh flßKs'

foaYSh wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk úIhud,djla ieliSug uq, msÍula jYfhka

ykafoiai wOHdmk l%uh 1932 § wdrïN úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka uQ,sl úIh

ud,djg zwd.uZ úIhh we;=<;a flrsKs' ta hq.fha isg u wd.ñl j;a ms<sfj;a

orejkag mqreÿ mqyqKq lrùu ms<sn| j o Wkkaÿj fhduq ù ;sfí'7

130

fn!oaO wd.ñl jYfhka jk fjila" fmdfidka iy wei< udij, nqoaO

pß;hg yd nqÿ oyug wod< W;aij mj;S' l%sia;shdks oyug wkqj uy isl=rdod"

k;a;,a W;aijh" lefrda,a .S; .dhkh wdÈh meje;afõ' bia,dï oyug wkqj

kìkdhl W;aijh" rduidka Wmjdi ld,h wdÈh;a yskaÿ oyug wkqj uydisjrd;%S

W;aijh" §mjd,S jeks W;aij;a meje;afõ' fï ish¨ u wd.ïj,g wod< j iS,

iudodkh" oka§u jeks j;dj;a o meje;afõ' ta ta wd.ug wkqnoaO pdß;% jdß;%

iy wNsjdr úê /ila wkq.ukh lrñka fuu W;aij mj;ajk w;r" wd.ñl

úIh ud,djg wkq.; j mdif,a o tu W;aij meje;afõ'

tla tla wd.ug iqúfYaI jQ wd.ñl ms<sfj;a we;=M ixialD;sl wx. bÈß

mrïmrdjg mjrd §fï wruqfKka mdif,a by; oelajQ wjia:d iy W;aij bf.kqï

b.ekaùï l%u jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu fuys ,d we;s jQ úfYaI;ajhhs'

1'5 úIhud,d m%;sixialrKj,ska wd.u úIhfha we;s jQ fjkialïksoyiska miq j o Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%h úúO fjkialïj,g n÷ka

úh' tys § úIhud,d fjkialï úfYaI úh' Oj, m;%sld" pl%f,aL iy fldñIka

iNd jd¾;dj,g wkql+, j tajd isÿ úh' 1956 wxl 43 orK pl%f,aLfhka m%d:ñl

wOHdmkfha úIhhka w;r wd.u" uõni iy ixLHd úIhhka yer b;sß úIhhka

l%shdldrlï u; ixúOdkh úh' 1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj

wkqj nd,dxYfha isg 8 fY%aKsh olajd wksjd¾h úIh ud,djla b.ekaùug ks¾foaY

lr ;sfí' tys § wd.u úIhg;a m%Odk ia:dkhla ysñ úh' 1970-1980 oYlh ;=<wd.u úIh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha iqúfYaI fjkialï /ila lrk ,§'

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § 1971 le/,a,g ;=vq ÿka iudc-wd¾Ól yd

wOHdmksl fya;= flfrys o wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sfí'8

1972 wOHdmkfha kj u. wkqj m%;sixúOdkh jQ úIh mámdáfha lksIaGoaú;Shsl wOHdmkfha 6-9 fY%aKs úIhud,dfõ úIhhka 10lska iukaú; úh' taw;r zwd.uZ úIhh o m%Odk úh' úIhud,dj iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkia fkd jqK;a/lshd yd jev f,dalhg wod< úIhhka mdol lr .;a w;r Bg iu.dó j zwd.ïZúIh moaO;sfha o ta ta zwd.ïj, wka;¾.; lreKq yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uj,iqúfYaI fjkialï /ila lr ;snqKs'9

1981 l%shd;aul l< wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj wd.u úIhfha úIhks¾foaY wkqj ud;Dld lsmhla w¨f;ka tl;= flßKs' 10-11 fY%aKsj, fm<fmd;aj, nqoaO O¾uh úIhhg fï ud;Dld tl;= lr ;sîu óg ksoiqkls' WodyrKf,i 10 jk fY%aKsfha fm< fmdf;ys mia jk ud;Dldj —mßirh fi!kao¾h ydñksia meje;au—" y;a jk ud;Dldj —udkj ixy;sfha tal;ajh yd ixialD;slúúO;a;ajh— oelaúh yels h'

11 jk fY%aKsfha —iS,h yd iudc ixj¾Okh—" —ñksia j¾.hdf.a tal;ajh——fndÿ weiska f,dj n,uq— hk ud;Dld .; yels h' fuu ud;Dld u.ska úIhlafIa;%hg kj;djla tl;= lr we;' tajdhska we;s lrk ,o m%;sM, miq úmrulska

131

fidhd ne,sh hq;= h' zwd.ïZ úIh moaO;sfha we;s jQ fjkilï my; oelafõ'

1' úIh wka;¾.;h fjkia lsÍu

2' úIh fldgia iudchg yd kQ;k úoHd úIhOdrdj,g iu.dó j ilia lr;sîu

Wod(- ² fn!oaO fi!kao¾h ixl,amh

² iduh" iodpdr O¾u" nyqúO iudc ixl,amh" mßir ixrlaIKh^10-11 nqoaO O¾uh fm< fmd;a&

² ls;= oyug wod< j ( foú mshdKkajykafia fjkqfjka ñ;=relï

mEu: rgjeishdg - .ïjeishdg - f,da jeishdg

² iajdNdúl f,dalh y÷kd .ekSu

² l÷ fy,a" uqyqÿ" we< fod<" .x.d" wiSñ; fm%auh ^úIh ks¾foaY

yd .=re w;fmd;" l%sia;= O¾uh 4 jk fY%aKsh&

fuf,i 1981 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKfhka fn!oaO" yskaÿ" l%sia;shdks ydbia,dï wOHdmkfha o iqúfYaI fjkialï úKs' fuu fjkialï wOHdmkfhawxY .Kkdjl § isÿ ù ;sfí' tkï"

² m%:ñl

² oaù;shsl

² ;D;Shsl jYfhks

fuu iajNdjh 1998 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK uÕska ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.kf.dia ;snqKs'

2 jk rEmh( m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau - 19982 jk rEmh( m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau - 19982 jk rEmh( m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau - 19982 jk rEmh( m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau - 19982 jk rEmh( m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiau - 1998

1 fYa%Ksh 2 fYa%Ksh 1 fYa%Ksh 2 fYa%Ksh 5 fYa%Ksh

uõni

.Ks;h

orejka y÷kd f.k ta ta wjêj,g wod<w;HjYH ksmqK;d ms<sn| m%ùK;ajh we;s lr;sîu

1' ikaksfõok

2' wdpdrO¾u yd wd.ñl ksmqK;d

3' mßirh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

4' bf.kqï b.ekaùï i|yd ksmqK;d

uõni

.Ks;h

wd.u wd.uwd.u

úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï

132

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHQylrK hgf;a 1999 j¾Ifha isg cd;sluÜgñka l%shd;aul jk m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIK we;=<;aúh'10 m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fjka lr we;s jir 05l ld, iSudj m%Odk wjê;=klg fnod we;' ta wjê ;=fka § u wd.ñl wOHdmkh ,nd §u wksjd¾h fõ'

• m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh 1-2 fY%aKs

• fo jk m%Odk wjêh 3-4 fY%aKs

• ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh 5 fY%aKsh

fï i|yd ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla iQodkï lr ;sfí' tys úIh lafIa;%y;rla hgf;a j¾. lr we;'

1' NdIdj

2' wd.u

3' .Ks;h

4' mßir l%shdldrlï jYfhks

mrirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIfha § iqúfYaI jQ ifudaOdks; ,laIK úoHudkfõ' fu wdY%s; j bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § NdIdj" .Ks;h iy wd.u hkúIh lafIa;% ;=<ska iïnkaO;d cd,hla Tiafia ksmqK;d j¾Okhg ux fm;a u;=lrhs' úIh iïnkaëlrK ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' YsIH yd .=re flakaøSh jevlghq;=j, oS m%Odk l%ufõo ;=k jk ie,iqï.; fi,a,ï yd úfkdao ckl jev"l%shdldrlï iy wiqka.; jev u.ska wd.ñl úIhhg o iqúfYaIS wd.ñl Èk -jevigykaj,g wkq.; j l%shd lsÍug o wjia:d ,nd § ;snqKs'

nqoaO O¾uh ( ^fn!oaaO wd.ñl W;aij&

1' fjila W;aijh

2' fmdfidka W;aijh

3' fmryer

4' Y%uodk lghq;=

5' lÀk W;aij

6' msß;a mskalï

7' odk mskalï

8' Ndjkd O¾u foaYkd jevigyka

9' uõmsh .=K iïNdjkd jevigyka

10' ne;s .S .dhkd jevigyka

yskaÿ wd.ñl W;aij

1' ff;fmdaka.,a

2' §mdj,S

3' N.jka .S; .dhkh

4' uyd isjrd;%s

l%sia;shdks wd.ñl W;aij

1' uyisl=rdod Èk ieureu

2' k;a;,a W;aijh

133

3' lefrd,a .dhkd

bia,dï wd.ñl W;aij

1' rduidka W;aijh

2' ñ,d Wka kî W;aijh

3' yÊð W;aij jkaokdj

2007 úIhud,d m%;sixialrKfhka cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKqj,g wkqj ksmqK;dmdol úIhud,djla y÷kajd § we;'

fuys § .=re flakaøsh yd YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï b.ekaùu l%u flf¾újdodmkak ùu wjYH fkdfõ' ulaksid o fï l%u ;=< .=re N=ñldj iqúfYaI jQpß;hla jk neúks' ta uÕska <uhdg l%shdldÍ ùfï jeä wjia:djla ,nd foñka.=re YsIH fomsßi u oekqï ks¾udKh lrkakka njg" W;amdolhska njg(knowledge Transfomer) imeñKsh hq;= fõ'

tfia u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uj, o fjkila ù ;sfí' idïm%odhsl l%uTiafia ;snq bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka neyer j kj l%u y÷kajd § ;sîu oúfYaI;ajhls' WodyrKhla f,i bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uhla f,i 5E l%uh y÷kajd§ we;' nqÿ oyfï wka;¾.; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%uhla f,i iÉp úNx. iQ;%fhyso ú.%yd;aul l%u y;la olajd ;sfí' tajd kï"

1' wdÑlaLkd 2' foaYkd 3' m[a[mkd 4' mÜGmkd 5' újrKd

6' úNckd 7' W;a;dkslïu

fuys w¾: fufia oelaúh yels h'

1' jeoEßu 2' foaYkd lsÍu 3' oelaùu 4' ;eîu 5' újD; lsÍu

6' úNd. lsÍu 7' m%lg lsÍu

1' kshqla;s lrKh -jeoEÍu" ixksfõokh foaYkd lsÍu wre;a iys; j lSu

2' .fõIKh - úNd. lsÍu m%lg lsÍu

3' újrKh - oelaùu" ;eîu

4' úia;drKh - újD; lsÍu

5' we.hSu - m%lg lsÍu

fuh l%uj;a kHdhla f,i Ndú;hg .ekSug h;ak oeÍula f,i w.h l<yels h' ulaksid o úúO wd.ñl b.ekaùï ;=< o fï ,laIKh wka;¾.; h' nqÿoyfï tk Ñka;k úuxik ksoyi" YsIH flakaøSh bf.kSï l%ufha Wmßu wjia:djhs'yskaÿ iufha tk ;%s uQ¾;sh ^n%yau-úIaKq-ufyaYajr& f,dalh;a mqoa., ðú;h;aújrKh l< tl wjia:djls' fï l%ufõo hq.fhka hq.h wkq.dñlfhda Ndú;l<y' th m%n, m%pdrKhla iy úo.aO iudc wdOHdmksl fuj,ula f,iska yqjdoelajQfha ke;' tfia jqj o úúO wd.ñl ixo¾N ;=< fulS ,laIK wka;¾.; fõ'

kQ;kfha th y÷kajd we;af;a fumßoafoks"

1' kshqla;slrKh (Engagement)

2' .fõIKh (Exploration)

134

3' újrKh (Explanation)

4' úia;drKh (Elaboration)

5' we.ehSu (Evaluation)11

újrK" úNckh" ieliSu wd§ ixl,am iqkd:" Odf¾:" prd: wd§ md,s mo;aw¾:" O¾u ksrela;s" m%;sNdk wd§ uQ,O¾u;a wif;daud i;aoa.uh ^wi;Hfhkai;Hhg;a& ;ufida ud fcHd;s¾.uh ^wkaOldrfhka wdf,dalhg /f.k hk&wd§ yskaÿ wd.ñl ixl,am u.skq;a Wla; kHdh iei¢h yels h'

1'6 .=re mqyqKqj

wd.ï w;r nqoaO O¾uh b.ekaùu ms<sn| .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍï i|ydwdh;k msysgqjd ;sfí' NslaIQka jykafia ,d mqyqKq lsÍu ksÜgUqj idßmq;a; úoHdmSGfha;a .sys .=rejreka mqyqKqj oUfoKsh úoHd mSGfha;a isÿ flf¾' Bg wu;r jwfkl=;a wd.ï b.ekaùï lghq;= úYaj úoHd, uÜgñka l%shd;aul flf¾' mYapd;aWmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud jD;a;Shuh mqyqKqj fld<U" fmardfoKsh iy hdmkhúYajúoHd, u.ska flf¾' Bg wu;r j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" újD;úYajúoHd,h jeks wdh;k" zwd.ïZ ms<sn| bf.kqï b.ekaùï lghq;= o mqyqKqlghq;= o lr f.k hkq ,nhs' ta i|yd WÑ; mdGud,d ilid úêu;a whqßkals%hd;aul o fjhs'

fiajdia: ieis" wLKav mqyqKq" jevuq¿ yd m¾fhaIK ud¾.fhka o.=rejrekaf.a fï wd.ñl oekqu yd mqyqKqj kj l%ufõo Tiafia hdj;ald,Sk lr;Sîu o kj m%jK;djls'

m<d;a yd fldÜGdi uÜgñka úIh Ndr iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIjrekam;a lr ta ud¾.fhka .=re mqyqKq iïnkaëlrKh l%uj;a lr ;sfí' .=reWmfoaYljreka ud¾.fhka wd.ï W.kajk .=rejrekag zwd.uZg wod< oekqu"wdl,am iy l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍug ux i,id ;sfí' wd.ñl úIh b.ekaùfï §fuh kj mqyqKq l%ufõohla f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

1990 oYlfha yd bka miq j úIhud,d ixj¾Okfha kj m%jK;d f,i fuu

lreKq oelaúh yels h' wfkla úIhhka b.ekaùug mqyqKqjla" mßphla ;sìhhq;=jd fia u zwd.uZ W.kajk .=rejrhdg o mqyqKqjla yd mßphla ;sîu ow;HjYH h'

1'7 wd.u b.ekaùfï § ;dlaIKh Wmfhda.s lr .ekSu

uE; ld,fha § m%d:ñl uÜgfï isg fcHIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgu olajd úIh

ud,dfõ fjkialï /ila isÿ lr ;sfí' ta i|yd l%shdldrlï bf.kqï-b.ekaùï

l%ufõo fhdod f.k ;sfí' ta i|yd ,nd § we;s wdYS%; n, fndfyda h' ta w;r

wOHdmksl yd ;dlaIKsl WmlrK .ek o i|yka l< yels h'

Wod(- m%lafIaIK hka;%" mß.Kl" rEmjdyskS" f¾äfhda" leiÜ hka;%" ã'ù'ã'

135

hka;%" jhsâ fndaâ" .%ska fndaâ wd§ wOHdmksl bf.kqï b.ekaùï WmlrK

Ndú;hg yqrelr ùu" kj wOHdmksl mßj¾;khla f,i ie,lSu WÑ; h'12 fuu

hq.h WmlrK flakaøSh wOHdmk hq.hlss'

mdi,aj,g z.=Kd;aul fhojqïZ 2000 jif¾ isg ,nd §ug wjYH myiqlï

i,id ;sfí' fï jk úg;a tajd Ndú;hg .efka' iEu úIh lafIa;%hla u .=Kd;aulfhojqu ,nd f.k thska wOHdmksl lghq;= myiq lr .ekSu fuka u ixj¾ê;uÜgulg hdu wfmalaIdj fõ' tuÕska wOHdmksl wjia:d mq¿,a ù we;s wdldrhlafmkakqï lrhs'

wd.u ;=,kd;aul j wOHhkh lsÍug fï u.ska wjldY ie,fia' YsIH ydúIh flakaøSh j wOHhkh lsÍug fï .=Kd;aul fhojqï fhdod .; yels h'mQ¾j iqodkï ùfï § - flá igyka" .e,Sï igyka" rEm igyka" oDYHdOdr" wd§bf.kqï b.ekaùï wdOdrl .+Kd;aul fhojqï Ndú;hg ksoiqka fõ' lKavdhï"we.hSï" flaj, we.ehSï wdÈh Wfoid o Ndú; fõ' úfYaIfhka u YsIH wOHhkld¾h idM,H uqÿkam;a jk wdldrfhka mdvug fm,Uùu" oekqu yd wjfndaOhm%dfhda.sl j ixj¾Okh lsÍug fï .=Kd;aul fhojqï ukd msájy,ls'

fï bf.kqu b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ksis mßos isÿjkafka oehs fidhd ne,Sugwe.ehSï l< hq;= fõ' thska isiq w;aoelSï ;yjqre fõ' fufia ud¾f.damfoaYh,nd § ÿn,;d y÷kd f.k m%;sfmdaIKh (Feed back) we;s l< hq;= fõ' isiq yelshdyd olaI;d y÷kd .;a úg tu olaI;d jeä ohqKq lsÍug m%;sfmdaIKh ,nd §u.=rejrhl= i;= ld¾hNdrh fõ' fï ms<sn| úia;r .=re ud¾f.damfoay ix.%yj,olajd we;'

tu m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,ska meñKs rgdj iajhx wOHhkhg yd .=reud¾f.damfoaYhg fya;= mdol jkakla nj fhdod f.k we;s we.ehSï m%fNaoj,skameyeÈ,s h' fï we.ehSï rgdj l=uk úIhlg jqj o wvq jeä jYfhka fhdod .;yels h'

tu we.ehSï m%fNao1' mejreï2' iólaIK3' ksÍlaIK4' lafIa;% pdßld5' jHqy.; rpkd6' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï7' m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï8' iaj ks¾udK9' ixl,am is;shï10' ì;a;s mqj;am;a11' m%Yak yd ms<s;=re fmd;a12' idlpPd uKav,

13' laIKsl l:k

14' jHmD;s15' .fõIK16' m%o¾Yk bÈßm;a lsÍu17' flá ,sÅ; mÍlaIK18' újD; .%ka: mÍlaIK19' Y%jK mÍlaIK20' l:kh21' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï22' oaú;aj igyka c¾k,h23' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka24' újdo25' iïuka;%K

13' N+ñld rx.k

136

wd§ jYfhka ,ehsia;= .; l< yels h'

fï ;=< úIh yd úIh iu.dó l%shd taldnoaO j bf.kqï miqìula we;s lr;sfí' tu.ska bf.kqï iudchl ,laIK fuka u hdjÔj rgdjlg bf.kSu yqrelrùfï iajNdjh o m%o¾Ykh fõ' ta iuÕ u oekqu yd wjfndaOh ðú;fha §Ndú; l< yels wdldrhg yqre lrùula o olakg ,efnhs' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u;=< fuka u we.ehSï rgdj, o iqúYd, fjkialï we;s lsÍug fuu wOHdmkm%;sixialrK fya;= mdol ù ;sfí'13

úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re w;afmd;a b;d úYd, m%udKhla mdi,a iy wOHdmkwdh;kj,g imhd ;sfí' fï ud¾.fhka zwd.ïZ b.ekaùug kj l%ufõo iym%fõY /ila u;= lr we;'

idudkH fm< iy Wiia fm< úNd. rgdj o fjkilg n÷ka lr ;sfí'wkd.; f,dalfha wNsfhda.j,g iß,k mßÈ iudc iodpdrh j.lSï iys; jixj¾Okhg bjy,a jk f,iska wdpdr O¾u b.ekafõ' óg fhda.H mßÈ bf.kqïyd b.ekaùï rgdj o we.ehSï l%ufõoh o fjkia lr we;

m%Yak k.k rgdj yd wdlD;sh fjkia lr we;' tu.ska oekqu Ndú; lrkwdldrh;a .fõIKhg fhduq lrjk ú,dih;a fuu m%YaklrKh ;=< olakgms<sjk' Wod( fn!oaO - yskaÿ - l%sia;shdks iy bia,dï - wju.x,H wjia:djlksÍlaIKh lr ms<s;=re iemhSug wod< m%Yakhla .; yels h' fuys § n,dfmdfrd;a;=jkafka l=uk fyda wd.ñl wjia:djla ksÍlaIKh lsÍfuka miq j ms<s;=re iemhSuls'm%Yakhlg ms<s;=rla ,sùu muKla m%udKj;a ke;' wd.u úIh we;=¿ iEu úIhlu m%Yak m;%hg we.ehSï m%Yakhla we;=<;a lr we;' we.ehSï YdLdj u.ska tams<sn| Wmfoia ,nd § ;sfí' flá ms<s;=re ,sùug wksjd¾h m%Yakhla ilid ;sfí'idudkH fm< yd Wiia fm< i|yd fï flá m%Yak 10;a 20;a w;r m%udKhlafhdod f.k f.k ;sìu we.ehSï rgdfõ l< fjkila f,i oelaúh yels h'

2002'06'02 Èk ksl=;a lr we;s pl% f,aL wxl HRD/PPM/2002/14 orK wOHdmkf,alïf.a ,smshg wkqj 2002 foieïn¾ yd bka bÈßhg meje;afjk w'fmd'i'^id'fm<& úNd.j,g fmkS isák mdi,a whÿlrejka i|yd Y%S ,xld úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ksl=la lrk m%;sM, f,aLkj, yd ta fjkqfjka ksl=;alrk iy;sl m;%j, mdi, mokï lr .;a we.ehSï jev ms<sfj< u.ska isiqka,nd .kakd fY%aKs o we;=<;a flf¾'

wd.ï úIhfhys m%ùK;d uÜgu ;SrKh lsÍu i|yd tla jdrhla ;=< wod<lr .kakd we.ehSï ixLHdj 02ls' tjeks we.ehSï fol ne.ska jdr 05la wjidkkfha§ ,nd .;a m%ùK;d ,l=Kq mßj¾;kh lr SBA ,l=Kq ,ehsia;=j yryd bÈßm;al< hq;= h'14

Wla; lreKq wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ wd.ñl wOHdmkh l,ska l, we;s jQwOHdmk m%;sixialrK wkqj Okd;aul fjkialïj,g n÷ka ù we;s nj i|ykal< yels h'

137

mdol igyka

1. Udagama, P. (1999) Rhetoric and reality education in Sri Lanka: Afterindependence. Colombo: Amal Pub.Com.

2' [dK;s,l" à' ^1999& ñksia .eg¨ ms<sn| fn!oaO ú.%yh' je,a,j;a;(jeia,s uqøKd,h'

3' ùrisxy" tÉ' ^1977& wOHdmk o¾Yk m%fõYh' fld<U( f,layjqia'

4' wÈldrï" B' ví' ^1963&' merKs ,laÈj fn!oaO b;sydih' chj¾Okiud.u'

5' rdyq, ysñ" ví,shq 1963& ,xldfõ nqÿ iufha b;sydih' chj¾Ok iud.u'

6' wfír;ak" fla' tÉ' 1989& úiqoaê ud¾.fhka fy<sjk wOHdmk ixl,am'fld<U( tia' f.dvf.a iud.u'

7' Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,h ^2000& úIhud,d kHdh yd mßph'

8' wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1972& wOHdmk kj u.'

9' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 2009& l%sia;= O¾uh .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh'uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

10' .sksf.a whs' t,a' ^2008& ksmqK;d mdol úIh ud,dj iy l%shdldrlïie,iqï' wOHdmk jD;a;Sh ksmqK;d ixj¾Ok ld¾hdxYh'

11' fiakdër" tia' 1996& Y%S ,xldfõ oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIh ud,d m%;sixialrKwjYH;d' urodk: f.dvf.a'

12' .=Kfialr" ví' ^2001& f.da,ShlrKh yd 21 jk ishjfia wOHdmkwNsfhda.' kqf.af.dv( §mdkS uqøKd,h'

13' ùrisxy" tÉ' ^1993& wOHdmk uQ,O¾u' kqf.af.dv( la,eials m%skag¾ia'

14' idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾h n<ldh ^1997& idudkHwOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK'

15' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2003& mdi, mokï lr .;a we.ehSïjevms<sfj< 10" 11" 12 yd 13 fY%aKs( Wmfoia w;afmd;'

138

03

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh

fÊ' fifkúr;ak

Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdê le,Ksh&" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud újD;&"

mdi,a l<ukdlrK ämaf,daud ^cd' w' wd'&" Ydia;%m;s Wmdê ^md,s

fn!oaO&' .=rejrhl=" .=re WmfoaYljrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl= f,i fiajh

lr ;sfí' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha iïm;a odhlfhls'

1'0 m%fõYh

zzisxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhZZ oaú;Shsl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ yr úIhhls'm<uq j úIhhla jYfhka yeoEßh hq;= wka;¾.;hla we;s neúka th úIh.Khg jefghs' fo jkq j th udOH NdIdjls' isxy, udOHfhka bf.k .kakd"mdi,a YsIH ck.ykfhka y;frka ;=kla muK jQ orejka wfkl=;a úIh yodrkafkaisxy, NdIdfjks' ;=ka jkq j th cd;sl NdIdjla jYfhka cd;sl wkkH;djms<sn| Ñyakhls' isõ jkq j th isxy, ixialD;sfha m%jdylh fjhs' úIhhlajYfhka tys jeo.;alu fuu lreKqj,ska ikd: fjhs' isxy, NdIdj muKlafkd j idys;Hh o úIhh hgf;a b.ekafjk neúka tys yrnr nj ;j;a jeäfjhs' l,ska l, ixialrKh flreKq úIh ks¾foaYj, isxy, úIhh yd tysjeo.;alu ms<sn| j fufia olajd we;'

zzikaksfõokfha m%Odk fuj,u jQ ujqni ixj¾Okh iuia; wOHdmkixj¾Okhg u mdol jkq we;' kQ;k iudcfha ish¨ fokdf.a u wfkHdkHld¾h idOkh i|yd o NdId ixj¾Okh jeo.;a fõ' tu ksid NdIduh ld¾hhkareÑl;ajfhka hq;= j bgq lsÍug WÑ; bf.kqï - b.ekaùï wjia:d ie,ish yelsúIhud,djla ieliSu jeo.;a fõ'ZZ

^úIh ks¾foaYh" isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh" 6 jk fY%aKsh" 1999&zzñksidf.a úYsIag;u ks¾udKh jQ NdIdj ikaksfõokfha m%n,;u udOHhls'

ñksidf.a Ñka;khg bjy,a jQfha o NdIdjhs' cd;sl wkkH;dj fy<s lrkixfla;h o NdIdjhs' NdIdj yd idys;Hh tlsfkl yd wúfhdackSh j ne£ mj;S'idys;H ks¾udKh jkafka NdIdj Wmfhda.s lr f.k h' NdIdfjka f;dr idys;Hhlao idys;Hfhka f;dr NdIdjla o fkdue;' ks¾udKh" ridiajdoh yd úpdrh hk;%s;ajh iqixfhda.S j idys;Hh yd ñksia Ôú;h yd noaO j mj;S' idys;Hh ukqIHika;dkhkays wdiajdokSh yeÕSï mqnqÿ lr ixfõ§ ukila we;s lr,Sug iu;afõ' tu ksid isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh u.ska ixfõ§ yoj;a iys; ks¾udKYS,Smqoa.,hl= iudchg ìyslr,Su wfmalaId flf¾'ZZ

^úIh ks¾foaYh" isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh" 6 jk fY%aKsh" 2007&

139

NdIdjla f,i isxy,fhys m%ldYk Yla;sh ms<sn| j zzisxy, f,aLk Í;sfhysZZ11111

fufia i|yka fõ'

zzúIhh ljfrla fõ jd ta ms<sn| woyia m%ldY lsÍfï udOHhla jYfhkaljr od jqj isxy,h ÿn,;djla fkd ±laù h' ±kqÿ fkd olajhs' jdlafldaIh tys,d m%udKj;a h'ZZ

NdId idys;H wOHhkfhka <Õd lr .; yels Ôú;d¾:hka ms<sn| yd¾jâúYaj úµd,fha uydpd¾h fydj¾â .dâk¾

22222 bÈßm;a lrk woyia lsysmhls fï'

• f,dalfha úúO jia;+ka yd isÿùïys m%fNao uekúka y÷kd .ekSfï § NdIdjgjeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ fõ'

• wm tlsfkld ;=< úúO w;a±lSï .nvd we;' tajd újD; lsÍug yd Ndú;hg.ekSug ie,eiaùu i|yd o NdIdj fhdod .kS'

• f,dal iajNdjh w¾:j;a j jgyd f.k thg uqyqK Èh hq;= wdldrhidys;Hfhka úoyd oelafõ'

• wmg we;s .eg¨ bÈßm;a lsÍug;a" ñksidg fkd keiS Ôj;a ùug;a meyeÈ,sixjdohla wjYH h' tu ixjdoh i|yd NdIdj yd idys;Hh Wmfhda.s lr.efka'

wmf.a úIhud,d iïmdoljreka isxy, NdIdj yd idys;H úIh wruqKq;SrKh lsÍfï §" úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍfï §" fm< fmd;a iïmdokfha § fukau .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilia lsÍfï § o by; lS Ôú;d¾: idlaId;a lr.ekSug bjy,a jk whqßka ish ld¾hNdrh cd;sh fjkqfjka bgq lr weoao hkakúuid ne,sh hq;= j ;sfí'

2'0 úIhh ye¢kaùu

1970 oYlfha ueo Nd.h jk f;la zzisxy, NdIdjZZ tla úIhhla jYfhkq;azzisxy, idys;HhZZ ;j;a úIhhla jYfhkq;a i,ld we;' WodyrKhla f,i 1973j¾Ifha § mj;ajk ,o id' fm< úNd.fha § zzisxy, NdIdjZz úIhhg 90"877fokl= fmkS isg 56"712 fokl= idu¾:Hh ,nd we;' zzisxy, idys;HhZZ úIhhgwhÿïlrejka 84"766 fokl= fmkS isg 37"253 idu¾:Hh ,nd we;'

33333

fm<fmd;a zzisxy,Z kñka kï lr ;snqK o wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.skaksl=;a lrk ,o pl%f,aLj, fuu úIhh y÷kajd we;af;a zisxy, NdIdj ydidys;HhZZ hkqfjks'

,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkfha ldKav y;rls'

1 - 5 m%d:ñl

6 - 9 lksIaG oaú;Shsl

10 - 11 fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^idudkH fm<&

12 - 13 fcHIaG oaú;Shsl ^Wiia fm<&

140

1 isg 5 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ m%d:ñl wjêfha § zzujqni isxy,Z jYfhkq;a"6 isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd zzisxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhZZ jYfhkq;a 12" 13 fY%aKshi|yd zzisxy,ZZ jYfhkq;a fuu úIhh y÷kajd we;'

1 isg 5 fY%aKsh olajd jQ zzujqniZ isxy, úIhh iEu YsIHhl= u yeoEßh hq;=úIhhla fõ' 6 isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd we;s isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh isxy,udOH NdIdj fldg .;a ish¨ isiqka yeoEßh hq;= yr úIhhls' 12" 13 zzisxy,ZZúIhh wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< l,d úIh Odrdj yodrk isiqkaúiska iajleue;af;ka f;dard .; hq;= úIhhls' mQ¾fjdala; lreKq wkqj isxy,udOH NdIdj jYfhka f;dard .kakd mdi,a isiqka 1 isg 11 jk fY%aKs olajd uuõni jYfhka isxy, úIhh yeoEßh hq;= h'

1975 j¾Ifha § wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ksl=;a fldg we;sfm<fmd;aj, úIhh y÷kajd we;af;a zzisxy,ZZ

44444 kñks' tjl isg 2005 olajd

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 6 fY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh olajd fm<fmd;aj,fhdod we;af;a o zzisxy,ZZ hk kuhs' 2006 j¾Ifha 6 isg 10 fY%aKs i|yd ksl=;al< fm< fmd;aj, iy bka miq ksl=;a l< fm<fmd;aj, zzisxy, NdIdj ydidys;HhZZ hk ku fhdod we;'

1986 § w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd zzisxy, idys;H ix.%yhZZ55555 kñka

mdG .%ka:hla y÷kajd §fuka wk;=re j úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j idudkH fm<úNd.fha § m%Yak m;% ;=klska hqla; j zzisxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhZZ hk kñkaúIhh y÷kajd we;' 1999 j¾Ifha isg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh;a úIhh ye¢kaùui|yd tu ku Ndú;hg f.k we;'

3'0 úIh wruqKq

1985 isg 1998 j¾Ih olajd Ndú; jQ fm< fmd;a i|yd ilia lrk ,oisxy, .=re w;afmd;aj, i|yka wdldrhg úIh wNsu;d¾: 10ls'

6 ta fufia h'

isxy, úIh wNsu;d¾:

1' Y%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu ms<sn| NdId Yla;s ÈhqKq lr .ekSfukaksmqK;ajhla ,nd .ekSu

2' meyeÈ,s j is;Sfï yd lreKq ksrjq,a j wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj ,nd.ekSu

3' woyia" yeÕSï yd w;a±lSï meyeÈ,s j ixhufhka hqla; j m%ldY lsÍfïolaI;dj ,nd .ekSu

4' wikakg" lshjkakg ,efnk oE úpdr mQ¾jl j wjfndaO lr .ekSfuka.eUqre Ñka;khg keUqre ùug;a" Ndjuh Ôú;h id¾:l lr .ekSug;ayqrej ,nd .ekSu

5' úúO m%ldYk yd ikaksfõok udOHhkaf.ka woyia ,nd f.k NdId l=i,;dÈhqKq lr .ekSu

141

6' ri{;dj yd ks¾udK l=i,;dj j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a" úúO m%dfhda.slld¾hhkays fh§ug;a wjYH NdId yqrej ,nd .ekSu

7' ixialD;sl yd iodpdrd;aul odhdo NdId udOHfhka Wreu lr .ekSu

8' udkj .=K O¾u yd cd;sldNsudkh we;s lr .ekSug NdIdj Wmfhda.S lr.ekSu

9' fõ.fhka jefvk me;sfrk ±kqu Wlyd .; yels jk mßÈ olaI;d ÈhqKqlr .ekSu yd kj ixl,am y÷kd .ekSu

10' idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úµd;aul yd ;dlaIKsl wd§ lD;Ska yeoEÍfukaksjy,a" ±yeñ ixl,am ksrjq,a wjfndaOh iy idOkh lsÍu yd h:d¾:jd§Ñka;kh u.ska hym;a iudchla Wfoid Ôú;h yev.iajd .ekSu

1999 j¾Ifha isg úIh ks¾foaYj, zzfmdÿ wNsu;d¾:ZZ f,i olajk wruqKqoyhls'77777

1' Y%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu ms<sn| NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSSu

2' meyeÈ,s j is;Sfï yd ksrjq,a j wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yd ksje/È j m%ldYlsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu

3' NdId Ndú;h u.ska lreKq tla/ia lr f.k Ôú;h id¾:l lr .ekSugwjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu

4' NdIduh ks¾udK l=i,;d j¾Okh yd úkaok l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu

5' úúO m%dfhda.sl ld¾hhkays fh§ug wjYH NdId l=i,;d ,nd .ekSu

6' uQ,sl NdId Í;s M,odhS f,i Ndú; lsÍu

7' ,sÅ; jHjydrh yd l:k jHjydrh ms<sn| wjfndaO ,nd f.k h:dfhda.HmßÈ Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd .ekSu

8' Y%jH oDYH yd uqøs; udOH h:dfhda.H mßÈ Ndú;fhka jd.aud,dj fmdaIKhlr .ksñka NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu

9' j¾Okh jkakd jQ yd jHdma; jkakd jQ idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úµd;aul yd;dlaIKsl {dkh Wlyd.; yels jk mßÈ NdId YlH;d j¾Okh lr.ekSu

10' NdId Ndú;h u.ska ixialD;sl yd idrO¾u y÷kd f.k iyÔjkh j¾Okhlr .ekSu

2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul kj úIh ks¾foaY wkqj úIh wruqKq kjhls'ta fufia h'88888

1' m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fha úúO ikaksfõok wjYH;d myiqfjka bgq lr .ekSui|yd Y%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu hk p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okhlr .ekSu

2' NdId idys;Hh mßYS,kfhka Ydia;%Sh yd ks¾udKd;aul f,aLkj, ffY,sh

142

yd Ys,amSh uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ±kqu yd wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu iy jd.aud,djfmdaIKh lr .ekSu

3' mqrd;k yd kQ;k iïNdjH isxy, idys;H lD;s mßYS,kh u.ska iudc -ixialD;sl w.hhka wjfndaO lr .ekSu" tajd w;am;a lr .ekSu iy Ôú;mß{dkh ,nd .ekSu

4' idys;H lD;s mßYS,kfhka idys;H úpdr uQ,O¾u wjfndaO fldg f.kúkaokd;aul yd úpdrd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ksñka ridiajdohgfhduq ùu

5' j¾Okh jkakdjQ;a" jHdma; jkakdjQ;a idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úµd;aul yd;dlaIKsl {dkh Wlyd .; yels mßÈ NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu

6' idys;H lD;s mßYS,kfhka cd;sl wkkH;dj f.dvk.d .ekSu yd iduldóiyÔjkhg yqreùu

7' NdId Ndú;fha iïu; jHjydr y÷kd .ksñka isxy, NdIdfõ wkkH;djy÷kd .ekSu yd ksjerÈ f,aLk ld¾hfha ksr; ùu

8' NdId idys;H mßYS,kh u.ska iaùh;ajh yd NdId udul;ajh j¾Okh lr.ekSu

9' NdId idys;H wOHhkfhka ,efnk w;a±lSfuka Ôú;hg wod< hym;awdl,am f.dvk.d .ekSu yd ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu

úIh wNsu;d¾: fyda wruqKq jYfhka fï f,aLk ;=fkys oelafjk lreKqw;r iudk fuka u wiudk ,laIK o ±lsh yels h ^ta wkqj oYl foll ld,h;=< isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIh b.ekaùfï wruqKq úldYkh ù we;s whqrewOHhkh l< yels h'&

4'0 úIhud,d fjkiaùï

1972 j¾Ifha isg wjia:d i;rl § tkï 1972" 1984" 1998" 2007 hk j¾Ij,§ úIhud,d kùlrKh fldg we;' úIhud,d iïmdoljrekag ta i|yd mdolfldg .; yels w;HjYH f;dr;=re yd o;a; imhd .ekSug yels jk wkaofïúIhud,d we.hSula isÿ jQ wjia:djla .ek ±k .kakg ke;' wOHdmkfhamd¾YAjlrejka w;r mq¿,a ixjdohla f.dv kef.k whqßka úIhud,d we.hSulskawk;=re j ,efnk f;dr;=re yd o;a; mokï lr f.k úIhud,d kùlrKhlaisÿ ù o hkak iel iys; h' Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkfha 1997 j¾Ifha isÿjQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh" wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sfha tla lvbuls'^úfYaIfhka u YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg uq,a ;ekla ,enqfKafuu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sfha § h' ;reK wiykh ms<sn| ckdêm;sfldñIka iNdfõ ks¾foaY u; msysgqjk ,o cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõm<uq jeks ieis jd¾;dfjys i|yka ks¾foaY" mQ¾fjdala; wOHdmk m%;sixialrKl%shdj,shg mdol úh' thska miq j jßkajr isÿ flreKq úIhud,d kùlrK

143

l%shdj,s i|yd tn÷ mokula ms<sn| j f;dr;=re fidhd .; fkd yels h' flfiajqj o miq.sh oYl y;rlg wdikak ld, mßÉfþofha isÿ jQ úIhud,d kùlrKflfrys furg foaYmd,k" wd¾Ól" iudc idOlj, n,mEu o ±lsh yels h'WodyrKhla f,i 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ±laúh yels h' ta iïnkaOfhkaúlafgdaßhd fíl¾ ish The blackboard in the jungle - (1988) lD;sfhys fufiai|yka lrhs'99999

zz1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jkdys 1971 ;reK le/,af,a m%;sM,hla hhkakg fndfyda fokd tlÕ fj;s' úis oyila muK ;reKfhda m%pKav l%shdu.ska rch fmr<d ±óug m%h;ak ±rEy' Tjqka jeä fokd W.;=ka jQ w;r /lshdúrys;hka ùu uQ,sl ,laIKhhs' fï ;reK le/,a, u¾okh lsÍug yels jQ w;r;reKhkaf.a /lshd m%Yakh iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk l%ufha ÿ¾j,;d jeäWkkaÿjlska fidhd ne,Sug fhduq ùu;a wdrïN úh''' tjl mej;s úêu;a wOHdmkl%uh ±ä úfõpkhg ,la jQ w;r jyd m%;sixialrKh lsÍfï Wfµda.hla u;=úh' fï ksid kshdul jevigyka u.ska fyda §¾> ld,Sk w;ayod ne,Sïj,skaf;dr j blaukg hï hï m%;sixialrK lsÍug isÿ úh'ZZ

iólaIKhlska fy<s jQ o;a; mokï lr .ksñka weh i|yka lrkafka w;awvx.=jg m;a ;reKhka 16"335 fokdf.ka 85]lg;a jeä msßila w'fmd'i' idudkHfm< úNd.fhka iïudk idu¾:Hhka myla fyda Bg jeä .Kkla iys; j iu;ajQjka nj h' fuys § u;= jkafka wOHdmkfha wod<;ajh ms<sn| .eg¨jhs' úIhud,dj iunr fkdùu" .;dkq.;sl nj" .eg¨ Woa.; ùfï fya;=jhs' wOHdmkhjev f,dalhg yd iudchg wod< fkdù ú/lshdj ms<sn| .eg¨j Wod fjñkamej;=Ks' fï ksid 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKfha § m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh y÷kajd§u;a lksIaG ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,a lsÍu;a isÿ úh' fufia jD;a;ShwOHdmkhg mQ¾j jD;a;sh mokñka l%ufhka keUqre lsÍu ms<sn| j jeä wjOdkhlafhduq ù we;s w;r tf;la fjk u úIhhla f,i meje;s zzisxy, idys;HhZZúIhud,dfjka neyer jQfha jev f,dalhg wod< fkd jQ úIhhla f,i ie,lSuksid úh yels h' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd isxy, úIhfha u fldgilaf,i 1986 § kej; idys;Hh b.ekaùu wdrïN fldg we;' zzisxy, idys;Hix.%yhZZ .=re w;afmdf;ys1010101010 fmrjofkys ,d wdpd¾h ;sf,daliqkaoÍ ldßhjiïfufia i|yka lrhs'

oYl .Kkdjlska u Y%S ,dxlsl orejd cd;sl Wreuhla jQ idys;HfhkafmdaIKh fkdùu uy;a lk.dgqodhl lreKls'

idys;H ukao fmdaIKfhka fm¿Kq ;reK mrmqrg fuu fmdf;ka NdIdj¾Okh;a idys;Huh w.h;a j¾Okh lr .ekSfuka fm!reI j¾Okh we;s lr.ekSug;a yels fõjd hs m;ñ'

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< Y%S ,xldjg cd;sjd§" fnÿïjd§" ;%ia;jd§ lKavdhul;¾ckh yuqfõ fN!ñl wLKav;dj /l .ekSu ms<sn| foaYmd,k w¾nqohlguqyqK §ug isÿ úh' tys n,mEu úIhud,dfjys o olakg ,efnhs' wfkl=;a ckj¾.hkays is;a fkd ßfok wdldrhg;a" cd;sjd§ yeÕSï biau;= fkd jk wdldrhg;a

144

úIh ikaOdrh yeisrùug úIhud,d iïmdolfhda m%fõYï jQy' fï fya;=fjkawfma we;eï cd;sl ùr pß;dmodk fm<fmd;aj,g we;=<;a lr ke;' ÿgq.euqKq".cnd" j<.ïnd" m<uq jk úchndyq wd§ cd;sl ksoyi Wod lr ÿka fY%aIaGkrm;shkaf.a pß; l;d fm<fmd;aj,g we;=<;a lr .ekSfuka je<lS isá njfmfka' tmuKla fkd j" úIh wruqKq ;SrKh lsÍfï § o tys n,mEu ±lsh yelsh'

zzudkj .=K O¾u yd cd;sldNsudkh we;s lr .ekSug NdIdj Wmfhda.Slr .ekSuZZ hk úIh wruqK miq ld,fha § NdIdj u.ska —cd;sldNsudkh"foaYudul;ajh yd iyÔjkh j¾Okh lr .ekSu˜ hkqfjka kùlrKh ù we;'

5'0 úIh ks¾foaY

jßka jr isÿ lrk ,o úIhud,d kùlrKhkag wkqj kj úIh ks¾foaYy÷kajd § we;' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul nj ixj¾Okh lsÍfï wruqfKka 1966 ÈwdrïN lrk ,o úIhud,d ie,iqï yd ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhg úIh ks¾foaYilia lsÍu ms<sn| j.lSu mejÍ ;snqKs' 1985 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh msysgqùfukamiq tu uOHia:dkh Bg wkqhqla; lrk ,§' ta wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaNdId yd iudc wOHhk jHdmD;sh hgf;a úIhud,d ixj¾Ok yd ie,iqï wxYhúiska isxy, úIh ks¾foaY ilia fldg we;' wk;=re j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaisxy, wxYh fj; tu j.lSu mejÍ we;' 6 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd úIh ks¾foaYlñgqjla m;a fldg tu lñgqj u.ska úIh ks¾foaY ilia fldg we;' wOHdmklafIa;%fha úúO wxY ksfhdackh jk ixhq;shla tu lñgqfjys olakg ,efnhs'1212121212

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

úYaj úµd,

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha isxy, NdId tallh

wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j

úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

cd;sl wOHdmk úµd mSG

úÿy,am;s

.=re WmfoaYl

.=re

hk wxYj, ksfhdað;hkaf.ka iukaú; úIh úfYaI{ lñgqjla úiska úIhks¾foaY ilia lsÍfï ld¾hNdrh bgq lrk ,§'

ilia lrk ,o kj úIh ks¾foaY i|yd fm<fmd;a iïmdokh lr we;'1975 j¾Ifha isg 2010 j¾Ih olajd ld,h ;=< kj úIh ks¾foaYdkql+, j tlafY%aKshla i|yd wjia:d myl § fm<fmd;a iïmdokh fldg we;' imhd .;yels jQ f;dr;=re wkqj 9 jk fY%aKsh i|yd

145

1975

1985

1999

2006

2010

hk j¾Ij, § kj úIh ks¾foaYdkql+, j w¨;ska fm<fmd;a iïmdokh fldgwe;' tla úIh ks¾foaYhla j,x.= jk ld,h ms<sn| ksYaÑ; ms<sfj;la mej;s njlafkd fmfka' ld,Sk cd;sl wjYH;d" kj wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s yd ie,iqï wkqjúIhud,d kùlrKh yd úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokh isÿ jkakg we;'

úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokfha § yeu úg u Y%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu hkp;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu uQ,sl wruqK ù we;' ta i|yd fhdod .;al%ufõofhys hï hï fjkialï y÷kd .; yels h' 1975 j¾Ifha mgka 9 jkfYa%Kshg ujq ni ^isxy,& b.ekaùu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka ksl=;a lrk,o jev ud,djg .e<fmk mßÈ ilia lr we;s fm<fmd; wkqj úIh lreKqb.ekaùu i|yd jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;' mßÉfþo tfldf<dilskaiukaú; tys wka;¾.; mdvï wOHhkfhka fï nj meyeÈ,s fjhs'

m<uq jk mßÉfþoh

NdIdfjka wmg ,efnk m%fhdack

I woyia ,nd .ekSu

^w& lshùu

^wd& weyqï lka §u

^we& is;Su

II woyia mejiSu

^w& l:kh

^wd& f,aLkh

fo jk mßÉfþoh ( rEÎ yd msre¿

;=ka jk mßÉfþoh ( mo jyr

isjq jk mßÉfþoh ( WoaOD; mdG ^idys;Hh&

mia jk mßÉfþoh ( mo j¾.

i jk mßÉfþoh ( Wla;dLHd; fhda.h

i;a jk mßÉfþoh ( jdlH

wg jk mßÉfþoh ( m%dfhda.sl f,aLk

kj jk mßÉfþoh ( idrdxYlrKh

146

oi jk mßÉfþoh ( m%nkaOlrKh

tfldf<dia jk mßÉfþoh ( wjfndaOh

fuys úhrKh yd NdId Ndú;h ms<sn| jeä wjOdkhla fhduq fldg we;'isjq jk mßÉfþofha we;=<;a idys;H WoaOD; mdvï fod<y weiqßka f,aLkjHjydrh y÷kd .ekSu wfmalaId fldg we;' tys § lshùu" jdlafldaIh" wlaIrúkHdih" wjfndaOh" rpfkdaml%u yd NdId ld¾h ms<sn| jeä wjOdkh fhduq ùwe;'

1985 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul kj úIhud,dj i|yd iïmdokh fldg we;súIh ks¾foaYj, p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d iúia;rd;aul j bÈßm;a lsÍug W;aidyf.k we;' WodyrKhla f,i 6 jk fY%aKsh i|yd ilia lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaYhmy; ±lafõ'1313131313

ijka §u

NdId ld¾hfha wNsu;d¾:

1' úIh yd úIhdkqnoaO ±kqu

úIh yd úIhdkqnoaO ±kqu mq¿,a lr .ekSug u. fmkaùu

2' Y%jK w;a±lSï

úúO Yío rgdj,g yqreùï u.ska Y%jK w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSu

3' woyia .%yKh

jeo.;a woyia Wlyd .ekSu

4' wjOdkh

wkHhkag idjOdk j ijka§u

5' ksrjq,a wjfndaOh

wik foh ksrjq,a j wjfndaO lr .ekSu

6' úkaokh

úkaokfhka hq;= j ijka§u

7' iaurKh

weiqKq foh kej; u;lhg k.d .ekSfï yelshdj

8' ks¾udKh

úúO Ñka;k rgd f.dv k.d .ekSug bvlv i,id §u

147

l:dj

1' woyia yqjudrej

ksjerÈ j yd ksrjq,a j woyia mejiSu yd woyia ,nd .ekSu

2' woyia m%ldYkh

iqyo f,i;a" m%ikak f,i;a" woyia m%ldYkhg wjia:dj i,id §u

3' wdpdrYS,S l:dj

úfYaI wjia:djkays §;a" úfYaI mqoa.,hka iu.;a" jvd YslaIKfhka hq;= jl:dny lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd §u

4' jpk iliqreju

wjiaf:daÑ; jpk fh§u iy wjYH mßÈ l:dj md,kh lr .ekSfu;aixúOdkd;aul j ixhufhka hq;= j woyia m%ldYkhg yqrej ,nd §u

5' iyc Yla;Ska Woa§mkh

úúO iñ;s iud.ï wd§ NdId mßyrK wjia:dj,g bvlv i,id §u fukaiyc Yla;ska Woa§mkhg iydh ùu

6' m%sh jpk Ndú;h

idlÉPdfõ § fuka u jdo újdo" ixjdoj,§;a m%sh jpk Ndú;h yqre lsÍu'

7' ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh

úêu;a l:dfõ § Yío WÉpdrKfha l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu'

lshùu

1' Yío k.d lshùu

wjfndaOfhka hq;= j wikakdg o wjfndaO jk fia Yío k.d lshùu

2' ksjerÈ WÉpdrKh

jpkd¾:h meyeÈ,s iajrfhka hq;= j ksjerÈ WÉpdrKhg yqre lsÍu

3' lshùfï mqreoao

Yío k.d lshùu fuka u ksYaYío j lshjd wjfndaO lr .ekSug yelshdj,nd §u yd lshùfï fõ.h ÈhqKq lr .ekSu

4' ksjerÈ nia jyr

lshùfuka ksjerÈ nia jyr y÷kd .ekSu

148

5' kj ixl,am

kj ±kqu yd ixl,am y÷kd .ekSu

6' l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu

;d,h" ßoauh" Yíoh" yeÕSï ±kùu jeks l=i,;d m%.=K lsÍu

7' ri úkaokh

ixialD;sl Wreufha yrh wjfndaO lr .ekSu yd ri úkaokhg ux ie,iSu

,sùu

1' wlaIr yd w;a wl=re

wl=re ksjerÈ j" l%uj;a j yd meyeÈ,s j ,sùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu

2' mo fjka lsÍu

jpk fjka lr ,sùug yqre lsÍu

3' úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;h

úrdu ,l=Kq Ndú;fha uQ,sl olaI;d m%.=K lsÍu

4' fþo fjka lsÍu

lreKq yd woyia wkqj fþo fjka fldg ,sùug yqre lsÍu

5' yeÕSï" woyia yd w;a±lSï

yeÕSï" woyia yd w;a±lSï meyeÈ,s j l%uj;a j m%ldYkhg ux ie,iSu

6' ksrjq,a nj yd ksjerÈ nj

,shk foa meyeÈ,s j" msßisÿ j yd ksjerÈ j ,sùu

7' hdka;%sl olaI;d

,sùfï fõ.h ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd hdka;%sl olaI;d m%.=K lsÍu

8' ks¾udKh

úúO ud;Dld hgf;a ks¾udKd;aul j ,sùug yqre lsÍu

9' NdId Í;s yqrej

f,aLkfha mj;sk NdId Í;s ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd §u

1999 j¾Ifha úIhud,d kùlrKfha § 1992 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdfõ m<uq jeks jd¾;dfõ ks¾foaYs; cd;sl fmdÿ wruqK yd fmdÿ ksmqK;dmokï lr f.k úIh ks¾foaY ilia lr we;'

149

zzY%jKh" l:kh" lshùu" ,sùu yd p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh uÕskal%shdYS,S cd;sl taldnoaO;djla we;s lsÍu" ;sridr ixj¾Ok Ôjk rgdjlaf.dvke.Su" wd;au ;Dma;sh f.k fok /lshd wjia:d iq,N lsÍu" tlsfkldflfrys f.!rjhla ±laùfï ixl,am ;yjqre lsÍu" fjkia jk f,dalfhawNsfhda.j,g uqyqK mE yels jk mßÈ wkqj¾;k rgdjla f.dvke.Su wd§ ld,Skcd;sl fmdÿ wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu jvd;a myiq jkq fkd wkqudk h'ZZ1414141414

fuu úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq jYfhka lreKq yhla bÈßm;a fldg we;'

1' NdId Ndú;h u.ska ikaksfõok l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSu yd M,odhsf,i NdIdj fhdod .ekSu

2' hym;a Ôú;hg wjYH NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh lr f.k m%dfhda.sl Ôú;fhawjYH;d bgqlr .ekSu

3' NdId idys;Hh u.ska ridiajdohg fhduq ùu yd udkj iudc ixialD;slw.hhka ld,dkqrEm j w;am;a lr .ekSu

4' NdIdj u.ska cd;sldNsudkh" foaYudul;ajh yd iyÔjkh j¾Okh lr.ekSu

5' j¾Okh lr .;a l=i,;d" bf.kSug bf.kSu i|yd Ndú; lsÍu

6' NdId Ndú;h u.ska YsIHhkaf.a iaùh;ajh j¾Okh lr .ekSu

2004 j¾Ifha kj wdrl úIh ks¾foaYhla y÷kajd fok ,§' th f;audm%fõY úIh ks¾foaY kñka ye÷kajkq ,o w;r 2004 j¾Ifha § 6 jk fY%aKshi|yd l%shd;aul úh' f;aud m%fõY úIh ks¾foaYh m%Odk f;aud myla hgf;ailia flßKs'

1' ksjdi

2' c,h

3' wdydr

4' m%jdykh yd .ukd.ukh

5' Yla;sh yd ikaksfõokh

mQ¾fjdala; f;aud ish¨ yr úIhhkag fmdÿ úh' ta wkqj isxy, NdIdj ydidys;Hh úIh ks¾foaY o fuu f;aud mokï lr f.k ielisKs' tu úIhks¾foaY mokï lr f.k fm<fmd;a o ilia flßKs' f;aud m%fõY úIhud,dkùlrKh hgf;a nyq fm<fmd;a úl,am l%uh (Multiple book option) kñkafm<fmd;a ilia lsÍfï l%shdj,shla o wdrïN úh' ta wkqj wfkla úIhhkag fiau isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhh - i|yd o fm!oa.,sl wxYh u.ska ,shk ,ofm< fmd;a w;ßka ;=kla f;dard .kakd ,o w;r ta ta mdi,aj, wNsu;h mßÈ bkatl fmd;la ;u mdif,a isxy, úIh b.ekaùfï ld¾hh i|yd f;dard .; yelsh' tu fmd; fkdñ,fha ,nd fok w;r wfkla fmd;a leu;s kï w;sf¾l

150

jYfhka ñ, § .; yels h' 2007 j¾Ifha y÷kajd ÿka ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dkùlrKh;a iu. nyq fm<fmd;a úl,am l%uh wfydais úh'

2007 j¾Ifha § 6 iy 10 jk fY%aKsj,g;a" 2008 § 7 iy 11 fYa%Ksj,g;a2009 § 8 jk fY%aKshg;a" 2010 § 9 jk fY%aKshg;a kj úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokhfldg we;' fuu kj úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lr we;af;a ksmqK;d mdolm%fõYfhks'ZZ

1515151515

ta wkqj fuf;la mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj,g jvd fjkia iajrEmhlska fuuúIh ks¾foaY ilia fldg we;' y÷kd .;a ksmqK;d 12la hgf;a ta ta fY%aKshgwod< ksmqK;d uÜgï" úIh wka;¾.;h yd ld,Éfþo fjka jYfhka olajd we;'tu ksmqK;d 12 fufia h'1616161616

1' ikaksfõokh id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd Y%jK l=i,;d M,odhS f,i fhdod.kshs'

2' ;u woyia w¾:j;a j yd ;¾ldkql+, j bÈßm;a lsÍug wjYH YlH;dm%o¾Ykh lrhs'

3' Ôjk w;a±lSï mq¿,a lr .ekSu i|yd lshùfï mqreÿ w¾:j;a j fhdod.kshs'

4' woyia ksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ j bÈßm;a lrñka f,aLk ld¾hfha fhfohs'

5' NdId l%shdldrlï u.ska jdxud,dj fmdaIKh lr f.k NdId ld¾hhkays§ WÑ; mßÈ Ndú;hg .kshs'

6' Ôjk wjYH;d idlaId;alrKh i|yd m%dfhda.sl f,aLkfha fhfohs'

7' wlaIr ud,dj ksrjq,a j jgyd f.k ksjerÈ wlaIr úkHdih ms<sn|ie,ls,su;a fjñka ,shhs'

8' úhrK úêj,g wkql+, j f,aLk ld¾hhka bgq lr .kshs'

9' NdId yd idys;Hh mßYS,kfhka ixialD;sh yd idrO¾u y÷kd f.kcd;sldNsudkh" foaYudul;ajh yd iyÔjkh f.dvk.d .ekSu i|ydl%shd lrhs'

10'kj idys;Hhsl" od¾Yksl" úµd;aul iy ;dlaIKsl jákdlñka hq;a ks¾udKmßYS,kfhka ,nd .;a ±kqu úúO NdId ld¾hhka bgq lr .ekSu i|ydfhdod .kshs'

11' ri{;d j¾Okh Wfoid idys;H ks¾udK mßYS,kh lrhs'

12'w;a±lSï mdol lr .ksñka ks¾udK ld¾hfha fhfohs'

1995 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul l< zzisxy, idys;HhZZ w;sf¾l úIhh i|ydúIh ks¾foaYhla ilia fldg we;' 10" 11 hk jirj, § yeoEßh hq;= úIhhlaf,i y÷kajd § we;s tu úIhfhys wNsu;d¾: fufia ±lafjhs'

1' idys;H ri{;dj yd NdId YlH;d m%.=K lsÍu

151

2' woyia" yeÕSï yd w;a±lSï meyeÈ,s j ixhufhka hqla; j m%ldY lsÍfïolaI;dj ,nd .ekSu

3' idys;H ri{;dj j¾Okh lr .ksñka ta yd iïnkaO m%dfhda.sl ld¾hhkaysyqrej ,nd .ekSu

4' úpdr mQ¾jl j woyia m%ldY lsÍfï l=i,;d j¾Okh"

5' idys;H mßph u.ska ixialD;sl odhdo" wdpdr O¾u" udkj ohdj ydiduldó iyÔjkh ms<sn| wdl,am j¾Okh"

fuu úIhh zzisxy, idys;Hh yd ridiajdohZZ f,i y÷kajñka 2007j¾Ifha isg kj úIh ks¾foaYhla hgf;a l%shd;aul úh' fuys § mqrd;k .µ"mqrd;k mµ" kQ;k .µ" kQ;k mµ fldgia yeoEÍfuka <Õd lr .; hq;= úIhksmqK;d fjk fjk u olajd we;'

17

by; i|yka f;dr;=re wkqj miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< úIhud,d kùlrKh;aiu. úIh ks¾foaY ms<sn| úldYkhla o isÿ ù we;s nj meyeÈ,s fjhs' p;=¾úONdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh muKla fkdj" NdId úIhh u.ska YsIH fm!reIh"ri{;dj" ks¾udKlrKh" cd;sldNsudkh jeks fCIa;% .Kkdjl me;sÍ .shwruqKq /ila idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokh lsÍug W;aiqlù we;'

6'0 úIh ikaOdrh

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< jßka jr úIhud,dj" úIh wruqKq yd úIhks¾foaY iïnkaO fjkialï isÿ jqj;a" úIh ikaOdrh ms<sn| j i,lk úgie,lsh hq;= wkaofï fjkila isÿ ù ke;' NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIh iïnkaOuQ,sl lreKqj, fjkia ùula isÿ fkd jk fyhska tn÷ fjkia ùula wfmalaIdl< fkdyels h' tfy;a 1989 § isÿ jQ jeo.;a isÿùula kï cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh zzisxy, f,aLk Í;shZZ y÷kajd §uhs' úIh ms<sn| ;;a;aj{ uKav,hliy Ydia;%Sh m¾Iohl tlÕ;dj u; wl=re yeglska hq;a isxy, j¾Kud,djiïu; fldg y÷kajd § we;'

óg fmr 1965-1970 ld,fha §" wOHdmk weu;s whs'tï'wd¾'ta' Bßhf.d,a,uy;d" W.;=kaf.a iydh we;s j 'iïu; isxy,h' kñka fmd;la bÈßm;a lrk,§' uekaÈia .=Kfialr uy;d bx.S%isfhka ,shQ A Grammer of Sinhala Language

lD;sh o fuys § jeo.;a fõ' fï fofmdf;ys isxy, fydaäh .ek m< lr we;swoyia o fuys § ie,lsh hq;= h'

70 oYlfha § isxy, ^ujqni& b.ekaùfï § jHdlrKh yd NdId Ndú;hms<sn| jeä ie,ls,a,la olajd we;s nj 1975 § 9 jk fY%aKsh i|yd ksl=;a l<fm<fmd;ska meyeÈ,s fõ' tys mßÉfþo oyhla u fjka fldg we;af;a jHdlrKyd f,aLk jHjydr i|yd h' idys;H WoaOD; i|yd tla mßÉfþohla fjka fldg

152

we;;a thska idys;Hh b.ekaùug jvd f,aLk jHjydrh b.ekaùu wfmalaId l<nj fmfka' WoaOD; idys;H mdG" mqrd;k .µ" mqrd;k mµ" kQ;k .µ" kQ;kmµ ksfhdackh jk wdldrfhka f;dard f.k we;'

1984 ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaY wkqj ,shejqKq fm<fmd;aj, fjk;a l%uhlawkq.ukh fldg we;' 6 - 11 úIh ikaOdrh yeisrùfï § my; ±lafjk ie,eiauwkq.ukh fldg we;'

• mqrd;k .µ

• mqrd;k mµ

• kQ;k .µ

• kQ;k mµ

• kdgH

• pß; l;d

• Ydia;%Sh f,aLk

• jdlH rpkh yd m%dfhda.sl f,aLk

• jHdlrK

by; lS f;aud mdol fldg f.k úIh b.ekaùu i|yd mdvï ilia fldgwe;'1818181818 jHdlrK b.ekaùu i|yd fjk u mdvï ilia lr ke;s w;r ta tamdvïj, wka;¾.;fhka u;= jk úhrK úê ta ta mdvu iu. b.ekaùu wfmalaIdfldg we;' yeu mdvula wjidkfha úhrK yqrej yd wNHdi fhdod we;'

1999 j¾Ifha ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYj, § o fï l%uh wkq.ukh fldgwe;' tfy;a úIh f;audjkays fjkila fldg we;' tys § fm<fmd; i|yd mdvïf;dard .ekSfï § wruqKq lr .;a úIh f;aud oyh fufia olajd we;'1919191919

• mqrd;k .µ

• mqrd;k mµ

• kQ;k .µ

• kQ;k mµ

• ck idys;Hh

• kdgHh

• cd;sl Wreuh

• .S;

• m%dfhda.sl f,aLk

• NdId jHjydr

153

2007 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul kj úIh ks¾foaY iïmdokh fldg we;af;aksmqK;d mdol m%fõYhlsks'2020202020

zzfuu kj úIh ks¾foaYh ilia lr we;af;a ksmqK;d mdol m%fõYhlsks'ta wkqj 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd mq¿,a jYfhka me;sfrkksmqK;d 12la fjhs' tlS ksmqK;dj,g wod< j tla tla fYa%Ksj, § wfmalaIs;ksmqK;d uÜgï iy tu ksmqK;d uÜgï lrd <Õd ùug Woõ jk úIh wka;¾.;hwod< úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< olajd we;ZZ ^isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIh ks¾foaYh"9 jk fY%aKsh&'

fuys § p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;djkag wod< ksmqK;d y÷kd f.k tla tlafY%aKsh i|yd ksmqK;d uÜgï ;SrKh fldg úIh wka;¾.;h we;=<;a lr we;'l,ska mej;s úIh ks¾foaYhkag jvd fuys Y%jK yd l:k l=i,;d i|yd úIhwka;¾.; olajd ;sîu úfYaI;ajhls' úIh wka;¾.;h f,i fmr úIh ks¾foaYj,wkq.; mqrd;k .µ" mqrd;k mµ wd§ f;audjka fuys § o fhdod f.k we;'

7'0 fm< fmd;a

mka;s ldurfha m%Odk bf.kqï WmlrKh yd bf.kqï uQ,dY%h ù we;af;afm<fmd;hs' cd;sl wruqKq" úIh wruqKq yd ksmqK;d idlaId;a lr .ekSfïtaldhk ud¾.h njg m;a ù we;af;a fm<fmd; b.ekaùuhs' úIh ks¾foaYh u.skaks¾ÈIag úIh wka;¾.; we;=<;a lrñka ta ta fY%aKs uÜgug .e<fmk f,ifm<fmd;a iïmdokh lrkq ,efí' fm<fmd;a iïmdokh ms<sn| j.lSu mejÍwe;af;a wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=jghs'

úIhud,d kùlrK isÿ jQ wjia:djkays § kj úIh ks¾foaYdkql+, j.=Kd;aul Ndjfhka yd wdl¾IKSh Ndjfhka by< fm<fmd;la YsIHhka w;gm;a lsÍu fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wruqK ù we;' 1956 § rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=fõwxYhla jYfhka msysgqjk ,o iajNdId fmd;a iïmdok wxYh fjk ufomd¾;fïka;=jla jYfhka 1966 § wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HdxYhfj; mjrk ,§' tjl mgka fm<fmd;a ,sùu" uqøKh yd fnod yeÍu wOHdmkm%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska bgq lrk ,§' 1998 j¾Ifha úIhud,d kùlrKhhgf;a fm<fmd;a ,sùu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska isÿ fldg we;' tfy;am%ldYk ld¾hh mejrefKa wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=jghs' 2006 j¾Ifha§ tu ld¾h kej; wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; mjrd f.k we;'

fm<fmd;aj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh /l .ekSu msKsi úêu;a jev ms<sfj<lawkq.ukh lr we;' wOHdmk m%ldYk flduidßia yd ks,Odßka" úYaj úµd,uydpd¾hjreka" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ks,OdÍka yd úIh ms<sn| m%dudKslúh;=kaf.ka iukaú; WmfoaYl uKav,hla m;a fldg we;' mdvï ,sùu i|ydúIh m%ùK f,aLlhka yd .=rejrekaf.ka iukaú; f,aLl uKav,hla m;a fldgwe;' mdvï ,sùfuka fï ld¾hh ksud fkd úKs' 1974 § wOHdmk m%ldYkflduidßia isxy, - 9 jk fY%aKsh fm<fmd; iïnkaOfhka lrk fï m%ldYh"2121212121

154

tjl wkq.ukh l< ms<sfj; meyeÈ,s lrhs'

zzfï fmdf;ys tk mdvï mdi,aj, W.kajd n,d iólaIK jd¾;d iemhSui|yd ±ä Wkkaÿjlska l%shd l< Y%S ,xld úYaj úµd,fha fmardfoKsh uKavmfhawOHdmkh ms<sn| uydpd¾h hQ' ã' chfialr uy;dg o Tyqg iydh jQ .=reNj;=kg o w;a msgm;a lshjd n,d Wmfoia ÿka hdmd l=,;=x. uy;dg o Tyqgiydh jQ .=re Nj;=kg o wjidk jYfhka fmd; fï wkaoñka ilia lsÍu i|ydfkdfhla jeo.;a Wmfoia ÿka WmfoaYl uKav,hg o wfma lD;{;dj fuhskam< lruqZZ ^isxy, - 9" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j" 1975&'

fï wkqj fmd; m< lsÍu olajd §¾> l%shdj,shl ksr; jQ nj fmfka' thskafmdf;a .=Kd;aul Ndjh /l .ekSug .;a W;aidyh meyeÈ,s fõ' mdi,aj,W.kajd n,d fhda.H nj ;yjqre lr .ekSfï l%uhla j¾;udkfha wkq.ukhfkdl<;a" mdi,aj, úIhNdr .=re Nj;=ka lKavdhulg bÈßm;a fldg Tjqkaf.awoyia ,nd .ekSu isÿ flf¾' ta wkqj ixfYdaOkh jk mdvï kej; WmßuKav,hlg fhduq fldg wjYH mßÈ kej; ixfYdaOkh flf¾' mdvï w;ayodne,Sfï l%uh 1986 j¾Ifha § o wkq.ukh lr we;'

2222222222

fmd;l msgljrh tys wdl¾IKSh nj we;s lrk jeo.;a idOlhls' ye;a;EjwiQj oYlj, ksl=;a l< fm<fmd;aj, msgljrfhys wdl¾IKSh nj ms<sn| jt;rï ie,ls,a,la olajd we;s njla fkd fmfka' 1985 isg ksl=;a l< fm<fmd;aj, we;=<; mdvïj,g wod< j l¿ iqÿ Ñ;% fhdod we;' 1998 isg ksl=;a l<fm<fmd;aj, j¾K uqøs; msgljr iy we;=<; j¾K Ñ;% fhdod we;' thska fm<fmd;aj,g wdl¾IKSh ksudjla ,nd §ug W;aidy f.k we;'

fm<fmd;aj, wka;¾.; mdvï fl;rï ÿrg YsIHhkaf.a Ñ;a;drdOkhmsKsi fya;= ù weoao hkak .ek meyeÈ,s j hula m%ldY l< fkd yelafla ta ms<sn|j lrk ,o iólaIKhla ke;s fyhsks' l,la u;lfha /f|k" YsIHhka wdl¾IKhlr .;a mdvï fm<fmd;aj, ke;af;a o fkd fõ'

8'0 .=re w;afmd;a $ .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y

úIh ks¾foaYdkql+, j iïmdokh lrkq ,nk fm<fmdf;a mdvï b.ekaùfïl%ufõoh .=rejrekag y÷kajd §u i|yd .=re w;afmd;a ilia flf¾' 70 oYlfha.=re Wmfoia fmd;a ilia lr we;af;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhks'

zzujqni b.ekaùfï wNsu;d¾: bIag lr .ekSu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYhuÕska m< lr we;s mdGud,d" úIh ks¾foaY" .=re Wmfoia fmd;a wdÈfhys we;=<;aWmfoia wkq.ukh lsÍu jeo.;a nj fuys ,d i|yka l< hq;= fõ'

2323232323

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh msysgqùfuka miq .=re w;afmd;a iïmdokh tuwdh;khg mejÍ we;' miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< mdif,a mka;s ldur b.ekaùuiïnkaO l%ufõofhys fjkila we;s lsÍug ±ä m%h;akhla ord we;' .=re flakaøShbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõofhka b÷rd neyer úh hq;= nj wjOdrKh flßKs'

155

• YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh

• hdjÔj wOHdmkh

• ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkh

• E5 ixl,amh

• mdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj<

wd§ bf.kqï b.ekaùï yd we.hSï l%shdj,sh iïnkaO ixl,am y÷kajd §ug .=rew;afmd;a iïmdokfha § ±ä wjOdkh fhduq fldg we;' idïm%odhsl .=re flakaøShb.ekaùfï l%ufõoh .=re w;afmd;aj, § ±ä f,i úfõpkhg ,la fldg we;'

zzkQ;k mka;s ldur bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha wNsu;d¾:h úh hq;af;aYsIHhd iajhx wOHdmkhg fhduq lsÍu u.ska hdjÔj wOHdmkhg fhduq lsÍuhs'ZZ

zzj¾;udk úêu;a mdi, ±kSu ,nd fok foaYkd.dr muKla jqj fyd;ath YsIHhdf.a iunr j¾Okhg ndOlhla jkafka u h'ZZ2424242424

zzfndfyda .=rejreka isxy, úIh b.ekaùfï § wkq.ukh lrk l%shd ud¾.hkï YsIHhka fj; we;s fm<fmd; b.ekaùuhs'ZZ2525252525

zzbf.kqï Woõ jYfhka mska;+r" PdhdrEm" fmdaiag¾" mqj;am;a Wmqgk" iÕrdfhdod .kak' túg taldldÍ fmd; lshùfï idïm%odhsl b.ekaùï l%ufhka Tngñ§ug yels jkq we;'ZZ2626262626

zzfujeks NdId olaI;d wm YsIHhka ;=< j¾Okh fkd lrkafka kïwkqms<sfj<ska fmd; lshjd wudre jpkj, f;areï lshd §fï muKla w¾:hl=ula o@ZZ2727272727

zzTnf.a lfÜ yhsfhka lrk b.ekaùfuka ñ§ ;dlaIKsl yd ;dlaIKslfkd jk WmlrK mka;s ldurfha § fhdod .ekSug mqreÿ jkafka kï uekú'ZZ

2828282828

fï ish,af,ka wjOdrKh lrkafka YsIHhd mka;s ldurh ;=< ksIal%ShY%djlhl= njg m;a lrk idïm%odhsl .=re flakaøSh b.ekaùfï l%ufhka ñÈh hq;=njhs' YsIHhd ksÍlaIKfhka" iólaIKfhka" .fõIKfhka ±kqu fidhd hkakl=njg m;a lrk YsIH flakaøSh b.ekaùfï l%uh wkq.ukh l< hq;= njhs' YsIHhd±kqu ,nkakl= fkd j ±kqu fidhkakl= njg m;a l< hq;= njhs' úIhud,diïmdoljrekaf.a fï m%h;akh fld;rï ÿrg id¾:l ù weoao hkak úuid ne,shhq;= j ;sfí' b.ekaùï ld¾hh .=Kd;aul j¾Okhla we;s jk mßÈ jvd;ald¾hlaIu j yd M,odhS f,i bgq lsÍug .=rejrhdg uÕ fmkaùu i|yd .=rew;afmd;a iïmdokh fldg we;' fm<fmdf;a yeu mdvula u b.ekaùu i|ydie,eiaula bÈßm;a fldg we;' 1985 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul kj úIh ks¾foaYwkqj iïmdÈ; fm<fmd;a i|yd ,shk ,o .=re w;afmd;aj, § iudk wdlD;shlawkq.ukh fldg we;'

1' mdvu

2' ld,Éfþo

156

3' ye¢kaùu

4' wNsu;d¾:

5' bf.kqï iïm;a

6' m%fõYh

7' bf.kqï l%shdldrlï

8' we.hSu

9' uQ,dY%

10' ld,Éfþo fjka lsÍu

2007 j¾Ifha isg m< lrk ,o fm<fmd;a i|yd mokï jQ zz.=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yhkaZZys § o óg iudk wdlD;shla fhdod f.k we;'

1' wNsu;d¾:

2' ye¢kaùu

3' bf.kqï iïm;a

4' m%fõYh

5' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdldrlï

6' ;lafiarej yd we.hSu

7' mßYS,kh

b.ekaùfï l%ufõofhys fjkila wfmalaId lrk nj fuu kj .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhkays § o wjOdrKh lr we;'

zzkj úIhud,dfõ wruqKq ilid we;af;a YsIH mrmqr úiska ±kg u okakdfoa;a" kj woyia yd .fõIK u.ska wkd.;h f.dvkÕd .ekSu msKsi YsIHhkaf.aksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels jk wdldrfhks' fuu wruqKq idlaId;a lr.ekSu msKsi .=rejrhdf.a ld¾hNdrfhys iïmQ¾K fjkila w;HjYH fjhs'±kg mj;sk .=re flakaøSh l%uh fjkqjg YsIH flakaøSh" ksmqK;d mdol" l%shdldrlïuQ,sl l%uhla fuu kj wOHdmk l%ufhka wfmalaId flfrk w;r .=rejrekawNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug iQodkï úh hq;= fõ'ZZ

2929292929

9'0 we.ehSu

bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq bgq lr .ekSfïwfmalaIdj fld;rï ÿrg <Õd lr .ekSug yels ù o hkak fidhd nef,kqfhawe.hSï l%shdj,sfhks' cd;sl uÜgfuka yd mdi,a uÜgfuka l%shd;aul lrk ,owe.hSï l%ufõo lsysmhla miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< olakg ,efnhs'

• úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska mj;ajk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h

157

• mdi,a uÜgñka mj;ajk jdr mÍlaIK

• wLKav we.hSï

• mdi,a mokï lr .;a we.hSï

ta w;r fjhs' fuhska 80 oYlfha y÷kajd ÿka wLKav we.hSï l%ufõoh fkdfhl=;aúfrdaO;d fya;=fjka moaO;sfhka bj;a lsÍug isÿ úh' YsIH idOkh uekSuiïnkaOfhka mej;s cd;sl uÜgfï iy mdi,a uÜgfï úNd. meje;aùfï l%uhbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okh lsÍu msKsi fya;=jkakla fkd jk nj;a"ta i|yd úl,am jevms<sfj<l wjYH;dj;a 1997 § fmkajd fokq ,eìKs' tysm%;sM,hla jYfhka 1998$04 wOHdmk wud;HdxY pl%f,aLfhka mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< y÷kajd fok ,§' tjl mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;auljQ we.hSï l%ufhys iajrEmh fufia olajd we;'3030303030

1' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ we.hSï ms<sfj;g wkql+, j ieliqKtlls'

2' idOk mÍlaIK uQ,O¾uhg wkqj yev .eiQ tlls'

3' m%;sudk uQ,sl ms<sfj;lg keUqre jQjls'

4' iy;sllrKh flfrys jeä wjOdkhla fhduq jQ l%shdoduhls'

5' isiqkaf.a m%cdkk yelshd ;lafiare lsÍu flfrys uq,a ;ek fok we.hSïl%uhls'

6' isiqka ;ks ;ks j lg mdvï lsÍug fhduq lrjkakls'

7' yqÿ Ydia;%Sh yd kHdhd;aul lreKq isiqka ;=< m%.=K lrùug .=rejrekafmd,Ujkakls'

8' w;s olaI isiqkag jeä wjia:dj i,iñka fiñka bf.k .kakka ms<sn|fkd ;ld yeÍfï ld¾hhg rel=,a fokakls'

y÷kajd fokq ,enQ mdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSï jevms<sfjf<ys ,laIK (-

1' mka;s ldurfha mek k.sk wjYH;dj,g iß,k mßÈ ilia ùu

2' m%.;s mÍlaIK yd lrK mÍlaIK uQ,O¾uj,g wkql+, ùu

3' ks¾Kdhl uQ,sl yd mQ¾j idOk uQ,sl ms<sfj;g keUqre ùu

4' m%cdkk yelshd" wdfõok .;s ,laIK" ufkdapd,l l=i,;d" iudcuhl=i,;d iy bf.kSu yd ne÷Kq fm!reI .;s ,laIK ;lafiare lsÍuflfrys wjOdkh fhduq ùu

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha uQ,sl;ajh we;s j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" Y%S,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j iy m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;= uÕska fuujevms<sfj< l%shd;aul flßKs'

3030303030 1998 ckjdß ui isg w;ayod ne,Sfï mokñka

6 fY%aKsfhka wdrïN jQ fuu jevigyk l%ufhka fiiq fY%aKsj,g o jHdma;fldg 2004 § 13 fY%aKsfhka wjika ùug kshñ; úh'

3131313131 mdi, ;=< fuu jev

158

ms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq j jdr úNd. meje;aùu wfydais lrk ,o w;rj¾I wjidk mÍlaIKh m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska meje;aùugúêúOdk fhdod ;sìKs' uyck b,a,Sï wkqj kej; jdr mÍlaIK l%uh l%shd;aulfõ' w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& yd Wiia fm< úNd.j, § mdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSïjev ms<sfj< hgf;a isiqka ,nd .kakd ,l=Kq wkqj fY%aKs msßkeófï jevms<sfj<laY%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j l%shd;aul lrhs'

isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIh bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixj¾Okhgmdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< fld;rï ÿrg bjy,a lr .; yels o@hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= j ;sfí' p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh úIh ks¾foaYfhauQ,sl wruqK jqj;a" ,sÅ; úNd. l%uh ÿqne| hEu fya;=fjka Y%jK" l:kl=i,;d ixj¾Okh wjOdkfhka .s,syS we;' tu l=i,;d bf.kqï b.ekaùïwe.hSï l%shdj,sfhka neyer ù we;s ;;a;ajh yuqfõ mdi, mokï lr .;awe.hSï jevms<sfj< ta i|yd hym;a m%fõYhla ,nd § we;' tys § Y%jK" l:kl=i,;d i|yd wod< jk wkql=i,;d y÷kd f.k ta tla tla wkql+i,;djlawe.hSug yelsjk whqßka kso¾Yl we.hSï WmlrK y÷kajd § we;'

3232323232 tu we.hSï

WmlrK ieliSfï § fÊ' î' ysÜka úiska y÷kajd fok ,o zzikaksfõok m%fõYZZWml%uh wkq.ukh lr we;' Y%jK yd l:k l=i,;d ixj¾Okhg yd we.ehSugfhdod .; yels id¾:l l%uhla jqj;a" fm<fmdf;a we;=<;a mdvï b.ekaùum%Odk l%ufõoh njg m;a lr .;a mka;s ldurh" thska ksis m%fhdack w;a lr.kakjd o hkak iel iys; h' bf.kqï b.ekaùï we.hSï l%shdj,sh ixj¾OkhlsÍfï wruqKska y÷kajd ÿka fuu jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍug fmr jir myliy l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq jir myl idudkH fm< úNd. m%;sM, úYaf,aIKfhka"tys m%.;sh ms<sn| iudf,dapkhla l< yels h' fuu jevms<sfj< y÷kajd §ugfmr w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.fhka jir myl § isxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhúIhfhka wiu;a jQjkaf.a m%;sY; my; ±lafõ'

3333333333

1997 - 15'49]

1998 - 20'31]

1999 - 16'76]

2000 - 16'35]

2001 - 21]

fuu jevms<sfj< l%shd;aul lsÍfuka miq jir myl § wiu;a jQjkaf.a m%;sY;fufia h'

2002 - 18'66]

2003 - 23'48]

2005 - 17'34]

2006 - 20'81]

2007 - 18'89]

159

fuu m%;sM, úYaf,aIK wkqj wfmalaId l< uÜgfï m%.;shla ,nd .ekSug yelsù ke;'

kj úIhud,dj hgf;a 2008 j¾Ifha isg bÈßhg meje;afjk w'fmd'i'^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd zzúNd. yd ;lafiarelrK ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhlaZZ Y%S,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska iïmdokh fldg we;' mdi, mokï lr .;awe.hSï jevms<sfj< hgf;a mka;s ldurfha § .=reNj;=ka úiska .kq ,nkúksYaphkays ix.;;dj /l .ksñka tu we.hSï jevms<sfjf<ys j,x.= Ndjhjeä lrkq msKsi thska uÕ fmkaùula fldg we;' úNd. yd ;lafiarelrKix.%yfha wruqKq fufia ±lafõ'

3434343434

• 10 jk iy 11 jk fY%aKs i|yd jQ ld¾h idOk uÜgï ;=fkka" tla tlauÜgfï § YsIHhd fmkakqï lrk idOkhkays ,laIK úoyd mEug

• rg mqrd l%shd;aul jk YsIH idOkh ;lafiare lsÍfï lghq;=j, jeäix.;;djla m%j¾Okh lsÍug

• YsIH bf.kqï ld¾hh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍu i|yd m%fõYhla iemhSug

• isiqka W.ks;eZhs wfmalaId lrk foh yd ld¾h idOk uÜgï Ndú;fhkaTjqkaf.a bf.kqï ld¾hh ;lafiare l< yelafla flfia o@ hkak w;riïnkaO;dj f.k yer ±laùug

p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d isiqka ;=< jvd;a j¾Okh lr,Su Wfoid" Tjqkaúiska w;am;a lr .; hq;= úIh wka;¾.; ish¨ lreKq isiqkag wjfndaO lr.ekSug WmldÍ jk whqßka" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lr .ekSug.=rejrekag fuu ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh fhdod .; yels nj o tys i|yka fõ'

;lafiarelrK wfmalaIK y;lska isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhfha;lafiarelrK rduqj ilia fldg we;s w;r tla tla wfmalaIKh hgf;a úIhyeoEÍfï § isiqkaf.ka wfmalaIs; ±kqu yd l=i,;d olajd ;sfí' úIh ks¾foaYfhaolajd we;s ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgï tla ;Srejl o Bg wod< úIh wka;¾.;m%ñ;sh ;j;a ;Srejl o Wiia" uOHu" idudkH hk uÜgï wkqj ld¾h idOkm%ñ;Ska o olajd we;'

isiqka isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhhg fmkS isàu i|yd cd;sl úNd.hgbÈßm;a ùfï § mka;s ldur bf.kqï - b.ekaùï ;lafiarelrK l%shdj,shwLKav j j¾I folla mqrdjg w;am;a lr .;a ±kqu l=i,;d fuka u úpdrd;aulÑka;kh" úYaf,aIKh iy M,odhS f,i ikaksfõokfha fh§u jeks by< udkislyelshd m%o¾Ykh l< hq;= nj o tys i|yka fõ'

10'0 .eg¨

zzisxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhZZ" úIhud,dfõ yr úIh w;r m%Odk úIhhls'udOH NdIdj o jk fyhska Bg jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ' tfy;a fuu úIhhb.ekaùu i|yd .=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla ke;' .=re m;aùï ,nd §ula ke;'

160

wfkl=;a yr úIh b.ekaùu i|yd .=re mqyqKq mdGud,d we;' cd;sl wOHdmkúµd mSG we;' cd;sl YsCIK úµd ämaf,daud iy;sl msßkud .=re m;aùï ,nd§ula o we;' tfy;a isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIhh iïnkaOfhka tn÷l%ufõohla wkq.ukh lrkafka ke;' fï wvqmdvqj .ek 1984 jif¾ 6 - 11 úIhks¾foaY ud,dj mdol fldg f.k cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha isxy,fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iïmdÈ; zzisxy, b.ekaùug fmrjoklaZZ .%ka:fha fufiai|yka fõ'

zzisxy, úIh b.ekaùfuys ,d fndfyda ÿrg ksr; ù isákafka ta i|ydúfYaI mqyqKqjla ,o .=re msßila fkd fj;s' ta ms<sn| iqÿiqlï ,;a fhda.H .=reNj;=ka isákafka o b;d w,am jYfhks' ta .=re msßi;a óg j¾I .Kkdjlg fmrúYaj úµd,fha § fyda .=re wNHdi úµd,fha § fyda ,;a ±kqñka b.ekaùfïld¾hfhys fhfokafkda fj;s' fï fya;=j ksid Èjhsfka fndfyda mdi,aj, isxy,úIh b.ekaùfï .=Kd;aul nj j¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj Wod ù we;'ZZ

wo jk úg;a fï ;;a;ajfhys fjkila isÿ ù ke;' fiajdia: ieis meje;aùum%uqL .=re mqyqKq l%ufõoh njg m;a ù we;' tfy;a fiajdia: ieisj, .=Kd;aulnj ms<sn| j i,ld ne,sh hq;= ld,h t<U ;sfí' tu ieis .=re Nj;=kaf.awjYH;d bgq lr §ug iy Tjqkaf.a úYajdih Èkd .ekSug fld;rï ÿrg iu;aù weoao hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= h' wfkla w;g Èk fol ;=kl fiajdia: ieishlau.ska úIh ks¾foaYfha kj fjkiaùï" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha kj m%jK;d"we.hSï l%ufõoh iy úIh wka;¾.; ms<sn| j mq¿,a f,i idlÉPd lsÍugwjia:djla ke;' fulS úIh lafIa;%h ms<sn| wkjfndaOh ksid fyda ;udf.amyiqj ksid fyda isxy, .=rejrhd idïm%odhsl b.ekaùfï l%ufõofhka ñ§ ke;snj kï meyeÈ,s h'

YsIHhkag p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d ms<sn| ksmqK;d <Õd lr §u isxy, úIhks¾foaYhkays m%Odk;u wruqKhs' mka;s ldurfha l%shd;aul isxy, úIhh bf.kqïb.ekaùï l%shdj,sh foi n,k úg fï wruqK idlaId;a lr .ekSug yels fõ ohkak iel iys; h'

zzbf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d .ek wjOdkhfhduq l< hq;= h' Y%jK" l:k" lshùu yd ,sùu l%shdldrlïj,g iudk wjia:di,id § tu l%shdldrlïj, idOkh uekSug mka;s ldur uÜgñka ,l=Kq m%odkhfldg m%;sfmdaIK l%shdj,s o fhdod .ekSu wfmalaIs; hZZ' ^7 yd 8 fY%aKs isxy,NdIdj yd idys;Hh úIh ks¾foaYh&'

1999ys wka;¾.; fuu fþofhka p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d i|yd iudkwjia:d i,id Èh hq;= nj mejfihs' mka;s ldurfha fuu wfmalaIdj bgq fõ o@hkak úuid ne,sh hq;= fõ'

fm<fmd;a ilia jkafka úIh ks¾foaYj,g wkqjhs' tksid fm<fmdf;awe;=<;a mdvï b.ekaùfuka úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh l<d fjhs' fm<fmd;b.ekaùfuka p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh fjhs o@ lshùu yd ,sùu ÈhqKq

161

lsÍu i|yd fm<fmd; fhdod .; yels jqj;a" Y%jK yd l:kh fm<fmdf;amdvulska ÈhqKq l< yels fõ o@ Y%jKh i|yd fyda l:kh i|yd fm<fmd;gmdvula we;=<;a lrkq ,enqj;a th o ksiel j u lshùfï mdvula muKla jkqwe;' tfia kï fm<fmd; b.ekaùfuka úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh l<d fkdjkafkah' Y%jKfha yd l:kfha wkql=i,;d y÷kd f.k tu l=i,;d ÈhqKq lsÍu i|ydm%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lsÍu ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq ù ke;' fï ksidp;=¾úO l=i,;dj,ska wvla u l%shdj,sfhka neyer ùu fkdje<elaúh yelslreKls' tksid úIh ks¾foaYfhka wfmalaIs; wruqKq" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh;=<ska bgq fõ o hkak iel iys; h'

fm<fmd;a iïnkaOfhka .eg¨ u;= jQ wjia:d o we;' 2008 j¾Ifha § kjks¾foaYh hgf;a úNd.hg iQodkï jQ isiqkag zzisxy, idys;H ix.%yhZZ fm<fmd; l,g fõ,djg imhd §ug fkdyels ùfuka úNd.h tu úIh ks¾foaYfhafldgilg muKla iSud lsÍug isÿ úh'

isxy, fm<fmd;aj, wka;¾.; ms<sn| .eg¨ u;= jQfha ±ka u;= muKlafkd fõ' 1891 § jHjia:dodhl iNdfõ § isxy, lshùï fmd;aj, fhda.H;dj.ek m%Yakhla mek ke.=fKka ta ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sug ldrl iNdjla o m;afldg we;' úfYaIfhka u isxy, fm<fmd;aj, wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§u"jHdlrK Í;s" yd wka;¾.;h ms<sn| úúO úfõpk" úpdr" fodaIdfrdamKksrka;rfhka wikakg ,efí' 1891 § u;= jQ .eg¨j iïnkaOfhka tjl m%isoaOb.ekaùï fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHlaI fÊ' î' l,a úiska lrk ,o m%ldYh wog o.e<fmkakla fyhska fuys we;=<;a lsÍu iqÿiq hhs i,luq'

zzmçjre o úoaj;ayq o mriamr u; ±rEy' u;=jg o or;auehs' merKs Wiiaisxy,hg fkd.e<fmk mo fhÿï lshùï fmd;aj, fh§u .ek mßY=oaO;djd§yqúreoaO fj;s' NdId ffY,sh .ek l;d lrk úg wNdjm%dma; mdGYd,d mÍlaIlví' tÉ' o w,aúia uy;df.a u;h kej; i|yka l< yels h' zzieu W.;l= fj;u Tyqg u wkqrEm jQ úYsIag;ajfha ñïula we;' Tyq iuld,Sk f,aLlhkaf.aksnkaOk fï ñïfuka uek ksn| j wm%idohg ,la lrhs'ZZ35

úIh ks¾foaY" fm<fmd;a" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y iïmdokfha § wdh;ksljYfhka .eg¨ u;= jQ wjia:d o we;' 2007 j¾Ifha kj úIhud,dj hgf;a 10 -11 fY%aKs i|yd jQ zzisxy, idys;Hh yd ridiajdohZZ úIhfha úIh ks¾foaYh yd.=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ilia lrkq ,enqfõ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úisks'fm<fmd; ilia lrkq ,enqfõ wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úisks' úIhks¾foaYfhys we;=<;a mµ mka;s folla fm< fmdf;ka bj;a fldg ;snqKq w;rúIh ks¾foaYfha fkd;snqKq mdvï myla we;=<;a fldg ;sìKs' .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yh úIh ks¾foaYhg wkqj u ilia ù ;sìKs' fï fya;=fjka YsIHhka w;ghk fm<fmd; iy .=rejreka w;g hk ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh w;r mriamr;;a;ajhla ks¾udKh ù we;' wdh;k w;r ksis ikaksfõokhla iy iyfhda.hlafkd;sîu fya;=fjka tn÷ ;;a;ajhla Wod jkakg we;'

162

mdol igyka

1' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK wxYh ^1989&' isxy, f,aLk Í;sh'

2' Gardner, H. (1991). The unschooled mind: How children think and how

schools should teach. Twentieth Anniversary edition.

3' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1973&' md,k jd¾;dj'

4' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1975&' isxy, 9'

5' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1986&' isxy, idys;H ix.%yh 10'

6' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, .=re w;afmd; - 6 jir'

7' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh - úIh ks¾foaYh- 7 iy 8 fY%aKs'

8' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2010 isg&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh - úIhks¾foaYh - 9 fY%aKsh'

9' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' isxy, idys;H ix.%yh - .=re w;afmd;'

10' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1992&' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõm<uq jk jd¾;dj - wxl V'

11' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1989&' isxy, .=re w;afmd; - 11 jir'

12' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' úIh ks¾foaYh isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh- 7 iy 8 fY%aKs'

13' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, .=re w;afmd; - 6 jir'

14' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' úIh ks¾foaYh - isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh- 7 iy 8 fYa%Ks'

15' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhúIh ks¾foaYh - 9 fY%aKsh'

16' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhúIh ks¾foaYh ^úIh jHdma;sh&'

17' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' isxy, idys;H ridiajdoh-.=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yh 10-11 fY%aKs'

18' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, b.ekaùug fmrjokla'

19' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' úIh ks¾foaYh - isx' Nd' yd idys;Hh - 7-8 fY%aKs'

20'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;HhúIh ks¾foaYh - 9 fY%aKsh'

163

21' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1975&' isxy, - 9'

22'wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1986&' isxy, 7 jir'

23' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1975&' isxy, 9'

24'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' isxy, .=re w;afmd; - 6 jir'




28' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' isxy, idys;H ix.%yh - .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yh - 10-11 fY%aKs'

29'kjr;ak" ta' ta' ^1976&' mdi, mokï lr.;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< -mqyqKqlrejkaf.a w;afmd;' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh"

30'wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha pl%f,aL wxl 1998$04'

31' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha pl% f,aL wxl 98$42'

32' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih fkdi|yka&' isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh -kso¾Yl we.hSïWmlrK - 9 fY%aKsh'

33' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%;sM, úYaf,aIK'

34'Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2008&' úNd. yd ;lafiarelrK ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yh-isxy, NdIdj yd idys;Hh ^10-11 fY%aKs& '

35' ;=frhsisxyï" ù' ^1969&' kj mshjrla - jev yqrj" ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ishjim%ldYkh III ldKavh" 991 jk msgqj'

164

0404040404

jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;jkpo;nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk;

mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;mwpKfk;

,yq;ifapy; jkpo;g;ghlf;fy;tpapd; Njhw;wk; nry;newp kw;Wk; Njrpa

fy;tp epWtfj; jkpo;Jiw jkpo;g;ghl tsu;r;rpapy; ngWk; Kf;fpaj;Jtk;

vd;gtw;iw RUf;fkhf Kd;itg;gNj ,f;fl;Liuapd; Nehf;fkhFk;.

,f;fl;Liu ,UngUk; gpupTfspd; fPo; Nehf;fg;gLfpd;wJ.

I jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk;

II Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd;

nraw;ghLk;.

I jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk; jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk; jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk; jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk; jkpo;g;ghlf; fy;tpapd; Njhw;wKk; nry;newpAk;

,yq;ifapd; kuGtopf; fy;tpKiwikapypUe;J etPd fy;tp Kiwikf;F

,l;Lr; nry;YifahdJ fhye;NjhWk; Vw;gl;l khw;wj;jpd; Clhfg;

ngwg;gl;ljhFk;. Fwpg;ghf> ,yq;ifapd; ngsj;j fy;tpKiwik> ,e;Jf;

fy;tpKiwik kw;Wk; ,];yhkpaf; fy;tpKiwikf;Fg; gpujpaPlhf Kiwrhu;

Kiwapyhd etPd rpe;jidfspd; mbg;gilapyhd Gjpa fy;tp Kiwik

INuhg;gpau; tUifAld; Njhw;wk; ngwyhapw;W. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; Njhw;wk;

ngw;w ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpKiwik fhye;NjhWk; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwapy;

cs;thq;fg ;gl ;l Gjpa rpe ;jidfisAk; cUthf;fg ;gl ;l Gjpa

epWtdq;fisAk; Vw;Wf;nfhz;L tsu;r;rp ngwyhapw;W.

,yq;ifapd; fy;tpg;Gyj;jpy; Mq;fpyf; fy;tpapd; mwpKfj;Jld;

jha;nkhopf; fy;tpapd; Kf;fpaj;Jtk; ,of;fj; njhlq;FfpwJ. Mq;fpyf;

fy;tpapd; Clhf Gjpa r%f tFg;nghd;W cUthfyhapw;W. Mq;fpyf;

fy;tpahy; Kfpo;T ngw;w Gjpa r%f tFg;gpdu; murpaypy; Gjpa khw;wj;ij

Dr. U. Navaratnam, B.A. University of Ceylon, Peradeniya, PGDE,

University of Jaffna M.Ed NIE, M.Ed University of Wolonghong,

Australia. PhD University of Jaffna.

Taacher, In-Service advisor, Project officer, NIE, Director, NATE,

Director, Department of Teacher Education, NIE, Director, Department

of Tamil, NIE Director, Department of Social sciences NIE Senior

Subject Matter Specialist - ESC/GTZ

165

Ntz;baNjhL fy;tpapYk; Gjpa khw;wj;ij Ntz;b epd;wdu;. ,e;jg;

gpd;dzpapy; ,yq;ifapd; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; jha;nkhopf; fy;tpf;fhd

mwpKfj;ij njhlu;e;J Kjd;ik nkhopfshd rpq;fsk;> jkpo; Mfpatw;wpd;

Kf;fpaj;Jtk; Nkk;ghL milayhapw;W. 1960 Ij; njhlu;e;J ghlrhiyfis

murhq;fk; nghWg;Ngw;wik> ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd; Muk;gk;>

fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpd; Njhw;wk; vd;gd fy;tpapy; ghupa

jhf;fj;ij cUthf;fpd. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy; fy;tpapd; kPjhd murpd;

Mjpf;fKk; fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy; ngUk; jhf;fj;ij cUthf;fpaJ.

jha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhop> Nghjdhnkhopjha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhop> Nghjdhnkhopjha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhop> Nghjdhnkhopjha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhop> Nghjdhnkhopjha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhop> Nghjdhnkhopfw;wy;-fw;gpj;jy; nrad;Kiwapy; Clfkhf tpsq;FtJ nkhopahFk;.

gps;isnahd;wpd; fw;wYf;F ve;j nkhopiag; gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lk; vd;gij

Muha ;e ;j fy ;t pj ;Jiw rhu ;e ;j jj ;Jttpayhsu ;fSk; fy ;t p

cstpayhsu;fSk; gps;isapd; jha;nkhop%yk; fw;gpj;jNy cupanjd

tpje;Jiuj;Js;sdu;.

gps;isnahd;W jdJ vz;zq;fis cupathW ntspg;gLj;Jtjw;F cupa

rhjdkhf tpsq;FtJ jha;nkhopahFk;. vdNtjhd;> gps;isnahd;wpd;

mbg;gilf; fy;tp jha;nkhopapy; toq;fg;gl Ntz;Lnkd tpjg;Giu

nra;ag;gl;Ls;sJ. gps;isnahd;wpd; fw;wYf;Fg; gad;gLj;Jk; Clf

nkhopahd jha;nkhop> Kjd;nkhopahfTk;> Nghjdh nkhopahfTk;

mikayhk;. jha;nkhop vd;gJ gps;isnahd;wpd; tPl;Lnkhopiaf;

Fwpg;gpLfpd;wJ.

gps;isapd; fyhrhu> gz;ghl;L mk;rq;fisf; Fwpg;gpLfpd;w jha;nkhop

vd;gJ gps;isnahd;wpd; Kiwrhu; fy;tpiaj; njhlq;Ftjw;fhd

nkhopahFk;. vdNt rpyNtisfspy; gps;isfspd; jha;nkhopAk; Kjd;ik

nkhopAk; xd;whf ,Uf;fyhk;. gps;is jdJ fy;tpiaj; jha;nkhopapy;

njhluhJ> Ntw;W nkhopnahd;wpy; fy;tpiaj; njhlUkhapd; gps;isapd;

jha;nkhop NtW> Kjd;ik nkhop Ntwhf mikAk;. jkpioj;

jha;nkhopahff; nfhz;l gps;isnahd;W> jdJ fy;tpia rpq;fs

nkhop%yk; njhlUkhapd; mjd; jha;nkhop jkpohfTk; Kjd;nkhop

rpq;fskhfTk; miktjw;F tha;g;Gz;L. ,yq;ifapy; ,t;thwhd

epiyikfs; cUthFtjw;fhd tha;g;Gf;fs; kpff;FiwthFk;.

,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapy; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; Nghf;F,yq;ifapd; jha;nkhop%ykhd fy;tpr; rpe;jid Kfpo;r;rp ngw;w NghJk;

jkpo;nkhopf;fhd fiyj;jpl;l Mf;fk; Muk;gj;jpy; fy;tp mikr;R

rhu;e;jjhfNt tpsq;fpaJ. 1960 fspy; ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd;

njhlf;fj;ij njhlu;e;J fy;tpj; Jiw GjpanjhU gupzhkj;ij

vl;banjdyhk;. ghl tpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd; gzp> Muk;gj;jpy;

166

tpQ;Qhd ghlj;ij Nehf;fpajhf ,Ue;jhYk; gpd;du; ,jd; gzpfs;

tpUj;jpaile;J te;jikia mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlKk;ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlKk;ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlKk;ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlKk;ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlKk;,yq;ifapd; fy;tp tuyhw;wpy; xU jpUg;G Kidahf ghltpjhd

mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;ij Fwpg;gplyhk;. ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd;

Muk;gj;NjhL ikag;gLj;jpa fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; gq;F gzpAk; tYtilaj;

njhlq;fpanjdyhk;. ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyak; ghlj;jpl;lj;ij

tFj;jNjhL> ghlrhiy kl;lj;Jf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lj;ijAk; tFf;fj;

njhlq;fpaJ. NkYk; ,J ghlj;jpl;l tFg;G> Mrpupa ife;E}y; tpUj;jp>

ghlE}y; Mf;fk; Mfpa Jiwfspy; <Lglyhapw;W. ,jd; tpisT

ikag;gLj;jpa mbg;gilapy; ghlE}y; Mf;fk; ,lk;ngwyhapw;W.

1970 Ij; njhlu;e;j fhyg;gFjpapy; Vw;gLj;jg;gl;l> fy;tp kWrPuikg;gpd;

gpd;dzpapy; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpYk; khw;wq;fs; nfhz;L tug;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf

fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwapy; nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; mwpKfk; ,e;jf; fy;tp

kWrPuikg;gpd; gpd;dzpapNyNa cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. jkpo;nkhopg; ghlE}y;

tu pira py ; > “jk po ; kyu ; ’ njhFj p ,f ;fhy fl ;lj ;j p NyNa

cUthf;fg ;gl ;lnjdyhk; . ghltpjhd mgptpUj ;j p epiyaj;ij

ikag;gLj;jpa mbg;gilapy; ghlE}y; cUthf;fk; epfo;e;jnjdyhk;.

,f;fhyj;jpy; cUthf;fg;gl;l E}y;fs;> cstpay;> jj;Jttpay;>

nkhopapay;> Kiwapay; njhlu;ghd mk;rq;fis gpd;dzpahff; nfhz;L

Mf;fg;gl;likia ,e;E}ypYs;s Fwpg;Gf;fs; %yk; mwpaKbfpd;wJ.

ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd; fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; ,Wjp

Kaw;rpahf> 1986 ,y; jkpo; nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lk; eilKiwf;F te;jJ.

,g;ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; 6> 7> 8 jkpo; - Kjd;nkhop ghlj;jpl;lj;Jf;fhd

Nehf;fq;fSk; 9> 10> 11 Mk; Mz;LfSf;fhd Nehf;fq;fSk; ed;whfNt

fhzg;gl;ld. Mz;L 6 njhlf;fk; Mz;L 11 tiuapyhd jkpo;

Kjd;nkhopf;fhd ghlj;jpl;l Nehf;fq;fs;:

1. jkpio thOk; nkhopahff; fw;wYk; njhlu;ghlw; fUtpahff;

ifahsYk;.

2. Nfl;ly;> NgRjy;> thrpj;jy;> vOJjy; vd;Dk; ehd;F JiwfspYk;

gbg;gbahfj; Nju;;r;rp ngWtjd; %yk; nkhopahw;wiy tsu;j;Jf;

nfhs;sy;.

3. njspthff; Nfl;Lj; jpUj;jkhf tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjw;Fk; njspthfr;

rpe;jpg;gjw;Fk; jkJ nrhe;j vz;zq;fs;> fUj;Jf;fs;> czu;r;rpfs;

Mfpatw;iwj; njspthf ntspapLtjw;Fk; Ntz;ba Mw;wiy

tsu;j;jy;.

167

4. nkhop topahf tplaq;fis tpsq;fpf;nfhs;tjhYk; fUj;Jf;fis

ntspapLtjdhYk; gbg;gbahf mwpit tpupthf;fpAk; rpe;jidia

Mokhf;fpAk; czu;r;rpia tskhf;fpAk; nfhs;sy;.

5. r%f tho;f;iff;Fj; Njitahd tplaq;fis ,lu;g;ghbd;wp

thrpg;gjpYk; vOJtjpYk; Nju;r;rp ngwy;.

6. Ngr;R tof;fpYk; vOj;J tof;fpYk; gapYe; jkpo;nkhopapd;

,ay;Gfis mwpe;J jkpio Kiwikahf ifahs Ntz;ba

,lq;fspy; ,yf;fz tOtpy;yhj nre;jkpio Msg; gofpf;nfhs;sy;.

7. Ngr;R tof;F nkhopia kjpj;J cupa ,lq;fspy; mjid ,ay;ghfg;

gad;gLj;Jjy;.

8. Ntw;W nkhopf; fyg;ig Vw;wgb nkhop tsu;r;rpf;Fg; gad;gLj;jy;.

ghlE}y; MNyhrid rigghlE}y; MNyhrid rigghlE}y; MNyhrid rigghlE}y; MNyhrid rigghlE}y; MNyhrid rigghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaKk; fy;tp ntspaPl;L jpizf;fsKk;

ghlrhiyg; ghlg;Gj;jfj;Jf;fhd KOg;nghWg;igAk; Vw;Wf;nfhs;Sk;; tiu

ghlrhiyg; ghlE}y;fspd; Mf;fk; nkhj;jkhfj; jdpahu; Jiwapduplk;

ifaspf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ.

jdpahu;Jiwapd; ghlg;Gj;jfj;ij ghlrhiyfs; jhk; tpUk;gpathW

ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtijf; fl;Lg;gLj;jTk; ghlg;Gj;jfq;fspd;

juj;ijg; NgzTk; 1952 Mz;by; ngg;utup khjk; 29 Me; jpfjp

ntspte;Js;s murhq;f tu;j;jkhdpapd; tpsk;guk; ghlg;Gj;jfk; njhlu;gpy;

Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;jnthU ghlg;

Gj;jfKk; ,e;j tu;j;jkhdp mwptpj;jYf;fika ghlrhiy mjpfhurigapd;

mq;fPfhuk; ngwg;gLjy; mtrpakhFk;. 1960 tiu fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

j pizf;fsj;jpd ; Muk;gk ; tiu ,e;j tu ;j ;jkhdp mwptpj ;jy;

Kf;fpakhdjhf tpsq;fpaJ. murhq;f ghlrhiyfspYk; murhq;f cjtp

ed;nfhil ngWk; ghlrhiyfspYk; ,t;twptpj;jYf;F mikthfNt

ghlg;Gj;jfg; gad;ghL ,lk;ngw;wJ.

1952 Mk; Mz;bd; tu;j;jkhdp mwpTWj;jYf;fikthf ghlrhiyapy;

gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;jg; Gj;jfKk; ghlE}y; gpuRu rigapd; mq;fPfhuj;ijg;

ngw;wpUf;f Ntz;Lk;. ghlE}y; gpuRu MNyhridr; rigf;F nrayhsu;

xUtu; epakpf;fg;gl;bUe;jhu;. mtuJ mDkjpapd;wp ve;jg; ghlE}iyAk;

ghlrhiyfspy; gad;gLj;j KbahJ. ghlrhiy gpuRu MNyhridr; rigNa

,r;nrad;Kiwf;Fg; nghWg;ghf ,Ue;jJ.

nghJthf> ,yq ;if fy ;t p nts pa Pl ;Lj ; j pizf ;fsj ;j pd ;

Muk;gtiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; fy;tpj;Jiw rhu;e;j jdpahu;fNs

168

ghlE}y;fis vOjp ntspapl;ldu;. fy;tp mikr;R ghlj;jpl;lj;ij kl;Lk;

ntspapLk; epWtdkhfr; nraw;gl;lJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;jpw;F mikthfj; jdpahu;

ghlE}y;fis vOjpdu;. jdpahu;fshy; ghlE}y;fis vOjp ntspapl

Kbahj fhuzj;jhy;> jdpahu; Jiw rhu;e;j mr;rfj;jpdNu ghlE}y;fis

ghupa mstpy; ntspapl;ldu;.

ghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk; jdpahu; JiwAkghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk; jdpahu; JiwAkghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk; jdpahu; JiwAkghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk; jdpahu; JiwAkghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk; jdpahu; JiwAk;,yq;ifapd; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;Jf;fhd ghlj;jpl;lKk;> Mrpupau;

topfhl;bAk; cUthf;fg;gl;lNghJk;> 1970 tiuapyhd fhyj;jpy;

jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;Jf;fhd ghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fk; jdpahu; JiwapduplNk

,Ue;jJ. 1970 tiuahd fhyg; gFjpapy; ehl;bd; gy;NtW gFjpfspYKs;s

jdpahu; mr;Rf;$lq;fSk; rpy jdpahUNk ghlrhiyg; ghlg;Gj;jf

ntspaPl;by; <Lgl;bUe;jdu;. rpy ghlg;Gj;jfq;fs; 20 ,w;Fk; Nkw;gl;l

kPs; gjpg;GfSld; ntspte;jd.

ghl E}y;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk;ghl E}y;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk;ghl E}y;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk;ghl E}y;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk;ghl E}y;fisg; ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;Jtjw;fhd mq;fPfhuk;1970 Mk; Mz;L tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy; ghlrhiyfspy;

jkpo;nkhopf;fhd ghlg;Gj;jfq;fis ntspapLk; gzp jdpahu; Jiwapduplk;

,Ue;jJ. ,e;j epiy fhuzkhf Vfg;gl;l Gj;jfq;fs; re;ijf;F

te;jikahy; Gj;jf Mf;fj;jpy; mjpfkhd Nghl;b epiyikfs;

fhzg;gl;ld. ,jdhy;> ghlg;Gj;jf ntspaPl;bd; juk; njhlu;gpyhd

ru;r;irfs; cUthfpd. ,j;jifa gpur;rpidfspypUe;J tpLgLtjw;F

jdpahupd; Gj;jfj;jpd; juj;ij cWjp nra;tjw;fhf fy;tp mikr;rpy;>

ghltpjhd gpuRu rig cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. mJ xU nrayhsupd; fPo;

,aq;fpaJ. ghlrhiyapy; gad;gLj;jg;gLk; ve;jg; Gj;jfKk; ,r;rigapd;

mq;fPfhuk; ngw;Nw gad;gLj;j Ntz;Lnkd;gJ fl;lhakhf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpd; cs;slf;fk;1970 tiuapyhd fhyg;gFjpapy;> jkpo;nkhop fw;gpj;jypd; Nehf;fj;ij

,UgFjpfshf Nehf;fyhk;. KjyhtJ gFjpapy; jkpo; nkhopg; ghlf;

fw;ifahdJ ghyu; fPo;g; gpuptpy; ,Ue;J 8 Me; juk; tiu nghJthd

nkhopj;jpwd;fis tpUj;jp nra;tjhf mike;jpUe;jJ. Fwpg;ghf Muk;g

tFg ; G ghlE }y ; fs py ; ciug ; gFj pAk ; nra ;As ; gFj pAk ;

cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd. 9Mk; 10Mk; juq;fspy; jkpo;nkhopf; fw;ifahdJ

,uz;L gFjpfis cs;slf;fpajhff; fhzg;gl;;lJ. jkpo;ghi\ vd xU

gFjpAk; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; vd ,d;ndhU gFjpAk; fhzg;gl;lJ. jkpo;

ghi\ ghlk; njhlu;gpy; tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fs; 1970 tiu

,Uf;ftpy;iy. nghJthf f. ngh.j (rh.j) guPl;irf;F Njhw;WNthu;

jkpo; ghi\ ghlj;jpy; fl;lhak; rpj;jpngw Ntz;Lk;. guPl;ir Nehf;fpy;

169

fl;Liu vOJjy;> RUf;fk; vOJjy;> ghlYf;F fUj;J vOJjy;> nrhw;fis

trdkhf;Fjy;. Mfpa tplaq;fis mg;gj;jpuk; nfhz;bUe;jJ.

jkpo; ,yf;fpak;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;jkpo; ,yf;fpak;1970 tiuahd fhyg;gFjpapy; jkpo; ,yf;fpak; f.ngh.j (rh.j) guPl;irf;F

jdpg;ghlkhf tpsq;fpaJ. fiyj;Jiw rhu;e;j khztu;fs; jkpo;

,yf;fpaj;ij xU ghlkhff; fw;wdu;. jkpo; ,yf;fpag; ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy;

tpje;Jiuf;fg;gl;l ghlE}y;fs; ,lk;ngw;wd. Fwpg;ghf fk;guhkhazj;jpy;

Fwpj ;j fhz;lj;jpy; ,uz;L glyq;fs; cs;slf;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

cjhuzkhf> 1965 Mk; Mz;L jkpo; ,yf;fpa ghlj;jpl;lj;jpy; mNahj;jpah

fhz;lj;jpy; ke;jiu #o;r;rpg;glyKk; ifNfap #o;tpidg; glyKk;

,lk; ngw;wpUe;jd. ,jid tpl ghujpahu; ghly;fs; rpyTk;> ciueilg;

gFjpahf ghujr; RUf;fKk; ,lk; ngw;wd. jkpo; ,yf;fpag; ghlj;jpl;lk;

,e;jtifapy; fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; khw;wKw;W te;jikia mwpfpd;Nwhk;.

1965 I njhlu ;e ;J te ;j fhyg ;gFjpapy ; fy;tp ntspa Pl ;Lj ;

jpizf;fsj;jhy;> ,yq;if ,yf;fpa fu;j;jhf;fspd; nra;As;> ciueilg;

gFjpia cs;slf;fpa ,yf;fpa njhFjpnahd;W cUthf;fg;gl;L>

ghlrhiyg; gad;ghl;Lf;F nfhz;Ltug;gl;lJ. guPl;ir KiwikAk; rpy

rpwg;ghd mk;rq;fis cs;slf;fpajhapUe;jJ. mjhtJ> ghlE}ypy;

khztUf;Fs;s gapw;rpia mstpLk; tifapy; guPl;ir tpdhf;fs;

cUthf;fg;gl;ld. Fwpg;ghf nra;ASf;F my;yJ ciueilg;gFjpf;F

re;ju;g;gq;$Wjy;> nra;ASf;Ff; fUj;J $Wjy;> Fwpj;j nra;Aspy; Fwpj;j

mbapd; Clhd gioa epfo;Tfis kPsf; nfhz;L tUjy;> fl;Liu

mbg;gilapy; fjhghj;jpuq;fspd; Fz ,ay;Gfis tpsf;Fjy; Mfpa

mk;rq;fisf; nfhz;bUe;jd.

fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju tFg;Gfy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju tFg;Gfy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju tFg;Gfy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju tFg;Gfy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju tFg;GguPl;ir Kiwikapy; fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;jug; guPl;ir> khztu;fspd;

nkhopawpit tpUj;jp nra;Ak; Nehf;fpy; cUthf;fg;gl;ljhFk;. ,jw;fhd

ghlj;jpl;l mikg;G ePz;lfhykhf khw;wKwh epiyapy; fhzg;gLfpd;wJ.

khztu;fspd; nkhopahw;wiy fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju cau;ju ghlj;jpd;

Clhf mjhtJ ,yf;fpaq;fspD}lhd gapw;rp> jkpo; ,yf;fpa tuyhw;Wg;

Nghf;F mj;NjhL ,yf;fz mwpT vd;gtw;wpd; Clhf tpUj;jp nra;tNj

gpujhd Nehf;fhFk;.

nghJthf ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; khztu;fis kjpg;gPL nra;tJ mtu;fspd;

milTkl;lj;ij jPu;khdpg;gjhFk;. Mdhy; ,yq;ifapy; fy;tpg; nghJj;

juhju cau;jug; guPl;ir xU njupTg; guPl;irahfTk; tpsq;Ffpd;wJ.

170

nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;l khw;wKk;nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;l khw;wKk;nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;l khw;wKk;nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;l khw;wKk;nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lKk; jkpo;nkhopg; ghlj;jpl;l khw;wKk;1970 I njhlu;e;J te;j nghJf; fiyj;jpl;l khw;wk; jkpo;nkhopapy;

ghlj;jpl;l mikg;gpYk; khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ. nghJf;fiyj;jpl;l

mbg;gilapy; ghlrhiy KiwikapYs;s rfy khztu;fSk; fzpjk;>

Kjd;nkhop> Mq;fpyk;> tpQ;Qhdk;> rkak;> r%ff; fy;tp ghlq;fSf;F

fl;lhak; Njhw ;w Ntz;Lnkd;w epiy cUthfpaJ. ,Jtiu

jha;nkhopapYs;s jkpo;ghi\> jkpo; ,yf;fpaj;jpw;F gjpyhf jkpo;

nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; cs;slf;fpa $Wfs; nfhz;l jkpo;nkhopg;

ghlj;jpl;lk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;j epiyik ,d;Wtiu njhlu;e;J

,Ug;gij mtjhdpf;f Kbfpd;wJ.

kjpg;gPl;LKiw khw;wKk;kjpg;gPl;LKiw khw;wKk;kjpg;gPl;LKiw khw;wKk;kjpg;gPl;LKiw khw;wKk;kjpg;gPl;LKiw khw;wKk;nghJf;fiyj;j pl ;l mwpKfj;Jld; jkpo ;nkhopg ; ghlj ;Jf ;fhd

kjpgPl;LKiwapYk; khw;wk; nfhz;L tug;gl;lJ. ,JtiuapYk; jkpo;

ghi\> jkpo; ,yf;fpak; Mfpa ghlg;gug;Gfis cs;slf;fpajhf jkpo;

nkhopg; ghlk; cUthf;fg;gl;lJ. Muk;gj;jpy; jkpo; ghi\> ,yf;fpaf;

$W ,lk; ngatpy;iy. Mdhy; nghJf; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; jkpo; ,yf;fpaf;

$Wk; ,lk; ngWtjhy; kl;LNk fw;Nghd; KOikahd mwpitg;ngw

KbAk; vd;w fUj;J NkNyhq;fp epd;wJ.

- nkhop ghlj;ijg; nghWj;jtiuapy; kjpg;gPl;L KiwapYk; khw;wq;fs;

nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld. ,Jtiu fl;Liu mikg;G tpdhtpw;F gjpyhf

Gwta tpdhf;fSk; fl;likg;G tpdhf;fSk; kjpg;gPl;L Kiwapy;

cs;thq;fg;gl;ld.

- jkpo;nkhop tpdhg;gj;jpuk;> %d;W gFjp jhisf; nfhz;ljhf

tpsq;fpaJ. Kjyhk; tpdhg;gj;jpuk; 40 gy;Nju;T tpdhf;fis

cs;slf;fpa> 1 kzpj;jpahyk; nfhz;l tpdhg;gj;jpukhFk;. ,uz;lhk;

tpdhg;gj;jpuk; ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyq;fisf; nfhz;lJ. ,jpy;

nghJthd nkhop rhu;e;j ntspg;ghl;Lj; jpwd;fis kjpg;gPL

nra;tjhf mikAk;. ,jpy; fw;Nghdpd; fl;Liu vOJk; Mw;wy;>

RUf;fnkOJk; Mw;wy;> fpufpj;jy; jpwd;fs; Mfpait kjpg;gPL

nra;ag;gLk;. %d;whk; tpdhg; gj;jpuk; ,uz;L kzpj;jpahyq;fisf;

nfhz;lJ. ,jpy; jkpo; nkhopapYs;s gy;tifg;gl;l ,yf;fpaf;

$Wfis cs;slf;fpaJ. fw;Nghdpd; ,urid> ju;f;fpf;Fk; Mw;wy;>

,yf;fpaj;jpYs;s gupr;rak; Mfpait kjpg;gPL nra;ag;gLk;.

171

II Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; - jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd;nraw;ghLk;.nraw;ghLk;.nraw;ghLk;.nraw;ghLk;.nraw;ghLk;.

,yq;ifapd; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiwapy; ,d;Ndhu; iky; fy;yhf tpsq;FtJ

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wkhFk;. ,Jtiu fy;tpg; Gyj;jpy;

rpjwpf;fple;j gy Jiwfis Xuplg;gLj;Jk; Kaw;rpahy; Kfpo;j;j xd;whf

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wg;ghl;ilf; $wyhk;.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd nraw;ghLfis ,uz;L

epiyfspy; mtjhdpf;f KbAk;. Kjd; epiyapNy Muk;gf;fy;tpf;fhd

nkhoprhu;e;j Kaw;rpfs; Muk;gf; fy;tpj;Jiwahy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLk;.

mNj Ntis> ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;fhf jkpo; nkhopf;fhd ghl tplaq;fs;

jkpo; nkhopj; Jiwapdhy; Nkw;nfhs;sg;gl;L tUfpd;wd.

Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;Muk;gf; fy;tpj; Jiwapd; jkpo;nkhop njhlu;ghd Kaw;rpfs;Muk;gf; fy;tp tuyhw;iw Nehf;Fk;NghJ> ,d;Ndhu; iky;fy;yhf

tpsq;FtJ Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wkhFk;. ghltpjhd mgptpUj;jp

epiyak; Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;Jld; ,izf;fg;gl;lJ.

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwjkpo;nkhopj;Jiwjkpo;nkhopj;Jiwjkpo;nkhopj;Jiwjkpo;nkhopj;JiwMuk;gj;jpy;> nkhopf; fy;tpf;fhd Jiwapy; Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;> jkpo;

Mfpa nkhopfis cs;slf;fpa xU JiwNa Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpy;

fhzg;gl;lJ. mj;Jiwapd; gzpg;ghsupd; fPo; vy;yh nkhopj;JiwfSk;

,aq;fpd. fhyf;fpukj;jpy; Mq;fpyk;> rpq;fsk;> jkpo; Mfpatw;Wf;F

jdpj;jdpj; Jiwfs; cUthf;fg;gl;ld.

,e ;jg ; g pd ;dzpapy ; jkpo ;nkhopj ;Jiw> jdf ;nfd tpsq;f pa

gzpg;ghsu;fspd; fPo; jdpj;Jtkhf ,aq;fpaJ. jkpo; nkhopj;Jiw -

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpf;fhd fiyj;jpl;l Mf;fg; gzpfis

Kjd;ikahff; nfhz;L ,aq;fj; njhlq;fpaJ.

jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; fiyj;jpl;lg; gzpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; fiyj;jpl;lg; gzpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; fiyj;jpl;lg; gzpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; fiyj;jpl;lg; gzpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; fiyj;jpl;lg; gzpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw jdpahf ,aq;f Muk;gpj;jJk; mjd; Kjw;gzpahf

1988 ,y; ,Ue;J eilKiwapypUe;j ghlrhiyfSf;F Mrpupau;

topfhl;bfis vOj Muk;gpj;jJ. xU Gwkhf> Muk;gf; fy;tpf;nfd jdp

xU Jiw cUthf;fg;gl;L ghlrhiy kl;lr; nraw;ghLfs; Njrpa fy;tp

epWtfj;jhy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;ld. mq;F jkpo;nkhopf;fhd Mf;fg;ghLfs;

ehlshtpa uPjpapy; Kd;ndLf;fg;gl;L te;jik Fwpg;gplj;jf;fJ. Fwpg;ghf

ghlj;jpl;lj;ijAk; ghlrhiyfisAk; fUj;jpw;nfhz;L Mrpupau; topfhl;b

cUthfyhapw ;W. Mrpupau ; topfhl;b ghlNtis mbg;gilapy;

172

cUthf;fg ;gl ;lJ. Fwpj ;j ghlNtisapy; mila Ntz;Lnkd

vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gLk; rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fs; milahsg;gLj;jg;gl;L> mjw;F

nghUj;jkhdtifapy;> fw;wy; gbKiwfs; mikf;fg;gl;L fw;wy; - fw;gpj;jy;

,lk;ngw Ntz;Lnkd vjpu;ghu;f;fg;gl;lJ. ,Wjpapy;> rpwg;G Nehf;fq;fis

milAk; tifapy; kjpg;gPLk; ,lk; ngw;wJ.

jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; - ghlE}y; Mf;fKk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; - ghlE}y; Mf;fKk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; - ghlE}y; Mf;fKk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; - ghlE}y; Mf;fKk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; - ghlE}y; Mf;fKk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; Njhw;wKk; ghl tpjhd mgptpUj;jp epiyaj;jpd;

xd;wpg;Gk; fiyj;jpl;lf; fl;likg;gpy; ghupa khw;wj;ijf; nfhz;L te;jJ.

,Jtiu fiyj;jpl;l tpUj;jpf;Fk; ghlE}y; Mf;fj;jpw;Fk; nghWg;ghf

,Ue;j fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jpdJk; fy;tp mikr;rpdJk;

gzpfs; gy Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpw;F khw;wg;gl;ld. 1999 Mk; Mz;L

nfhz;Ltug;gl;l fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;gpd; gpd;dzpapy; ghlE}y; Mf;Fk;

gzp Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jplk; xg;gilf;fg;gl;lJ. ,e;jg; gpd;dzpapy;

,ilepiy tFg;GfSf;fhd fiyj;jpl;l Mf;fKk; mjd; Kf;fpa $whd

ghlE}y; Mf;fKk; jkpo; nkhopj; Jiwaplk; ifaspf;fg;gl;ld.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd; jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw. juk; 6 njhlf;fk; juk; 11

tiuapyhd tFg;GfSf;fhd ghlE}y;fs; Mf;fj;jpy; <Lgl;lJ. xt;nthU

ghlE}Yk; fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; Fwpg;gpl;l ,yf;if milAk; tifapy; thrpg;Gg;

ghlk;> fpufpj;jw;gapw;rp> nkhoptsk;> nraw;ghLfs;> ,yf;fzg; gFjp

Mfpatw;iw cs;slf;fp ,Ue;jJ. ghlq;fspy; thrpg;Gg; gFjpf;fhf

ciueil> nra;As; MfpaitAk; toq;fg;gl;bUe;jd.

juq;fs; 10> kw;Wk; 11 ,w;fhf khztu;fspd; ,yf;fpag; gapy;it tpUj;jp

nra ;Ak ; tifa py ; jd pahd ,yf ;f paj ; njhFg ; nghd ;Wk ;

cUthf;fg;gl;bUe;jJ. ,jw;fg;ghy; njupTg; ghlq;fSs; xd;whf ,yf;fpa

eak; jdpg; ghlkhf eilKiwg;gLj;jg;gl;lJ. ,jw;fhf njhFg;G E}Yk;

jkpo;j; Jiwahy; njhFf;fg;gl;lJ. ,g;ghlE}y;fs; ahTk; fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

jpizf;fsj;jhy; mr;rplg;gl;L ntspaplg;gl;ld.

fiyj;jpl;lj;jpd; ,d;ndhU gFjpahff; nfhs;sg;gLtJ Mrpupau;

ife;E}yhFk;. jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw> Mrpupau; ife;E}iyj; jahupj;J mjid

tFg;giwapy; Mrpupau;fs; jpwk;glf; ifahs;tjw;fhd gapw;rpia toq;Fk;

nghUl;L Nritf;fhyg; gapw;rp MNyhrfu;fSf;Fg; gapw;rp toq;fpaJ@

toq;fg;gl;L tUfpd;wJ.

173

Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk;Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lKk; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk;2006 Mk; Mz;bypUe;J eilKiwf;Ff; nfhz;Ltug;gl;l fy;tp

kWrPuikg;gpd; gpd;dzpapy; juk; 1 njhlf;fk; 13 tiuapyhd

tFg;GfSf;fhd fiyj;jpl;lj;jpy; khw;wq;fs; nfhz;Ltug;gl;ld.

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw Gjpa fiyj;jpl;lj;ij Mf;fpaJld; mjw;Fg;

nghUj;jkhdtifapy; Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;biaAk; Mf;fp toq;fp

te;jJ.

ghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fKk;> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpypUe;J kPz;Lk; fy;tp

ntspaPl;Lj; jpisf;fsj;jplk; ifkhw;wg;gl;lJ. fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj;

jpizf;fsk; Gj;jfj;ij Mf;Ftjw;F Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd;

ghlj;jpl;lj;ijg; gad;gLj;jpdhYk; ghlg;Gj;jfk; KOikahf Njrpa fy;tp

epWtf vjpu;ghu;g;ig epiwT nra;Js;sjh? vd;gJ vjpu;fhy Ma;TfspypUe;J

ntspf;nfhzug;gl Ntz;banjhU tplak; MFk;.

,yq;ifapd; ,ilepiyf; fy;tpg;Gyj;jpy; juk; 6 njhlf;fk; juk; 11

tiu ,uz;lhk; Njrpa nkhopahf jkpo;nkhop fw;gpf;fg;gLfpd;wJ. ,jw;fhd

ghlj;jpl;lKk;> Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;bAk; jkpo;j; Jiwahy;

cUthf;fg;gl;L tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sJ. ghlj;jpl;lj;ijj; jOtpa

epiyapy; ghlE}y;fs; fy;tp ntspaPl;Lj; jpizf;fsj;jhy; Mf;fg;gl;L>

ghlrhiyfSf;F tpepNahfpf;fg;gl;Ls;sd.

jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu; gapw;rpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu; gapw;rpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu; gapw;rpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu; gapw;rpAk;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwAk; Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu; gapw;rpAk;Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk; Mrpupau; fy;tpr; nrad;Kiw tpUj;jpf;Fk;

nghWg;ghFk;. jkpo; nkhopj ;Jiw> ,ilepiy tFg;GfSf;fhd

jkpo;nkhopf;fhd Nritf;fhy MNyhrfu;fisg; gapw;Wk; gzpapYk;

<Lgl;LtUfpd;wJ. Fwpg;ghf Gjpa fiyj;jpl;l mKyhf;fj;jpy; Nritf;fhy

Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fspd; gzp Kf;fpakhdjhFk;. fy;tpg; nghJj;juhju

cau;ju tFg;Gf;fhd Mrpupa MNyhrfu;fSf;Fg; gjpyhf tsthsu;fisg;

gapw;Wtpf;Fk; gzpapy; jkpo;nkhopj;Jiw <Lgl;LtUfpd;wJ.

jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Vida gzpfs;jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Vida gzpfs;jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Vida gzpfs;jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Vida gzpfs;jkpo;nkhopj;Jiwapd; Vida gzpfs;jkpo;nkhopj;JiwahdJ fiyj;jpl;l Mf;fj;Jld; ,ize;j tifapy;

gy;NtW gzpfspy; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ. fiyj;jpl;l Mf;fj;jpw;F

Kd;Ndhbahf ghlrhiy kl;lj;jpy; gy Ma;Tr; nrad;Kiwapy;

fhyj;Jf;Ff; fhyk; <Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ. ,t;tha;Tfspd; mbg;gilapy;

fiyj;jpl;l kWrPuikg;G Nkw;nfhs;sg;gLfpd;wJ. ghlg;Gj;jf Mf;fr;

nrad;KiwapYk; kjpg;gPl;Lr; nrad;KiwapYk; gq;fspg;igr; nra;fpd;wJ.

Njrpa fy;tp epWtfj;jpd ; Vida Jiwfspd; nkhop rhu ;e ;j

nraw;ghLfspYk; cupa gq;fspg;igr; nra;J tUfpd;wJ.

174

,jw;F Nkyhf nkhop fw;wypy; <Lgl;bUf;Fk; fw;Nghdpd; tFg;giwf;

fsepiyapid Ma;T nra;tNjhL mjd; %yk; fpilf;Fk; ngWNgw;wpd;

mbg;gilapy; Mrpupaupd; tFg;giw Mw;Wifj; jpwid Nkk;ghlilar;

nra;tjw;fhd nrad;KiwapYk; <Lgl;LtUfpd;wJ. khztu;fspd;

nkhopj;jpwd; Nkk;ghl;Lf;fhf> fiyj;jpl;lj;Jld; ,ize;jtifapy; gapw;rp

E}y;fis Mf;FtjpYk; Nkyjpf thrpg;G E}y;fis cUthf;FtjpYk;

<Lgl;L tUfpd;wJ.

crhj ;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jizcrhj;Jiz

1. my;tp]; <.v];.j. (1969) nkhopAk; fy;tpAk; - xU kjpg;gPL>

,yq;ifapy; fy;tp. fy;tp fyhrhu mYty;fs; mikr;R>

murhq;f mr;rfk;.

2. xU Njrpaf; fy;tpf; nfhs;ifia Nehf;fpa nray; rhu;e;j

tpuF 1995 - Njrpa fy;tp Mizf;FO

3. jkpo; - Mrpupau; ife;J}y; (1999) - Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

4. jkpo; nkhopAk; ,yf;fpaKk; - Mrpupau; mwpTiug;G topfhl;b

(2008) jkpo;nkhopj; Jiw> Njrpa fy;tp epWtfk;

175

05

English Education

Lakshmie K. Cumaranatunge

Mrs.Vijitha Yatawatte

Mrs. Vijitha Yatawatte has served as a teacher of English in

government schools, a lecturer in English (Peradeniya teachers’

College, and Higher Institute for English Education, NIE) and as a

Chief Project Officer, the Director of English and Assistant Director

General (curriculum development) in the National Institute of

Education.

She holds an English Specialist trained teachers’ certificate from the

Peradeniya English Teachers’ College, a BA English Honors Degree

from the University of Peradeniya, a Diploma in English in Education

from the University of Lancaster, UK and an M.A. in Applied

Linguishics from the University of Reading, UK. She has been

involved in the fields of English as a Second Language (ESL) since

1964, in classroom teaching, program, administration, teacher

education, curriculum planning, material preparation, research

studies and English Language Testing. At present she is serving as

a consultant for upgrading the curriculum of Higher National

Diploma in English in Sri Lanka Institute of Advanced Technological

Education.

B.A. Honours (Ceylon), Dip .Ed (Colombo), M.A. in E.S.L. (Hawaii)

Advanced Certificate in E.S.P (Singapore).

Presently visiting lecturer at the University of Colombo and the Open

University of Sri Lanka. Before her retirement, Mrs. Cumarantunge

served the Ministry of Education from 1961 as a Teacher; Lecturer

(Teacher’s College Maharagama) and Director (English Education),

N.I.E. She was also a co-writer for two series of textbooks. English for

Me and World through English. Her papers have been published by

Modern English Publications, London, Institute of Language in

Education, Hong Kong, Nagoya Gakuin University, Japan and in Sri

Lanka. Mrs. Cumaranatunge has received awards from The British

Council, TESOL (U.S.A) and the Australian Federation of University

Women.

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C.L. AmarasekaraB.A. (University of Peradeniya); Post Graduate Certificate in

Education; Diploma in Education; M Phil in Education (University

of Colombo); MA in Applied languages (University of Reading, UK);

PHD (University of Sri Jayawardanapura).

Teacher, Lecturer in English in Technical College, National

coordinator in English in the Ministry of Education, Sri Lanka; Head,

Dept of Languages and Dean in the Faculty of Social Sciences in

the University of Sabaragamuwa; Consultant for English- Ministry

of Education Maldives; Consultant – English- Master of Education,

Sri Lanka.

Kamala Wijeratue

B.A. (University of ceylon), P.G..D. (TESL) University of ceylon,

M.ED (University of Peradeniya), M.A. (TESOL) University of

Edinburgh (Scotland) has served as a teacher lecturer of the English

Teachers' College (Peradeniya) and Chief Project Officer of the NIE

(Maharagama, and visiting lecturer at the University of Sri

Jayawardhanapura. Currently she is visiting lecturer at the Dept.

of Humanities, Faculty of Education, University of Colombo.

0.1 Introduction and Background to the Study

Sri Lanka’s association with the English Language began over two centuries

ago when she became a British colony in 1796. English soon became the dominant

language used for administrative purposes in the courts and in all areas of trade

and commerce. Before long it also became the medium of instruction in a select

group of urban schools. These schools came to be patronized by the wealthy and

privileged minority in the society. The vast majority of students attended ‘Vernacular’

schools where English was not taught and the medium of instruction was Sinhala

and Tamil. With the end of British rule in Sri Lanka, this duality in the school

system also ended. The mother tongue was gradually introduced as the medium of

instruction, and the Education Amendment Act of 1951 made the teaching of English

compulsory in all schools from grade 3 upwards. This meant that English which

had hitherto been used as the medium of instruction to a select few was now to be

taught on a mass national scale to everybody. "The teaching of English on a mass

national scale to speakers of other languages is a phenomenon which is not only

recent but also extremely ambitious" (Tongue, 1985). So much so, that few countries

have faced up to the magnitude of the task and grappled with it successfully. "The

Ministry of Education in Sri Lanka was unprepared for the ensuing challenge"

(Cumaranatunge, 1982). But it made considerable efforts in terms of policy changes

to meet this challenge.

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1.1 The Period under Review

The period under review spans forty years viz. 1969 to 2009. It was a period

of significant political, economic and social change. Not only did governments change

under the operation of the democratic process but also brought about widely differing

policies in economic and social structure. These had their repercussions on the

body politic in terms of infra-structural developments and transformation of the

human habitat. They also resulted in violent and cataclysmic phenomena like the

youth rebellions of 1971 and 1988-89 in the South and the ethnic war that continued

for thirty years, viz. from 1983 to 2009. Commenting on the Youth uprising of 1971

Perera & Perera (2006) observe: “The shock and trauma of the insurgency of the

1971 youth revolt dealt a severe blow to the faith in education per se as a means to

economic development”. This is stressed by Jayatillake et al. (1990) “It is only

through education that the poor and the under-privileged majority can surmount the

barriers that keep them disadvantaged, whether these barriers are created by race,

creed, caste, class or other social or economic factions”. Education was a dividing

factor and increased tensions; (Jayatillake et al. 1990). ‘But solutions to the problems

were sought through education, itself, thereby affirming faith in education’, (Perera

& Perera 2006). It is to be noted that in both instances ‘education’ includes English

education as well. The widening gap between opportunity in life and performance

in education was related to the quality of English education imparted. In 1990

Jayatillake et al. commented on the emergence of the term ‘Kaduwa’ as a politico-

social concept.

“The notion of ‘Kaduwa’ has two components. The first refers to

pervasive discrimination in all spheres of life: especially employment,

directed against monolingual Sinhala and Tamil speaking youth. The

Commission is firmly convinced that such discrimination does take place

consciously or otherwise in all sectors of employment; the private sector,

the public sector, the corporations section and the plantation sector. This

stifling of opportunity is one of the major reasons for contemporary youth

unrest. The second aspect of ‘Kaduwa’ relates to the questions of social

mobility. Since independence, English has consistently remained the

preserve of the elite families. In fact, many young people felt that there

was a hidden conspiracy to deny them knowledge of English in order to

restrict opportunity for social mobility”.

Udagama, (1996) reiterates this situation when he observes that “the

apprehensions of the rural intelligentsia is not diminished”

1.2 The Status of English

The various social and social psychological factors discussed above emphasize

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that the major issues related to the status of English referred to by Perusinghe

(1968) in English vs the National Languages and Premaratne (1968) in Struggle

for a Change in the Medium of Instruction continued throughout the period under

review. Citing Helps (1872) Perusinghe remarks;

“Here (in Sri Lanka), the father ‘reckons in a fatuous manner upon his

son’s advancement in life as certain from the time of his entering an

English school”.

According to Premaratne (1968) who quotes Arunachalam (1901):

“English is so imperfectly taught that after spending over a dozen years

in its study many are found to be unable to express themselves without

gross blunders of grammar and idioms, though sometimes they acquire a

certain vocabulary of English which they mistake for education”.

These statements show the dichotomy in English education which had existed

and continues to exist even today. The remarks are relevant for today, as they

were in 1968. The gap between need and achievement which reflects the difference

between social realty and political ideology is very apparent. As late as 1996,

Udagama remarked on this social reality:

“Sinhala and Tamil are now official and national languages and English

is a ‘link’ language. However, English has emerged as an official and

national language though official documents do not mention this change”.

This social reality that there is a gap between what prevailed in society and

what a political party or government gave voice to nurtured from the pre-

independence era has continued for five decades. De Lanerolle et al. writing in

1973 were conscious of this ambiguity: “Whether regarded as a foreign, second or

complementary or associate language”. It shows the variety of roles and status

English enjoys in the different social strata of Sri Lanka.

The education reforms envisioned in 1943 clarified the status of English;

“English should be taught as a compulsory second language in all schools

concurrently with the changeover in the medium of instruction to Sinhala

and Tamil, so that English ceases to be a badge of social privilege”.

But the reality was different. In the Education reforms of 2003 (Envisioning

Education for Human Development: Proposals for a National Policy Framework

on General Education in Sri Lanka, Dec. 2003), the committee clarified its policy

towards English; In the introduction to the reforms of 2003, the committee makes

the following observations:\

“English has been taught as a compulsory Second language from grade three

for around half a century but has failed to ensure proficiency in spoken/

written English among the student population and continues therefore to

be an agent of social discrimination”.

English education has seen a virtual sea change in the 1990 from its relegation

179

to low priority second language status in a hostile environment to ever increasing

demand for English and more English. In the rationale for this sea change one

hears the echo of previous debates and discussion (1973, 1981, 1996 and 2001).

The change has been in response to:

a) English has emerged as a critical factor in graduate unemployment,

particularly in the context of a shrinking public sector and an expanding

private sector.

b) English is currently the main language of information and communication

technology and is a gateway to a vast exciting storehouse of knowledge to

students. The committee concludes that;

“In this context it is necessary to give priority to formulating a national

policy to promote English proficiency through the education process”.

1.3 Curriculum Reforms for Better English Instruction

The need for more and better English Language instruction has been reiterated

since 1960 (S.F. de Silva). Two major concerns persisted through the four decades

as reflected in the various commission reports.

(a) deterioration of standards

(b) limited circulation of English or elitism

S.F. de Silva (1960) referred to deteriorating standards. Jayasooriya (1961)

also remarks on this. The white papers of 1981 stressed that a “concentrated

effort is needed to upgrade the teaching of English and promised that ‘training of

teachers for teaching of English will receive special attention”. Udagama, (1996)

also commented that “the standard remains low”.

The period 1969 - 2009 saw the appointment of at least five commissions of

inquiry to look into the improvement of English Education. The results were:

(i) The recommendations of the de Lanerolle Committee (1973)

(ii) The White paper of 1981

(iii) The Halpe Commission Report of 1979

(iv) The reforms of 1996

(v) The reforms of 2003

Some were committees appointed for overall reform of general education.

Others were specially appointed to look in to the teaching of English. One and all

they emphasized,

a) the importance of English

b) the need to improve instruction

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Every commission emphasized the growing importance of English in the

national and the international context. Udagama (1996) points out that “our national,

political, cultural and economic interests as well as our regional and international

commitments demand English for communication, teaching, technology, further

education, development and modernization purposes”

In the education reforms of 2003 (Envisioning Education for Human

Development: proposals for a National Policy Framework on General Education in

Sri Lanka, Dec. 2003) the committee clarified its policy towards English. It proposed

that;

“In the context of the increasingly important role of English in the national

and global environment”,

(a) Oral English should be strengthened in the primary classes to facilitate the

development of communication skills;

(b) Bilingualism should be promoted by using English as the medium of instruction

in selected subjects such as Maths, Science, Information Technology in the

Secondary grades;

(c) Students of secondary grades should be given the option to;

(i) Study any subject in the English medium in the G.C.E. (O/L) and G.C.E. (A/

L) grades subject to the availability of teachers;

(ii) Sit the G.C.E. (O/L) and G.C.E (A/L) examinations in the medium of their

choice;

(d) Access to English should be extended island-wide over the next five years

starting in 2004 with the national schools, and provincial centres of excellence

to which scholarship holders will also be sent, so that at least one/two schools

in each administrative division will teach the selected subjects in English as

soon as possible; and

(e) There should be no restriction on the medium of instruction in the fee levying

private schools;

Although the curriculum was revised many times (1973, 1991, 1996, 2001,

2003) no significant change in the medium was implemented. But in 2001 (Final

Report, National Amity Project, 2004), Amity schools “as a strategy to build national

unity was conceived.” Wijesinghe (2002) states “Amity schools will be required to

amity students of different communities”. There was a sudden shift in policy towards

the language of instruction. In 2002, English medium instruction was reintroduced.

Circular No. Ed/01/12/05/05/01 dated 2001/02/23 entitled English Madhayen

Eganweema (Teaching in the English medium) gave authority to this. According to

this circular, the decision to reintroduce English medium instruction was a response

to requests made by ‘various persons and institutions’. The government decided to

teach Chemistry. Physics, Combined Maths, Advanced Maths and Agriculture in

181

the English medium. The facility to sit the examination in either of two media was

given.

Both pupils and teachers were asked to state their preference for learning

and teaching in the English medium. Twenty Five Percent of the students who

hoped to follow the science stream opted to do so in the English medium. Fifty

percent of the science graduates consented to teach in the English medium.

1.4 The Reversal: English Medium Instruction

Bandara (2004) comments on this sudden change as follows; “However in

recent times, the authorities have taken steps to change the medium without studying

the context”. The policy regarding the medium of instruction has seen a sea change.

Changed from medium to subject in the curriculum in the 1950s, English became

once again the medium of instruction, though with limited circulation. It underwent

yet another change in the bilingual curriculum. Key subjects like Mathematics,

Science, Health and Physical Science and Geography can be studied in the English

Medium while the other subjects could be offered in the mother tongue.

The curriculum reforms have resulted in English occupying two different

positions in the national curriculum of Sri Lanka viz. as subject and as medium. As

medium, it touches only an insignificant number of the student population. But

English as subject in the curriculum is established as one of the compulsory subjects

that should be taken at the G.C.E. (O/L) Examination.

It is the developments in English as subject in the curriculum that the following

sections of the study deal with. The first section deals with the designing of teaching

and learning materials and the methodology that was used. In English Language

teaching the syllabus cannot be separated from teaching- learning materials. Hence

the changes in curriculum policy are best seen in the materials used in the teaching-

learning process and the methodology.

2.0 Materials and Methods

During the period leading up to the early 1960s many problems beset the

ESL programme; among them the absence of clearly defined objectives, the lack

of suitable textbooks and a relevant methodology for teaching English as a second

language. In the absence of national guidelines in this regard, schools were left to

their own devices. The de Lanerolle Commission Report (1973) cites that the same

textbook was used in several classes and several series were used in the same

school. According to Mosback (1984) the most popular course books during this

period were An English Course for Ceylon (Macmillan) and the Oxford English

Course for Ceylon (1953). After a survey of textbooks in a large number of

schools the S.F. de Silva Commission Report states that, “...there is no series of

182

English text books in Ceylon completely satisfactory for use as readers in the

primary and post-primary classes”(1960: 17). These problems were exacerbated

by the new demand for English from rural students who were hitherto unfamiliar

with the second language. The presence of such students in the former ‘English’

schools created problems of classroom heterogeneity resulting in all round frustration

and declining standards.

A special unit was set up in 1960 to assist the ESL programme and this

helped to accelerate the pace of development. The graded structural - oral -

situational approach was selected to guide the preparation of a new syllabus and

scheme of work. This was the “... latest, most popular and most promising of the

known methods of teaching foreign languages...”(Lanerolle Commission Report,

1973: 58). The commission identified the following as being some of the key concepts

of this method.

- Oral competence should be a prior requisite for the development of all skills.

- Grammatical structures should be taught without reference to rules. In the

early stages language should be simplified and reduced to patterns.

- Features of sentence structure must become automatic through pattern

practice.

- Techniques of presentation should be through exacting and meticulously

planned situations.

2.1 Materials Design in the 1960s

In 1963 the Ministry of Education prepared a ‘Syllabus and Scheme of Work

in English as a Second Language’ which was a major step in adapting the structural

approach to the Sri Lankan setting. This document however, was almost entirely

based on The Teaching of Structural Words and Sentence Patterns, by A.S.

Hornby (1961). Hornby’s tables were intended to provide the structural base for

lessons in speech, reading and writing. The Lanerolle Commission Report describes

this scheme as being, “unrealistic and difficult to implement” (1973: 60). Around

this time. the Ministry decided to appoint a panel of local writers to prepare a new

set of textbooks and course guides for Sri Lanka. Unfortunately, no attempt was

made to study the current ESL situation and the working of the 1963 scheme.

Instead its basic ideas continued to guide the preparation of the new textbook

series called An English Course. It was published in the following order- Grade3

in 1965, Grade 4 in 1966, Grade 5 in 1966. Grade 6 in 1967, Grade 7 in 1969, Grade

8 in 1970, Grade 9 in 1969, Grade 10 in 1969, Grades 11 and 12 in 1966 (ibid. p. 68),

183

2.1.2. The New Series

The new textbooks strictly adhered to the graded structural approach as

currently understood. No attempt was made to give it a liberal or creative

interpretation. However, the books emphasized reading comprehension as it was

assumed that English would be used mainly for getting information. A typical lesson

opens with - section A ‘Language Practice’, which contained a series of often

unrelated sentences where the new structure is presented in several situations.

This is followed by numerous opportunities to practice the structure using drills,

dialogues. substitution tables, etc. Sections B and C contain ‘Reading’ passages

preceded by a list of new words with mother tongue equivalents. Reading ‘C’ was

slightly more advanced than reading ‘B’; an expedient, perhaps, to handle different

levels of students. The reading passages often lacked the features of natural

language as they were controlled by structure. A variety of comprehension exercises,

such as multiple choice, true-false and “wh’ questions, followed. Finally, section

‘D’ contained ‘Language Exercises’, which attempted to reinforce the structures

through writing.

2.1.3 Methodology

The methodology for using the materials was carefully spelled out in the

Teachers’ Notes. The teaching item was identified in grammatical terms followed

by examples of its use. Two or three contrived situations were then given to present

the sentence patterns followed by four or five more classroom situations to practice

the structures through drills. The methodology for teaching the reading passage

begins with an introduction by the teacher. This could be done in the mother tongue

with a weak class. The vocabulary was then written on the black board, discussed

and read aloud by the students. The teacher then read the passage while the students

followed in their textbooks. Understanding is checked through oral questioning.

Even the language exercises in section ‘C’ are first done orally and worked through

on the blackboard before being completed by the students in order to avoid mistakes.

The use of the mother tongue was restricted in keeping with the current approach.

2.1.4 Weighing Up

It is evident from the above description that 'structure' was the controlling

feature of both the materials and the method. The method was teacher centred,

with no place for independent effort and no experience with the living language.

De Souza, writing in 1969, said that the materials were “seriously defective”, and

the English “dehydrated”. He concluded that, “...our English programme on which

so much time, money and effort is spent is a total failure.” In 1981, the Halpe

Commission stated that “The present core texts are dull” (p. 12). In response to a

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questionnaire given by the de Lanerolle Commission, teachers complained of the

inability to ‘get results’ from the prescribed methods, where the same structures

have to be repeated day after day, year after year. However the Commission does

say that,” With all their imperfections Ministry textbooks do make an attempt at

grading and relating lessons to the pupil’s environment. Exercises show a variety

which is lacking in most of the textbooks previously used.” (1973: 79).

Writing a decade later, Mosback concluded, “ It is now generally

acknowledged that this course and the methods associated with it do not result

even in a satisfactory level of reading ability, let alone in an ability to use English

effectively in daily life, which is seen as an increasingly pressing need in Sri Lanka”

(1984: 179). The structural approach which had given rise to so much expectation

did not stand the test of classroom implementation. The time was ripe for change.

But the tragedy was that change took so long in coming, and in the meanwhile

standards kept on crumbling.

2.2 Materials and Methods in the 1980s Decade

The 1980s decade saw new approaches to materials design. This is reflected

in ENGLISH FOR ME – a new series of learning materials for primary school.

‘English for Me’ - A New Series of Learning Materials for Primary School

English as a second language (ESL) at primary school was one of the mostneglected areas in the school curriculum. Although it was obligatory to teach English

from grade 3, most schools, especially in the rural areas, failed to implement this,

due to lack of teachers and resources. In fact, English at primary level was either

not taught or taught badly by unqualified teachers.

In 1980, the Ministry of Education initiated the Sri Lanka- Norway-UNESCO

Primary English Project to remedy this situation and revitalize second language

teaching at grades 3,4, and 5 (Cabinet Memorandum 598, November, 1984). The

project received a generous-grant from Norway, and UNESCO expertise in the

form of consultants. Its objectives were-

• to design a new set of pupil centred learning materials in place of the existing

structural English course;

• to evolve related teaching strategies; and

• to train teachers to these teaching stratesies.

The project was experimental and school based from its inception. The pilot

project commenced in 1981 with 20 schools and was gradually extended to 200

schools by 1984, when it was evaluated by a UNESCO team. The team was very

positive in its comments and recommended national implementation of the project

from 1985. By 1987, ‘English for Me’, the new set of primary materials, was in use

in all primary classes island wide.

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2.2.1 The Learning Package

The new learning package, which was prepared by a local team, consisted

of a Pupil Text, a Workbook, a set of recorded cassettes (for the first book only),

and a Teacher’s Guide. The Pupil Text contains dialogues built around

communicative situations which are close to the experiences of Sri Lankan children.

The dialogues were not for reading but for encouraging oral communication in the

classroom. The Workbook emphasized reading and writing, and contained a variety

of tasks and problem solving activities which marked a clear departure from the

structure based mechanical exercises of the earlier texts. Though linked to units in

the Pupil Text, these activities were extensions in terms of both language and

content and took the child outside the text to the-real world. They could, therefore,

be differentiated to meet learner abilities, as well as needs and interests according

to diverse regional, social and ethnic settings. The decision to produce a set of

recorded cassettes was based on a preliminary survey which revealed that the

pronunciation of most primary teachers was below that of standard Sri Lankan

English. This constraint could be minimized by using the cassettes to initially present

the dialogues.

The Teachers’ Guide was an integral part of the learning kit .On the one

hand. it was meant to meet the limitation of poorly qualified teachers, by clearly

spelling out the intended classroom procedure. On the other, it was part of the

teaching / learning resource itself, because it contained numerous extensions to the

materials whereby the teacher could individualize instruction and maximize its

relevance. The mere provision of communicative materials alone does not guarantee

that they will be used communicatively in the classroom. The teacher has to be

constantly reminded of his/her new role as a facilitator and confidence builder.

2.2.2 Methodology

The suggested methodology for using the material did not conform to any

particular imported model. In fact it evolved and took shape while the project was

in its pilot stage and later came to be refined and spelled out after discussions

between the local writing team and UNESCO consultants. However, it has to be

accepted that it came under the influence of the then popular Communicative

Approach. The Cabinet Memorandum No. 598 states, “Adhering to the principles

of the communicative approach, the project has incorporated in its methodology

certain identifiable project specific learning strategies (November, 1984: p.3). These

are identified as attaching greater importance to learning rather than teaching, a

less dominant role for the teacher, a stress free classroom atmosphere, high

expectations from students as learners, and finally, to quote, “As language is

essentially a social phenomenon, the project believes that language learning is most

effective when carried out as a co-operative activity in the classroom-

community”(ibid.).

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The classroom procedure had several steps. The lesson began with using

the Pupil Text for oral communication. Influenced by Krashen’s theory of

“comprehensible input’ (1982), the procedure gave importance to understanding.

Meaning was established by activating prior knowledge of events in the text, guessing

meaning from context and using the illustrations in the text. The dialogues were

then used for speaking, through role play. Finally, children used the newly acquired

language to say something of their own. Interaction was vital at all stages of the

procedure. Reading and writing were introduced through the Workbook. ‘Beyond

the Dialogue’ was the final step in the procedure. Its aim was to achieve some

inbuilt course differentiation. Many of the dialogues in the text were open-ended;

they contain references to past and future events. Thus, there were many

developmental possibilities for students and teachers to explore together in creating

new dialogues and activities which were meant to form the basis of further classroom

learning (Teacher’s Guide Year 4, 1984).

2.2.3 Principles Underlying the Materials and Methodology

One of the principal aims of the course was to build confidence in the learner

to use English. To achieve this goal the suggested classroom procedure was meant

to set the child free to participate, make mistakes and express feelings. The teacher’s

role was to relate to young learners, motivate them by creating a stress free

classroom atmosphere. The Pupil Text was written to make learners feel at ease:

they had no exercises and tasks, only short play-lets. These were selected more

for their emotional, motivational and interactional qualities rather than for their

language value. The materials used local words for referents lacking proper names

in English (e.g. sil, poonac, chapathi) and common Sri Lankan usage of English

words (de Souza, 1969).

Another feature of the materials was that there was no predetermined

syllabus with a selection of grammar and lexis. “The syllabus develops organically

from the materials (Tomlinson,1998: 147 ). The materials were seen not so much

as ‘content’ but as an ‘action resource’ engaging the learner in the task of

communication (Candlin and Breen, 1979). In this sense it was similar to the

‘Procedural Syllabus’ of Prabhu’s Bangalore Project which gained popularity at

this time (Cooray, 2007).

Materials specific teacher training was an essential by product of the project

(Cumaranatunge, 1986). The project trained 200 teacher educators who then trained

8,000 primary teachers on a regional basis using interactive, group oriented training

techniques which modeled the methodology espoused by the materials. The success

of ‘English for Me’ owes as much to this training, as it does to the appeal of the

materials with their pleasing illustrations and for the first time, the use of colour.

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‘English for Me’ signaled an innovation in textbook writing and methodology

after nearly twenty years of structuralism and pattern practice drills. The new

series helped to establish the importance of second language teaching at primary

level when children are less inhibited and devoid of any negative attitudes towards

the new language which is sometimes the case with older learners in Sri Lanka

(Wickramasuriya, 1974). The entire learning package was received with great

enthusiasm by both students and teachers and the project met with unprecedented

success for several years.

By the end of the mid ’90s however the project’s success began to wane.

Many of its early principles got eroded: concepts such as ‘Beyond the Dialogue’,

didn’t materialize as intended – Pollard (1996 : 3) talks of ‘the huge distance between

‘haves’ and have not schools,’ and how ‘this situation poses major problems for

those trying to develop a curriculum that will be appropriate for students in all parts

of the country.’

2.3 Materials for the Secondary School

Parallel to the primary project, a similar project was initiated in 1982 to

rewrite the secondary materials (grades 6-10, later referred to as year 7-11 after

the period of schooling was extended from 12 to 13 years). As with the primary

project, the objective of the secondary project was also to write a set of new

materials which would better reflect a communicative approach to language teaching,

and the new national need for English as a language for every day communication

in a variety of social and job oriented situations. As stated in Cabinet Memorandum

598 of the Ministry of Education, “The new series will consider the emerging needs

of the country in the use of English as a world Language for communication”

(1984: 4). The project was headed by a British Council consultant who worked

with a local team of writers as the series editor. The British government further

assisted the project through the provision of resources and training facilities for the

writers.

Prior to the actual preparation of the new series, the materials writing team

prepared a supplementary manual called Talk English 1982, which contained

instructions on how the structure based exercises of the existing textbooks (‘An

English Course’), could be used in a more communicative manner (Mosback, 1984).

These materials were piloted in 1,000 strategically placed schools. During 1982-83

over 2,500 ELT staff, including the entire field staff, were trained in the use of

these materials and introduced to the principles of communicative methodology.

As Mosback points out this two year ‘sampling’ period called the English Quality

Improvement Programme (EQUIP) proved invaluable (1990: 19). It provided the

nation wide teacher, pupil orientation on the principles under - pinning the new

course, it opened opportunities ,during the workshops, for teachers to prepare their

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own materials, it gave on the job training to the materials team and it formed the

nucleus out of which grew a new series of textbooks- English Eveiy Day. “The

new materials project has been planned to interlock step by step with the English

Quality Improvement Programme (EQUIP) for secondary school teachers” (ibid.).


The course package consisted of a textbook and a teacher’s guide. Later,

a role play cassette and video were also produced. The course had five books and

the first book was published in 1985. By 1989 they replaced the earlier course

book from year 7 to 11. Each unit of the textbook had the following nine components:

- Role play dialogue

- Finding out

- Word study

- Listening

- Grammar in action

- Writing

- Learning together

- Everyday conversations

- Grammar notes

As is evident the materials emphasized all four skills and provided opportunity

to use language in a variety of authentic situations. It was based on a situational -

functional syllabus (ibid.). The materials rejected the concept of pattern practice

and instead used communication activities in ‘learning together’ to practice language

in task oriented group settings. ‘Grammar in action’ was retained in deference to

the wishes of teachers schooled in traditional practices who insisted that there

should be some form of grammatical focus to each unit. But grammar was practiced

through communicative dialogues, and not through rules or structures. There was

an appendix to each book called ‘Grammar notes’ which outlined unit by unit the

underlying structural syllabus.” Though ostensibly for further study by brighter

pupils they were also designed as a safety- net for newly trained or unconfident

teachers in the absence of any widely available grammars” (Mosback, 1990:22).

2.3.2 Methodology

The teaching methodology as given in the Teacher’s Guide was student

centred, favouring group work and an active, mobile teacher. It stressed the

importance of the teacher-pupil relationship and an affective learning environment.

The teacher’s use of classroom language and strategies of error correction were

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as, or even more critical than his/her ability to handle the material. The new materials

thus placed a heavy onus on the teacher. After almost two decades of traditionalism

and the teacher controlled classroom it was a formidable task to groom the new

type of teacher. Perhaps, it was the project’s limited success at this task which

restricted the effectiveness of the new materials.

In a discussion of the problems facing English language teaching in Sri Lanka

in the mid ’90s Nagasunderam says, “the problem lies not with the materials per se

(English Every Day in this case), but with the teacher’s lack of understanding of

the theoretical principles underlying the materials. For example, even after ten

years of communicative approach many teachers felt that learning took place only

when the teacher was teaching i.e. talking and explaining” (1996). Excessive teacher

talk thus prevented students from the actual use of language.

However. Pollard who reported on the Secondary Education Development

Project expresses the view that the ‘English Every Day’ series reflects a far too

extreme swing of the pendulum in the direction of communicative philosophy, “an

unrealistically unstructured approach”, which fails to give adequate emphasis to

the teaching and learning of basic grammar. He suggests a more balanced

curriculum, “in which the teaching and learning of basic grammar can be integrated

successfully into a Communicative system” (1996:5).

Pollard also felt that the, “...present texts generally contained too many

components and lack a clear sense of organization and direction (especially with

regard to grammar)” (p. 10). The “gap” in the difficulty level between year 6 and

year 7 texts and the fact that the year 9 book was supposed to be more advanced

than the year 10 book were other problems which seemed to reflect the absence

of proper gradation. The view that the texts were more appropriate for stronger

students rather than weaker students was another cause for concern; especially in

view of Pollard’s statement that the materials contained, “... a disproportionate

amount of foreign content”(p. 11).

By the mid 1990s there was a general consensus that both the primary and

secondary textbook series needed revision. The current requirements appeared to

be for textbooks that would strike a balance between the practice of grammar and

the communicative use of language; while at the same time selecting and arranging

curriculum material in such a way that it met the needs of both stronger and weaker

learners.

2.4 Materials design for the Tertiary Level : An Integrated Course in

English for A- Level

Along with the primary, the other neglected area of English Education was the

senior secondary level - grades 12 and 13. Since entry into the university is highly

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competitive and a pass in English is not compulsory, most schools and students at

pre-university level tend to ignore English and concentrate on other subjects in the

school curriculum. Writing in 1981, the Halpe Commission (English Language

Committee of Inquiry) stated, “The current supposedly compulsory courses in

General English for grades 12 and 13 serve no useful purpose and should be dropped.

By all accounts these courses usually degenerate into a farce because of the lack

of student motivation and the pressure of work in other subjects.” But when these

same students enter the university or the world of work they find that English is

absolutely essential for academic studies and to obtain gainful employment.

In order to resolve this dilemma, the English Division of the Curriculum

Development Centre initiated a project with Fulbright assistance to prepare a new

set of skill based learning materials for A-Level students.

2.4.1 The New Course

The new ‘An Integrated Course in English for the A-Level’ published in

1986 initially came in three volumes; Reading, Writing, Listening Comprehension

and Speaking Activities, with accompanying Teacher’s Books. The textbook was

later published as a single volume in 1993. This material marks a departure from

normal textbooks in that the content is not organized under teaching units but grouped

under skills. The teacher has to select activities according to his/her requirements,

group them together and construct a teaching unit. The materials, therefore, had

scope for individualizing instruction and catering to different ability levels. The

reading texts, for example, were ‘well selected and contained appropriate material

for questions in skimming, scanning, reading for full comprehension, and critical

evaluation. The writing textbook contained both manipulation activities as well as

process writing activities. Listening and speaking were also adequately emphasized

through a variety of activities. The Teacher’s Book contained substantial information

on how to use the material, in addition to general guidelines on skimming, scanning,

listening comprehension, etc.

The tragedy, however, was that the materials were hardly used in the class

room. Since English was not an examination subject at A Level, with few exceptions,

no one bothered to teach it systematically. Barely two periods a week was assigned

to A-level English. Most schools had no teachers and textbooks gathered dust in

school libraries. It must also be mentioned that the materials did not look particularly

attractive.

There were no illustrations at all. The format also may have discouraged

some teachers as there were no themes or teaching units and the onus for selection

fell on the teacher.

If A-Level English had been given the emphasis it deserved, both the country

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in general and the students in particular would have benefited in numerous ways.

For instance,

• Students would have been better prepared to handle English medium

disciplines at the universities.

• They could have enriched their Sinhala/Tamil medium lectures through wider

reading in English.

• Learners would have enhanced their employability in the competitive job

market, especially, in the expanding private sector by developing their

communication skills (Wiijeratne, Cumaranatunge & Perera, NEC: 2004).

However, these benefits never accrued and English at A-Level remained a

disregarded area for another decade or more.

2.5 Materials and Methods in the 1990s : The World through English

- A New Course for Secondary Schools.

2.5.1 The Background

The initial impetus for the preparation of new learning materials came through

the Secondary Education Development Project, funded by the Asian Development

Bank (ADB). Commencing around 1995 a curriculum team was set up for this

purpose comprising three senior local consultants and an ADB consultant, Gordon

Pollard. This team critically examined the existing textbooks, and sought feedback

from a variety of sources such as In-Service Advisors (ISA), District English

Language Improvement Centres (DEL1C), PRINSETT Centres and teachers from

different types of schools regarding the current status of English teaching in the

country.

2.5.2 Features of the New Materials

Based on these studies the team came up with the conclusion that, “...the

communicative approach has not achieved as much as had been hoped for at the

time of its introduction” (Pollard, 1996:10). They felt the need to “strike a more

realistic balance between the communicative approach and more traditional

methods” (ibid.). This change is clearly evident in the curriculum design of the new

textbooks. Grammar is recognized as an essential part of the communicative use

of language, therefore, each unit identifies the grammatical items and language

functions pertaining to that unit at the beginning and then picks them up at the end

for clarification and practice through exercises. The materials envisage the formal

presentation of grammar and the explanation of grammar rules.

The materials follow a thematic approach. Broad themes such as, Leisure,

Health, Environment, Information Technology, Travel, have been selected as the

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vehicle through which to present related grammatical items, language functions

and vocabulary. Each textbook has seven such themes. These themes focus on

content which is related to both local and global situations. The Teacher’s Guide

(Grade 6, p.2) comments that. “Selection of themes and organization of content is

based on the principle that learning is a thinking process. The themes stimulate

children to think in new ways about their own experiences and develop positive

attitudes and healthy values to life”. Value education is an important feature of

these materials (Johnson, 1989). Rather than “remaining silent in the classroom,

weaker students are invited to use their first language to participate in discussions

related to the themes.”

The final report of the curriculum team (Pollard, 1996:13) as well as the

Teacher’s Guide (Grade 6. p.3) say that no one teaching approach is suggested in

teaching the text. Teachers are free to select at will from the repertoire of classroom

techniques and strategies that have evolved through the ages. However. the

Teacher’s Guide presents in some detail what it calls an ‘experiential learning

cycle’ according to which “ teaching has to be based on the principle of

understanding the language forms and using the language through:

o experience;

o reflection and conceptualization;

o expression (ibid.).

‘Experience’ is explained as understanding the content, ‘Reflection’ as a

time for thinking about the new language and understanding the grammar and

‘Expression’ as the learner’s productive use of the language.


The materials were written by a local team of writers based on the broad

guidelines provided by the curriculum committee. The first book for grade six was

introduced in 1998. The series had six courses ranging from grade six to eleven.

Each course consisted of the following components.

- A Pupil’s Text

- A Teacher’s Guide

- A Workbook

- A set of recorded cassettes

Each unit of the Pupil’s Text contains the following sections based on the

unit theme.

- A Language Focus outlining the grammatical items and the language

expressions emphasized in that unit.

- A dialogue

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- A reading text related to a local situation

- A reading text related to a global situation

- A poem

- A number of activities flowing from these texts

- Language notes

The Workbook reinforces what has been learned through the Pupil’s Text

by providing opportunity for further practice, and relevant extensions to the material.

The workbook tries to encourage self-directed learning through low-structure

activities which promote self-assessment.

The Teacher’s Guide provides a comprehensive introduction giving the

rationale behind the materials. It also gives the objectives and the values that the

unit plans to inculcate along with detailed lesson notes and instructions on how to

use the cassettes. A novel feature of the Guide is the provision of a Self-Evaluation

form for teachers to complete after each unit. If diligently followed, it should have

provided the first step in developing a ‘Reflective Practitioner’.

2.5.4 Review of the New Materials

“The World through English” series presented a clear pattern of year to

year gradation with its delineated syllabus which included grammatical items for

each grade. It also provided a useful organizational structure which gave a clear

sense of direction to both teachers and students.

The major problem that curriculum planners had to face in designing a new

curriculum package for secondary schools was a plan to cater to the different

ability levels in the school system. Pollard in his final report says that the solution

adopted by his curriculum committee was “to try to structure and organize curriculum

content in such a way that it caters to two levels of language ability and

performance” (1996: 4 and 11). In actual implementation, however the textbooks

do not demonstrate this two level approach. With the exception of the comprehension

questions which are of two types, none of the other activities or texts draws attention

to the fact of two levels of difficulty in the materials. The basic problem of meeting

the needs of divergent levels of competency among schools and often within the

same classroom remained unresolved.

In 2004, the first book in the series, the grade 6 textbook was withdrawn and

replaced by a new book, “A Journey through English”. Later the other books in the

series were also gradually withdrawn.

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2.6 Materials and Methods for the Tertiary Level : General English for

G.C.E. A Level Class


In 1977, the Government of Sri Lanka launched a programme to reform and

restructure the entire educational system. The major thrust of these reforms was

to equip students with the necessary knowledge and technological skills needed to

enter the modern employment market and cope with the challenges of the 21st

century. Competence in English was seen as a key ingredient in this process and,

“...it was strengthened at all levels” (Raheem and Devendra, 2007: 196).

Special emphasis was given to English at A-Level- The National Education

Commission (NEC) publication, “ Reforms in General Education” states that, “at

GCE (A/L) stage every student will be required to learn English. For this purpose

adequate time will be provided in the timetable”(1997:15). English was given equal

status as the other subjects in the A-Level curriculum and it was to be tested as

part of the A-Level examination; but its marks were not included in the aggregate

mark attained by the student. The new reforms saw English in a fresh light as a

means of providing enormous leverage in employment. The emphasis of the new

programme was not on the small minority of students who entered the universities

but on the majority that entered the ‘world of work’. The urgency attached to this

project is evident from the fact that. unlike on past occasions when textbooks were

written by the N1E, this time a high level Advisory Committee was set up comprising

representatives from the Universities, N1E , MOE and NEC to design and implement

a new set of learning materials for A-Level.


The new textbook titled, ‘General English for GCE Advanced Level Classes’

was compiled by writers from the universities of Colombo, Keleniya, the Open

University and the N1E. The original materials were published in 1999 in two

volumes for years 12 and 13. They were considered experimental and the writers

invited feedback from users to revise them. The revised materials were published

as a single volume in 2001. The package also included two audio cassettes and a

Teacher’s Guide. These materials have now been in use for fourteen years.

The objectives of ‘General English’ as given in the preface of the 2004

edition are as follows:

- To encourage students to use English in daily life

- To enjoy using English in everyday conversations

- To prepare for the examination in General English

- To practice both spoken and written English

- To develop skills to function in English in an office.

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Besides these general objectives, specific lesson objectives are given at the

beginning of each lesson unit. The preface to the original edition (1999) of the

book provides an overview of its contents. The materials focus on English in daily

life, letter writing, telephone conversations, facing interviews, discussing current

events and contemporary issues. Emphasis is also given to English in the workplace.

The chapter called. ‘Office Talk’ is devoted to official writing of all types, official

conversations, speech making, office telephone talk, etc. as well as the grammar

and vocabulary needed to perform these functions. This chapter also contains many

authentic models of this genre for students to follow in terms of language and

format.

The writers claim that,” This book can also be approached from the point of

view of tasks and themes” (Preface, 1999: V). The early lesson units have a more

functional approach with activities such as, introductions, describing people,

describing objects, emotions, etc. The later lessons take on a more thematic

approach discussing topical and interesting themes, for example, ‘War and Peace’,

‘Love and Marriage’, ‘Landmines’ and ‘Sports’. Activities like summarizing, speech

making, vocabulary and grammar exercises are woven around these themes.

It is difficult to decide whether the materials conform to any particular

methodology or not, as there is no statement of the “pedagogical underpinnings

from which they are developed” (Poole, 2002: 13). However, it is evident that the

textbook strikes a balance between the extremes of a purely unstructured approach

which believes that learners would somehow ‘’pick up” the grammar of a language

simply by being exposed to the workings of a “communicative system”, and the

more traditional method of pattern practice and the memorization of grammar rules.

The book gives considerable emphasis to grammar teaching through sections called

‘Grammar Review’ in addition to, grammar exercises and grammar notes. At the

same time the materials manifest a communicative orientation through task- based

activities, group work and the use of conversational language. The textbook follows

an integrated approach, dealing with all four skills. The accompanying audio-

cassettes are for developing listening and pronunciation.

In many respects ‘’General English “marks a departure in textbook writing

in Sri Lanka. They make effective use of colour, design and illustrations. The content

is varied, containing such diverse elements as pop songs, fun rhymes, graffiti literary

excerpts, poems, short stories, biographical essays and many more. The materials

are presented in an informal style which learners will appreciate. Words of advice

which take learners into the confidence of the writers, and candid comments mark

a new trend, moving away from the more formal style of the junior secondary

materials. The writers also affirm that the materials are written in standard Sri

Lankan English. A study done by the NEC (2002) showed that the book was popular

with a majority of students and teachers (Wijeratne, Cumaranatunge & Perera).

2004).

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2.6.3 Appraisal of the Programme

In classroom implementation, however, certain problems surfaced. Many, if

not most teachers lacked the pedagogical skills needed to exploit the materials

creatively. The above mentioned study found that many classrooms had conventional,

teacher dominated environments with little variation in activity. Lack of adequate

materials for specific teacher training was a glaring factor. Some teachers did not

have the language competence needed to handle the more difficult lessons.

The intractable problem of classroom heterogeneity is most conspicuous at

A-Level with different levels of language competence between rural and urban

schools and even between different streams such as Arts and Science. As Pollard

puts it, “In Sri Lanka there is a yawning chasm between the rich “have” schools

and the poor “have not” schools, with the latter being found mainly, though not

exclusively, in rural areas... It was clear that ‘these schools operate in two entirely

different economic and social worlds”(1996; 3). More so than in other disciplines,

the acquisition of a second language such as English is influenced by environmental

and societal factors. It became evident that the materials needed a certain threshold

level of English and general knowledge in order to work well, which was not

uniformly available. The textbook tried to meet this problem by providing activities

that cater to a range of abilities. But teachers were not resourceful enough to do

selective teaching. They attempted to teach everything to everybody. The result

was that some students hardly learned anything. Consequently, although they sit

the A-Level final examination, they do not present themselves for the General

English paper. The other feature of concern about the final examination is the

excessive number of failures and the “unconscionably wide” gap in the pass rate

between rural and urban areas (NEC, 2003; 51).

As mentioned before, English at A-Level is one of the most critical areas of

the school curriculum and all stakeholders must be made aware of this. If

successfully implemented it will on the one hand raise the level of university education

and on the other it will make school leavers more employable.

2.7 Revision of Materials for Primary Classes

The Primary English Language Project- “Let’s Learn English”


In keeping with the General Education Reforms of 1997, the National

Education Commission (NEC) prepared a new curriculum framework for primary

grades 1-5 (key stages 1, 2 and 3). Among its features was a child centred approach,

based on a learning process that emphasized guided play, activity and desk work,

with students moving towards more desk work and less play as they progress from

grade I to 5 (NEC. 2003). New national goals and basic competencies were also

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set out in Sessional Paper v 1992 of the NEC. Therefore, the need of the hour was

for a new set of textbooks that reflect these changes. The current textbooks, the

‘English for Me’ series had been in use since 1985. The need for change was

overdue. The N1E took up this challenge with funding and expertise from the

British Government. The resulting Primary English Language Project (PELP) was

manned by a local team under the guidance of a resident British Council consultant.

The writers were practicing primary English teachers selected through open

competition (Fernando, 2001).

2.7.2. The New Package

‘Let’s Learn English’ is a series of three books for grade 3. 4 and 5. Eachgrade level has a package of Pupil’s Book, Workbook and Teacher’s Guide. Thenew materials came into operation in year 2000. Besides the textbook, there is alsoa set of supplementary readers.

The Syllabus Content

The syllabus content is built around seven topics, each topic having two

lesson units. In addition, there are four revision lessons totaling eighteen lessons

per textbook. The topics are drawn from the experiences and interests of children

and their immediate environment, such as food, toys, clothes, games, festivals, etc.

These topics provide the context for the presentation of vocabulary and language

structures. The first book (grade3) builds on and extends the vocabulary and

language structures introduced through the Activity Based Oral English (ABOE)

programme where English is informally introduced at grade one and two. The

content is also closely linked to the basic competencies taught in key stages two

and three of the new primary curriculum recommended by the NEC (Grade 3

Core Training Materials, 2000). ‘Let’s Learn English’ thus forms an essential

component of the total primary curriculum.

Unlike ‘English for Me’ which relied purely on a ‘story line’ and a ‘process

syllabus’, “Let’s Learn English’ has an ‘a priori’ syllabus, where the topics, language

structures, and vocabulary are predetermined before materials development. It,

therefore. reflects a movement away from a totally unstructured approach to a

more central position, using communicative strategies to teach identified vocabulary

and structures.

2.7.3 Methodology

‘Let’s learn English’ follows an integrated approach, where all four skills

are introduced through the materials. As previously mentioned it uses activity as

the basis for presenting and practising vocabulary and language structures. These

include arranging sequencing, comparing, observing relationships, etc. The Teacher’s

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Guide suggests teaching strategies such as, ‘setting the scene’ before introducing

new concepts, eliciting responses from learners, encouraging students to work on

their own and gradually building reading and writing skills through the Workbook.

The objective of the materials is to gradually limit the use of mother tongue in the

classroom after grade 3 (Teacher’s Guide, Grade 3: 2000).

Special mention must be made of the teacher’s guides, which provide

exhaustive guidelines to teachers. They contain unit by unit discussion on how to

use the Pupil’s Book and Workbook with the relevant pages reprinted beside the

step by step instructions. However, the Teacher’s Guide for grade 3 does mention

that. “...the teacher has the possibility to select the activities according to the needs

and level of the students” (2000: 2), thus giving the teacher some freedom of

choice. The Guide also provides an introduction which discusses the rationale behind

the materials, the approach and teaching strategies, syllabus content, assessment

procedures and a word list. It is undoubtedly one of the most user friendly teacher’s

guides prepared so far.

2.7.4 Project Appraisal

The materials prepared by PELP definitely represent one of the most

comprehensive ESL learning packages implemented so far. Besides the Pupil’s

Text, Workbook and Teacher’s Guide, the materials included a set of supplementary

readers and a teacher training video with accompanying task-sheets. For those

who favour an ‘a priori’ syllabus, the contents are delineated in terms of rationale,

approach, topics, language structures and vocabulary. The textbooks, however were

not subject to the same rigorous trialling as the ‘English for Me” series, due to time

constraints. Fernando states. “... trialling of the materials, crucial to finding out if

the materials are likely to work well in the classroom, could not be carried out in

any meaningful sense.”(2001: 100). Writing in 1996 Pollard complained of the

physical quality of Sri Lankan textbooks, stating that. “...it significantly affects the

student’s learning experience” (p. 43). In this respect, it must be observed that

‘Let’s Learn English’ displays good quality in terms of paper, print, colour and

illustration.

The preceding chronological survey of ESL textbook writing in Sri Lanka,

covers the period 1965 through 2000. The Ministry of Education published seven

series of textbooks during this period, each series ushering in a new syllabus and

reflecting a new teaching approach. The pendulum swung from extreme

structuralism to a communicative philosophy and then in the late 1990s it swung

back to a more balanced approach where as Pollard says, “...teaching and learning

of basic grammar can be integrated successfully into a communicative system”

(1996:5)

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It is evident from study of materials and methods that textbook writers in Sri

Lanka confront two critical issues. One, to adapt changing ideologies and trends

from the west to suit the socio-economic realities of this country, and the other to

prepare a single set of materials to meet the needs of divergent levels of language

competence, once again created by rural-urban dichotomies and socio-economic

privileges. It should be appreciated, however, that this problem cannot be resolved

purely through curriculum reform, it also necessitates large scale infrastructure

provision and the upgrading of teachers and learning resources in less privileged

schools.

3.0 Teacher Development

The period 1963-2009, saw many innovations in teacher education and teacher

development. The many commission reports from the 1960s decade had reiterated

the need to improve English language teacher quality (1960, 1973, 1981, 1996).

Poor teacher quality was held responsible for low standards in English. In fact,

Halpe et al (1981). remarked, “There is little doubt that current programmes are

not producing teachers of English but only a breed of survivalists labeled English

Language Teachers”(whether specialists or not).

As was refereed to earlier, the 1980s marked a watershed in the history of

English education in Sri Lanka (Cumaranatunga, 1986). The new programmes of

the Ministry of Education such as NCOES, DELICS and PRINSETT had to be

manned by educators specially trained for their jobs. Furthermore, if the new

textbooks and teaching methodologies were to be used efficiently, a strong system

of supervision and guidance had to be given. Rajapakse (1990) comments on the

“twin recruitment system geared to meet the recruitment of more and more English

teachers”. This twin recruitment system “created a backlog of approximately 6000

untrained teachers per year which could not be handled by the small number of

English teacher training colleges in Sri Lanka.” The PRINSETT (Professional

In Service English Language Teacher Training) was conceived of to provide special

training for these untrained English teachers to make them professionally competent

in teaching English as a second language up to senior secondary level in Sri Lanka”.

The advantages of the PRINSETT programme could be summarized as follows:

(a) The numbers trained at the PRINSETT centres were much larger than

those trained in the two English training colleges in Sri Lanka. Hence it

would go a long way in providing sufficient up-to-date English teachers

without much of a financial burden on the department.

(b) The PRINSETT programme utilized “innovative methods” one of which

was “adapting materials”. Charles Parish and Ray Brown (1988) made the

following comment on this significant feature of the programme:

“They come to see that any text can be mined, and there is always profitable

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ore to be extracted. They may learn to be imaginative in adapting and optimizing

their own or any other texts”. The PRINSETT programme was further developed

into the PRINSETT Credit Scheme by introducing total immersion at the beginning

and a credit system of evaluation (Fernando, 1990). The DELIC programme or the

District English Language Improvement Centres introduced much earlier i.e. in

the 1980s provided one year of English Language Training to prospective teachers,

who after successful completion of their training were also appointed as English

teachers. In addition, short term pre-service training was also accepted as a principle.

The policy of the government of this period was not to send untrained teachers to

schools.

There was an all round revamping of teacher education during this period.

The colleges of education offering a national diploma in teaching was also

inaugurated in 1985. However, the most innovative, teacher education project was

the Higher Institute for English Education set up under the dispensation of the

National Institute of Education.

3.1 Higher Institute for English Education

The need for an institute for the advanced study of the teaching of English in

Sri Lanka was first mooted by the S. F. de Silva Commission in 1960. The Report

strongly recommended the setting up of a Language Research Institute to conduct

research into the special problems of Ceylon students of English and the preparation

of syllabuses and instructional materials, and to advice on the training of teachers

and teacher trainers (Ceylon Sessional Papers V, April 1960).

Many years later, a similar suggestion was made by the Halpe Commission

in 1981, which suggested the establishment of an “... independent centre for research

and for the development of programmes and resources with adequate facilities

and funds.” (Report of the English Language Committee of Inquiry, Feb. 1981

p.14).

The 1980s marked a watershed in the history of English education in Sri

Lanka (Cumaranatunge, 1986). A change in political leadership in 1977 brought

about a change in the socio-economic milieu which looked at English not as a

privilege but as an essential utility. The liberalization of trade and commerce, the

availability of foreign employment, the establishment of new communication

technologies and the general march towards globalization created a change in the

role of English in Sri Lanka (Raheem and Devendra, 2007). This challenge was

taken up by the Ministry of Education (MOE), resulting in a spate of reforms

covering all aspects of English Education-curricula and textbooks, instructional

methodologies, testing and evaluation and teacher preparation. A significant factor

which became evident in the implementation of these reforms was the ‘need for

educators of the highest quality and the most up to date training.’ The new

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programmes of the Ministry such as NCOEs, DELICs and PRINSETT had to be

manned by educators specially trained for their jobs. Furthermore, if the new

textbooks and teaching methodologies were to be used effectively, then a strong

system of supervision and guidance had to be in place.

In March 1983 the English Division of the Curriculum Development Centre

(CDC) submitted a Report entitled Programme for Development of English

Teaching in Schools in Sri Lanka, which listed a number of projects designed to

raise the standard of English. Among them was the proposal to set up a Higher

Institute for Teacher Training. The report supported the recommendation by stating

that existing programmes such as the University Diploma in TESL have tended to

be far too general in character and have not been organized to produce a community

of professional educators. It further elaborates that “The necessity to train the

large number of trainers immediately becomes a virtue in that it offers a rare

opportunity to establish a much needed higher training institute for English teacher

training.” (p.7)

Consequently, discussions were underway between the MOE and the British

High Commission and the British Council regarding aid proposals from the Overseas

Development Authority (ODA) for foreign consultants, equipment, and training

awards for local staff. Even at this initial stage, the MOE viewed the new institute

as having the potential to evolve into an important centre of training, development

and expertise in the region. While previous proposals saw the focus of the institute

as being research and programme design, the current proposal saw its thrust as

being staff development and programme implementation. This is understandable

as the 1980s saw a plethora of reforms which needed skilled manpower for effective

implementation.

3.2 Establishment of the Higher Institute for English Education (HIEE)

The HIEE was finally set up in 1985, and was located at Bauddhaloka

Mawatha, Colombo 7. The former CDC premises were refurbished and purpose

designed, with excellent library and resource centre facilities, to house the new

institute. The initial staff comprised a Director, local academic and administrative

staff, and three British Council Consultants.

The objectives of the HIEE were as follows:-

i. To provide academic/ technical training for about 25 participants each

year through a one year diploma course and later through degree

programmes.

ii. To provide specialized training in the principles and methods of language

teacher education and supervision, and in other specialized areas of English

as a second language.

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iii. To provide relevant training for personnel engaged in implementing the

language teaching projects of the English Division.

iv. To provide a forum for discussion and dissemination of information

regarding recent research and developments in the field.

v. To undertake projects in curriculum development and course design.

vi. To conduct research into areas of Applied Linguistics and language

teaching which are of interest to Sri Lanka.

The clientele were mainly educational personnel who were engaged in some

form of teacher preparation or supervision. The main client groups were lecturers

of colleges of education, field staff engaged in teacher supervision and

implementation of Ministry programmes, staff of PR1NSETT and DELIC

programmes, ‘key’ teachers responsible for implementing the new primary and

secondary curricula, and English section heads and senior English teachers.

3.2.1 The Academic Programme

The HIEE had a variety of teacher education programmes ranging in duration

from one year to a couple of days. It basically conducted three types of courses.

A one year Diploma in TESL, which was its flagship programme, Certificate Courses

of three months duration and short courses, seminars/ workshops designed in

response to identified needs, and requests from the English Division of the CDC.

Typically, the Institute would conduct about six to ten courses per year. The Diploma

Course was intended to give participants a solid base in ELT plus the specialized

competence needed to function as a teacher educator. On the other hand, the

Certificate Courses provided specialized training in particular aspects of ELT, such

as Testing and Evaluation. ELT Methods and Techniques, Linguistics and Language

Teacher Education, etc. During the period 1985 through 1989, the HIEE provided

continuous training for Field Programme Assistants (FPAs), DELIC and PR1NSETT

staff, and Key teachers of the Primary English programme.

Besides this coursework, the Institute also published the ‘HIEE Journal’ an

annual publication which contained articles from staff, students and others engaged

in English education. In keeping with the objective of providing a forum for

discussion and dissemination of information, the HIEE set up a staff/student study

circle which met once a month. Staff and students who had attended courses or

conferences abroad shared their experiences at these meetings. Sometimes guest

lecturers and visiting consultants made presentations. Staff development was a

priority at the HIEE. This was provided in a variety of ways ; through working as

counterparts to the British Council consultants, special staff seminars and

discussions with visiting specialists, regular course evaluations by students and

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external evaluators, foreign scholarships for higher degrees such as the masters

and other specialized courses, conference participation and visits to foreign language

institutions such as the Regional Language Centre, Singapore, the Institute of

Language in Education, Honkong and the Central Institute of English and Foreign

Languages, Hyderabad.

Within four years of its inception, in December 1989, the HIEE was able to

host a highly successful international conference. This was the highpoint of the

Institute, for shortly after that its fortunes began to wane.

3.3 The Demise of the HIEE

It is a cause for wonder, why an Institution set up with so much expectations,

and on such solid foundations should wind up within such a short span of time. It is

hard to find a single cause for the demise of the HIEE. Several factors and

circumstances converged to make it happen. Within a short period of time the

HIEE had lost its premises, its name, its excellent resources, and its highly qualified

specialist staff. The HIEE premises in Colombo 7 were acquired by the then

Government to house a Ministry. The HIEE staff, students and resources were

moved to limited space at the N1E in 1990. The resources finally got merged with

those of the NIE. The name Higher Institute for English Education was changed to

Department of English Education in 1990. Many of the senior HIEE staff accepted

higher positions within the NIE and the MOE for purposes of career advancement,

and several others retired. Unfortunately, no attempt was made to fill these

vacancies. For several years, from 1990 through 1999, the Department of English

Education functioned as a shadow of its former self and finally ceased to exist. Yet

even under these difficult circumstances it continued with the Diploma in TESL

and the Certificate Courses. When the Department of Teacher Education of the

N1E commenced a Bachelor of Education programme for teachers, the Department

of English Education coordinated and provided the academic input for the B.Ed in

English Education. However, this too ceased after a short time.

In its relatively brief period of existence, the HIEE/Department of English

Education, provided the skilled manpower to implement Ministry programmes such

as DELIC, PRINSETT, NCOEs, the Primary English Project and the Field

Programme Assistants. When some of these programmes wound up (e.g.

PRINSETT and DELIC) the staff moved into other programmes such as the

Regional English Support Centres ( RESC) and In-service Advisrs (ISAs). In fact,

during its short life, this organization gave the system some outstanding teacher

educators who over the past two decades held leadership positions in practically all

of the English language programmes of the Ministry of Education.

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3.4 The Period between 1995-2009

This time span is taken as a special period in English teacher education,

mainly because of two innovations viz. the establishment of the National Authority

on Teacher Education (Act No. 32 of 1997) and the setting up of a centre of

excellence for English. The first was established and subsequently cancelled, the

second is still in its formative stage. But they need to be discussed as they relate to

the overall policy of teacher development. The national authority on teacher education

was for teacher development in general not solely for developing English language

teachers. The functions of the National Authority on Teacher Education were to:

(a) advice the minister regarding overall policy development for establishing

and maintaining an integrated national system of teacher education

(b) plan and co-ordinate the activities of the national system of teacher education

with a view to rationalizing the existing teacher education system to meet

the assessed needs for trained teachers

(c) to promote and co-ordinate studies and research on teacher education,

disseminate the finding of such studies and research and initiate follow-up

activities

(d) monitor the progress and performance of the teacher education programmes

and courses of study, and the need for the revision of the content of such

programmes and courses of study

(e) initiate and promote the use of innovative practices, techniques and methods

in the teacher education system of Sri Lanka with appropriate modifications

to suit the local conditions

(f) ensure the basis for a vibrant, innovative and committed profession by the

realization of these functions

But the political changes of 2004, dismantled the NATE, which has left a

gap in monitoring.

The Centre of Excellence as mentioned above is still in the process of

evolving. The vacuum left by the demise of the HIEE has not been filled and the

need for an institute for ‘the advanced study of the teaching of English’ continues.

The new centre is expected to incorporate de Silvas (1960) and Halpe et al.’s

(1981) recommendations for setting up a Language Research Institute “to conduct

research into the special problems of students of English in Sri Lanka and the

preparation of syllabuses and instructional material and to advice on training of

teachers and teacher trainers.”

4.0 Assessment in English

4.1. The Evolutionary Process of Language Testing

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The evolutionary process of assessment in English language during the period

1969-2009 is closely related to the curriculum changes in English education which

took place during that time. It also reflects the key stages or approaches in the

recent history of language testing.

The curriculum changes in English Language teaching have been influenced

by changes in educational policies that were introduced during different regimes.

Since teaching and testing are closely interrelated those changes that took place in

language teaching have had an impact on the patterns of examinations in Sri Lanka.

In the recent history of language testing, a number of key stages or approaches

have been identified. Language tests that were developed can be roughly classified

according to these approaches. By 1960s, the pre-scientific stage or essay translation

approach to language testing, during which tests such as essay writing, translation

and grammar analysis were considered to be important, gave way to structuralist

testing which draws on the work of structural linguistics. The tests consisted of

discrete items which were designed to measure the learner’s mastery of the separate

elements of the target language such as phonology, vocabulary and grammar. The

assumption was that knowledge of the elements of a language was equivalent to

knowledge of the language.

The structural approach was followed by integrative and communicative

approaches. The communicative approach to language testing is sometimes linked

to the integrative approach, since both approaches emphasize the importance of

meaning in language utterances (Heaton, 1988). Nevertheless, there are

fundamental differences between the two approaches. Integrative tests are often

designed to assess the learner’s ability to use two or more skills simultaneously.

Tests such as cloze and dictation may sample a wide range of structures and lexis

but may not give any convincing proof of the candidate’s ability to use the language.

Communicative tests in comparison, are concerned primarily with how language is

used in communication and aims at designing tests which are close to real-life

situations. According to Heaton (1988) some tests of communicative nature include

tests of language usage and assess the ability to handle the formal patterns of

language since communicative competence cannot be properly achieved without a

considerable mastery of the grammar of a language.

Although these stages indicate the development of language testing in the

recent past, they are not mutually exclusive. A useful test generally incorporates

features of several of these approaches.

The impact of these approaches can be seen in the changes that took place

from time to time in language testing in Sri Lanka. The rest of the chapter will

focus on these changes in:

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• General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level)

• General Certificate of Education (Advanced Level)

• Classroom based assessment

• National Certificate in English (NCE) Examination

4.2 General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level)

4.2.1 Background 1952 – 1968

The General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level) Examination replaced

Senior School Certificate Examination in December 1952 and English Language

as a subject had been introduced from the very beginning. There were two

syllabuses, syllabus A and Syllabus B. Syllabus B consisted of two alternative

sections, Syllabus B(a) set books and Syllabus B (b) translations. These three

syllabuses represented the different language competencies of the students in Sri

Lankan Schools. Syllabus A was of a higher standard and a credit pass in the

subject was recognized by the University of London as a qualification for entry to

the London G.C.E. (Advanced Level) Examination, by the Ceylon Law College for

its admission to courses of study and by the Government Training College,

Maharagama for admission to the English Specialist Course. Syllabus B(a) the

study of set books too demanded a high standard of proficiency than syllabus B(b)

translations.

With the phasing out of English medium instruction, there has been a gradual

decline in the number of candidates who offered syllabus A. In comparison there

was a remarkable increase in the numbers who offered syllabus B. However their

performance was very low. For example, let us examine the results of 1967 as

given in the administrative report of the commissioner of examinations.

Total number of candidates 255,040

No. Sat Percentage Passed

English Syllabus A 817 53.9

English Syllabus B (set books) 4,424 38.9

English Syllabus B (translations) 53,047 11.6

A Place in Sun: Report of the Committee of Inquiry into the Teaching of

English in the Schools of Sri Lanka (Ministry of Education 1973) points out that

despite the administrative difficulties involved in the management of an English

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Examination based on three syllabuses, it took account of the differing levels of

proficiency in English of the G.C.E. O/L student population and a pass in Syllabus

A or B offered more information about the competence in English of a candidate.

4.2.2 Introduction of a New Syllabus for O’Level Examination

Management of a public examination based on three syllabuses involved

several administrative and educational difficulties. By this time English was taught

as a compulsory second language in all schools and therefore the number of

candidates offering English for G.C.E. (O/L) syllabus remarkably increased. There

was the need to employ a large number of marking examiners and it became

difficult to ensure consistency in marking. The result of all these issues was theintroduction of a single syllabus for G.C.E. (O/L) Examination in1969.

4.3 International Language (Secon\d Language) - English 1969-1987

The examination introduced in 1969 paved the way to test English as a

second language and was named “International Language (Second Language)-

English”. According to a working paper prepared by the Ministry of Education

(1967), it was hoped that this examination would ensure consistency in marking

which was difficult to achieve in the former examination because of the need to

employ a large number of marking examiners.

The English teaching programme during this time was based on the

Government’s policy of teaching English for reading comprehension, although other

uses were not ruled out. One of the principle objectives of teaching was the

development of the ability to understand English of the kind found in journals,

newspapers and other relevant materials. “In order that understanding should be

accurate…. it is assumed that pupils will be assisted to learn to recognize and

produce accepted grammatical forms in English”(Walatara, 1968).

In the 1960s, a new set of textbooks was published by the Ministry of

Education which followed a graded structural approach. The classroom methodology

emphasized structure drills, traditional grammar- translation techniques, mechanical

exercises and reading aloud. In keeping with the teaching materials and the teaching

approach, the revised examination syllabus for G.C.E. (O/L) comprised the

mechanics of language and a content vocabulary.

Mechanics of the Language

1. Word order of statements and questions, affirmative and negative as

occurring in different kinds of sentences, simple, compound and complex

2.Tenses and their formations- active and passive voice, imperative, indicative and subjective moods of finite verbs and verbs of incomplete predication

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3. Prepositions, including those used to express notions such as time, place,duration, possession, separation and agent

4. Other miscellaneous structural mechanics including articles, conjunctions,pronouns and adverbial, comparative and superlative formations

5. Figures of speech, including metaphors, similies, understatement, irony,paradox and idiomatic turns of speech.

Content Vocabulary

1. Environment

2. Social events

3. Ceylon’s history – past/ present

4. School subjects (G.C.E. O/L Examination)

5. The Modern world (Dept. of Examinations 1968)

The examination consisted of 2 papers. Paper 1 – one hour and Paper II –two hours. In both there were 105 objective items out of which 90 tested someaspect of language form, spelling, vocabulary, prepositions, word order, verb forms,etc. In Paper II, 15 reading comprehension questions were included but 5 of themtested reading at sentence level. Candidates had to respond to one out of 4 writingtasks and this was marked analytically. Paper I which tested basic mechanics ofgrammar was given 70% of the total mark. It was possible for a candidate to gaina good mark without producing a single sentence of his own. Universities, othertertiary institutions as well as principals, teachers and the very candidates whooffered the subject began to complain that a pass in English is no indication ofone’s ability to use English as a library language or for everyday communication.

The percentage of passes in English since the introduction of the new paper

has shown no change according to statistics:

Year

1968

1969

1970

No. sat

G.C.E.

184,000

178,000

196,000

No. Sat

English

58,000

79,000

87,000

% taking

English

32

44

44

Total

Passes

86,00

14,000

16,000

%

Passes

15 (old syllabus)

18 (new syllabus)

18 (new syllabus)

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The statistics also reveal that although it was obligatory to study English in

schools, there was no compulsory testing of English at the terminal examination at

the end of the secondary school. In all 4 years less than 50% candidates had

appeared for the English paper.

The examination followed the same pattern every year and continued till a

new examination, National Certificate of General Education replaced G.C.E. O/

Level with the Educational reforms in 1972. The new examination which was held

for the first time in 1975 did not last long. After three years, in 1978 the G.C.E

(O/L) examination was revived.

4.4 A New Design for the GCE O’Level English Examination -The

period between 1988 and 2000

At the beginning of the 1980s it seemed clear to the policy makers that a

comprehensive reformation of the Sri Lankan ELT programme was necessary

especially in relation to the newly introduced ‘open economy’ policy of the

government which was elected in 1977 (Woolger, 1992).

‘The changing cultural milieu in the country had created a new outlook that

treats English not as a privilege but as a utility that can hardly be dispensed with

(Cumaranatunga, 1989).

The changes were to occur in three areas. Teaching materials, teacher training

and language testing. Two new series of textbooks for primary and secondary

classes- English For Me and English Everyday- were written. Both series stressed

the need for students to communicate in English. The emphasis was on learning

language for everyday use. The materials aimed to develop all four skills as well as

grammar and vocabulary and encouraged the use of learner- centered activities

such as pair work and group work to complement the more usual teacher dominated

ones. Workshops had been organized in many parts of the country to help teachers

become familiar with the new goals and techniques (Mosback, 1984).

In the sphere of testing and evaluation a work plan was drawn up by the

Ministry of Education to establish a system of organized examinations. There were

5 main concerns:

(1) A new design for the General Certificate of Education (Ordinary Level)

Examination in English as an International Language;

(2) Proposals for district level school examinations and internal school tests and

examinations at all levels;

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(3) A large-scale staff development programmes to train teachers and examiners

in modern testing and examination procedures;

(4) Research into areas of language testing which are important for the future

development of English teaching in Sri Lanka, but which have so far received

little attention;

(5) Designing and producing a new examination for the general public, the National

Certificate in English (Ministry of Education 1989, Cabinet Memorandum

No. 598).

To work out this plan with the Ministry of Education, the services of a British

consultant was obtained through the British Overseas Development Authority and

the British Council.

The two new exams, mentioned in the work plan – a new structure

examination at G.C.E. O/Level and the N.C.E. Examination were envisioned as

two far reaching reforms which used tests as a lever for change and a means for

harnessing public awareness and interest in the teaching and learning of English

(Cumaranatunga, 1984).

The new G.C.E. (O/L) examination was based on the language and skills

that the English Everyday series was promoting. It was meant to ‘force change’

on the English teaching system and hence to reflect all the changes that were

taking place in the teaching.

From the start, the single most important goal has been to use these new

examinations as a ‘lever for change’ and to persuade the teachers and the learners

that the new objectives and the new courses that are appearing must be taken

seriously (Pearson, 1988).

The first new examination was to be held in December 1988 and the

developmental work began in 1986. The new examination was originally meant to

test all four skills, reading, writing, listening and speaking. At this time, in 1987 the

Ministry of Education introduced the continuous assessment programme for all

subjects. For English, this meant that students would be assessed in listening and

speaking through a number of teacher-designed classroom activities. A great deal

of effort was taken to design teacher support material for listening and speaking

but the programme was withdrawn very soon after its introduction, since it became

a sensitive issue during civil disturbances in 1988. With the withdrawal of continuous

assessment, the written paper became the sole means of officially assessing students’

abilities in English.

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The examination consisted of two papers: a Basic Paper of one hour and a

Higher Paper which lasted two hours.

Test content:

Reading : Authentic texts which test a variety of reading sub-skills using

many different test items.

Writing : Types of writing Sri Lankans might want to produce even within

their own country: completing application forms, writing notes,

notices, announcements, letters, short articles for newspapers, etc.

Proficiency bandings were used in marking written work which emphasized

communication as well as accuracy.

4.4.1 Support Materials

The Department of Examinations published an orientation booklet, ‘Guidelines

for the Final Examination for O’level English in December 1988 and after’ in 1988.

This was prepared by the Testing Unit of the Division of English Education,

Curriculum Development Centre, NIE. This booklet contained lists of abilities which

may be tested, text types and testing techniques that the students were expected to

be familiar with. Another booklet, ‘Suggestions and Guidance to Teachers Preparing

Students for G.C.E. O’Level English New Syllabus’ was published by the

Department of Examinations in 1989. This book was prepared by the Language

and Social Studies Division of the N.I.E.

4.4.2 Evaluation of the New Examination

University of Lancaster was commissioned to carry out an evaluation of the

new examination in 1990.

The aims of this research was:

- to assess the validity, reliability and practicality of the new English (O/L)

examinations and recommend changes in content, method and procedures

- to assess the impact of the new English (O/L) examination on the year

11 English language classroom

(The Sri Lankan O/Level Evaluation Project by Alderson and Wall)

As shown in the Cabinet Memorandum No. 598, the name of the

examination remained the same: International language (second language) English.

212

4.4.3 Compulsory Testing at the Fist Terminal Examination

An important step taken with the new examination was the inclusion of

English among the six main compulsory subjects (M.O.E. 1989). As a result the

number of candidates offering English increased. However the results of the

examination show that many important issues such as motivation of both teachers

and students, teacher training, teacher deployment, development of support materials,

etc. need to be addressed continuously.

Department of Examinations 1999.

4.5 The Period between 2001 and 2007

In 1995 a major curriculum renewal was initiated by the Ministry of Education

based on the educational reforms presented by the National Education Commission

in its document; ‘An action-oriented strategy towards a National Education Policy’.

Curriculum changes in English included preparation of new syllabuses, textbooks

and teacher training. During the three years 1999, 2000 and 2001 a new series of

textbooks, The World through English Series was introduced to secondary classes

along with syllabuses, workbooks and teachers’ guides. The syllabus for Grades

10 and 11 included a detailed list of grammatical and communicative functions,

language skills and text types that the student was expected to learn at the end of

Grade 11.

Based on Education Reforms of 1997, with effect from 2001 eight compulsory

(core) subjects were introduced to the G.C.E. O’Level examination. In addition,

the pupils were given the option to select one or two additional subjects out of a

given list. With these reforms, the English language examination which had been

hitherto named ‘international language (second language) English’ was named

‘English’.

The G.C.E. O’Level examination followed the same design introduced in

1989, a basic English paper of one hour and a more advanced paper of two hours.

An attempt was made to introduce listening and speaking from 2001. The Director

General of the National Institute of Education and the Commissioner General of

Examinations were very much in favour of it. A booklet ‘Guidelines for Assessing

Year

1996

1997

1998

No. Sat

442,652

454,208

467,872

No. Passed

115,332

109,578

136,656

Percentage

26.05

24.19

29.19

213

Listening and Speaking Skills in English Language at G.C.E. O’Level in 2001 and

thereafter’ was prepared. It was proposed that the oral test could be conducted in

schools with an examination board consisting of three members.

At first the education ministry was in favour of conducting the examination.

But later it was decided to test listening and speaking in school based assessment

programmes.

In addition to tests of reading and writing, the examination which was held

under the new syllabus consisted of grammar and vocabulary items.

Paper I

Paper II

Reading : a variety of teaching texts related to themes in textbooks. Different

reading techniques which test the student’s mastery of sub skills

listed in the syllabus and overall comprehension.

Writing : Variety of writing tests which test the students' ability to handle

controlled and free writing tasks.

Grammar : Test items which assess student’s ability to form correct sentences.

Relationship of words in a sentence, including aspects such as

word order, use of the negative, question forms, connections and

transformation of sentence patterns, identifying errors in a text

and correcting them.

Components

Reading

Writing

Grammar

Vocabulary

Total

No. of tests

3

3

1

1

Marks

15

15

5

5

40

Time

1 hour

Reading

Writing

Grammar

Vocabulary

Total

3

3

1

1

20

20

10

10

60

2 hours

214

Vocabulary : Items which measure the ability to form/ use correct words in

context, understand meanings of words in context and produce

appropriate words.

4.5.1 Support Materials

A booklet ‘Guidelines for G.C.E. O’Level Examination 2001 and after’ was

prepared by the English Unit of The National Institute of Education to help teachers

to prepare their students for the examination. It included techniques of testing for

each component, test types and sample test items.

Percentage of passes of school candidates during the years 1998-2002 shows

that there has not been a change in the performance of the candidates in spite of

the new education reforms and the increasing importance given to the teaching of

English.

4.6 Current Reforms

Based on the Education Reforms of 2007, taking into account the fact that

the school curriculum should be changed to suit the current needs of the society, a

new competency based curriculum was introduced to State schools in 2007 by the

Ministry of Education.

The first G.C.E. O/L examination on the competency- based syllabus was

held in 2008.

Although the English examination consisted of two papers, like in previous

examinations the structure of the test has been subjected to modification.

Subject

English

1999

31.0

2000

25.8

2001

28.2

2002

23.8

Percentage of Passes

215

Structure of the paper

In order to make the paper more communicative, test items on language

functions and vocabulary have been introduced. The test items are based on a

variety of interactive text types (stimuli) such as dialogues, speeches and stories.

4.7 The National Certificate in English (NCE)

4.7.1 Introduction

One of the objectives of the work plan drawn up by the Ministry of Education

to establish a system of recognized examinations was to introduce a National

Certificate in English (NCE) for the general public (Ministry of Education 1984

Cabinet Memorandum No. 598).

In 1986 the examination was offered to both school and non-school

candidates. It was a proficiency test which tested all four language skills giving

separate assessment of a candidate’s proficiency in each language skill, in terms

of five ‘proficiency bandings.’

Since the examination was not administered at the end of a course of study,

it was believed that the preparation for it according to a given syllabus and guidelines

will in itself be a useful learning exercise.

4.7.2 Objectives

The National Certificate in English (NCE) stated that it would test,

(a) The ability to communicate in English in all four skills- reading, writing,

listening and speaking; and

(b) The general proficiency which underlies this ability (NCE Syllabus 1985).

The syllabus also stated that the examination would interest those who need

to be able to demonstrate their ability to use English for practical day-to-day

communication.

Reading

Vocabulary

Grammar and Language Functions

Writing

No. of

Items

3

1

1

3

08

Marks

15

05

05

15

40

No. of

Items

3

1

2

2

40

Marks

20

05

10

25

40

Paper I Paper IIArea of Testing

216

“This new qualification will be of immediate use to people who;

a) need a qualification at the level of the NCE, in the medium of English, in

order to meet the requirements of a particular job.

b) wish to demonstrate their proficiency in English in order to qualify for tertiary

level studies which are wholly or partly in English.

c) need to meet some specific requirements in English”

(NCE Syllabus 1985).

4.7.3 Difficulty Level of the Examination

The NCE Syllabus (1985) stated that this examination was more difficult

than the recently developed G.C.E. O’Level examination. It covered functional,

grammatical and lexical areas and gave substantially great emphasis to the testing

of listening and speaking.

It also stated that the level of proficiency that a candidate demonstrates in

each of the five components would be shown by reference to separate ‘proficiency

bandings.

4.7.4 The Structure and the Syllabus

The examination consisted of two parts.

PART I Reading and Writing - 3 hours

Reading – for a purpose- 1 hour

General Proficiency - 1 hour

Writing – for a purpose - 1 hour

PART II Listening and Speaking

Dictation - 30 minutes

Response elicitation

Describing a picture - 09 minutes

Reading aloud

a) Reading – 1 hour

The examination paper consisted of three, four or all five of the five types of

reading tasks.

1- Problem solving

2- Following directions

3- Following instructions

4- Interpreting information

5- Finding wanted information

217

b) General Proficiency – 1 hour

This test consisted of the following test types.

1- Word completion

2- Grammar

3- Cloze reading

c) Writing – 1 hour

Test types

Writing instructions

Writing a letter

Writing an article/ speech

On the basis of the candidate’s performance in the examination the

candidate’s proficiency was described by reference to a five-point scale of

proficiency bandings.

PART II

a) Listening

Dictation - 3 passages each 80-100 words long. (30 minutes)

A test of general proficiency which required the candidates to listen with

understanding and then accurately write down what he has heard.

b) Speaking

Response elicitation - 03 minutes

Describing a picture - 03 minutes

Reading aloud - 03 minutes

Most of these test items were integrated tests which test more than one

language skill. For example, Dictation involved listening and writing, while Response

Elicitation involved the skills of listening with understanding and conveying the

meaning of it to another person.

4.7.5 Administration of the Test

The examination was conducted by the Department of Examinations once a

year.

A special feature of this examination was that the listening and speaking

tests were offered to those candidates who demonstrated a satisfactory level of

proficiency in the written test. Hence the examination was conducted in two parts.

218

For Part I of the exam (written test) three booklets were given for three

components- reading for a purpose, general proficiency and writing for a purpose.

All three were collected at the end of three hours. All answers were to be written

in the spaces provided in the booklets.

Part II ( listening and speaking) tests were held in specially selected centres

in the main towns. Training of examiners to conduct listening and speaking tests

was done by the Testing and Evaluation Section of the Division of English, Ministry

of Education.

4.7.6 Learning Material

A special testing unit was set up in the English Division of the Ministry of

Education to provide organizational assistance, teacher training facilities,

informational pamphlets and learning aids to schools, tutories and other organizations

which desired to train candidates for the N.C.E. examination (Cumaranatunga,

1986).

4.7.7 Conclusion

The interest created by the new examination was evident in the fact that

17,800 candidates sat it in 1986, the year the test was implemented. Over the years

it became a target for various categories of learners, as an examination which

raised the level for greater operational efficiency.

However, by about 2000 facilities for conducting the examination, especially

the oral test was not available in the Department of Examinations. Hence the

examination was not held in the way it was planned. The written test was conducted

for about two more years without completing the listening and speaking tests.

Consequently, the written test too ceased to take place and thus a very useful

opportunity for the Sri Lankan community to sit an examination which tested all

four language skills as well as General Proficiency was lost.

4.8 A/ Level English

English as an academic subject for the G.C.E. Advanced Level Certificate

has been introduced in the A’Level curriculum since 1950s and continues with

syllabus revisions and slight modifications from time to time.

Paper I - Prescribed texts

Paper II - General English comprising, essay, précis and

unseens, both prose and verse for practical criticism.

This subject is studied by a small number of students who usually plan for a

University course with English as a subject. A small number of students- mainly in

big towns offer this subject for A’Level and out of them only a few get through.

219

Statistical Handbook – Dept. of Examinations 1999

4.9 G.C.E. A’ Level General English

4.9.1 Introduction

Although English as a second language had been included in the G.C.E. A’

Level curriculum, the general trend was not to study this subject seriously, because

gaining admission to a university is highly competitive and a knowledge of English

was not obligatory to enter a university.

However, since English occupies an important place in the world of work

and most of the school leavers are deprived of suitable job opportunities due to lack

of English, General English was introduced as a core subject under the education

reforms of 1997, and was given the status of an A’Level subject with new syllabuses,

course material and timetable allocation (Envisioning Education for Human

Development 2003).

The policy decision was not to add the marks of the General English test into

the aggregate mark for purposes of university admission because of the fact that

most learners would be disadvantaged whereas others would be privileged.

4.9.2 Objectives

The overall objective of the policy was to enhance the employability of A’Level

school learners by providing them with English communication and language skills

for the ‘World of Work’ (Envisioning Education...2003).

Hence the A’ Level General English syllabus states the following as

objectives.

Develop students’ ability to:

• Use the four language skills

• Deal with different types of discourse

• Use dictionaries, encyclopedias and other relevant materials

• Summarize information

• Use English accurately and fluently in communication

Year

1994

1995

1996

1997

1998

No. Sat

1,905

1,841

1,463

930

1,528

No. Passed A + B + C + S

466

438

563

274

464

Percentage

24.46

23.79

38.48

29.46

30.37

220

The focus of the syllabus and the textbook is on English for daily use, that is

to enable students to do day-to-day tasks such as writing letters, talking on the

telephone, facing interviews and discussing current topics and contemporary issues.

Since testing and teaching are closely interrelated, the A’ Level test aims at measuring

whether the students have achieved the desired objectives.

4.9.3 Implementation of the Test

A circular issued by the Department of Examination in 2001 stated that

according to the circular 1999/31 issued by the Secretary of the Ministry of

Education, General English would be tested as a core subject from 2001. Students

could offer this subject in addition to 3 main subjects and the common examination

paper. The marks of the test would not be added to the aggregate for University

admission.

The circular also stated that a model paper would not be issued by the

Department since there is a model paper at the end of the textbook- Volume II.

The circular also stated that a listening test would be included in Paper II

and arrangements have been made to administer the test over the radio.

Accordingly, a pre-test was conducted in May 2001, in order to gauge the

acoustic quality of the test and to prepare students for the test.

Since the pre-test revealed that the same acoustic quality of the radio

broadcast could not be maintained in schools throughout the island due to various

reasons, only the written test was administered in 2001 and since then the A/Level

General English test is continued with only the written test. Thus another attempt

to test oral communication did not materialize.

4.9.4 Format of the Test

In the model paper the following components have been given and later

the 4th component of Paper II was changed to reading comprehension.

Paper I - 3 hours, Title : English for Office Use

Grammar - 30 marks

Summarizing - 20 marks

Reading Comprehension - 30 marks

Writing - 20 marks

100

Paper II - 3 hours, Title : English for Social

Purposes

Composition - 20 marks

Vocabulary - 30 marks

221

Dialogue / Conversation - 20 marks

Listening/ Comprehension - 20 marks

Since then the test has continued with slight modifications.

4.9.5 Issues Related to the General English Examinations

According to a study commissioned by the National Education Commission

in 2003 it has been revealed that a large number of candidates who sit A’Level do

not sit the General English paper. There is also a wide disparity in the success rate

between rural and urban sectors.

Hence, as regards the attempt to link the teaching of General English to the

‘World of Work’ and the effectiveness of the innovation introduced, there is much

to be achieved in the future.

5.0 Recent Trends in English Education

English Education like education itself has ever been the responsibility of the

State. The State has been the provider, the assessor, the jury and sometimes the

accused. In fact over the last four decades or so, it is more the role of the accused

that has been given over to the State, as the demand for English and more English

took momentum.

With the necessity for English increasing in the country, for social, commercial,

industrial and academic reasons, many providers of English have entered the scene,

both private and public, voluntary and involuntary.

The State took many innovative steps to improve the quality of English singly

and also with the help of foreign agencies. These are summarized under 5.1 and

5.2.

5.1 District English Language Intensive Course

A very significant contribution has been made by the USIS and the British

Council to the English language programmes in the country. For a decade (1983-

1987) District English Language Improvement Centre, known as the DELIC

‘funded’ by the USIS and administered by the Ministry of Education was a popular

course, for the training of English Language Teachers. This course was meant for

aspiring teachers who had failed - but not too badly - the Teacher Recruitment

Examination, held by the Department of Examinations. It was also meant to remedy

the lack of English teachers in the ‘district’ as the name implied. Theoretically, the

trainees were selected on a district basis, given a training in the area itself, and

were ‘sort of sworn’ into working in the area. That these were mere hopes are

borne out by the reality of the critical problem of teacher deployment, a canker

then and a canker now.

222

It would be unethical and unprofessional however to belittle the positive

aspects of the DELIC programme. The DELIC programme exposed a considerable

number of English teachers to native speakers giving them an undeniable advantage

over many others; they were also exposed to innovative teaching methods and to

the enthusiasm of the voluntary instructors, leaving for the country very many

committed teachers. Indeed it would be very revealing to identify among the current

English language teaching personnel, the numbers that would have been associated

with the DELIC. Their commitment is a tribute to the DELIC.

5.2 The Regional English Support Centres

The British Council has been perhaps the single most active collaborator in

English education in the country. The many scholarships that have been instrumental

in providing a cadre of qualified personnel in the field of English teaching at different

levels in the country is due to their generous intervention. Similar to the DELIC

programme is the RESC - Regional English Support Centre programme initiated by

the British Council here too like the DELIC programme, the objective is for teachers

to begin and remain at the regional level. The British Council provided academic

consultancy as well as equipment and books at the initial stages of this programme

(1995) which helped to give the programme strong guidelines. The RESC

programme is still one of the viable programmes of English teacher training. The

annual RESC conference is still a landmark in the English teaching programme in

the country.

The British Council at the moment is continuing to contribute to the

development of English language education in an indirect and almost private, non-

governmental mode. Given the coveted English Language teaching programmes

run within the British Council premises (Colombo, Kandy,) and the numbers sitting

the ever popular TKT examination, the British Council has remained the

unquestioned source for improving the levels of English education. Courses for

English instruction have also being made available to the provincial departments of

English education by the British Council.

5.3 The Presidential Task Force -1997English Education like education has remained within the jurisdiction of the

Ministry of Education. However during the time of the former President of the

country, the Ministry of Education came under the Presidential Task Force and the

Presidential Task Force on General Education was instituted (1997). The Presidential

Task Force recommended many actions to improve the standard of English with

the objective of providing “opportunities for pupils island-wide for equal access to

English for comprehension and communication which will help them gain more

opportunities in employment and also furthering their prospects for advancement.

223

A knowledge of English will help them to deal with the outside world in

trade, employment and for professional advancement.” It further stressed that,

“English for communication will be introduced as a part of activity-based learning

from Grade I in all primary schools. Teachers teaching English will be provided

with opportunities and incentives to improve their proficiency in English and skills

in teaching English. Teaching English as a second language will be strengthened

from Grade 3 onwards. Use of English technical terms will be encouraged with a

view to developing bilingual competencies in the mother tongue as well as in English.

Introduction of alternative English syllabuses at GCE (OL) will help students to

study at a pace suitable to their level of proficiency. Teaching of English at GCE

(AL) will be strengthened and an English level course will be provided as an elective

subject.”

Elaborating the general guidelines the details were laid out under (8).

Strengthening of English Teaching Programmes of General Education, Reforms

1997-The Presidential Task Force on General Education. Sri Lanka (pp.21-33).

It is interesting to note that this document which carries the future tense in

its recommendations has one sentence in the present tense -i.e.8.1.1 .English will

be used in Grade I for communication, in addition to the mother tongue. This action

is already being implemented in the Gampaha district and will be implemented in

all schools of the island from January 1999. The ambitious recommendations have

not borne fruition.

5.4 English over the Air

The Ministry of Education/ Department of English is also currently engaged

in producing a series of English lessons to be broadcast over Kandurata Sewaya,

Ruhuna Sewaya, Rajarata Sewaya (In all these the Director English, Ministry of

Education is pleased to be associated with the Director English NIE).

National College of English - Peradeniya

(Centre for Excellence in English Education)

One other significant and long lasting action is the transformation of the

former English Teachers’ College, Peradeniya to a National College of Education

of English, with the ultimate object of upgrading to a Centre for Excellence in

English Language Teaching. The buildings have been refurbished through the

generous funding of the Asian Development Bank.

It is envisioned that the centre will prove to be a centre for disseminating

quality English programmes. As an initial step, four consultancy serviced courses

have been put on board. These have been open for practising administrators in the

English language teaching field and the field of education. The numbers read, 1-

224

CCPSD I - 2, 2- , 3..., 4,… The courses are proving to be popular, which is the best

testimony for the institute. Currently there are 55 following the course. Naturally

with enhanced staff, the Centre will be able to run more courses, of advanced

standards for more participants. There are many constraints that force the Centre

to be slow in its growth.

The year 2009 has been declared the Year of English and IT; naturally some

of the activities will be seen to bear fruit only later, not necessarily within this year

of English itself. The need for English is felt so much in the country that it is

undoubtedly the most sought after commodity, and good business. It is a global

trend, intensified with the overpowering IT.

5.5 English as a Life Skill

The incumbent President’s manifesto known as ‘the Mahinda Chinthanaya’

has made it clear that he wished for more English for more people. As a result a

number of initiatives have been undertaken. Foremost among these is the English

as a Life Skill, a programme directly coming under the Presidential Task Force.

Recognizing the need to provide more competent English teachers, better trained

and more skilled, the programme has identified the English and Foreign Languages

University of Hyderabad as an institute with the necessary expertise to provide the

required training. Negotiations have been held with Indian High Commission, for

three months specialized teacher training for 40 English teachers selected on a

provincial/ district basis. The first 40 have already returned to the country and

through a network of workshops have already begun to train other English teachers

systematically. A working manual has been produced to facilitate the training. The

second batch of 40 English teachers is receiving training at Hyderabad.

In addition, arrangements have been made to open a Centre for English

Language Training (CELT) to be accommodated at the former Government English

Training College Peradeniya, now upgraded to a National College of English.

Equipment necessary such as computers and a language laboratory have been

installed, quarters for two visiting consultants have been completed, and in-country

training of more English teachers on the EFI.U Hyderabad model would begin

soon (2010).

5.6 English for All

Under the Mahinda Chinthanya vision it was seen that English for more

would not be contained within the school going population. Therefore a programme

has been launched to take English to as many as possible- a programme of English

for All. This programme is conducted under the Ministry of Education, Director

English, through the Teacher Centres of the provincial offices. It is a 200 hour

225

programme, open to the public/ school leavers, over weekends; or evenings. The

programme is oral/ communication based, exploiting the incidental English of the

day to day work place, leading to and covering basic reading/ writing skills. So far

nearly 6,000 participants have completed the course in 100 centres.

5.7 Einglish through the Newspapers

Carrying this same concept of more English further, the Ministry of

Educations Department of English has made arrangements to carry English lessons

over the daily newspapers, courtesy of the Associated Newspapers of Ceylon

Limited.

6.0 Conclusion

The paper has briefly traced the development of education in Sri Lanka in

the last half century viz. from 1965-2009. The period began with English

accommodated as a compulsory second language ‘complementing the two national

languages’ (de Lanerolle et al 1973). But the status of English, though reduced to

a second language by education reforms, nevertheless continued as before, under

colonialism, in certain sectors of society (Souza: 1969, Article 4). As Kandiah (1984)

points out, “English continued to be the dominant language at the higher levels in

many of the most important spheres of society. “A knowledge of English was

considered to be necessary for effective action, at the higher levels, in several

important spheres of society, such as Commerce and Industry, (both public and

private), Banking, Transport, The Postal Services, Medicine, Science and Technology,

Law, Broadcasting, International Transport and Communication and in a

considerable number of fields in tertiary education (de Lanerolle et al, 1973). The

situation was complicated by the fact that English “functioned as a major instrument

of the dominant power groups, through the control it enabled them to exercise at

the higher levels over the major spheres of society, it gave them control of the

nation” (Kandiah, 1984). As a result, the demand for more and better English

never abated (de Silva, 1960).

This resulted in the “elaborate and expensive programmes which cost the

government many millions of rupees a year,” (Kandiah, 1984). But the results

were not in proportion to the expenses or enthusiasm. Amarasekara (in this paper

section 5.0), comments that “the State has been the provider, the assessor, the jury

as well as the accused.”

The 1980s opened the country (with liberalized economic policies), to the

outer world. English was perceived as an instrument that could help bring about

internal (as link language) as well as external (as international language) cohesion.

In the 1990s it was accepted that” our national, political, cultural and economic

226

interests as well as our regional and international commitments demand English for

communication, teaching, technology, further education, development and

modernization purposes (Udagama, 1996).

The dawn of the new century saw the status of English change further in Sri

Lanka, due to various internal and external pressures- political, economic and social.

English was reinstated as the medium of instruction in the State school system (it

has already been functioning in the private schools in that capacity but in 2003, the

State accepted English medium instruction in selected schools).

But the constraints of providing teachers for English medium instruction and

the various socio- cultural issues that sprang from this policy made the State change

the approach from English medium to bilingual instruction. English is now both

subject in the curriculum as well as medium of instruction.

The changes in policy towards English instruction as subject in the curriculum

has had its effect on syllabus design as well as the materials used for teaching and

learning, and the methodologies used to explore them. Theories of language and

language teaching as well as pragmatic considerations relating to the teaching

situation influenced the design of syllabuses as well as approaches to teaching.

In the 1970s the textbooks and learning materials were based on the

structuralist approaches to language teaching and the emphasis was on the

development of reading and writing skills.

In the 1980s there was a major shift towards oral skills. The methodology

was inspired by the mentalist theorists, particularly, of Krashen. The materials

focused on listening and speaking skills in addition to the traditional skills of reading

and writing. Skills of communication were emphasized over grammar. The approach

to curriculum materials and methods changed yet again in the 1990s, with the

World Through English series where the syllabus emphasized all round teaching of

the four skills as well as grammar and vocabulary. In the new century approach to

curriculum design has been directed towards the development of competencies

(Yatawatte, in Section 4.0 of this study). The goal is to develop competency levels,

so that learners would be competent and confident to use the language.

In order to match the syllabus objectives, approaches to testing have also

changed in the last fifty years. Discrete testing has been replaced by integrative

testing (Yatawatte in Section 4.0 of this study) so that ‘actual’ competence, in the

use of language could be measured. The latest curriculum innovation is to reach

target competencies. Testing is to achieve identified competency levels.

English education is receiving added attention as a result of its link with

communication and information technology. English as a life skill has given added

impetus to the English programme. Not only has English become a language used

for utilitarian purposes, but an instrument for national development and national

cohesion. It occupies a central position in the education system of Sri Lanka.

227

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6

fo jk ni

ldka;s l=udß .=Kr;ak

Ydia;%fõ§ úfYaI f.!rj ^fld<U - 1994&, mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmkämaf,daud ^fld<U - 1996&, mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmkm;s ^fmardfoKsh -2005&' fo jk ni .=rejßhl yd .=re WmfoaYljrshl f,i fiajh lrwe;' j¾;udkfha bínd.uqj wOHdmk l,dmfha iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI^NdId yd udkj Ydia;%& f,i o" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha iy wOHdmkm%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iïm;a mqoa.,hl= f,i o" .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%y iy fm<fmd;a ,sùfï f,aLl uKav, idudðldjl f,i ofiajh lrhs' fo jk ni isxy, iy fo jk ni fou< i|yd WmldrllD;s folla o m¾fhaIK lD;shla o t<s olajd we;'

ye¢kaùu

ñksid ,o wk.s ch.%yK w;r iskyjg;a l;djg;a ysñ jkafka iqúfYaIia:dkhls' tfia jQfha woyia Woyia yeÕSï ;j;a flkl=g bÈßm;a lrkakg yelsùu ksid h' uqK .efik ish¨ fokdg u Tjqfkdjqkag jegfyk NdIdj,skal;dnfya fhfokakg yelsjkafka kï bka ,efnk M, m%fhdack iy udkisli;=g iq¿mgq fkd fõ' Bg fya;=j woyia m%ldY lrk myiq u ud¾.h ixjdohùuhs' tfia u ta i|yd fhdod .kakd udOH jkafka o NdIdj h' fjk;a NdId l;dlrk flkl= iu. ixjdohla we;s lr .ekSug kï wm Tjqkaf.a ni W.; hq;=h' Y%S ,dxlslhka ish¨ fokdg u isxy, yd fou< NdId Ndú; lsÍug yels kïfoaYhla f,i yd cd;shla f,i ,o yels úch.%yK fndfyda h'

ñksia iudch wdrïNfha § l;dnia lsÍu ;u ck f.da;%h ;=<g muKlaiSud jQ wjêfha § woyia yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd tla NdIdjla m%udKj;a úh'tfy;a ñksia iudch mq¿,a ùu;a iu. úúO ck f.da;% w;r woyia yqjudre lr.ekSug fuka u cd;Ska wjfndaO lr .ekSug tla NdIdjl ±kqu yd Ndú;hm%udKj;a fkd ù h' NdId folla muKla fkd j NdId lsysmhl u ±kqu ±kaid¾:l Èú meje;aula i|yd wjYH j we;' fï ksid rgl jdih lrk cd;shla;u rfÜ m%Odk NdIdjg wu;r j ;j;a NdIdjla fyda folla ±k.ekSfï wjYH;djwe;s fõ'

j¾;udk Y%S ,xldfõ my; i|yka NdId l;d lrkq ,efí'

ck j¾.h NdIdj

isxy, - isxy,$bx.%Sis

fou< - fou<$bx.%Sis

uqia,sï - fou<$isxy,$bx.%Sis

232

uef,a - uef,a NdIdj ^cd NdIdj& isxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis

n¾.¾ - bx.%Sis$isxy,$fou<

fï lreKq foi n,k úg isxy, cd;sh fuka u fou< cd;sh o bx.%sis NdIdjNdú; l< o" ;u iajNdIdj u; muKla úYajdih ;nd we;' wka iEu ckj¾.hla u fou<" isxy, NdId l;d lsÍfï yelshdj ,nd f.k we;' fmdÿfõcd;Ska y÷kd .ekSu iy woyia yqjudre lsÍug Y%S ,xldfõ wvq u jYfhkatlsfkld l;d lrk NdId follaj;a fkd ±k Ôj;aùug wmyiq h'

Wla; lreKq wkqj" Y%S ,xldj" m%Odk jYfhka NdId lSmhla l;d lrkcd;Ska lSmhlska iukaú; iudchla we;s rgls' wNd.Hhlg fuka fuu cd;Skaw;r fyd| iïnkaO;djla ke;=jd fuka u Tjqfkdjqka w;r È.=ld,Sk j l%shd;auljQ ;SrKd;aul .egqula o mej;sKs' fï ksid j¾;udkfha uyck;dj o" rch o"cd;Hka;r ixúOdk o fuu cd;Ska w;r wfkHdkH úYajdifhka yd wjfndaOfhkahq;= j" tl u iudchl idudðlhka f,i lghq;= lrkq ±lSug wfmalaIdfjkaisá;s' wkd.; iudch fNao Nskak;dfjka f;dr j iu.sfhka ;eîu i|ydw;HjYH mshjrla f,i Tjqfkdjqkaf.a woyia yqjudre lr .ekSug ud¾.hlai,id ;eîu j¾;udk mrmqf¾ j.lSuls' fuu ld¾hh bgq lsÍu i|yd .; yelsm%n, l%shdud¾.hla jkafka wju jYfhka l;dnia lr .ekSugj;a fou< ck;djgisxy,;a" isxy, ck;djg fou<;a b.ekaùu yd bf.kqug wjia:d i,id §uhs'

iudc iïnkaO;d f.dv k.k m%n, u ldrlh NdIdj jk w;r nyq NdIShiudcj, th jvd;a u ;SrKd;aul idOlhls' tys § ukqIHfhda talrdYS ùwkkH;dj wkqj ck lKavdhïj,g fnfo;s' tfia u mqoa.,hka w;r ikaksfõokrgdjla fuka u iudc yeisÍï rgdjla o" ta ta NdIdj, wka;¾.; fjhs' fï wkqjmqoa.,hdf.a iudc Ôú;h yd iudcYS,S Ndjh j¾Okh lr .kakg;a" udkjixj¾Okhg ndOl f,i mek kef.k jd¾.sl yd wd.ñl .egqï wìnjd isàfïyelshd cks; lr .ekSug;a" ksrka;rfhka fjkia jk f,dalfha wNsfhda.myiqfjka ch .kakg;a fo jk NdIdjla bf.kSfuys wjia:dj Wod lr §u wjYHfõ'

fo jk nila bf.kSfï wjYH;dj

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj wOHdmkh ksmqK;d mdol j ,nd§ug W;aidy .kq ,efí' mQ¾K fm!reIhlska fyì mqoa.,hl= ìys lsÍfï §ksmqK;d mdol wOHdmkfhka ,efnk msájy, yd jeo.;alu fvf,da¾ia jd¾;dj(Delors) jeks cd;Hka;r wOHdmk lñgq ks¾foaY u.ska o fmkajd § we;' fuuksmqK;d w;r ikaksfõok ksmqK;djg jeo.;a ;ekla ysñ fõ' tÈfkod Ôú;fhaisÿjk ikaksfõokfha § hï woyila meyeÈ,s j ksrjq,a j ixhufhka hq;= jmejiSu fyda yqjudre lr .ekSfï yelshdj ikaksfõok ksmqK;dfjka woyiaflf¾'

kQ;k ikaksfõok udOHhkaf.a jHdma;sh .ek i,ld n,k úg tÈfkod

233

Ôú;fha lghq;= f.k hdug;a" uõni muKla ±k isàu m%udKj;a fkd fõ'úfYaIfhka i,ld n,k úg mqj;am;" .=jka úÿ,sh" rEmjdysksh jeks udOH wonyq NdId Ndú;hg yqre ù ;sfí' th je<elaúh fkdyels ;;a;ajhls' tfuka urdcH wdh;k yd lghq;= lsÍfï § úúO j¾.j,g wh;a ks,OdÍka iu. lghq;=lsÍug isÿ fõ' fujeks wjia:dj, úúO ndOl u;= fõ' tjeks ndOl ch .ekSui|yd fo jk nila yqre lr .ekSu w;HjYH fõ'

ir, WodyrKhla .; fyd;a ffjµjrhl= uqK .eiS m%;sldr ,nd .ekSfï§ we;eï úg fo jk ni yeisrùfï fkdyelshdj ksid frda.hg ksis m%;sldr ,nd.; fkdyels jk wjia:d Wod fõ' úúO ixialD;Ska uqiq jQ iudchl fjk;ackj¾.hl wd.ñl iudc yd ixialD;sl W;aijhla Wfoid" ks;r" ;j;a ckfldgilg iïnkaO ùug isÿ fõ' fuys § jqj o fo jk nil wjYH;dj kjin|;d jvd;a w¾:j;a lr .ekSug fnfyúka bjy,a fõ' tÈfkod uQ,sl wjYH;dbgq lr .ekSug mjd fo jk nil wjYH;dj ñka meyeÈ,s fõ'

isxy," fou<" uqia,sï" n¾.¾ wd§ úúO ck fldgia jdih lrk wm rfÜ"wfkHdkH wjfndaOh yd cd;sl iu.sh j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi wfkHdkH jYfhkaTjqfkdjqkaf.a NdId wOHhkh lsÍu w;sYhska jeo.;a h' isxy, NdIdj yd fou<NdIdj rdcH NdId f,i;a" bx.%Sis NdIdj ikaOdk NdIdjla f,i;a kS;s.; lsÍufuys § ;nk ,o jeo.;a mshjrla f,i ie,lsh yels h' zzwm Y%S ,dxlslfhda hZhk ixl,amh ;yjqre ùu i|yd" rfÜ kS;s.; j mj;akd rdcH NdId m%;sm;a;shwkqj" iEu ck j¾.hl u cd;shla f,i oaú NdIsl ksmqK;djla ,eîu" cd;sltaldnoaO;dfõ cd;sl wkkH;dfõ o cd;sl iu.sfha o kfjdaohla i|yd wjYHfhkau l< hq;= m%Odk ld¾hhls'

Tjqfkdjqkaf.a ixialD;Ska y÷kd .ekSu" w.h lsÍu" idys;H lD;smßYS,kfhka tajdfha wka;¾.; yr moaO;s we.hSu" wfkHdkH úYajdih ydiyÔjkh j¾Okh lsÍu fu u.ska Wod lr .; yels h'

fï wkqj mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< fou< udOHfhka bf.k .kakd isiq ore±ßhkag fo jk ni f,i isxy, NdIdj;a" isxy, udOHfhka bf.k .kakd isiqore ±ßhkag fo jk ni f,i fou< NdIdj;a Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj cks;lsÍfuka cd;shla f,i wkd.;fha § uqyqK mEug isÿ jk Ôjk m%Yakj,g fkdìh j uqyqK §ug wjYH Yla;sh wksjd¾hfhka u cks; l< hq;= h'

fo jk ni f,i jHjydrh fjkia ù ixj¾Okh jQ whqre

f,dj iEu ck fldgil u idudðlhkag Wmf;a isg jHjydr lrkNdIdjla ;sfí' th uõni jYfhka ye¢kafõ' tfy;a iudchl úúO ck j¾.Ôj;a jk úg tla tla ck j¾.fha uõni úúO fõ' túg úúO ck j¾. Ôj;ajk iudchl tlsfklg fjkia jQ NdId jHjydr fõ' Tjqfkdjqka w;r woyiayqjudre lr .ekSug ;u uõnig wu;r j ;j;a NdIdjl ±kqula yqre lr .;hq;= fõ' tfia yqre lr .kakd NdIdj fo jk NdIdj f,i ye¢kafõ'

234

fo jk nila f,i fou< b.ekaùu fyda fo jk nila f,i isxy,b.ekaùu hkqfjka" isxy, udOH YsIHhkag fou< NdIdj;a" fou< udOH YsIHhkagisxy, NdIdj;a b.ekaùu woyia fõ' zfo jk nila f,iZ hk Ndú; j bx.%Sish;aiu. wmg ,enqKls' isxy, YsIHhkag isxy,;a" fou< YsIHhkag fou<;a uõnifõ'

1962 ud¾;= 21 jk Èk wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska ksl=;a l< EGC7 wxlork ,smsfhys fo jk ni f,i bx.%Sis fyda isxy, fyda fou< fyda woyia fõ' tuúIh ;=k u oaú;Sh NdId f,i tu wjia:dfõ § ie,l=Ks'1

1962 j¾Ifha m< jQ 1960 j¾Ih i|yd wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a md,k jd¾;djiv fldgi wOHdmk úµd yd l,d m%ldYkfha A5 msgqfõ olajd we;s zzbx.%Sis fojk NdIdjla f,i b.ekaùuZZ hk ud;Dldj hgf;a fo jk NdIdj hkakjHjydr lr we;af;a bx.%Sis NdIdj i|yd h'22222

hg;a úð; iuhg miq iajNdIdfjka wOHdmkh ,eîug wjir ,enQ miqfufia bx.%Sis NdIdj fo jk NdIdj f,i jHjydr lr we;' fï wkqj fo jk nihk jpkh hg;a úð; iuh;a iu. u wmg ,enqKls'

lkakka.r lñgq jd¾;djg wkqj o bx.%Sis NdIdj úIhud,dfõ wksjd¾hfo jk NdIdj úh hq;= nj i|yka fõ'33333

1968 iy bka miq w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd fr.=,dis olajd we;sf,aLkfha" wod< úIhh" m%dfhda.sl isxy," m%dfhda.sl fou< hkqfjka y÷kajdwe;'4

1968 ckjdß isg l%shd;aul jQ 6 jk fY%aKsfha úIhud,djg 6 jk fY%aKshgfou< $ isxy, we;=<;a ù ke;' tys fo jk ni f,i i|yka jkafka bx.%Sishhs'

1975 cQ,s ui 14 jk Èk wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska ksl=;a l< 24$73 orkpl% f,aLfhys" rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxYfha pl%f,aLhlska fldgila Wmqgd olajhs'th fufia h (

zz1964'03'23 Èke;s NdKavd.dr pl%f,aL wxl 640 ys Wm f,aLkfhys wkqu;

uqodyeÍïj,g wu;r j w'fmd'i' id'fm<& úNd.fha isxy, NdIdj ffjl,amsl&

úIhh iu;a jQjka o" III jk fY%AKsfha m%ùK;d úNd.fhka uqod yeÍug

fhda.H hehs ms<sf.k ;sfí'ZZ55555 fuys isxy, NdIdj ^ffjl,amsl& hkqfjka

woyia lrkafka 1968 mgka m%dfhda.sl isxy, hkqfjka jHjydr lsÍug mgka

.;a úIhhs' 1975 j¾Ih w. § meje;aùug wfmalaId l< cd;sl Wiia wOHdmk

iy;sl m;% úNd.h i|yd wksjd¾h úIh fldgila ks¾foaY lrk ,§' tys

wvx.= úIh y;frka tlla jQfha fo jk nihs' fo jk ni f,i isxy,"

fou<" bx.%Sis hk úIh ;=k u woyia lrk ,§'66666

1975 wxl 36$75 ork pl%f,aLfha mßYsIagh ^8 msgqj& wkqj zzkj 10 fjks iy11 fjks fY%aKs jevms<sfj<g wjYH .=re j¾.ZZ hgf;a ^wd& II oaú;Sh NdIdj^bx.%Sis$isxy,$fou<& hkqfjka igyka j we;' ta wkqj fuu NdId ;=k u fo jkni f,i woyia lr we;'7

235

1977 m< l< fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak uy;df.a zwOHdmkh wod< njla lrdZkï jQ jd¾;dfõ o iïnkaëlrK NdIdj jYfhka fuu úIh y÷kajd we;'8 fuujd¾;dfjka miq 1978 isg l%shd;aul jk úIhud,dj ms<sn| j i|yka lrk1977'12'12 Èke;s mdi 6$298 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys o fuu úIh iïnkaëlrKNdIdj isxy,$fou< f,i y÷kajd we;'

tu pl%f,aLfhys bx.%Sis NdIdj cd;Hka;r NdIdj f,i y÷kajd we;'

bkamiq ksl=;a l< 1980'12'19 Èke;s 1980$7 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys o1987'03'05 Èke;s 1981$3 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys o 1991'05'20 Èke;s 1991$18 wxlork pl%f,aLfhys o 1994'01'05 Èke;s 1994$05 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys o fuuúIhh ziïnkaëlrK NdIdjZ f,i y÷kajd we;'

fo jk ni úIhh" zz1981 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdZZ kñka m%ldYjQ Oj, m;%sldfõ m%dfhda.sl isxy,$m%dfhda.sl fou< f,i i|yka j we;' tuúIhh fi!kao¾h úIhhg úl,am f,i fcHIaG oaú;Shsl mdGud,dfõ § b.ekaùugbv fokq ,efíZZ hkqfjka tys i|yka h'9 ta ksid ffjl,amsl isxy, - ffjl,amslfou< hk w¾:h wo fuys we;'

1994'06'11 Èke;s 94$14 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys fuu úIhh w;sf¾l úIhiy wu;r úIhh hk kñka y÷kajd we;' tys wxl 05" wd fldgfiys fufiai|yka fõ'

zzmd,s NdIdj" ixialD; NdIdj" wrdì NdIdj" m%xY NdIdj" oaú;ShslNdIdj îsxy,& oaú;Sh NdIdj ^fou<& ,;ska NdIdj" uef,a NdIdjhk úIhhka y;rg fyda ^wd& ldKavhg wh;a úIhhka follWmßuhlg hg;a j ^w& iy ^wd& ldKavj,g wh;a úIhhka y;rlgfyda fuys 3 fþofha i|yka úIhhka wgg wu;r j fmkS isàugwjir fokq fkd,efí' fuu úIhhka w;sf¾l úIhhka f,i y÷kajkq,efí'ZZ hkqfjks'10

1996 wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska ilia l< cd;slwOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| l%shd;aul ie,eiau ^flgqïm;afhdackd&ys w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.fha úIhud,dfõ úl,am úIh ;=<g fo jkNdIdjla jYfhka isxy, fyda fou< jYfhka we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

11 1997 idudkH

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK m%ldYfhys o ffjl,amsl úIh mdGud,d ;=<g fo jkni jYfhka isxy,$fou< f,i we;=<;a j we;'

12

1998 foieïn¾ w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd. ld,igykg wkqj lafIa;% ;=klisxy,$fou< NdId úIh we;' tkï (-

• uõni îsxy,$fou<& yr úIhhls'

• oaú;Shsl NdIdj îsxy,$fou<& w;sf¾l úIhhls'

• ffjl,amsl îsxy,$fou< $ bx.%Sis& w;sf¾l úIhhls'

1999 ckjdß udifha isg l%shd;aul jk úIhud,dfõ wod< úIhh 1998'12'04

236

Èke;s 1998$45 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhka fo jk ni îsxy,$fou<&13 hkqfjka

y÷kajd we;' j¾;udkfha wOHdmk moaO;sfha fuu úIhh ye¢kafjkafka fïkñks ^óg wu;r j 1 fY%aKsfha isg 5 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yhkays fuu úIhh" fo jk cd;sl NdIdj fou<" fo jk cd;sl NdIdjisxy, hkqfjka y÷kajd we;' c¾uka ;dlaIKsl jHdmD;sh GTZ u.ska o fo jkcd;sl NdIdj fou<$isxy, hkqfjka y÷kajk w;r wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhacd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYfha fo jk cd;sl ni îsxy,$fou<& hkqfjkay÷kajhs' wOHdmk wud;HdxY pl%f,aLj, o i|yka j we;af;a fo jk cd;sl niîsxy,$fou<& jYfhks' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ 6 - 11 fm<fmd;aj,fuh fo jk ni fou<" fo jk ni isxy, f,i i|yka fõ' cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j yd fou< NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j u.skailia lrk 6 - 11 .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yj, o fuu úIhh y÷kajd we;af;afo jk ni isxy, fo jk ni fou< hkqfjks'14

Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj, fo jk ni isxy,$fou< b.ekaùu ms<sn| b;sydih

Y%S ,dxlsl ck;djf.a fo jk ni isxy,$fou< NdId wOHdmkhg §¾>ld,Sk b;sydihla we;' w;S;fha isg ol=Kq bkaÈhdj;a iu. mej;s foaYmd,k"wd¾Ól" iudÔh yd ixialD;sl iïnkaO;d fya;=fjka isxy, iudcfhys iq¿fldgilaj;a fou< NdIdfjka l;dny ±k isáhy' fou< niska ,shQ Ys,d f,aLklsysmhla o w;S;fhka fidhd f.k we;s neúka fou< NdIdj lshùug yelsidudkH ckhd iudcfha úiQ nj ms<s.; yels h' isxy,hka fou< ni bf.k .;anjg meyeÈ,s i|ykla ,efnkafka fldaÜfÜ hq.fhka h' f;dg.uqfõ úchndmsßfjfkys fou< NdIdj b.ekajQ nj .srd ikafoaYfhys i|yka fõ'

15

fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § w,.shjkak uqlfjá mç;=ud ,shQ iqNdIs;fhys

zzfou< il= u.o

fkdyi< i;g oo

isxy, niska ieflúka lshï mo ne|16

hk mµfhka meyeÈ,s jkafka fldaÜfÜ hq.h jk úg ixialD;" md,s ;rug ufou< NdIdj bf.kSu;a jeo.;a fldg ie,l+ nj hs' fou< ni o mKaä;hkaúiska yod< nila nj thska ms<sìUq fjhs' ta wkqj fldaÜfÜ hq.fha § úh;l= ùui|yd ±k .; hq;= NdId w;rg fou< NdIdj o tla úh'

fixlv., hq.fha § fou< l;d iy ldjH weiqßka rÑ; zzfõ;d,kaldjHhZZ rpkfha § zzlsßueáhdfõ lsú÷ZZ fufia úia;r lrhs'

zzfmdrK fu l;djh

fouf<ka ;snQ l;djhfmu is;a b;djh

lshñ fõ;d,ka l;djh

237

fou< ni t¿ fldglshkq isxy, niska W.ygZZ

17 jeks Y; j¾Ifha isg isxy, idys;Hhg tla jqKq fldínElvqj ysñhkaf.auyd morx. cd;l ldjHh" fodvïj, lsú÷kaf.a yßiapkaø l;d ldjHh ydiífí úodfkaf.a iskak uq;a;= ldjHh o fou< idys;Hfhka wmg ,enqKq odhdofõ' óg wu;r j my;rg inr.uqj yd Wvrg m<d;aj, m%p,s; j mj;sk m;a;sksfoaj;dúh ms<sn| iaf;da;% ish,a,g u iïnkaO j mj;akd ck idys;Hh o my<jQfha zzis,mamÈldrïZZ kï fou< ldjHfha tk l;dj weiqßka nj ckm%jdoj,i|yka fõ'

uykqjr rdcOdks iufha § ol=Kq bkaÈhdfjka meñKs mrmqf¾ rcjre y;rfofkla u ,xldj md,kh l<y' tl, rdc iNdfõ NdIdj fou< ù ;sìKs' isxy,rdcH ks,OdÍka ;u w;aik mjd fouf<ka ;eîug mqreÿ j isá nj 1818 .súiqug;nd we;s w;aikaj,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

fldaÜfÜ rdcOdks iufhka miq idys;H fuka u wOHdmkh o mßydkshgm;a úh' wm i;= idlaIsj,g wkqj ,xldfõ fo jk nila f,i fou< $ isxy,NdId bf.kSu m%:ufhka u wksjd¾h lf<a bx.%Sis rch hgf;a fiajh l<ks,OdÍkag h'

ì%;dkH md,k hq.h

1878 § mdi,a mÍlaIljrekag ,xldfõ iajNdId w;ßka tla NdIdjla ms<sn|j;am%ùK;djla ,nd .; hq;= hehs bx.%Sis wdKavqj kshu lr ;sfí' mÍlaIljrhl=f.ajegqma jeä ùu i|yd tu wjYH;dj iïmQ¾K l< hq;= úh' moúfha Wiia ùulgfmr isxy, ks,Odßhl= fou< NdId úIhh o" fou< ks,Odßhl= issxy, NdIdúIhh o iu;a úh hq;= h' fï lvbï mÍlaIKh iu;a fkd jQj fyd;a ks,Odßhdf.ajegqma j¾Olh wysñ jk w;r Wiiaùï o wysñ fõ hehs 1878 m%isoaO b.ekaùfïwOHlaIf.a md,k jd¾;dfõ 24 msgqfõ i|yka fõ'

17

1911 § oaú;Shsl iy Wiia wOHdmkh .ek i,ld n,d fhdackd bÈßm;alsÍug wOHdmk ldrl iNdjla m;a lrk ,os' tx.,ka;fha wOHdmk WmfoaYlhl=jQ fÊ' fÊ' wd¾' ì%Ê uy;df.a iydh fuu ldrl iNdjg ,enqKs' fuu ldrliNdj u.ska isxy, fyda fou< YsIHhkag fou< fyda isxy, NdId wksjd¾hfhkau b.ekaúh hq;= hehs fhdackd l< nj wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdjd¾;dfõ ^1944& i|yka fõ' úúO ck fldgia w;r fyd| ys; m;=rejd,Sui|yd;a jvd wdikak ixialD;sl in|;djla meje;aùu i|yd;a fou< mdi,aj,isxy, NdIdj;a" isxy, mdi,aj, fou< NdIdj;a wksjd¾hfhka b.ekaúh hq;=hehs 1936 § tÉ' iS' lk.r;akï uy;d lshd isáfha h' fï woyi ms<s.;a kuq;al%shd;aul fkd ù h'

bx.%Sis NdIdj ì%;dkH rch hgf;a isxy," fou< ck;dj iïnkaO lrkfmdÿ NdIdj f,i l%shd;aul úh' fï ksid W.;a fou< ck;djg issxy, NdIdj

238

bf.kSfï;a W.;a isxy, ck;djg fou< NdIdj bf.kSfï;a wjYH;dj t;rï±kqfKa ke;' 1940 oYlh jk úg uõniska wOHdmkh ,eîfï jeo.;alu wjfndaOù ;snqKs' 1945 iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r fhdackd wkqj ;ukaf.a uõniskawOHdmkh ,eîug wjia:dj ,nd fok ,os' oYlhla muK hk úg by; fhdackdfõm%;sM, olakg ,enqKs' uõniska wOHdmkh ,enQ wh /lshd ,nd .ekSug bÈßm;ajQy' bx.%Sis udOHfhka W.;a" rcfha n,;, w,a,d f.k isá wh ;jÿrg;aTjqkaf.a ;;a;ajh mj;ajd f.k hdug igka l<y' fujeks wjia:djl NdIdm%;sm;a;shla ieliSug rchg isÿ úh'

1956 ue;sjrK yd NdId m%;sm;a;sh w;aje,a ne| .;af;a h' 1956 ue;sjrKfhkamiq rdcH NdId iïu; lrk ,os' rdcH NdIdj isxy, NdIdj njg kS;s.;lsÍfuka miq" fou< ks,OdÍkag wksjd¾hfhka u isxy, NdIdj bf.kSug isÿúh' ld¾hlaIu;d lvbu i|yd rcfha isxy, ks,OdÍkag fou< NdIdj bf.kSuwksjd¾h úh' rcfha fiajfha fh§ isá fou< ks,OdÍka wksjd¾hfhka isxy,NdIdj bf.k f.k" úNd.fhka iu;a fkd ù kï jegqma j¾Ol fkd,eîumuKla fkd j" jdr lsysmhl § j;a iu;a ùug neß jqj fyd;a /lshdfjka bj;ajkakg mjd isÿ úh' fuu ;;a;ajh fou< ;reK ;reKshkag rcfha /lshdfodrgq jid ;eîula fuka fmkS .sfha h' fou< ks,OdÍkag muKla wkH NdIdjlabf.kSug n, lsÍu ;ukag lrk widOdrKhla fia is;+y' 1961 m;a l< cd;slfldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ

18 j¾I tla oyia kjish y;<sia .Kkaj, ;u <uhskag

isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùu lr f.k wd fou< m<d;aj, mdi,aj, fuu úIhh 1956isxy, rdcH NdId mk;

19 iïu; jQ Èk isg ;u mámdáfhka neyer fldg

we;ehs i|yka fõ' fou< ck;dj isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùu .ek ±lajQ wdl,amhfuu f;dr;=rej,ska meyeÈ,s fõ'

1958 wxl 28 ork fou< NdId ^úfYaI úêúOdk& mk;20

hgf;a fou<ck;djg ;u rdcldß lghq;= fou< NdIdfjka lr f.k hdug wjia:dj Wod jQmiq lsishï iykhla ,enqKs'

l%ufhka fou< ks,OdÍyq isxy, NdIdj bf.kSu w;miq l<y' rcfha/lshdjl ksr; ùug kï isxy, NdIdj W.; hq;= h hk úYajdih we;s j" uqia,sïck;dj ;u orejkg hï m%udKhl isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùul ksr; jQy' isxy,.ïudkj, mÈxÑ j isá uqia,sï <uhs isxy, mdi,aj, o wOHdmkh ,enQy'

1960 oYlfha fo jk nila f,i isxy, iy fou< NdId b.ekaùu ms<sn|j ck;djf.a wdl,am .ek jegySula we;s lr .ekSug 1961 l%shd;aul jQ cd;slwOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ my; ±lafjk igyk m%fhdackj;a fõ'

zzn¾.¾ yd uqia,sï ck;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isá ksfhdað;fhda" rdcHNdId udOHfhka bf.kSu fkd ,nk iajlSh orejkag m<uq wjqreoafoamgka rdcH NdIdj wksjd¾h úIhhla l< hq;= hehs b,a,d isáhy' j;=lïlrejka fjkqfjka fmkS isá ksfhdað; iNd folska tlla" rdcHNdIdj wksjd¾h l< hq;= hehs wheÈ w;r wksl fï iïnkaOfhkafldñika iNdj u.ska ;;a jQ mßÈ ljr fhdackdjla jqj o ms<s.kakg

239

iQodkï úh' ,xld fou< ck;dj fjkqfjka fmkS isá ksfhdað;fhdaTjqkaf.a <uqka i|yd wksjd¾h l< hq;= tl u fojeks NdIdj bx.%Sishehs o" isxy, <uqka fou< bf.k .; hq;= w;r" fou< <uqka isxy,bf.k .; hq;= hehs o lshd isáhy'ZZ

ksfhdað;hkaf.a woyia .ek wjOdkh fhduq l< fldñiu zzlksIaG ydfcHIaG mdGYd,dj, iEu mka;shl § u iEu YsIHhl=g u rdcH NdIdj wksjd¾húIhhla f,i b.ekaùug yd th l%shd;aul lsÍug ish¨ u mdGYd,djkag jydu iqÿiq .=rejreka m;a lsÍu o l< hq;= hehsZZ ks¾foaY lrk ,os' by; ks¾foaYhgwu;r j 6 jk mdGYd,d jif¾ mgka 8 jk mdGYd,d jir olajd mka;sj, isxy,fyda fou< fyda bx.%Sis fo jk nila f,i b.ekaùug ks¾foaY lrk ,os' rdcHNdIdj fkdo;a jeäysáhka i|yd jeäysá mka;s meje;aùu o ks¾foaY lrk ,§'

21

1970 - 1979 hq.h

1960 oYlh wjidk Nd.fha § fou< mdi,aj, isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùui|yd isxy, .=rejreka m;a lf<a h' fldñiula u.ska lrkq ,nk ks¾foaY l=ulajqj;a th l%shdjg Ndckh lsÍu i|yd pl%f,aL u.ska mdi,aj,g heúh hq;= h'EGC7 iy 1962$03$21 Èk hjk ,o pl%f,aLfhys mdi,aj, isxy," fou<" bx.%Sishk NdIdj,ska tlla fo jk ni f,i w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.hg W.kajkf,i i|yka úh'

kej;;a fï úIh b.ekaùu .ek Wkkaÿjla we;s jQfha 1967 § h' 1968 isgl%shd;aul l< w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.h i|yd jQ fr.=,disj, wod< úIhy÷kajd we;af;a m%dfhda.sl isxy, îsxy, fkd jk whÿïlrejka i|yd& m%dfhda.slfou< ^fou< fkd jk whÿïlrejka i|yd& hkqfjks'

1972 wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha2222222222 zwOHdmkfha kj u.Z m%ldYkfhys úfoaYShÈhqKq nila jYfhka bx.%Sis NdIdj o" rdcH NdIdj jYfhka isxy, NdIdj obf.kSug wjYH nj fmkajd fohs'

tys olajd we;s úIhud,dfõ fo jk ni f,i i|yka jkafka bx.%SisNdIdjhs' ;=ka jk nila jYfhka m%dfhda.sl fou<" isxy, udOH mdi,aj, om%dfhda.sl isxy," fou< udOH mdi,aj, o b.ekaùug wud;HdxYh fhdackd lr;sfí' tys § ;=ka jk ni i|yd ld,mßÉfþo mjd fjka lr we;' ld,mßÉfþo3la m%udKj;a fkdjkafka kï ld,mßÉfþo 5 fyda 6la olajd jeä lsÍugúµd,hdêm;sg ksoyi ,nd § we;' tys § fjk;a úIh i|yd fjka l<ld,mßÉfþoj, fjkila fkd lr wjYH mßÈ mdi,a ld,fhka miq fyda fikiqrdodÈkj, fyda ;=ka jk ni i|yd ld,fþo ixLHdj fhdod .; yels nj olajd we;'

1973 ud¾;= 15 Èke;s mdi$7$30 wxl ork pl%f,aLh fuu úIhhg wod<j ksl=;a l< pl%f,aLhls' uqia,sï YsIHhka jeä ixLHdjla isák isxy, udOHmdi,aj, fou< NdIdj o" b.ekaúh hq;= hehs tu pl%f,aLfhys i|yka j ;snqKs'fuu pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lsÍug isÿjkakg we;af;a uqia,sïjrekaf.a úfYaI b,a,Su

240

ksid úh yels h' isxy,$fou< NdId b.ekaùu w;miq ù hk nj;a ta u.skauqia,sï YsIHhkag mdvqjla isÿjkq we;ehs Tjqka is;kakg we;s nj;a ñka meyeÈ,sfõ'

1977 m;a jQ rch hgf;a m;a l< fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak jd¾;dfjka fo jknila f,i isxy,$fou< b.ekaùu .ek kej; idlÉPdjla we;s úh' 1977 n,hgm;a rch hgf;a .=rejreka úYd, ixLHdjlg .=re m;aùï ,nd fok ,§' fïwjia:dfõ § tla tla úIhh i|yd úfYaI m;aùï ,nd fkd ÿkak;a tla tla úIhlafIa;% y÷kd f.k" tu úIh b.ekaùu .=rejrhdf.ka wfmalaId lrk ,§' fïwjia:dfõ § fo jk ni f,i isxy,$fou< b.ekaùu i|yd o wfmalaIs; .=rejrekam;a lf<a h' tfy;a mdi,aj, tu úIhh b.ekaùug jevms<sfj<la fkd jQ neúkatu .=rejre fjk;a úIh b.ekajQy' miq j ;udf.a uõniska wOHdmkh ,nd fokmdi,aj,g udre ù .shy'

uyr.u .=re úÿyf,a o iïnkaëlrK NdIdjla f,i fou< NdIdj b.ekaúKs'fï w;r iïnkaëlrK NdIdj b.ekaùu i|yd u fjk u mdGud,djla Whkaj;a;.=re úÿyf,ys wdrïN úh' fuu mdGud,dj i|yd fou< NdIdj ms<sn| iq¿ fyda±kqula ;snQ kqmqyqKq .=rejreka n|jd f.k mqyqKqjla o ,nd fok ,os' fuumdGud,dj o jeä l,la mej;=fKa ke;'

fo jk nila f,i isxy,$fou< NdId b.ekaùu ms<sn| j rchg buy;awjYH;djla ;snQ kuq;a tu wjYH;dj l%shd;aul lsÍu b;d ÿIalr úh' isxy,mdi,aj, fou< NdIdj W.kajkafka ke;s ksid fou< mdi,aj, isxy, NdIdjb.ekaùu keje;ajQ nj iuyre mejiQy' fou< mdi,aj, isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùugWkkaÿjla ke;s ksid isxy, mdi,aj, o fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu wjYH ke;ehsisxy, ck;dj is;=jd úh yels h' wfkla w;g fou< ck;djg isxy, NdIdjb.ekaùu" isxy,hkaf.a wdêm;Hh nf,ka megùula f,i fou< ck;dj is;=jdúh yels h' 1977'12'12 Èke;s pl%f,aLh ksl=;a fldg wjqreÿ ;=kla .; jQ miq"1980'12'19 Èke;s 1980$7 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhka my; ±lafjk ksfhda.h mdi,afj; hjk ,§'

zz6-10 fY%aKs i|yd we;=<;a lr ;snQ iïnkaëlrK NdIdj ^isxy,$fou<&úIhhka úIh ud,dfjka bj;a lsßug ;SrKh lr we;' tneúka 1981isg tu úIhhka fjkqfjka 6-8 fY%AKs i|yd fjka lr ;snQ ld,fþo 3iy 9-10 fY%aKsj,g fjka lr ;snqK ld,Éfþo 2 my; i|yka mßÈfhdod .kakd f,i fuhska okajñ'ZZ hkqfjks'

23

1980 - 1989 hq.h

1980$7 pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lsÍu ksid fuf;la l,a lsishï m%udKhlg fydamdi,aj, mej;=K isxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu kj;ajd ±ñKs' fufia fo jkni f,i isxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu k;r ùu .ek uqia,sï mdi,a l,n,hgm;a úh' ;u orejkag isxy, b.ekaùug Wkkaÿjla uqia,sï ck;djg w;S;fha

241

isg u ;sìKs' Tjqyq isxy, ck;dj weiqf¾ isá fyhska isxy, bf.kSfï jeo.;alufyd¢ka wjfndaO lr f.k isáhy' wfkla w;g rcfha /lshdjla i|yd isxy,bf.kSu wjYH nj Tjqyq úYajdi l<y' mdi,aj, fo jk ni f,i isxy,$fou<b.ekaùu keje;aùu .ek Tjqyq rchg meñKs,s l<y' Tjqkaf.a meñKs,sj,gijka fhduq fkd lr isàug wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg fkdyels úh' tys m%;sM,hlajYfhka 1981'03'05 Èke;s 1981$3 wxl ork pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lrk ,os' wxl mdi$ 7$30 iy 1973'03'15 Èk ork pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lsÍu u.ska uqia,sï <uhska jeäixLHdjla isák fou< mdi,aj, isxy, NdIdj o" uqia,sï <uhska jeä ixLHdjlaisák isxy, mdi,aj, fou< NdIdj o b.ekaùfuys fjkila wfmalaId fkdlrk,o nj 1981$3 pl%f,aLfhka ;yjqre lrk ,os' ;j o ;=ka jeks NdIdjla jYfhkaisxy,$fou< b.ekafjk mdi,aj, ;jÿrg;a tu úIhh b.ekaúh yels hehs oi|yka úh' ish¨ u mdi,aj, b.ekaùug myiqlï fkdue;s ksid fou<$isxy,NdIdj b.ekaùfï wjYH;djla ;jÿrg;a n, fkd mdk nj o 1981$3 pl%f,aLfhysi|yka úh' fuhska meyeÈ,s jkafka fo jk nila f,i isxy,$fou< NdIdjb.ekaùu ish¨ mdi,aj, wdrïN lsÍug wjYH jqj o myiqlï fkdue;s ksid"fuu ld¾hh wjqreÿ ;=kla .; jQ miq w;ayer oukakg isÿ jQ njhs'

1981 wf.daia;= ui bÈßm;a l< wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd ms<sn|Oj, m;%sldfjys zzlksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj hgf;a m%dfhda.sl isxy,$fou<hk úIh b.ekaùug leu;s mdi,aj,g th 10 jeks úIhh jk fia b.ekaùugbv ie,fiaZZ hehs i|yka fõ' ;j o zfcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dfõ wjYH kïfi!kao¾h úIhhg úl,am jYfhka m%dfhda.sl isxy,$fou< b.ekaùug bvfokq ,efíZ hehs i|yka úh' tfy;a th cd;sl uÜgfuka we.hSug Ndckh jkúIhhla f,i fkd ie,lsKs'

24 w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& i|yd úIh f;dard .ekSu

iïnkaO j 1989 wf.daia;= ui 31 Èk wxl 1989$4 hgf;a pl%f,aLhla ksl=;a lrk,os' fuys w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& i|yd f;dard .; hq;= úIh ixLHdj" yr úIh" úIhldKav wdÈh .ek i|yka fõ' tfy;a tys isxy,$fou< úIhh .ek lsis ui|ykla ke;' 1981'03'05 § ksl=;a l< pl%f,aLh 1989 jk úg l%shd;aul jQ njmeyeÈ,s h' 1981 pl%f,aLh ksid isxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu fndfyda ÿrgwNdjhg .sh nj úYajdi l< yels h' 1989 pl%f,aLfhys tu úIhh b.ekaùu.ek fyda úNd.hg .ekSu .ek i|yka fkd ùfuka th úNd.hg .; yelsúIhhla fkd ù h'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< b.ekaùu ish¨ u mdi,aj, Èh;a lsÍu fuka ul%shd;aul jQ mdi,aj, b.ekaùu wvmK ùug bv ie,iSu o fndfyda wh wkqu;fkd l<y' 1989 pl%f,aLh heùfuka miq kej; ;;a;ajh fjkia jQ nj lsj yelsh' 1989 § wod< úIhh .ek i|yka fkd lsÍu" .eg¨jlg fya;= úh' fï ;;a;ajhu. yerùug 1991'05'20 Èke;s 91$98 wxl ork pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lsÍug isÿ úh'fuu pl%f,aLfhys zzisxy, udOH mdi,aj, fou< NdIdj;a" fou< udOH mdi,aj,isxy, NdIdj;a b.ekaùu w;HjYH nj ;SrKh lr we;'ZZ fuys iïnkaëlrKNdIdj îsxy,$fou<& hkqfjka fuu úIhh ye¢kafõ' fujr 12" 13 jir i|ydo fuu úIhh b.ekaùu ks¾foaY lrhs' ld,Éfþo fjka l< hq;= wkaou o

242

we;=<;a lr we;' fuu pl%f,aLh u.ska wxl 143$7 iy 72'12'12 pl%f,aLh o"1980$7 iy 1980'12'19 pl%f,aLh o wj,x.= flf¾ZZ hkqfjka i|yka úh'

,,s;a we;=,;auqo,s uy;d fo jk ni f,i isxy,$fou< b.ekaùums<sn| j úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ wfhls' Tyqf.a ks¾foaYhla hgf;a m%d:ñlYsIHhkaf.a isxy,$fou< NdId ±kSu we.hSu i|yd" 5 jir YsIH;aj úNd.h iu.ir, W;aidyhla lrk ,os' fuh wid¾:l jev ms<sfj<la jqj o fo jk niisxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu ms<sn| b;sydi l;dfõ tla wjia:djla f,ii|yka lsÍug isÿ fõ' rcfha fiajlhkag isxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùuiïnkaOfhka o fu;=ud uy;a Wkkaÿjla ±lajQ wfhls' 1-10 olajd uÜgï 10lskaúNd.h mj;ajd iy;sl m%odkh lsÍug lghq;= lf<a h'

1990 - 1999 hq.h

1990 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § m%d:ñl mka;sj, YsIHhkag fou< NdIdjms<sn| ±kqj;a njla we;s lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska Wkkaÿjlawe;s lrk ,os' fï wkqj wksl=;a úIh W.kajk .=rejrhd úiska u fou< NdIdjpk iaj,amhla o flá jdlH lsysmhla o y;r jir isiqkag b.ekaùug jEhï,os' fï i|yd YsIH fm< fmd;la o fnod fok ,§' fuu jev ms<sfj< o bfí uwNdjhg .sfha h' fuu úIhh b.ekaùu ms<sn| j fjkila fhdackd flrefKa1994'01'07 Èke;s wxl 94$05 ork pl%f,aLfhks' tys bx.%Sis idys;Hh b.ekaùui|yd iïnkaëlrK NdId i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþo fhdod .; yels nji|yka fõ' bx.%Sis idys;Hh b.ekaùu j¾Okh lsÍug ±lajQ Wkkaÿfõ wksism%;sM,hla f,i fuu W;aidyh y÷kajd Èh yels h'

1994 cQks ui 11 jk Èk wxl 04$14 hgf;a" wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%idudkH fm< úNd.h i|yd úIh f;dard .ekSu iïnkaO j pl%f,aLhla ksl=;alrk ,§' tu pl%f,aLhg wkqj" úNd.h i|yd m%Odk úIh 6 lg o wu;r^w;sf¾l& úIh y;rlg o úNd.h i|yd fmkS isáh yels h' isxy,$fou<úIhh" w;sf¾l fyj;a wu;r úIh ,ehsia;=jg we;=<;a h' w;sf¾l$wu;rúIhh b.ekaùu mdif,a ld,igykg we;=<;a fkd ù h' úNd.hg fmkS isàui|yd ndysr j W.; hq;= úh' ;j o úNd.fha § w;sf¾l úIhh i|yd" ,nd .kakdiïudk idu¾:Hh w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& mka;shg we;=<;a ùfï iqÿiqlula f,ifkd ie,flk nj hf:dala; pl%f,aLfhys lshd we;' óg fmr iuyr wjia:dj,ksl=;a l< pl%f,aLj, fï úIh iïnkaO j i|yka lroa§ fou< fkd jkYsIHhkag isxy, o" isxy, fkd jk YsIHhkag fou< o hkqfjka i|yka flßKs'tfy;a 94$4 pl%f,aLfhys tfia i|yka fkd ù h' fuu fya;=fjka iuyr isxy,mdi,ays isxy, YsIHhka fo jk ni f,ig o isxy, úIhhg fmkS isá njwikakg ,eìKs' fou< <uhska tfia l< nj ±k .kakg ke;' jeämqr úYsIagidu¾:Hhla ,nd .ekSu fuys wfmalaIdj jkakg we;'

1992 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ"25

NdIdjkays m%ùK;djWiia lsÍug Wmdh ud¾.hka ie,ls,a,g .kakd nj i|yka h' tfy;a fo jk

243

nila jYfhka isxy,$fou< NdId b.ekaùu .ek úfYaI i|ykla lr fkdue;'tfy;a tu jd¾;dj weiqßka zzcd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla lrd l%shdldÍ Wmdhud¾.ZZ kï lD;sfhys ud;D NdIdj yereK úg wfkla cd;sl NdIdjla bf.kSugwjia:d o myiqlï o ish¨ YsIHhkag ,nd fok nj i|yka lrhs'

26 fuys § cd;sl

NdId hkqfjka woyia lr we;af;a isxy,$fou< NdId h' f,dal nexl=j iycd;Hka;r ixj¾Ok tackaish u.ska wkq.%y olajk ,o Curriculum Development

Component - (Study Report) kï jQ wOHhk jd¾;dfõ o fo jk nila f,iisxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu ms<sn| j úfYaI i|ykla ke;'

tfia u Second General Education Project hgf;a Curriculum Development

jd¾;dfõ o fo jk nila f,i isxy,$fou< NdIdj b.ekaùu .ek úfYaIi|ykla ke;'

1997 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu u.ska ksl=;a l< Reforms in General Edu-

cation kï lD;sfhys" .=rejreka imhd .;a l, lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wjêfha §fo jk ni isxy,$fou< W.kajk nj i|yka fõ'

27

1997 idudkH wOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK u.ska m%d:ñl wxYfha m<uq jkfY%aKsfha isg mia jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ m%Odk wjêj, § ;u uõnig wu;r jwfkla cd;sl NdIdjka Ndú; lsÍug o <uhskag wkqn, § ;sìKs' tys u fcHIaGoaú;Shsl wjêh ^w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úIhud,dj i|yd yr úIh yd ffjl,amsljYfhka fldgia folla fjka jQ w;r ffjl,amsl úIhud,djg fo jk nijYfhka isxy,$fou< NdId we;=<;a úh'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jevigyk" 1999 ckjdß oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh^6-11& fY%aKs m%ldYkfha 13 msgqfõ fo jk ni isxy, ^6-9& fY%aKs i|yd l%shd;auljk wdldrh meyeÈ,s lr ;sfí'

28

zzmqoa,hska w;r;a yd iudc w;r;a wfkHdkH wjfndaOh yd iyfhda.s;djj¾Okh i|yd NdIdjg ysñjkafka w;sYhska jeo.;a jQ ia:dkhls' tneúkaY%S ,xldj ;=< isxy, NdIdj l;d lrk ck;dj fou< ni ±kqj;a ùu;a"fou< NdIdj l;d lrk ck;dj isxy, ni ±kqj;a ùu;a iudÔhwka;¾ l%shd we;sùug uy;a fia m%fhdackj;a jkq we;'ZZ

fï wkqj uõni yd bx.%Sis ni yefrkakg fo jk NdIdjla b.ekaùu"cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sfha fldgila f,i bÈßm;a fldg we;'

isxy, NdIdj yd fou< NdIdj fo jk NdIdjla jYfhka mdi,aj, b.ekaùui|yd úIh ks¾foaY ilia fldg bÈßm;a lr ;sfí' tu.ska cd;Ska w;r wfkHdkHwjfndaOhlska tla cd;shla jYfhka Ôj;aùug;a m%fhdackj;a fõ hehs wfmalaIdflf¾'

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd fuu úIhh i;shlg ld,mßÉfþofol ne.ska b.ekafjk w;r 10 jk yd 11 jk fY%aKsj, § th w;sf¾l úIhhlaf,i bf.k .; yels h'

29

fï wkqj 1998 foie' 04 oske;s pl%f,aL wxl 1998$45 wkqj 1999 isg

244

l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmalaIs;" lksIaG mdGYd,dfjys 6 jk fY%aKsfha mgka 9 jkfY%aKsh olajd úIhud,djg" fo jk ni isxy,$fou< NdId wksjd¾h úIhhlaf,i we;=<;a lr ;sfí' úIhh i|yd i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo fol ne.ska fjkalr ;sîu" fuu jevigyk id¾:l ùug we;s m%Odk wjYH;djla iïmdokhlsÍuls' 10 jk fY%aKsh yd 11 jk fY%aKsh i|yd m%Odk úIh ,ehsia;=fõ fo jkni isxy,$fou< NdId we;=<;a fkd fõ' m%Odk úIh wgg wu;r j w;sf¾lúIh folla i|yd w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isáh yels w;sf¾l úIh,ehsia;=fõ fo jk ni isxy,$fou< NdId wvx.= ù we;' w;sf¾l úIhhla i|ydi;shlg ld,mßÉfþo 02la 10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd ld,igyfkys fjka lr we;' fojk ni-fou<$isxy, .ek Wkkaÿ jk whg fï ld,Éfþo o fhdod .; yels h'fufia n,k úg 6 isg 11 jk fY%AKsh olajd m%udKj;a ld,mßÉfþo ixLdHdjlai;shlg 2 ne.ska fuu úIhh i|yd pl%f,aL wxl 1998$45 ork 1998 foie' 04Èke;s pl%f,aLfhka fjka úh'

2000 isg fï olajd

zY%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|ydfhdackdj cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj - udkj ixj¾Okh i|yd bÈß ±lSuZhk m%ldYkfha 5 jk mßÉfþofha úIhud,d kùlrKh" .=Kd;aul Ndjh ydwod<;ajh fldgfiys ^130 msgqj& fhdackd hgf;a m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fojk cd;sl NdIdjla jYfhka isxy,$fou< NdIdjka YsIHhkag y÷kajd fok ,§'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmk úIhud,djg o isxy,$fou< ^fo jk cd;slNdIdj& f,i 6-9 fY%aKs i|yd wksjd¾h úIhud,djg we;=<;a lr ;sfí' ta i|yd6 jk fY%aKshg 1 ld,mßfþohla o 7" 8" 9 fY%aKsj,g ld,fþo 02 ne.ska ofhdckd lr ;sfí'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh ^1& 10-11 fY%aKs i|yd w'fmd'i' îd'fm<&i|yd w;sf¾l úIh ,ehsia;=fõ fo jk NdIdjla f,iska isxy,$fou< úIhi|yd ld,mßÉfþo 1 ne.ska fhdackd lr ;sfí ^130" 131" 132" 133" 134" 136 msgq&'

2006'03'07 Èke;s pl%f,aL wxl 2006$09 ED$01$12$06$15$01 pl%f,aLfhkaoaú;Shsl fY%aKs ^6-11& i|yd zkj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍuZ hk uefhkawOHdmk wud;HdxYh cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj yd cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha o ks¾foaY u; j¾I 2007 isg úIhud,d ixfYdaOk y÷kajd fok ,§'fï pl%f,aLfha ±lafjk kshuhka 2007 jif¾ 6" 10 fY%aKs i|yd o" 2008 jif¾7 yd 11 fY%aKs i|yd o 2009 jif¾ È 8 jk fY%aKsh i|yd o 2010 § 9 fY%aKsh i|ydo n, meje;afjk nj okajd ;sfí' tys È 6 - 9 fY%aKs i|yd fo jk NdIdjisxy,$fou< úIhhg i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo 2 ne.ska fjka lr we;' tys u 10"11 fY%aKs i|yd w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.h b,lal lr m<uq úIh ldKavh ;=<gfo jk NdIdjla f,i isxy,$fou< úIh we;=<;a lr ;sfí' m<uq jk úIhldKavfha úIhhla i|yd tys u i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo 3la fjka lr ;sfí' fïwkqj 2007 jif¾ isg 10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIhh i|ydld,mßÉfþo 3 ne.ska fjka úh'

245

2006'12'22 Èke;s wxl 2006$49 ork pl%f,aLfhka m%d:ñl wOHdmkfham<uq m%Odk wjêh ^1 yd 2& fY%aKs i|yd kj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu' tyswxl 03 hgf;a 1998 j¾Ifha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a y÷kajd § we;s m<uqjk yd fo jk fY%aKs i|yd jk m%d:ñl wOHdmk jevigykaj,g tla l< w¨;awx. w;rg fo jk cd;sl NdIdjla f,i isxy, isiqka fou< NdIdj;a fou<isiqka isxy, NdIdj;a bf.kSu we;=<;a lr ;sfí' tys § fo jk cd;sl NdIdjbf.kSu i|yd i;shlg úkdä 30l ld, mßÉfþohla fjka lr ;sfí'

2007'12'13 Èke;s wxl 2007$29 ork pl%f,aLfhka m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha fojk m%Odk wjêh ^3 yd 4 fY%aKs& i|yd" kj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu hgf;a"fo jk cd;sl NdIdj fou<$isxy, we;=<;a lr ;sfí' fuu úIhhg i;shlgmeh 1 ne.ska ld, mßÉfþo 2la fjka lr we;'

1" 2 fY%aKs yd 3 jk fY%aKsfha 2 jk jdrh olajd fo jk ni fou<$isxy,jdÑl j b.ekafjk w;r ,sùu wdrïN jkqfha 3 jk fY%aKsfha wjidk jdrfhaisg h'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha ;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh" tkï 5 jk fY%aKshg kshñ;YsIH;aj mÍlaIKh i|yd jQ m%Yak m;%hg o" 2004 j¾Ifha isg" fo jk nifou<$isxy, i|yd m%Yak folla we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

by; lreKq wkqj i,ld n,k úg jßkajr úúO uqyqKqjr .ksñkafjkiaùïj,g Ndckh fjñka fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIhh mdi,a úIhud,dfõ ;ekla ysñ lr f.k ;sfnk nj meyeÈ,s lreKls'

flfia jqj o fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIh mdi,aj, b.ekaùu ms<sn|meyeÈ,s m%;sm;a;shla ±l .kakg fkdue;' úIh b.ekaùu i|yd fjka jQ .=remsßila o ke;' .=re mqyqKqùï u.ska wjYH mqyqKqùï ,nd ÿkak o úIh b.ekaùïlghq;= wdjrKh lrkq ,nkafka mdi,aj, fjk;a úIh W.kajk .=reNj;=kaúisks' tu ksid iuia; mdi,a moaO;sfha u tldldr j úIh b.ekaùu l%shd;aulfkd fõ' tfuka u tla tla wjqreÿj, mqyqKqj ,nk .=rejreka wLKav j tu úIhu W.kajk nj o ;yjqre l< fkdyels ;;a;ajhla u;= j ;sfí' fï nj fld<UúYajúµd,fha wOHdmk m¾fhaIK wdh;kh u.ska l< m¾fhaIKhlska owkdjrKh ù ;sfí' tfia u mdi,aj, fuu úIhh W.kajk .=re Nj;=ka" úêu;af,i fo jk NdIdj b.ekaùu i|yd mqyqKqjla ,enQ wh fkd jk w;r" Tjqkafláld,Sk mdGud,d yeoErE wh nj o i|yka fõ' WÑ; udkj iïm;a W!k;dj"uõni b.ekaùug Ndú; lrk l%ufõo u fo jk NdIdj i|yd fhdod .ekSu;aksid id¾:l m%;sM, w;alr .ekSug ndOdjla ù we;' ta ksid fo jk NdIdjms<sn| .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu;a fo jk ni b.ekaùï iqúfYaI l%u Ys,amy÷kajd §u;a jyd u l< hq;= j mj;S'

246

fo jk ni fou<$isxy, mss<sn| kS;s miqìu

rdcH NdId m%;sm;a;sh

1978 Y%S ,xld m%cd;ka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ NdIdjms<sn| jQ iv mßÉfþofha 18 jk j.ka;sh wkqj Y%S ,xldfõ rdcH NdIdj isxy,jkafka h' 19 jk j.ka;shg wkqj isxy, NdIdj yd fou< NdIdj" Y%S ,xldfõcd;sl NdId jkafka h'

30

Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:djg f.fkk ,o 13 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:dixfYdaOkhg wkqj ^1987 fkdjeïn¾ ui 14 jk iy;sl lrk ,o&" fou< NdIdjo isxy, NdIdj fuka u rdcH NdIdj jkafka h'

bx.%Sis NdIdj ikaOdk NdIdj fõ'

Y%S ,xld wdKavql%u jHjia:djg f.fkk ,o oyih jk ixfYdaOkhgwkqj ^1988 foie' 17 jk Èk iy;sl lrk ,o&" isxy, iy fou< NdId Y%S ,xldjuq¿,af,a u mßmd,k NdIdj nj i|yka fõ'

13 jk wdKavql%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkhg wkqj rdcH NdIdj cd;sl NdIdjhk jHjydrj,g wu;r j wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ zzmßmd,k NdIdj" kS;s mekùfïNdIdj" wêlrK NdIdjZZ hk jHjydr o we;=<;a j we;'

1990 ;reKhka ms<sn| ckdêm;s fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj u.ska ooaúNdIsl;dfjys wjYH;dj iy jeo.;alu ms<sn| j wjOdrKh lr we;' tysi|yka mßÈ wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ oyih jeks ixfYdaOkfhka Y%S ,xldfõ oaúNdIdNdú;h ks, jYfhka ms<s.kakd ,os'3131313131

fldñIka iNdfõ fhdackd w;r ks¾foaY hgf;a 78 msgqfõ ^we& hgf;afufia i|yka fõ'

zz;=kajeks j¾Ifha isg 6 jeks j¾Ih olajd isxy, YsIHhkag øúvNdIdj o" øúv YsIHhkag isxy, NdIdj o W.ekaúh hq;= njg fldñiuks¾foaY lrhs' fuys wruqK úh hq;af;a Tjqfkdjqkaf.a NdId ixialD;Skaflfrys orejka fhduq lsÍu h' fuys b,lalh ienúka u woyiayqjudre lr .ekSu yd wfkHdkH wjfndaOh úh hq;= h' ish leue;a;hgf;a wOHhk úIhhla f,i yhjeks fY%aKsfhka Tíng o tla úIhyeoEÍug YsIhfhl= bv Èh yels hZZ3232323232

fuu fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fldñiu wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%idudkH fm< yd Wiia fm< iqÿiqlï ,;a /lshd úrys; isxy, yd fou< ;reK;reKshka my< fY%aKsj, YsIHhkag NdId b.ekaùfï lghq;= i|yd mqyqKq l<yels nj fhdackd lrhs' ckjd¾.sl iu.sh j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd wdpd¾hjrekayqjudre lr .ekSug fuu l%uh bjy,a jk nj mjihs' tfuka u ie,lsh hq;=ñY% ck wkqmd;hlska hq;= niakdysr" uOHu yd kef.kysr m<d;aj, úúOj¾.fha ckjd¾.sl mdi,a hg;a msßfihska NdId b.ekaùfï wdpd¾hjreka we;=¿iïm;a yjq, m%fhdackhg .ekSu i|yd iEu úg u taldnoaO lsÍu iqÿiq nj o tys

247

i|yka fhdackdjls' fujeks taldnoaO lsÍula tla;rd ckj¾.hl YsIHhska ;j;alKavdhula ixialD;shl o" isß;a úß;a yd jHjydr o flfrys fhduq lsÍfukafmdÿ w;a±lSï yjqf,a fnod yod .ekSug fmd,Ujkq we;ehs i|yka lr ;sfí'

rdcH NdId kS;sh

rdcH NdId m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd 1991 wxl 18 ork mk;skardcH NdId fldñIka iNdj msysgqjk ,os' mkf;a 6 jeks j.ka;sfha olajd we;srdcH NdId fldñIka iNdfõ wruqKq

33 my; mßÈ fõ'

^w& rdcH NdId Ndú;h ms<sn| m%;sm;a;suh uQ,O¾u ks¾foaY lsÍu iy wdKavql%ujHjia:dfõ IV jk mßÉfþofha wka;¾.; úêúOdk wkqj l%shd lsÍums<sn| j úuis,su;a ùu iy wëlaIKh lsÍu'

^wd& ^fuys ñkau;= zwod< NdIdjZ hkqfjka i|yka lrkq ,nk& wdKavql%ujHjia:dfõ 18 jk jHjia:dfjys i|yka NdId Ndú;h" wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõIV jk mßÉfþofha Ndjd¾:hg iy fÉ;kdjg wkql+, j isÿ jk njgj.n,d .ekSu i|yd wjYH úh yels ish¨ l%shdjka lsÍu iy mshjr.ekSu'

^we& rdcH NdId we.ehSu Èß.ekaùu iy tajdfha ;rd;sru" iudk;ajh iyNdú; lsÍfï whs;sjdislu ms<s.ekSu" mj;ajd f.k hdu iy bÈßhg f.khdu'

^wE& ish fufyhùfuka iy ,efnk hï meñKs,sj,g m%;spdr jYfhka hk fowdldrfhka u úu¾Yk yd meje;aùu yd fï mkf;a úêúOdkj,ska i,idwe;s mßÈ m%;sl¾u fh§u'

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ NdIdj ms<sn| lreKq wvx.= IV jeks mßÉfþohg 18isg 25 olajd jQ jHjia:d we;=<;a fõ'

md¾,sfïka;= uka;%Sjrekag" m<d;a iNd uka;%Sjrekag iy m<d;a md,kuKav,j, iylrejkag tu OQrh Wiq,k md¾,sfïka;=fõ § fyda m<d;a iNdfõ§ fkdfyd;a m<d;a md,k uKav,fha § fõjd cd;sl NdId folska tllska ;urdcldß bgqlsÍug fyda ;uka i;= ld¾hh bgq lsÍug ysñlï ;sfí'

cd;sl NdId folska ljr udOHfhka fyda wOHdmkh ,eîug flkl=gysñlï ;sfí' cd;sl NdIdjla yer fjk;a NdIdjla b.ekaùfï udOHh f,i we;sWiia wOHdmk wdh;khlg fuu kshuh wod< fkd fõ' tla cd;sl NdIdjlab.ekaùfï udOHh fõ kï" ke; fyd;a Rcq j u fyda jl% j fyda rch úiska uqo,aiemfhk úYajúµd,hl hï mdGud,djl § fõ jd" wOHhkdxYhl § ke; fyd;awOHhk mSGhl § fõjd tla cd;sl NdIdjla b.ekaùfï udOHh jQ úg wks;acd;sl NdIdj o ta i|yd b.ekaùfï udOHhla l< hq;= h' tu wks;a cd;sl NdIdjúYajúµd,fha fjk;a udOHhl fyda fjk;a úYajúµd,hl fyda isák wh i|ydb.ekaùfï udOHhla fõ kï" fuu úêúOdk wkqj l%shdlsÍu wksjd¾h fkd jknj 21 jk jHjia:dfjka mejfia'

248

Y%S ,xldj mqrd u isxy, NdIdj yd fou< NdIdj mßmd,k NdId úh hq;=nj;a" fou< NdIdj mßmd,k NdIdj jYfhka Ndú; l< hq;= W;=re kef.kysrm<d;aj, yer wka ish¨ m<d;aj, isxy, NdIdj mßmd,k NdIdj úh hq;= nj;awdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 22 jk jHjia:dfjka m%ldY lr ;sfí' hï m%dfoaYSh f,alïfldÜGdihl isxy, NdIdj fyda fou< NdIdj fyda Ndú; lrk iq¿;rh yd tum%foaYfha uq¿ ck.ykh w;r wkqmd;h ie,ls,a,g f.k" isxy, yd fou< NdIdfol u tu fldÜGdifha mßmd,k NdId úh hq;= hehs kshu lsÍug ckdêm;sjrhdgn,;, we;af;a h'

isxy, NdIdj hï m%foaYhl mßmd,k NdIdj jYfhka Ndú; fõ kï"iajlSh ks, ;;a;ajfhka l%shd lrk ks,Odßhl=g yer fjk;a whl=g

1' isxy, yd fou< NdId hk foflka ljr NdIdfjka jqj o ikafoaYk,eîug fyda ikafoaYkh lsÍug yd .kq fokq meje;aùug;a

2' hï ks, f,aLkhla" jd¾;djla m%ldYkhla fyda fjk;a ,shú,a,la mÍlaIdlsÍug fyda bka hï msgm;la fyda WoaOD;hla fyda tys mßj¾;khla fou<niska fyda bx.%Sis niska fyda ,nd .ekSug Tyqg we;s whs;sh kS;sh úiskams<s.kafka kï tfia ,nd .ekSug;a

3' ;udg ksl=;a lsÍfï wNsm%dfhka hï ks,Odßhl= úiska ,shd w;aika lrk,o ,shú,a,l msgm;la fyda mßj¾;khla bx.%Sis niska fyda fou< niskafyda ,nd .ekSug;a ysñlï we;af;a h' fou< NdIdj mßmd,k NdIdjjYfhka Ndú; jk hï m%foaYhl iajlSh ks, ;;a;ajfhka l%shd lrkks,Odßhl=g yer fjk;a wfhl=g isxy, NdIdfjka fõjd fou< NdIdfjkafõjd ta yd iudk fiajd ,nd .ekSug ysñlï we;af;a h' ^wdKavql%ujHjia:dfõ 22 ^2& yd ^3& jHjia:dj wkqj&

m<d;a iNdj, yd m<d;a md,k uKav,j, lghq;= flfrk rdcH NdIdfjka"iajlSh ks, ;;a;ajfhka l%shd lrk ´kE u ks,Odßhl=f.ka ixfoaYk ,nd.ekSug yd tu ks,Odßhl= iu. ixfoaYk lsÍug;a" .kqfokq meje;aùug;a 22^4& jk j.ka;sh hgf;a m<d;a iNdj,g yd m<d;a md,k uKav,j,g ysñlïwe;af;a h'

rdcH fiajhg" wêlrK fiajhg" m<d;a rdcH fiajhg fyda ljr fydardcH wdh;khlg mqoa.,hka we;=<;a lr .ekSu i|yd jQ hï úNd.hl §"flkl=g rdcH NdId foflka tla NdId udOHhlska fyda ;uka f;dard .kakdljr NdId udOHhlska fyda mÍlaIdjg Ndck ùug ysñlï we;af;a h' tfy;afuu kshuh tu ;eke;a;d tlS fiajhg fyda wdh;khg fyda we;=<;a ùfukamiqj idOdrK ld, iSudjla ;=< wod< mßÈ isxy, NdIdj fyda fou< NdIdjúIfhys m%udKj;a ±kqula Tyq úiska ,nd .; hq;= h hk fldkafoaishg hg;a h'^22 ^5& j.ka;sh wkqj&

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ wdrïNhg fmr j,x.= j meje;s ish¨ kS;s yd w;=rejHjia:d yels;dla YS>%fhka isxy, NdIdfjka yd fou< NdIdfjka m%isoaO lsÍuwjYH jkafka h' ^23 ^1& j.ka;sh wkqj&

249

kS;s yd w;=re jHjia:d rdcH NdId foflka m%ldYhg m;a l< hq;= h'

isxy, yd fou< NdIdj Y%S ,xldj mqrd u wêlrKj, Ndú; lrk NdIdjkafka h' ^24 ^1&" ^2& iy 4 j.ka;s wkqj& fou< NdIdj mßmd,k NdIdj jkm%foaYj, yer Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u m%foaYj, msysá wêlrKj, NdIdj isxy,NdIdj úh hq;= h'

fo jk cd;sl ni îsxy,$fou<& i|yd wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a" 1999 isg" rcfha mdi,aj, 6" 7" 8" 9fY%aKs i|yd fo jk cd;sl NdIdj îsxy,$fou<& wksjd¾h úIhhla f,iúIhud,djg we;=<;a j we;' 2001 j¾Ifha isg 10" 11 fY%aKsj, w;sf¾l úIhhlaf,i o" 2003 j¾Ifha isg 3" 4" 5 fY%aKsj,g jdÑl úIhhla f,i o 2007 j¾Ifhaisg th m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg o l%shd;aul fõ'

fo jk ni îsxy,$fou<& mdi,aj, l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wjYH úIhks¾foaY yd fm<fmd;a ilia lr wOHdmk moaO;shg ,nd § ;snqK o fuu úIhb.ekaùu i|yd mdi,aj, ;u leue;af;ka bÈßm;a jQ ;rula fyda fo jk cd;slNdIdj ms<sn| yelshdjla we;s .=rejreka fhdod f.k we;' tu .=rejreka i|ydmqyqKq jev igyka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska mj;ajhs'

±kg fuu úIh b.ekaùï lghq;= wdjrKh flfrkqfha fjk;a úIhi|yd m;aùï ,;a .=re msßila u.ska neúka iuia; mdi,a moaO;sfha taldldr f,iúIh l%shd;aul ùu isÿ fkd fõ' cd;sl mdi,a jeks mdi,a fndfyduhl mdi,al<ukdlrK uKav,h u.ska ,nd fok f.ùula u; fuu mdi,aj, W.kajkiafõÉPd .=re msßila o isá;s' fuu iafõÉPd .=re msßi i|yd lsis u mqyqKqùïwjia:djla ,efnkafka ke;' tfia u fo jk ni f,i isxy,$fou< úIhb.ekaùug .=rejreka fhdojkafka o úÿy,am;sf.a wNsu;h mßÈ h'

2008'04'10 Èke;s wOHdmk wud;HdxY f,alï úiska cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNdfõ iNdm;s fj; hjk ,o Bã$01$05$03$03$02 wxl ork ,smsfhkazfo jk cd;sl ni îsxy,$fou<& i|yd wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla ilia lsÍuZ hkud;Dldj hgf;a wxl 3ys fufia olajd we;'34

zzuyskao Ñka;k jevigyk hgf;a úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq fldgwe;s úIhla f,i;a rdcH mßmd,k wud;HdxY f,alïf.a wxl 2007$07ork yd 2007'05'28 Èke;s pl%f,aLh wkqj 2007'07'01 Èkg miq rdcHfiajhg we;=<;a jk ish¨ u fokd fo jk cd;sl NdId m%ùK;dj ,nd.; hq;= neúkq;a fld<U úYajúµd,fha wOHdmk m¾fhaIK wdh;khu.ska fuu úIh iïnkaOfhka wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shl wjYH;dj fmkajd§ we;s neúkq;a fï flf¾ úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq l< hq;= j we;'ZZ

hkqfjka i|yka fõ'

fuu b,a,Sï yd wjYH;dj ms<sn| i,ld n,d cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdj úiska .kq ,nk l%shdud¾. ms<sn| meyeÈ,s úia;rhla 2009 Tlaf;dan¾ ui

250

m< lrk ,o m%jD;a;s újrKsld 2 jk l,dmfha fï ms<sn| j i|yka lr ;sfí'tu ,smsfhka my; lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sìKs'

35

• úIh b.ekaùu i|yd fjk u .=rejrhl= m;a lr fkdue;s neúka b.ekaùïlghq;= id¾:l j bgq fkd jk nj jd¾;d ù ;sfnk nj'

• ,nd § we;s úIh ks¾foaYj, uÜgu by< neúka .=rejrekag;a isiqkag;a.eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ j we;s nj'

zzfï iïnkaOfhka fldñIka iNdj fj; jßka jr jd¾;d ù we;s w;rmdi,aj, fo jk cd;sl NdIdj b.ekaùug wod< j cd;sl m%;sm;a;shlailia lrk f,i wOHdmk wud;HdxYh o b,a,Sï fldg ;sfíZZ

hkqfjka tys i|yka fõ'

fï wkqj fuu úIh b.ekaùu iïnkaO j¾;udk ;;a;ajh úuid ne,Suldf,daÑ; jk w;r" ta o;a; wkqidrfhka wjYH mshjr .ekSug fhdackd bÈßm;alsÍu WÑ; nj i|yka fõ'

fï lreKq wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj fuu úIh b.ekaùuiïnkaO j mq¿,a iólaIKhla lr we;' wod< lñgqj u.ska fo jk cd;sl NdIdjb.ekaùu iïnkaOfhka uÜgï ;=klska hq;a m%Yakdj,shla ilia lr 6 jk fY%aKsfhaisiqkg ,nd ÿka nj i|yka fõ' tu mdi,aj, fo jk cd;sl NdIdj W.kajk.=rejrekag o m%Yakdj,shla ,nd ÿka nj i|yka fõ'

fuu iólaIKh i|yd" Èjhsfka fndfyda m<d;a wdjrKh jk mßÈ o ish¨mdi,a j¾. ksfhdackh jk mßÈ o isxy, udOH mdi,a 58l isiqka 2001 fokl= ydfou< udOH mdi,a 37l isiqka 1162 fokl= úiska imhkq ,enQ ms<s;=re Ndú; l<w;r isxy, udOH mdi,aj, fo jk cd;sl NdIdj W.kajk .=rejreka 90l f.ao fou< udOH mdi,aj, fo jk cd;sl NdIdj W.kajk .=rejreka 50l f.a om%d:ñl wxYfha W.kajk .=rejrekaf.a o iyNd.s;ajfhka iólaIKh l< njWla; ,smsh wkdjrKh lrhs'36

zzwod< m%Yak yd m%Yakdj,sh we.hSï lñgqjla u.ska mÍlaId fldgjd¾;dj ilia lr ;sfí' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ 6 jkfY%aKs YsIHhkaf.a fo jk cd;sl NdId isxy,$fou<& ksmqK;d iólaIKjd¾;djg wkqj 6 jk fY%aKsfha isiqkaf.a NdId ksmqK;dj m%Yak m;%hg,nd § we;s ms<s;=re wkqj isÿ l< o;a; úYaf,aIKfha § isiq ksmqK;duÜgï 3lska y÷kdf.k ;sfí'ZZ

by; iólaIKhg wkqj wkdjrKh lr .;a lreKq lsysmhls'

1' úIh ks¾foaYfha 4 jk yd 5 jk fY%aKsj,g wod< fldgia m%d:ñl isiqkai|yd .eUqre jeä úh yels nj'

2' m%d:ñl .=rejreka fo jk cd;sl NdId úIh ±kqu wod< úIh fldgiab.ekaùug ;rï m%udKj;a fkd jk nj'

3' 6 jk fY%aKsfha fm< fmd;a yd úIh ks¾foaYh bf.k .ekSu i|yd m%udKj;auQ,sl NdId ±kqula isiqkag fkdue;s nj'

251

rdcH fiajh i|yd NdId m%ùK;dj

1998'12'30 Èke;s rdcH mßmd,k pl%f,aL wxl 29$98 wkqj tl NdIdjlgjeä NdId .Kkl m%ùK;dj we;s rdcH fiajd ks,OdÍkag Èß§ukd f.ùu ms<sn|±kqï § ;sfí' tys my; i|yka mßÈ i|yka lr we;'

37

wdKavql%u jHjia:dfõ 18 j.ka;sh wkqj isxy, NdIdj rdcH NdIdj jkw;r fou< NdIdj o rdcH NdIdj ùu;a" bx.%Sis NdIdj iïnkaëlrK NdIdjùu;a ie,ls,a,g .kakd l," fo jeks yd f; jeks NdIdjl ,nk m%ùK;dj;=<ska rdcH fiajh jvd;a M,odhS lsÍu i|yd Èß §ukdjla ,nd §u wjYHh hkmoku u;" fuu pl%f,aLh ksl=;a lrkq ,efí'

fuu pl%f,aLh 1998 ud¾;= ui 11 jk Èk isg l%shd;aul úh hq;= nj tysi|yka h' fuu pl%f,aLhg wkqj fo jk NdIdjl m%ùK;dfjys jeo.;alu rdcHks,OdÍka fj; o fhduq lr ;sfí' rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYhu.ska ksl=;a l< 2007 uehs 28 Èke;s 2007$7 wxl ork pl%f,aLh" zrdcH NdIdm%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍuZ uefhka rdcH ks,OdÍka fj; fhduq úh'

tys ;jÿrg;a fufia i|yka fõ'38

^w& z2007'07'01 Èk isg rdcH fiajhg$m<d;a rdcH fiajhg n|jd .kq ,nkish¨ u ks,OdÍka rdcH NdIdjg w;sf¾l jYfhka wfkla rdcH NdIdjms<sn| j m%ùK;djla fiajhg ne£ jir 5la ;=< ,nd .; hq;= h'

^wd& m;aùï Èk isg jir 5 ;=< by; ^w ys& kshñ; rdcH NdIdj m%ùK;dj ,ndfkd.kakd ks,OdÍkaf.a jegqma j¾Ol" iqÿiqlï ,nd .kakd f;la ú,ïnkhlrkq we; hkqfjka i|yka fõ'

uyskao Ñka;k m%;sm;a;s m%ldYkfha o fo jk ni f,i fou<$isxy, NdIdbf.kSfï ld,Sk wjYH;dj ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lr we;'

fou< NdIdj Ndú; lrk orejka isxy, bf.kSug;a" isxy, NdIdj Ndú;lrk orejka fou< NdIdj bf.kSug;a W;aidy l< hq;= nj tys i|yka fõ' fïi|yd úIhud,djla ilia lsÍug W;aidy .kakd nj o m%ldY lr ;sfí'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIhh iïnkaO fm<fmd;a iïmdokh

kj úIh ks¾foaY yd tajdg wkql+, j ieliQ fm<fmd;a iïmdokh lrmdi,aj,g ,nd §u wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sfha jeo.;a wxYhls' tul%shdj,shg wod< j 1999 j¾Ifha § kj úIh ks¾foaYj,g wkql+, jQ" tla tlafY%aKs i|yd fm<fmd;a iïmdokh úh' fuu fm<fmd;a iïmdokh kj wOHdmkm%;sixialrK jevigyk hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska ilia lrwOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,o lD;s fõ'

fo jk ni isxy," fo jk ni fou< i|yd úêu;a wdldrfhka fm<fmd;amdi,a moaO;shg ilia lsÍu wdrïN jqfKa 1997-1998 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,sks'fm<fmd;a m%ldYhg m;a jQ j¾I yd wod< fY%aKs my; mßÈ fõ'

39

252

fo jk ni isxy, i|yd m%ldYhg m;a jQ fm< fmd;a

1998 - 6 fY%aKsh iy 9 fY%aKsh



tfuka u 2001 j¾Ifha § 6 yd 9 jk fY%aKs i|yd w¨;a fm<fmd;a follaiïmdokh flßKs' tu fmd;aj, ix{dmkhg wkqj 6 jk iy 9 jk fY%aKs i|ydNdú; jQ 1998 m%ldYhg m;a l< fm<fmd;a ms<sn| j mdi,a moaO;sfha úúO .eg¨mek ke.S ;snqK nj;a" tu .eg¨ mdi,a lafIa;%fhys lrk ,o ksÍlaIKhka u.skay÷kd f.k fo jk nila f,i isxy, b.ekaùu i|yd jvd;a iqÿiq fm<fmd;laks¾udKh lsÍug .;a W;aidyfha m%;sM,hla f,i olajd we;'

40

óg iu.dó j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh yd wOHdmk m%ldYkfomd¾;fïka;=j tla j fo jk ni fou< fm< fmd;a moaO;shg y÷kajd § ;sfí'

fo jk ni fou<

tu fm<fmd;a m%ldYhg m;a jQ j¾I yd fY%aKs my; mßÈ fõ'41

1998 - 6 fY%aKsh iy 9 fY%aKsh - fo jk ni fou<

1999 - 6 fY%aKsh wÈhr - 1 fo jk ni fou<

2000 - 7 fY%aKsh wÈhr - 2 fo jk ni fou<

2005 - 7 fY%aKsh fou< ^fo jk ni & 7 fY%aKsh

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%d:ñl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska 1991j¾Ifha È isxy," fou< fmd; uq,a mshjr kñka NdId ;=fkka u ^fou<" isxy,"bx.%Sis& ilia l< fmd;la y;r jeks jirg y÷kajd § ;sfí'

42

2007 j¾Ifha isg wOHdmk moaO;shg y÷kajd fok ,o ixfYdaê; kjúIhud,dj mdol fldg f.k wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fo jkni fou< iy fo jk ni isxy, i|yd fm<fmd;a iuQyhla m%ldYhg m;a lrk,os'

fo jk ni isxy, i|yd m%ldYhg m;a jQ fm<fmd;a43

2006 - 6 fY%aKsh - 10 fY%aKsh

2007 - 7 fY%aKsh - 11 fYa%Ksh

2008 - 8 fY%aKsh

2009 - 9 fY%aKsh

fo jk ni fou< i|yd m%ldYhg m;a jQ fm<fmd;a 44



2008 - 8 fY%aKsh

2009 - 9 fY%aKsh

253

fo jk ni úIhh i|yd fm<fmd;a iïmdokhg úfYaI jQ m%;sm;a;shlams<sn| j ±k.kakg ke;;a iuyr wjia:dj, § fm<fmd;aj,g NdId fol uwe;=<;a lr ;sfnk nj olakg ,efí'

2007 j¾Ihg ixfYdaê; kj úIhud,dj wkqj ilia l< fo jk ni isxy,6-10" 7-11" 8 fY%aKs i|yd jQ fm<fmd;a ,sheù we;af;a isxy, NdIdfjka muKs'2009 j¾Ifha § 9 jk fY%aKsh i|yd ilia l< fo jk ni isxy, fm<fmdf;awNHdij, Wmfoia fou< NdIdfjka o we;=<;a lr ;sfí'

fo jk ni fou< 7" 10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd jQ fm< fmd;a ,sheù we;af;a fou<NdIdfjka muKs' fo jk ni fou< 7" 8" 9 fY%aKs i|yd jQ fm< fmd;aj,l%shdldrlï i|yd fou< NdIdfjka ,nd § we;s Wmfoia isxy, NdIdjg omßj¾;kh lr we;=<;a lr we;' fuu fjkiaùu isÿ l< hq;= jQfha fo jk niW.kajk yd bf.k .kakd wh bÈßm;a l< b,a,Sï i,ld ne,Sfuka miq j h'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< iïnkaO j¾;udk m%jK;d

Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sh i|yd fo jk NdIdj isxy, iy fou< NdIdy÷kajd §fï uQ,sl wfmalaIdj jQfha cd;Ska w;r hym;a ikaksfõokh ;=<skawfkHdkH wjfndaOh j¾Okh lr cd;sl iu.sh yd cd;sl tald.%;dj (Peace,

Social Cohesion) j¾Okh lsÍuhs' ±kg úisjirlg fmr fo jk ni isxy, ydfou< úIh y÷kajd § we;;a" úIh b.ekaùu i|yd úIhfha j.lSu kS;Hkql+,j ork" úêu;a mqyqKqùï fkd ,o fjk;a úIh W.kajk .=re msßila úiskab.ekaùï lghq;= isÿ flfrk úIhh jQ neúkq;a" uõ NdIdj b.ekaùu i|ydNdú; lrk l%ufõo u fo jk NdIdj b.ekaùug fhdod .ekSu;a ksid wfmalaIs;id¾:l m%;sM, we;s lr .ekSug ndOdjla ù ;sfí' fï nj fld<U úYajúµd,fhawOHdmk m¾fhaIK wdh;kh u.ska isÿ l< iólaaIKfhka o wkdjrKh ù;sfí' tneúka fo jk NdId ms<sn| .=re ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsÍu;a" fo jk nib.ekaùfï iqúfYaI l%u Ys,am y÷kajd §u;a i|yd 1999 j¾Ifha isg wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha cd;sl NdId iy udkj Ydia;% wxYfha fo jk cd;sl NdId tallhcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha isxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j" fou< NdIdfomd¾;fïka;=j" wdh;ksl ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j iu. c¾uka ;dlaIKslwdh;kfha (GTZ) uQ,H wkq.%yh we;s j l%shd;aul l< fo jk ni isxy,$fou<.=re mqyqKqùï rdYshls'

fuys wdrïNl .=re mqyqKqj 1999 j¾Ifha isÿ úh' tu mqyqKqj ziïm;aodhlmqyqKqjZ f,i kï lr ;snQ w;r m<d;a kjh ^9& i|yd Èk yf;a jev igykay;rla u.ska .=rejreka 266la ±kqj;a lrk ,§' t;eka isg iEu j¾Ihl ujd¾Isl j iïm;a mqoa.,hka f,i l,dm u.ska" m<d;a u.ska" .=re uOHia:dku.ska" .=re úµd mSG u.ska j¾Ihlg .=rejreka 80000 lg jvd mqyqKq ,dNSka jqj;aTjqyq fjk;a úIh lafIa;% i|yd m;aùï ,;a .=re Nj;=ka neúka fo jk ni úIhb.ekaùfï lghq;=j, iaÓr j /£ fkd isá;s'

254

.=re mqyqKqj

2007 j¾Ifha isg mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk kj úIh ks¾foaY wkqj úIhks¾foaaYh y÷kajd §u" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu" fm<fmd;aNdú;h ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu" ksmqK;d mdol kj bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u Ys,amy÷kajd §u fuu .=re mqyqKq u.ska isÿ úh' fuu mqyqKqj m<d;a iïm;a mqoa.,mqyqKqj f,i kï jQ w;r .=re WmfoaYljreka iy úIh iïnkaO úfYaI olaI;diy <eÈhd we;s" .=re mqyqKqj i|yd iïm;a mqoa.,hka fia l%shd l< yels ;j;a.=rejre ;sfokl= ne.ska l,dmhlg iïm;a mqoa.,hka y;r fokl= jk fia .=remqyqKq lghq;= lrk ,os'

1' l,dm u.ska" m<d;a u.ska fo jk ni isxy,$fou< .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu

6 - 10 fY%aKs i|yd 2006 j¾Ih

7 - 11 fY%aKs i|yd 2007 j¾Ih

8 fY%aKsh i|yd 2008 j¾Ih

9 fY%aKsh i|yd 2009 j¾Ih

2' cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSG u.ska isÿ l< .=re mqyqKqj 2006" 2007 j¾Ij, §l%shd;aul úh'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIh i|yd úµdmSG .=re mqyqKqj 2006 j¾Ifha §wdrïN úh'

cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSG u.ska fo jk cd;sl NdIdj isxy,$fou< úIhi|yd n|jd .;a .=re YsIH ixLHd" ms<sn| úia;r 1 yd 2 j.=j, olafõ'

1 jk j.=j ( cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSGj, fo jk cd;sl NdIdj fou<mqyqKq jQ .=re ixLHd úia;r

j¾Ih ixLHdj úµdmSGh mdi,g m;aùï ,nk j¾Ih

2006 19 jjqkshd$reyqKq 2009

2007 30 reyqKq 2010

2008 30 reyqKq 2011

2009 30 uyje,s 2012

2012 jk úg

mqyqKq .=re

ixLHdj 109

uQ,dY%h( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' cd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh" fo jk cd;sl NdId

^isxy,$fou<& tallh'

255

2 jk j.=j( fo jk cd;sl NdIdj isxy, mqyqKq .=re ixLHd úia;r

j¾Ih ixLHdj úµdmSGh mdi,g m;aùï ,nk j¾Ih

2006 24 reyqKq 2009

2007 25 jjqkshd 2010

2008 25 reyqKq 2011

2009 30 uyje,s 2012

2012 jk úgmqyqKq .=reixLHdj 99

uQ,dY%h( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' cd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh' fo jk cd;sl NdId

^isxy,$fou<& tallh

2009 j¾Ifha cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSGj,ska mqyqKqj ,nd .;a .=rejrekam;a lsÍu ms<sn| úia;r 3 yd 4 jk j.=j, oelafõ'

3 jk j.=j' fo jk ni isxy, - ^fou< udOH mdi,a i|yd& m;a l< uq¿ .=re

ixLHdj ^24&

m<d;a iNd mdi,a i|yd cd;sl mdi,a i|yd

W;=re ueo m<d; 01 -

W;=re m<d; 01 -

inr.uq m<d; 01 01

W!j m<d; 02 -

uOHu m<d; 02 03

jhU m<d; 02 05

ol=Kq m<d; - 06

tl;=j 09 15

256

4 jk j.=j fo jk ni fou< - ^isxy, udOH mdi,a i|yd& m;al< .=re

ixLHdj

m<d;a iNd mdi,a i|yd cd;sl mdi,a i|yd

kef.kysr m<d; 06 02

inr.uq m<d; 02 02

W;=re ueo m<d; 01 01

jhU m<d; - 03

ol=Kq m<d; - 01

uOHu m<d; - 01

tl;=j 09 10

uQ,dY%h( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh cd;sl NdId yd udkj lafIa;% wxYh - fo jk cd;sl NdId

isxy,$fou< tallh&

by; .=re msßig wu;r j fo jk ni fou< i|yd WmdêOdÍ .=rejrekafofokl=g uOHu iy W;=re m<d;a i|yd m;aùï ,nd § ;sfí'

.=re uOHia:dkj, .=re mqyqKqj

Èjhsk mqrd msysá .=re uOHia:dkj, fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIhh i|yd.=re mqyqKq lghq;= lrkq ,efí' 1-5 olajd jQ m%d:ñl úIhud,dj i|yd o 6 - 11olajd jQ úIhud,dj i|yd o .=re mqyqKqùï .=re uOHia:dkj, lrkq ,efí'4545454545

m%d:ñl wxYh i|yd fo jk cd;sl NdIdj isxy,$fou< úIhh b.ekaùumka;s Ndr .=rejrhd úiska u lrkq we;ehs wfmalaId flf¾' fï ksid wjYH úIh±kqu yd bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%u Ys,am ms<sn| mqyqKqj .=rejrhdg ,nd fokq ,efí'wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska .=re uOHia:dkj, § 1-5 fY%aKs i|yd tl fY%aKshlgjev igyka fol ne.ska jevigyka 6la .=re uOHia:dk u.ska wjqreÿ foll §,nd § ;sfí' fuu mqyqKqj hdmkh Èia;%slalfha l< fkdyels úh'

6-11 fY%aKs i|yd o kj úIh ks¾foaY" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY" fm<fmd;ay÷kajd §u iy bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%fudamdh ms<sn|" fo jk ni .=rejreka±kqj;a lsÍfï mqyqKq jevigyka mj;ajhs'

uQ,sl NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh i|yd wjYH jk .=re mqyqKqj fo jk nifou< $ isxy, i|yd udi 6 mdGud,d f,i .=re uOHia:dk u.ska ,nd foa' tysúia;r 5 jk j.=fõ ±lafõ'

257

5 jk j.=j ( .=re uOHia:dkj,ska mqyqKqj ,enQ .=re ixLHd úia;r

j¾Ih .=re uOHia:dk mqyqKq jQ .=re

ixLHdj msßi

2007 03 108

2008 25 825

2009 20 800

uQ,dY%h( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" cd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% wxYh" fo jk cd;sl NdId

isxy,$fou< tallh

wOHdmk l,dm u.ska lrk .=re mqyqKqj

tla tla wOHdmk l,dmh u.ska fo jk cd;sl NdId isxy,$fou< i|yd.=re mqyqKqùï lghq;= lrkq ,efí' l,dm mqyqKq lsÍï lghq;=" .=re WmfoaYl iyúIhh i|yd m<d;a uÜgfï iïm;a mqoa., mqyqKqjg iyNd.s jQ .=re Nj;=ka u.skaflf¾' fuu .=re mqyqKq lghq;= i|yd m<d;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska iyuOHu rcfha wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska uqo,a fjka flf¾' 1999 j¾Ifha isgjd¾Isl j fo jk ni isxy,$fou< i|yd .=re mqyqKq ùï lghq;= lrkq ,efí' 6-11olajd fY%aKs i|yd kj úIhud,dj y÷kajd §u" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ms<sn|"fm<fmd;a ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍu" w¾:dkaú; bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shla ixúOdkhlr .ekSu" bf.kqï b.ekaùï WmlrK ilia lr .ekSu" ir, l%u u.skajHdlrK b.ekaùu wdÈh ms<sn| ±kqj;a flf¾' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhaisxy, NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fo jk ni isxy, úIhh i|yd o fou<NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fo jk ni fou< i|yd o fiajdia: mqyqKqùï ieismj;ajkq ,efí'

fo jk cd;sl ni isxy,$fou< ms<sn| úÿy,am;sjreka ±kqj;a lsÍu

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jk fo jk niisxy,$fou< úIh i|yd úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu i|yd2007'07'06 Èke;s wOHdmk wud;HdxY f,alïf.a Bã$04$05$03$03$01 wxl ork,smsfhka zzfo jk cd;sl ni ^isxy,$fou<& 2007 we.hSï l%shdj,sh ms<sn|úÿy,am;sjreka ±kqj;a lsÍfï jevigykZZ hgf;a m<d;a kjfha u úÿy,am;sjreka±kqj;a lrk ,os' tys § m%Odk wruqK jQfha we.hSï l%shdj,sh i|yd jeä isiqkamsßila fhduq lrjd .ekSu iy úIhh flfrys úÿy,am;sjrekaf.a wjOdkh;yjqre lr .ekSuhs'

fo jk cd;sl ni ^isxy,$fou<& we.hSï l%shdj,sh

wOHdmk wud;HdxY f,alïf.a wxl Bã$01$05$03$03$17 ork 2006'10'02

258

Èke;s pl%f,aL wxl ( 2006$37 ork pl%f,aLhg wkqj 2007 j¾Ifha isg fo jkcd;sl ni ^isxy,$fou<& we.hSï l%shdj,sh wdrïN úh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha cd;sl NdId yd udkj Ydia;% tallfha fo jk nims<sn| lghq;= lrkq ,nk wxYh úiska fuh ilia lr we;s nj pl%f,aLfhai|yka fõ' we.hSï l%shdj,sh" 3 jk fYa%Ksfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd we.hSïud,djla jYfhka ixúOdkh lsÍug ie,iqï lr ;sfnk w;r" tys m<uq mshjrf,i 6-9 fY%aKs i|yd muKla we.hSï l%shdj,sh l%shd;aul jk nj tys i|ykafõ'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkql+, j idudkH ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍuiu. ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d j¾Okh" fuu we.hSfï wruqK f,i" pl%f,aLfhai|yka fõ'

we.hSï l%shdj,sfha fmdÿ wruqKq

1' fo jk ni bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh úêu;a lsÍu yd j¾Okh lsÍu'

2' cd;sl taldnoaO;dj j¾Okh lsÍu'

3' fo jk ni iïnkaO úúO NdId l=i,;d we.hSug ,la lsÍu yd j¾OkhlsÍu'

4' fo jk ni b.ekaùu ms<sn| m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍu'

5' fo jk ni iïnkaOfhka bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh iÔù w;a±lSï,nk wjia:djla njg m;a lsÍu'

6' j;auka f,dal .eg¨ f,i udkj ohdfjka hq;= j ne,Sfï yelshdj we;sixfõ§ mqoa.,hka ks¾udKh lsÍu'

7' cd;Ska w;r ixialD;sl iyÔjkh j¾Okh lsÍu'

fuys we;=<;a we.hSï j¾.

1' lshùu

2' l:kh

3' NdId Ndú;h yd wjfndaOh

we.hSï l%shd mámdáh - lshùu

1' 6" 7" 8" 9 fY%AKs i|yd we.hSï 04ls'

2' fY%aKshg wod< fm<fmdf;ka fyda mqj;am;a" iÕrd" fjk;a fmd;a wdÈfhkaf;dard .;a fldgila Yío k.d lshùu'

3' y~ md,kh" úrdu ,laIK" mo fn§u wdÈh .ek ie,ls,su;a ùu'

259

l:kh

1' 6" 7" 8" 9 fY%aKs i|yd we.hSï 04ls'

2' § we;s f;audj,ska tllg wod< j fmr iQodkulska hqla; j l;dj bÈßm;alsÍu'

3' ld,h úkdä 03

^ud;Dld - 6" 7 fY%aKs&

^1& uf.a iqr;,d ^2& uf.a úfkdaodxY

^3& ud leu;s mqoa.,hd ^4& uf.a mjqf,a idudðlhka

8" 9 fY%aKs

^1& hym;a mqreÿ ^2& wd.ñl fyda cd;sl W;aij

^3& uf.a úfkdaodxYh ^4& ud leu;s /lshdj

NdId Ndú;h yd wjfndaOh

1' 6" 7" 8" 9 fY%aKs i|yd we.hSï 4ls'

2' fY%aKshg wod< fm<fmd;aj,ska m%Yak ilia flf¾'

3' wl=re y÷kd .ekSu" jpkhg jpkh" jdlHhg mska;+r" jdlHhg jdlHhhd lsÍu'

4' fkd.e<fmk jpkh f;aÍu'

5' ysia;eka msrùu ^jpkhl ueo" jdlHhl ueo&

6' mdi," mka;s ldur" WmlrK" isref¾ wx." mßirfha ;sfnk foa" i;a;="l=re,a,ka" m<;=re" mdg jeks foa yd mjqf,a idudðlhka

7' tÈfkod lghq;=

8' by; 02 isg 07 olajd lreKq we;=<;a jk fia m%Yak m;% ilia úh hq;= h'

9' 6" 7 fY%aKs i|yd úkdä 45l yd 8" 9 fY%aKs i|yd meh 01la o fõ'

we.hSï l%shdj,sfha uÜgï yd iyNd.sjkakka

1' mdi,a uÜgu - 6 - 9 fY%aKsj, ish¨ u isiqka

2' fldÜGdi uÜgu - mdi,aj,ska m%:u yd fo jk ia:dk ,nd .;aisiqka

3' l,dm uÜgu - fldÜGdi uÜgñka m%:u yd fo jk ia:dk ,nd.;a isiqka

260

4' m<d;a uÜgu - l,dmj,ska m%:u yd fo jk ia:dk ,nd .;aisiqka

5' iuia; ,xld uÜgu - m<d;aj,ska m%:u yd fo jk ia:dk ,nd .;aisiqka

fuu we.hSï l%shdj,sh

2007 j¾Ifha § - mdi,a $ l,dm $ m<d;a $ iuia; ,xld uÜgug o

2008

2009 j¾Ij, - mdi,a$ l,dm$m<d;a uÜgu olajd muKla o

meje;aúKs'

jdr úNd. m%Yak m;% ieliSu iy YsIH iïuka;%K

2007'03'27 Èke;s Bã'$01$05$03$03$01 ^2& ork ,smshg wkqj fo jk cd;slni isxy,$fou< úIhh i|yd 6-10 fY%aKs olajd wjika jdr m%Yak m;% ilia lsÍuiy 2007 j¾Ih i|yd w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isák isiqka i|yd YsIHiïuka;%K meje;aùKs'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIh mdi,a úIhud,djg we;=<;a úIhhla jqj ow'fmd'i' îd'fm'& mÍlaIKhg fmkS isák isiqka ixLHdj b;du;a w,am h'

fo jk ni isxy,$fou< úIhh - miq.sh jir 5l w'fmd'i' îd'fm<&úNd.hg m<uq jr bÈßm;a jQ YsIH ixLHd iy m%;sM, f;dr;=re my; ±lafõ'

6 jk j.=j ( fo jk ni fou< - úIh wxlh - 065

j¾Ih b,a ï l< úNd.hg iu;a iu;a wiu;a wiu;a

wfmalIl bÈßm;a jQ ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;hixLHdj wfmalaIl

ixLHdj

2005 o;a; ke; 2666 1302 48'84 1364 51'16

2006 379 296 139 46'96 157 53'04

2007 362 297 139 46'80 158 53'20

2008 1711 1540 1068 69'0 472 31'0

2009 2002 1892 1370 72'41 522 27'59

uQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wxYh w'fmd'i' id'fm<&

m%;sM, jd¾;d

}

261

7 jk j.=j( w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& miq.sh jir 5l fo jk ni isxy,úIh wxlh 064

j¾Ih b,a ï l< úNd.hg iu;a iu;a wiu;a wiu;awfmalIl bÈßm;a jQ ixLHdj m%;sY;h ixLHdj m%;sY;h

ixLHdj wfmalaIlixLHdj

2005 o;a; ke; 13838 7027 50'78 6811 49'21

2006 2633 2152 1054 48'98 1098 51'02

2007 3068 2474 1496 60'47 978 39'53

2008 9045 8559 5686 66'43 2873 33'57

2009 7895 7453 5077 68'12 2376 31'88

uQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wxYh - w'fmd'i'

^id'fm<& m%;sM, jd¾;d4646464646

fo jk ni isxy,$fou<& bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha § .=re isiq fomlaIhg

n,mdk .eg¨

úúO wjia:dj,ys § fo jk nila jYfhka isxy, $fou< b.ekaùugW;aidy f.k ;snqK;a uE;la jk ;=re u ta iïnkaOfhka olajd ;snQ ie,ls,a,w,am h' jHdma; j l%sh;aul jk fmdÿ jev ms<sfj<l yev.eiaula fkd ù h'm%udKj;a .=rejre fkd jQy' mdi,a ld,igyfkys Bg ,enqK bvlv o u| úh'tfuka u Bg ±lajQ jeo.;alu o w,am úh' flfia fj;;a isxy, fyda fou< fydaNdId jHjydr lrk ckj¾. w;r" wfkHdkH wjfndaOh" úYajdih fuka utluq;=lu w;HjYH ù we;s fujka wjêhl" tu ld¾hh iM, lr .ekSu i|ydfhduq ùu yd tfia lsÍu uy;a m%fhdackj;a ld¾hhls'

1997-1998 lrk ,o kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a fo jk NdIdjlajYfhka isxy, fyda fou< fyda bf.kSu flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sîu bÈßux i,l=Kla fia ±laúh yels h' fï i|yd úúO l%shdud¾. ie,iqï lr we;'fuu ld¾hh jvd;a w¾:j;a wkaoñka l%shdjg ke.=K fyd;a m%Odk ck j¾.w;r wfkHdkH wjfndaOh j¾Okh ù tu ck fldgia w;r yrj;a úYajdihlaf.dv kef.kq we;' úúO ck fldgia w;r iyÔjkhla we;s fõ' wju jYfhkatÈfkod wjYH;d imqrd .ekSu i|yd NdIdj yeisrùu yqre lr .ekSug u. mdod§u jqj o m%udKj;a fõ'

fuu yqrej ,nd .ekSug fhduq ùfï §" fo jk NdIdj bf.k .kakdYsIHhdg uqyqK §ug isÿ jk .eg¨ y÷kd .ekSu" fuu ld¾hh M,odhS lr.ekSug rel=,la fõ' tfia y÷kd .;a .eg¨ lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

1' NdId ixj¾Okh iajdNdúl j isÿ jk <dnd, wjêh miq lr" fo jk nilabf.kSu wdrïN lsÍu'

262

2' p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh wkqms<sfj<ska f;dr j iudka;r j isÿùu'

3' ;u uõni fuka ksrdhdifhka fkd j" fo jk nila wdhdifhka bf.kSugisÿ ùu'

4' fo jk NdId l=i,;d j¾Okh i|yd iujhia lKavdhïj,ska yd iudcmßirfhka ,efnk msájy, wju ùu ^jD;a;sh ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh 1cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u&'4747474747

2006 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Ok wxYhiu. tla j l< l%shduQ,sl m¾fhaIKhg wkqj my; i|yka .eg¨ o y÷kd f.k;sfí' fuys .=rejreka uqyqK mdk .eg¨ iy isiqka uqyqK mdk .eg¨ fjk fjkau y÷kd f.k ;sfí'4848484848 .=rejreka uqyqK mdk .eg¨ ms<sn| y÷kd .;a f;aud o"isiqka ;=< olakg ,efnk lshùfï ÿIalr;d" ,sùfï ÿIalr;d"wjfndaO lr .ekSfïÿIalr;d" l:k ÿIalr;d u. yrjd f.k idOk uÜgu by< kexùu i|yd by;olajd we;s wx.j,ska isiqka olajk ÿn,;d y÷kd .ekSug fhduq ù we;' tys §y÷kd .;a m%Odk wx. wkqfldgiaj,g fnod 8 jk j.=fõ ^B<Õ msgqj n,kak&±lafõ'

2009 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj lrk ,o 6 jk fY%aKsfhaisiqkaf.a fo jk cd;sl NdId ksmqK;d iólaIKfha § my; i|yka .eg¨wkdjrKh lr f.k ;sfí'

• fo jk NdIdj b.ekaùu i|yd fjk u .=rejreka m;a lr fkdue;s ùu'

• úIh b.ekaùu i|yd ksis mqyqKqjla jeä .=re msßilg ,eî fkdue;s nj'

zweZ Yíoh yd ztZ Yíoh iys; jpk ksjerÈ f,iy÷kd f.k lshùug we;s wmyiq;dj

y~ md,kh lsÍug fkd±kSu

lshùfïÿIalr;d

úrdu ,laIK ms<sn| wjOdkh fkdue;slu^wlaIr úkHdih" mo fn§u&

<ud l;d wdÈh lshjd wjfndaO lr .ekSfïÿIalr;dj

^264 jk msgqj n,kak&^264 jk msgqj n,kak&^264 jk msgqj n,kak&^264 jk msgqj n,kak&^264 jk msgqj n,kak&

263

uQ,dY%h( .=Kr;ak" ta' tï' fla' fla' ^2007&

1' .=rejrhdgn,mdk.eg¨

i. .=rejrhdf.a udOH NdIdj yd b.ekaúh hq;= fo jkni ms<sn| fjki jgyd .ekSug we;s wmyiq;dj

ii. YsIHhskaf.a ujqni ms<sn| ±kqu .=rejrhdg fkdue;sùu ^fou< NdIdj ms<sn| ±kqu&

iii. fo jk ni W.kajk .=rejrhdg mdif,a fjk;ajev i|yd jeä jYfhka fhdojd .ekSu'

iv. .=Kd;aul fhojqï uÕska bf.kqï WmlrK ilialsÍug we;s m%dfhda.sl ±kqu m%udKj;a fkdùu'

f;aud .eg¨j úia;rd;aul j m%;spdrixLHdj

12$12

10$12

12$12

12

2' isiqjdgn,mdk.eg¨

i. issxy, NdIdfõ ;" o i|yd fou< NdIdfõ ^j& tlwlaIrhla o l" ." i|yd fou< ^f& tl wl=rla oNdú; lsÍu ksid isiqka ;=< f,aLk yd l:k ÿ¾j,;dwe;s ùu ^WÉpdrKh ksjerÈ j l< fkdyels ùu&

ii. fou< NdIdfõ we" wE Yío fkdue;s ùu ksid l:kyd f,aLk fodaI we;s ùu'

iii. isiq wjOdkh r|jd .ekSug we;s wmyiq;djiv. ,sùug yd lshùug Wkkaÿj wvq ùuv. isxy, NdIdj bf.kSug isiqka wleue;s ùu yd ksjfia

§ lr f.k taug fok jev w;miq lsÍuvi. isxy, NdIdfõ uQ,sl ixl,am ms<sn| m%udKj;a ±kqula

isiqjdg ke;s ùu'vii.iEu mka;shl u úúO uÜgïj, <uhska isàu' wl=re

fkdokakd <uhska jeä msßila isàu'

12$12

12$12

12$1209$12

05$12

12

10

3' mka;sldurfhafN!;sljd;djrKhiïnkaO .eg¨

i. mka;s ldur jYfhka fjka lr ke;s ùu

ii. l¿ ,E,a, fyd| ;;a;ajhl fkd;sîu

iii. .=Kd;aul fhojqïj,ska ilia lrk NdKav wdrlaIdlsÍu w;miq ùu

09

10

4' mdif,a;sfnk.eg¨

iv. kj úIh ks¾foaY" fm<fmd;a" .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%y kshñ; ld,j, § fkd ,eîu

v. lshùu i|yd w;sf¾l fmd;a m;a fkdue;s ùu

vi. mdif,a fuu úIh b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiq mßirhlaf.dv ke.S fkd;sîu'

vi. isxy, NdIdj b.ekaùug fjka lr ;sfnk ld,Éfþo.Kk m%udKj;a fkdùu'

05

07

06

06

12

264

wl=re udre lr ,sùu

m%udKd;aul fkdùu

fma<sfhka msg; ,sùu

wl=re w;yer ,sùu

wl=re tlg hd lr ,sùu

jpk fjka fkdlsÍu

wl=re fkd msgg ,sùu

K" k" <" , fNaoh y÷kd f.k fkd;sîu

jpkj, wl=re wvqj ,sùu

úrdu ,l=Kq yß yeá y÷kd fkd;sîu

wl=re l=vdjg fyda úYd, lr ,sùu

fmdf;a jerÈ me;af;ka ,sùu

jerÈ w;g wl=re ,sùu

iïmQ¾K wl=re ,sùug fkdyels ùu

wl=re Wv hg udre lr ,sùu

ms,a,ï ksjerÈ j Ndú; fkdlsÍu

,sùfï ÿIalr;d

l=vd l;kaorhlg ijka § u;lfhka lSug we;swmyiq;d

hula wid isg ms<s;=re iemhSug ;rï wjfndaOhlake;s ùu

ijka §fïÿIalr;d

tÈfkod isÿùïj,g ijka § m%;spdr ±laùfï yelshdjfkdue;slu

ksfõok" úOdk" mKsúv" Wmfoiaj,g wjOdkfhka ydwjfndaOfhka ijka § m%;spdr ±laùug we;s wmyiq;dj

zweZ iy ztZ Yíoh ksjerÈ j y÷kd f.k l:kfha fh§ugwe;s ÿIalr;dj

l:kÿIalr;d

ffoksl wjYH;d bgq lr .ekSu i|yd l;dnfya fh§ugwe;s wmyiq;dj ^b,a,Sï" úOdk" mKsjqv" wjjdo" Wmfoia&

wdpdrYS,s l;dny ixhufhka lrk l;dny ms<sn| we;sÿIalr;dj

265

• iuyr mdi,aj, cd;sl NdIdj W.kajk .=rejrekag" fjk;a úIhhlab.ekaùfï lghq;= fkdue;s wjia:dj, fo jk NdIdj W.ekaùug fhdojkq,enQ wh ùu'

• ,nd § we;s úIh ks¾foaY wkqj b.ekaùu i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,mßÉfþom%udKj;a fkd ùu'

• fo jk cd;sl NdIdj W.kajk .=rejrekaf.ka 58]g muK tu NdIdj l;dlsÍug fkdyels ùu

• fm<fmd;a yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y wod< mka;sj,g fkd.e<mSu

• 9 jk fY%aKsfhka miq úIh bf.kSu i|yd isiqka bÈßm;a fkd jk ksid o9 jk fY%aKsfhka miq fuu úIh yr úIhhla fkd jk ksid isiqka ;=< 6isg 9 fYA%Ksj, § o úIh bf.kSug t;rï leue;a;la fkdue;s ùu'

• fuu úIh i|yd wod< j úIh wOHlaIjreka" .=re WmfoaYljreka m;a lrfkdue;s ksid úIh ms<sn| j kshdukh o wëlaIKh o l%shd;aul fkd ùu'

mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jevigyka ixúOdkh

fo jk cd;sl NdIdj" mdi,a mka;s ldurhg muKla iSud fkd lr NdIdixl,am YsIHhka ;=< j¾Okh lsÍu i|yd" úIh iu.dó jevigyka b;d fhda.Hnj i,ld y÷kajd § we;s jevigyka lSmhls'

1999 - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh - oaú;Shsl NdIdj isxy, úIh ks¾foaYh9 fY%aKsh

wkqj tajd fufia h'

• ì;a;s mqj;am;a • isxy, NdId ix.ï

• NdId jHdmD;s • mka;s iÕrd

• NdId Èk • m%o¾Yk

• mka;s mqia;ld, • lafIa;% pdßld

• Ñ;%mg" rEmjdyskS yd .=jka úÿ,s jev igyka

2010 isxy, fo jk ni .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh 9 jk fY%aKsh" isxy,fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

fo jk ni isxy, úIh bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh mdi,a mka;sldurhg muKla iSud fkdúh hq;= h' thska Tíng hk úIh iu.dó lghq;=j,skaúmq, m%fhdack w;am;a lr .; yels wjia:d cks; úh hq;= h'

1' isxy, NdIdfjka m< jk m%jD;a;s yd ksfõokj,g ijka §fï jev igyka

2' kdu mqjre isxy, NdIdfjka m%o¾Ykh lsÍu'

3' WoEik /iaùug isxy, NdIdfjka o flfrk m%ldYk we;=<;a lsÍu'

4' isxy, lafIa;% fmd;a ieliSu'

266

5' mEfka ñ;=re yjq,la we;s lr .ekSu'

6' ixialD;sl yqjudre jevigyka îx.S;" kegqï" .dhkd&

7' m%Yak úpdrd;aul jevigyka

8' isxy, NdId Èk meje;aùu yd ta i|yd ;r. ixúOdk lghq;=

9' wka;¾ mdGYd,Sh iyfhda.s;d jev igyka

10'YsIH iñ;s lghq;=

11' isxy, mqj;am;a lshùfï wjia:d we;s lsÍu'

12'isxy, .S mµ .dhkd ;r.

13' ì;a;s mqj;am;a $ <ud mqj;am;a jHdmD;s

14'mdGYd,Sh isxy, - fou< Yío fldaI Ndú;h

fo jk ni îsxy,$fou<& b.ekaùu ms<sn| mdi,a úIhud,dfõ wruqKq

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska 1999 ilia lrk ,o oaú;Shsl NdIdjîsxy,& úIh ks¾foaYfha we;=<;a ^9 fY%aKsh& úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq my; mßÈfõ'

• tÈfkod Ôú;h yd iïnkaO l;d ny wdÈhg wjOdkfhka hq;= j ijka §tajd ksis mßÈ wjfndaO lr .ekSfï l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

• m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d imqrd .ekSug myiq jk wkaoñka woyia yd yeÕSïksrjq,a j yd ksjerÈ j m%ldY lsßfï yelshdj f.dvke.Su'

• jefvk me;sfrk ±kqu Wlyd .; yels jk mßÈ NdId yelshdj m%j¾Okhlr .ekSu'

• ir, úhrK Í;s wd§ NdId m%fhda.j,g wkq.; ish woyia yd yeÕSïmeyeÈ,s j ,sùfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu'

• ri úkaokh yd ks¾udK l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug;a úúO m%dfhda.slld¾hj, fh§ug;a wjYH NdId yqrej ,nd §u'

• wfkHdkH ixialD;sl jákdlï yd udkj .=KO¾u NdIdj wdY%fhkay÷kd f.k tu.ska cd;sl iu.shg keUqre lrùu'

2007 kj úIhud,d ixfYdaOk wkqj fo jk ni isxy, fo jk ni fou<úIh wruqKq

i. nyq NdISh iudcj, ck lKavdhï w;r fo jk nila f,i isxy,úIhh bf.kSfï wjYH;dj we;s lsÍu'

ii. zzwm Y%S ,dxlslfhda hZZ hk ixl,amh ;yjqre ùu i|yd rdcH NdIdm%;sm;a;sh wkqj iEu ck j¾.hla u cd;shla f,i fo jk NdIdksmqK;djla ,nd .ekSu'

267

iii. cd;sl iu.sh" cd;sl taldnoaO;dj yd cd;sl wkkH;dj f.dv k.ñkackjd¾.sl .egqï" iudðl fNao wìnjd isàu Wfoid fjk;a NdIdyeoEÍfï wjia:d Wod lsÍu'

iv. ck lKavdhï w;r ikaksfõok YlH;d we;s lsÍu u.ska Tjqfkdjqkaf.aixialD;s y÷kd .ekSu" w.h lsÍu iy wfkHdkH úYajdih yd iyÔjkhWod lr .ekSu'

v. udkj ixj¾Okhg fya;= jk lD;%Su ndOd bj;a lrñka" fjkia jkf,dalfha wNsfhda. ch .ekSu Wfoid m%dfhda.sl wjYH;d bgq lr.ekSug wod< NdId l=i,;d m%j¾Okh lsÍu'

vi. wruqKq bIag lr .ekSu i|yd mdi,a ;u úIh m%;sm;a;s yd jevigykaixúOdkh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lr we;'

iudf,dapkh

rdcH NdId folla mj;sk rgla f,i Y%S ,xldfõ iEu mqrjeishl= u isxy,NdId iy fou< NdId fol u Ndú; lsßug iu;a úh hq;= j we;' tfy;awjdikdjg fuka fï NdId fol u Ndú; l< yels whf.a ixLHdj b;d w,am h'm%Odk cd;Ska fol w;r iduh" iu.sh mj;ajd .ekSug w;HjYH m%;sl¾uhlajkafka isxy, ck;djg fou<;a" fou< ck;djg fou<;a W.kajd Tjqfkdjqkaw;r ikaksfõok ndOlh ÿre lsÍuhs' isxy, fou< b.ekaùfï m%Odk j.lSumejfrkqfha mdi,a wOHdmkhghs' fuu ld¾h Ndrh fndfyda l,l isg wjfndaOlr f.k isák kuq;a ;ju;a id¾:l f,i l%shd;aul lsÍug wfmdfydi;a jQjHdmD;shla j mj;S'

wOHdmk wud;HdxY pl%f,aL u.ska fo jk NdId b.ekaùu l%shd;aullsÍu jßka jr iún, .ekaùu i|yd fm<fmd;a" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y ilialr wOHdmk moaO;shg;a uqod yeßh;a" úIh b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiq .=rejrekafndfyda mdi,aj, fkdue;s ùu fuu úIh b.ekaùfï m%.;shg m%n, ndOlhlaúh'

tfuka u 10-11 fY%aKsj, § isiqka fuu úIh bf.kSug olajk Wkkaÿjb;d w,am ùu ;j;a ndOlhls' fo jk ni úIhh" m<uq ldKav úIhhla ùu Bgfya;=j ù ;sfí'

fo jk cd;sl NdIdj mdi,aj, yd cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSGj, b.ekaùuiïnkaOfhka fld<U úYajúµd,fha uydpd¾h udß fmf¾rd úiska lrk ,om¾fhaIK j¾;dfõ ^2007& wjidk ks¾foaYh fufia h'

fuu wOHhkfhka fmkS hk meyeÈ,s lreKla jkafka Y%S ,xldj ;=< fojk cd;sl NdIdj b.ekaùu iïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a m¾fhaIK l< hq;= njhs'tfia u Y%S ,xldfõ iudÔh taldnoaO;dj we;s lr,Su i|yd fo jk cd;sl NdIdjb.ekaùu" bx.%Sis NdIdj b.ekaùu yd iudk j jeo.;a fõZZ4949494949 ^106 msgqj ^idrdxYh&2007&'

268

uQ,sl jYfhka fuu úIh b.ekaùu iïnkaOfhka Ndrldr;ajhla úfYaIs;.=rejrfhl=g mjrd fkdue;s ksid bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg úúO .eg¨mek ke.S we;' j¾;udk iudc rgdj foi n,k l,;a uE; ld,fha isÿ jQfndfyda .egqï foi n,k l,;a wka ljr l,lg;a jvd fo jk ni bf.k.ekSfï jeo.;alu fouõmshka fuka u YsIH m%cdj o wjfndaO lr .ekSu b;du w;HjYH lreKla jkafka h'

mdol igyka

1' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1962'03'21&' EGC 7 ,smsh

2' o is,ajd" weia' we*a' ^1962&' 1960 j¾Ih i|yd wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a md,kjd¾;dj' iv fldgi' wOHdmk úµd yd l,d m%ldYkh" A5 msgqj' fld<U(,xld wdKavqfõ uqøKd,h'

3' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj' xxiv jeks ^1943&ieis jd¾;dj

4' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1967'12'03&' wxl 48 ork pl%f,aLh'

5' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975'07'14&' wxl 24$73 ork pl%f,aLh'


7' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975&' pl%f,aL wxl 36$75 pl%f,aL mßYsIagh' 8 jkmsgqj'

8' Towards relevance in education. PP. 59, 60, 67, 68

9' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd ^idudkHúYaj úµd,hSh yd ;D;Sh ^jD;a;Sh& ;dlaIKsl yd wêjD;a;Sh&' ii, iii, msgq

10' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl lghq;= wud;HdxYh ^1994'06'11&' wOHdmk fmdÿiy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h i|yd úIhhka f;dard .ekSu - 94$14ork pl%f,aLh'

11' wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1996&' cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh'idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| l%shd;aul ie,eiau ^flgqïm;a fhdackd&'

12' idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh ^1997&' idudkHwOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK'


14' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh iy wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1998"1999" 2000&' 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11 fo jk ni isxy, iy fo jk ni fou< fm<fmd;a'

15' mshr;k ysñ" ul=¿¥fõ ixialrKh' .srd ixfoaYh' mµ 223

269

16' uqksodi l=udr;=x. ixialrKh' iqNdIs;h' mµ 5'

17' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh ^1969&' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh" ishjim%ldYkh' 657 jk msgqj'

18' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ w;=re jd¾;dj ^1967&' 1961 I jeks ieisjd¾;dj' ,xldKavqfõ uqøKh' 86 jk msgqj'

19' rdcH NdId mk; - 1956 wxl 33'

20' fou< NdId ^úfYaI úêúOdk& 1958 wxl 28 ork mk;'

21' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka jd¾;dfõ w;=re jd¾;dj ^1962&' 1961" 1 jeksieis jd¾;dj'

22' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' wOHdmkfha kj u.'

23' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1980'12'19&' 1980$7 pl%f,aLh'

24' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd ^1981& ixlafIamh' msgq ii, iii.

25' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ m<uq jk jd¾;dj ^1992&' 3 jk msgqj'

26' National Education Commission (1995). An action oriented strategy to-

wards a national education plocy. p. 16.

27. National Education Commission (1997). Reforms in the general educa-

tion. p. 11.

28' oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh 6-11 ^1999&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jev igyk' 13msgqj'

29' 2006$09 pl%f,aLh wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2006'03'07&' oaú;Shsl fY%aKs ^6-11&i|yd kj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu'

30' Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrcfha wdKavql%u jHjia:dj ^1978& iv

mßÉfþoh 18 jk 19 jk j.ka;s'

31' Y%S ,xld rcfha uqøK fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1990&' ;reKhka ms<sn| ckdêm;sfldñIka iNd jd¾;dj' I jeks ieis jd¾;dj'

32' rdcH NdId fldñIka iNdj ^2005&' rdcH NdId m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul lsÍui|yd jQ ks¾foaYdj,sh'

33' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh - 2008'04'10' B'ã'$01$05$03$03$02 ork ,smsh'

34' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2009 Tlaf;dan¾&' m%jD;a;s új¾Ksld 2l,dmh'

35' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2009&' 6 jkfY%aKs YsIHhdf.a fo jk cd;sl NdId ^isxy,$fou<& ksmqK;d iólaIKh'

36' rdcH mßmd,k iajfoaY lghq;= yd jeú,s ixj¾Ok wud;HdxYh ^1998'12'30&tla NdIdjlg jeä NdId .Kkl m%ùK;djh we;s rdcH ks,OdÍkag Èß§ukd f.ùu - rdcH mßmd,k wxl 29$98 ork pl%f,aLh'

270

37' rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh ^2007'02'09&' rdcH mßmd,kwxl 2007$03 ork pl%f,aLh'

38' rdcH mßmd,k yd iajfoaY lghq;= wud;HdxYh ^2007'05'28&' zrdcH NdIdm%;sm;a;s l%shd;aul lsÍu'Z wxl 2007$07 ork pl%f,aLh'

39' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1998" 1999"2000&' fo jk ni isxy, fm<fmd;a 6-9" 7-10" 8-11 fY%aKs'

40' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2001&' fojk ni isxy, fm<fmd;a ^6" 9 fY%aKs&'

41' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1998" 1999"2000" 2005&' fo jk ni fou< fm<fmd;a ^6" 7" 9 fY%aKs&'

42' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1991&' isxy, fou< fmd; uq,a mshjr'

43' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2006" 2007" 2008" 2009&' fo jk niisxy, fm<fmd;a 6-10" 7-11" 8" 9 fY%aKs'

44' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2006" 2007" 2008" 2009&' fo jk nifou< fm<fmd;a6-10" 7-11" 8" 9 fY%aKs'

45' Perera, M. (2007). Survey of status of second national language teach-

ing and learning in National Colleges of Education.

46' YS% ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'&m%;sM, jd¾;d'

47' uk;=x." mS'ví' ^2003&' fojeks nila bf.kSu' wOHdmk Ydia;S%h ix.%yh'uyr.u: jD;a;Sh ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh" cd;sl wOHdmk wd;kh' 36 jkmsgqj'

48' .=Kr;ak" ta'tï'fla'fla ^2007&' uõnihs' fojk nihs' ls%hduQ,sl m¾fhaIKyd m%;HfõlaIK jHjydr mokï wOHdmk jD;a;slhkaf.a ks¾udKd;aulYlH;d j¾Okh lsÍu' m¾fhaIK iy ixj¾Ok fomd¾;fïka;=j" cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'

49' o is,ajd" weia' we*a' ^1962&' 1960 j¾Ih i|yd wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a md,kjd¾;dj iv fldgi' fld<U( ,xld wdKavqfõ uqøKd,h" A5 jk msgqj'

271

07

.Ks; wOHdmkh

ví,sõ' r;akdhl

fÊ' ã' ã' wdßhr;ak

tÉ' tï' ta' chfiak

iqkkao úfÊr;ak

.Ks; úfYaI mqyqKq" kj .Ks;h ämaf,daud" wOHdmkfõoS Wmdêh'

.=rejrhl=" .=re WmfoaYljrhl=" .=re uOHia:dk mqyqKqlrejl= f,i

fiajh lr we;' fm<fmd;a yd .=re w;afmd;a rplfhls' Y%S ,xld

úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ^.Ks;& iïm;a

odhlfhls' .Ks; .=re WmfoaYl úfYaI l=i,;d iïudkh yd úoHd

m%idoSkS Y%S cd;sl iïudkh oskd f.k we;'

oaú;Shsl mqyqKq ^.Ks;h&' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s

ks,Odßhl= f,i fiajh lr we;'

.Ks; mqyqKq" wOHdmkfõoS' .=rejrhl=" .=re WmfoaYljrhl= f,i

fiajh lrhs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha iïm;a

odhlhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs'

úoHd úfYaI mqyqKq ^uyr.u&. Wmdê ^úoHd&. mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk

ämaf,daud fld<U& mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk l<ukdlrK ämaf,daud

^iïudk& cdw'wd& wOHdmkm;s fld<U&' .=rejrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl=

f,i fiajh lr we;s w;r oekg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mYapd;a

Wmdê wOHdmk mdGud,dfõ iudfhdacljrhl= jYfhka lghq;= lrhs'

wOHdmkh ms<sn| .%ka: l¾;Djrfhls'

272

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh,xldj mqrd me;sÍ .sh úêu;a wOHdmk l%uhla wdrïN fldg jHdma; jQfha

bx.%Sis md,kh ld,fha § h' iudÔh wjYH;d i|yd w;S;fha isg u" tkï isxy,rdcH iuh mej;s ld,fha isg u" .Ks;h ms<sn| oekqu jeo.;a jQ nj wújdofhkams<s.; hq;= h' tfy;a Èjhsk mQrd úyso .sh mdi,a moaO;shla yd wOHdmkl%shdj,shla wdrïN l< bx.%Sis hq.fha isg" wo mj;sk .Ks;h wOHdmkh ixj¾OkhjQ whqre i,ld ne,Su wmf.a m%ia;+;hg iSud lr .ksuq'

1865 § fuda¾.ka fldñiu úiska mdi,aj, b.ekaúh hq;= úIhud,djlafhdackd lrk ,§' tu fhdackdj, fj<| .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h hk f,iskamdi,aj,g .Ks;h úIh we;=<;a lsÍug fhdackd ù 1868 § jHjia:dodhl uka;%KiNdj u.ska ms<s.kakd ,§'1 1869 m%isoaO b.ekaùï fomd¾;fïka;=j ìys jkafkao fuda¾.ka lñgq fhdackd wkqj h' mdi,aj, úIhud,dfõ ks;r u ixLHd yd.Ks;hg jeo.;a ;ekla fok ,§' nd,dxY mka;sj, isg ixLHd ms<sn| bf.kSuwksjd¾h úh'

wk;=re j jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jkafka ,xldfõ mdGYd,d i|yd wOHdmkmámdáh yd ks¾foaY m;% hk uefhka 1928 foieïnrfha ksl=;a l< m%ldYkhhs'2

m%d:ñl mka;s i|ydI my< nd,dxYhII by< nd,dxYhIII 2" 3" 4" 5 mka;s hk ish,a, i|yd

ixLHd hk úIhh wksjd¾fhka b.ekaúh hq;= úh'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha .Ks;h úIh úldYh1928 bÈßm;a l< úIh ks¾foaYj,g miq jeo.;a úIh ixfYdaOkhla

isÿjkafka 1940 § h'3 tys § o m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd jk yr úIhh 5ka tlla

jkafka zixLHdZ ms<sn| mdvuhs' —we;a; jYfhka u .=rejreka mdvï fmd;aj,

;Èka t,an f.k m%d:ñl mka;sj, § lshùu" ,sùu" .Ks;h hk úIhhka ;=k

flfrys is; fhduq l< nj˜ wOHdmk wOHCI 1949 md,k jd¾;dfõ i|yka

lf<ah'˜44444 bx.%Sis wOHdmkfha ckm%sh 3R (Reading, Writing, Arithmetic) hk úIhhka

3ka th ukd j meyeÈ,s fõ'

1953 § <ore mdi,a úIh ks¾foaY m;%h ksl=;a lrk ,§' jhi wjqreÿ wgg

wvq orejka i|yd mdi, —wruqKq iys; l%shdldrlïj,ska hq;= m%S;su;a ia:dk˜ njg

m;afj;ehs ñka woyia flßK' 1954 wf.dia;= ui wOHdmk weu;sjrhd úiska

m%d:ñl yd lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,a i|yd b;d u iqÿiq úIhud,djla bÈßm;a

lsÍug Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug lñgqjla m;a lrk ,§' tu lñgqfõ ks¾foaY u;"I .Kh - wd.u" ujqni" ixLHdII .Kh - YdÍßl wOHdmkh" ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï yd

mßir wdY%s; l%shdldrlïhk úIh wkqu; lrk ,§' fufia .Ks;h úIhh m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha w;HjYHúIhhla úh'

273

1956 § isÿ jq foaYmd,k fmr<sh" ish¨ mka;sj, iajNdId wOHdmkhwksjd¾h lsÍu wruqKq lr .;a wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhlg fhduq úh' 1959 §mdi,aj, úIh ks¾foaY jeo.;a ixfYdaOkhlg ,la úh' ta wkqj m%d:ñl mka;sj,W.kajk ,o .Ks;h úIhh fldgia fufia úh'

1 jk m%udKh my< nd,dxYh - 1 jk wjqreoao

2 jk m%udKh by< nd,dxYh - 2 jk wjqreoao

^we& øjH wdY%fhka uq¿ .Kk 10g fkdjeä tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu

ixLHd ud;Dldj wdo¾Y Ndú;

^w& <uhska leu;s ;rï by<g ms<sfj<ska .Kka lsÍu

fvdñfkda leg fi,a,u —ud¿fmdl=K˜^tkï fmdl=Klska uiqkaw,a,kakdlafuka Ndckhlska tys nyd¨ hï hïøjH .Kka lrñka msg;g .ekSu'& nur.eiSu" fndaxÑ u¿ oeóu' lvodis bÍu"jeks ixLHd l%Svd

^wd& 10 f;la we;s ixLHdj, ixfla; yd ixLHdj, ú.%yh

fm;sj,ska fyda wegj,ska fyda 10 f;lawe;s ixLHd ixfla;j,g ixLHd kdufh§u

10 f;la we;s ixLHd iuQy" øjHj,skayd ;odY%s; ,sÅ; ixfla;j,ska ye¢k.ekSu' l%Svdj,ska ú.%y lsÍu

1' 1 yd 10 tajdhska 100 olajd .KkalsÍu'^10 ne.ska weuqKq mn¿ je,afyda fldagq ñá u.ska&

2' 100 f;la 10fha .=Kdldrj, kï,sùu'

3' 10 isg 20 f;la ixLHd ,sùu'

4' 20 olajd ixLHd ú.%yh

5' ,sùfuka" tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu'^W;a;rh 100g wvq úh hq;= h'

6' fojrla pl% yd ;=ka jrla pl% iE§u

ixLHd ks¾foaYh wdo¾Y Ndú;

1' irex.," fmÜá" fi,a,ï f.j,a" ,shqïljr hk fïjd ;ekSug wä fldÿ fjkauekSu

2' <uhskaf.a Wi" mmqj uekSu'

3' remsh, f;la Y;fha yd Y;10fha.kqfokq fj<| lS%vd u.ska

4'weK ,E,af,ka leg fyj;a >kj,;afldagqj,;a WmlrKfhka ixLHd ;ekSu

5' tl;= lsÍu yd wvq lsÍu ms<sn| iq¿.eg¨

274

3 jk m%udKh - 3 jk wjqreoao


wdo¾Y Ndú;ud;Dldj

1' mshjr ;eîu" nU" hdr" wä" wÕ,a" ÿr

2' wä" wÕ,a ÿr" uekSu

3' rd;a;,a" nd." ld," nr lsÍu" uekSu

4' remsh,a 5 f;la remsh,a Y; .kq fokqlrk l%Svd

5' ;ks mdofha iq¿ .Ks; .eg¨

6' wudre ke;s tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu"jeä lsÍu" fn§u" m s< sn| fõ.mÍlaIK

7' .Kka fmdarej Ndú;h

1' 1000 f;la .Kka lsÍu

2' 1000 f;la ixLHd kdu ,sùu

3' 200 f;la ixLHd kdu ixfla;^b,lalï& ,sùu' 100 . =K dl drj,1000 . =Kdldrj, i a:dk w.hb.ekaùu

4' b,lalï 3 ixLHd tl;= lsÍu' wvq lsÍu

5' 10 jrla f;la jl% iE§u yd lg mdvïlsÍu

6' 10 g jeä fkdjk ixLHdj,ska jeälsÍu yd fn§u

ud;Dldj Ndú;

1' 10" 000 f;la ixLHd ixfla; ,sùu

2' b,lalï fofla ixLHdj,ska jeä lsÍuyd fn§u

3' È." nr" ld,h" uqo,a hk fïjdgwod< pl% (I hdr" wä" wÕ,a

II rd;a;,a" wjqkai III Èk" meh" úkdä IV remsh,a" Y;4' 12 jrla pl%h olajd lg mdvï lsÍu

1' hdr" wä" wÕ,a nd. .Kka ne, Suyd uekSu

2' rd;a;,a" wjqkai nr uekSu

3' Trf,daiq uQK; iE§u' fõ,dj lSu

4' ld,h" È." nr" uqo,a ms<sn| pl%

5' ld,h" È." nr" uqo,a ms<sn| .eg¨

6' tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" jeä lsÍu"fn§u ms<sn| fõ. mÍCIK

275



uq,dY%h( ^ixfYdaê; wOHhk mámdáh - mS rEnka mSßia' 1960' weï' ä' .=Kfiakiud.u&55555

ud;Dldj Ndú;

1' È." nr" ld,h yd w,a,k m%udKhms<sn| pl%

2' oYu Nd. uq¿ .Kkaj,ska yd oYuNd.j,ska fn§u yd jeä lsÍu

3' fod<yg jeä fkd jQ yrhkaf.kahq;a idudkH Nd.j,g .Ks; úêy;r fh§u

4' idudkH Nd. yd oYu Nd. w;riïnkaO;d

5' talSh l%uh

1' w,a,k m%udK ms<sn| oYu yd idudkHNd.j,ska ne,Su yd uekSu

2' È." nr" w,a,k yd ld,h ms<sn| uekSïpl%" wdYs%; .Ks; úê y;rg wh;a oYuidudkH Nd. ms< sn| .eg¨" i q¿ikaksl¾IK

4' talSh l%uh ms<sn| .eg¨

5' uqo,a .kqfokq" ì,am;%

6' fõ. mßCIK

3' 1

4"

1

2

"

1

8

"

3

4

hk fïjdg iudk oYu

Nd. ishhg .Kka

ud;Dldj Ndú;

1' w,a,k m%udKh .Kka ne,Su yduekSu

2' oYu" nr" È." ld,h ms<sn| pl% yd.eg¨

3' Y; 10 ldisj,ska yd Y;j,ska oYuia:dk 2l w.h

4' fõ. mßCIKuekSfï tall fyj;a ññ ;ekSufmfkk fia ;eîu uqo,a .kqfokq"ì,a m;% yd .Kka ys,õ" lfvka nvq.ekSu yd wf,ú lsÍu

1' ld,h" iqudk" Èk" meh" úkdänqi," .e¨u wdÈ w,a,k m%udKh

2' oYu" oYu tl;= lsÍu yd wvqlsÍu

3' oYu jeä lsÍu yd fn§u' iïmQ¾K.Kkaj,ska oYu jeä lsÍu ydfn§u

^W;a;rh oYu ia:dk 2 g muKs&

276

1960 olajd u wxl .Ks;h b.ekaúu fkdfjkia j mej;sK' .Ks;h" tkïùc .Ks;h" cHdñ;sh" Wiia .Ks;h" jHjydßl .Ks;h jeks úIh" ish¨ umdi,aj, b.ekaùula isÿ fkdúK' úfYaIfhka u cHdñ;sh yd ùc .Ks;h"mYapd;a m%d:ñl mka;sj, mjd W.kajk ,oafoa b;d iSñ; mdi,a .Kkl h' tajdbx.%Sis udOH mdi,a yd l%ufhka iajNdIdjg yefrñka mej;s uOH uyd úoHd, ydWiia úoHd, muKs'

1960 fkdjeïn¾ ui md¾,sfïka;=j wkqu; l< wdOdr ,nk mdi,a yd .=reúoHd, rchg mjrd .ekSfï mk;" ,xld wOHdmk b;sydifha jeo.;a wjia:djls'Èjhsk mQrd ish¨ u mdi,a rchg f.k cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla msysgqjd,Su fuyswruqK úh' 1961 ud¾;= ui cd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla i|yd ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍugcd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu m;a lrk ,§' 1964 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj fuulñgqfõ m%;sM,hls'

1970 § n,hg m;a rch úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o zwOHdmkfha kj u.Z ñkamiq yuq jk jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhhs' —.Ks;h ieug˜ hk ixl,amh f,dj mQrdme;sÍ hoa§ Y%S ,xldj o th wkq.ukh lrñka 1972 úIhud,d m%;sixialrKfhkaish¨ mdi,aj,g .Ks;h wksjd¾h lrk ,§' wxl .Ks;h muK;a yeoerE mdi,aj,YsIHhkag kj hQ.hla Wod úh' ùc .Ks;h yd cHdñ;sh o ish¨ mdi,aj,gmeñKsfha fuf,i h' ;dCIKfha YS>% ÈhqKqj iuÕ jev f,dalfha wjYH;dji|yd .Ks;fha ne£u jvd;a biau;= úh'

1 isg 5 fY%aKsh olajd jQ m%d:ñl wOHdmk l%uh o ixfYdaOkh úh' mdi,g<uhl= we;=<;a lrk ,o jhi wjqreÿ 6 f,i fjkia lrk ,§' fï fjki ksidjQ wvqmdvqj W!kmQrKh i|yd <ore mdi,a we;s lsÍug iudc fiajdfomd¾;fïka;=fõ iydh wfmaCId lrk ,§' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh —l%shdfjkawjfndaOh˜ ,nd fok jev ms<sfj<la njg m;a úh' úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhúiska m%d:ñl .Ks; jHdmD;sh iïmdokh lrk ,§' ta i|yd tlai;a rdcOdksfhak*S,aâ m%d:ñl .Ks; jHdmD;sfha yd ðkSjdys ufkdaúoHd mSGfha o Wmfoia ,nd.kakd ,§' —kj .Ks;h˜ y÷kajd §u" 1972 zkj u.Z iuÕ l%shd;aul jQfha fïwhqßks' fï i|yd mka;s fm<fmd;a m%d:ñl mka;sj, isg mYapd;a m%d:ñl mka;solajd wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska iïmdokh lrk ,o w;r" úIhud,dixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha .Ks;h ms<sn| wxYh tys j.lSu ork ,§'

Children Learn by doing iy Children are different hk ixl,am u; zl%shdfjkawjfndaOhZ bf.kqu l%shd;aul lrk ,§'

fuu jevigyk uq,sl .Ks; jHdmD;sh Elementary Mathematics

Project (E M P) hkqfjka ye¢kaùh' tu jevigykska fmr isg meje;s .Ks;hb.ekaùfï l%ufõoj, wvqmdvq iy úIh lreKq f;dard .<md .ekSfï wvqmdvq ou. yrjd .ekSug W;aidyhla ord we;'

.Ks; úIh wkql%udêm;Hhhlska hq;a úIhhls' .Ks;h bf.kSug tysuQ,sl ixl,am iy ms<s.;a i;H ms<sn| j ksjerÈ l%udkql+, wjfndaOhla ;sìhhq;= h' ta nj uekúka f;areï .;a fuu .Ks; jHdmD;sh úiska úIh ks¾foaYiu. u .=re w;afmd;a o m%d:ñl .=re mqyqKq jev igyka o ilid l%shd;aul lrk,§'

277

m%d:ñl .Ks; wOHdmk jev igyka hgf;a isiqkag mq¾j ixLHd ixl,amf.dv k.d .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd § we;' ta wkqj

• tlg tl wkqrEm;dj• iïnkaO;d oelSu• wir• mámdáh• f;aÍu yd j¾.SlrKh• fþokh iy wvx.= ùu• wúp,;dj

hk mQ¾j ixLHd ixl,am ksYaÑ; j y÷kajd § tu ixl,am y÷kd .ekSug;al%shdldrlïj, § tajd Ndú; lsÍug;a isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd fok ,§'

• ixLHd wjfndaOh ,sùu" lshùu" .Kka lsÍu• uQ,sl .Ks; l¾u 4 m%.=K lsÍu• yevh iy ;ru• ñkqu• iuñ;sh• rEmsl ksrEmK

hk ud;Dld hgf;a .Ks;h úIh lreKq .<md ;snqKs'ixhqla; Ñka;k wjêfha isák 1-5 fY%aKsj, <uhskag .Ks;h b.ekaùu

i|yd øjH wdY%s; l%shdldrlu fhdod .ekSug fhdackd úh' mdi,a mßirfhkaimhd .; yels m%fhdackj;a øjH ,Sj,ska iEÿ úúO yev;, yd >k jia;+" je,sc,h l%udxlsl n÷ka wdÈh fhdod .ksñka l< yels l%shdldrlï iy fi,a,ïwdÈh b.ekaúfï l%u f,i Ndú; lsÍug fhdackd lr ;snqKs'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. m%d:ñl wxYfha mka;s ldur;=< bf.kqï mßirhla ks¾udKh lsÍug;a mka;s ldurh fmrg jvd m%shckl;ekla njg m;a lsÍug;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' we.hSï l%u fõofha o fjkila isÿúh' oCI woCI isiqka f;aÍu fjkqjg isiqkaf.a yelshd iy ÿn,;d ksr;=re jfidhd n,ñka jd¾;d ;eîu;a Tjqka ;jÿrg;a l=uk l%shdldrlïj, fhÈhhq;= oehs ;SrKh lsÍu;a i|yd —úuiqï˜ hkqfjka ye¢kajq we.hSula isÿ flßK'fuu úIhud,djg .Ks;hg wu;r j wOHdmk udOHh" wd.u" fojk niYdÍßl yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï" ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï mßirh wdY%s;l%shdldß;ajh hk úIh o y÷kajd fok ,§' iqm%lg bf.kqï kHdhhka bÈßm;al< Ôka mshdfÊf.a u;hg wkqj jhi wjqreÿ 5-7 w;r orejka ;=< .Ks; ixl,amj¾Okh jk wdldrh ms<sn| j 1975-1976 jirj, § úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhfidhd n,d we;' miqj m%d:ñl .Ks;h úIhud,dfõ kj fhdackd bÈßm;a lrkq,enqfõ tu fidhd ne,Sï mokï lr f.k h'

1978 isÿ jQ foaYmd,k fjkia ùu;a iu. u 1979 § m;a l< idudkHwOHdmkh ms<sn| fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak lñgqfõ ks¾foaY u; 1981 Oj, m;%sldfjkawOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd bÈßm;a flßK' 1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldjwkqj m%d:ñl mdi, 1-5 olajd jir myls' tys m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha wruqKq 10lai|yka jQ w;r .kqfokq lsÍug yd ffoksl ld¾hhkag .Ks; ixl,am yd olaI;dj¾Okh hkqfjka .Ks;h b.ekaúfï m%Odk wruqKq i|yka lr ;snqKs'

278

m%d:ñl .Ks; wOHdmkfha ÈhqKqjg wod< mshjr lsysmhla fï jljdkqjjk úg l%shd;aul úh'

• fN!;sl iïm;a iuyr mdi,a w;r yqjudre lr .ekSu i|yd fmdl=remdi,a we;s lsÍu

• 1984" 1986 iy 1987 hk j¾Ij, m%d:ñl .=re WmfoaYk fiajdj jeä ÈhqKqlsÍu

• 1985 § wOHdmk mSG wdrïN lr m%d:ñl .=rejreka moaO;shg ,nd §u'• 1986 § wOHdmkfhys ÈhqKqj fõ.j;a lsÍu i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

msysgqjk ,§' tys m%d:ñl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j we;s l< w;r tu.skam%d:ñl .Ks; wOHdmkh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍug úúO ld¾h ie,iqï lsÍu'

• 1986 cd;sl mdi,a msysgqùu'• Small School Devolopment Project (SSD) (UNICEF) 1976 isg• Primery School Development Project (P. S. D) (CIDA) l%shd;aul lsÍu'

1985 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul jQ m%d:ñl uÜgfï .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYh f;aud25lska hqla; úh tajd my; oelafjk whqßka kï lr ;snqKs'

1' f;aÍu iy wvx.= nj2' tlg tl wkqrEm;dj 193' wir iy mámdáh 204' yevh iy iuñ;sh 215' uqo,a 226' ñkqï È. iy mßñ;sh 237' ñkqï nr 248' ñkqï mßudj iy Odß;dj 259' ñkqï j¾.M,h10' ñkqï ld,h11' m%ia;dr12' ÈYd yd mßudK rEm13' .Kka lsÍu" ixLHd rgd14' ixLHd wjfndaOh15' ixLHd iei§u16' ixLHd wkqms<sfj<17' ixLHd tl;= lsÍu18' ixLHd wvq lsÍu19' ixLHd .=K lsÍu20' ixLHd fn§u21' .eg¨ úi£u22' talSh l%uh23' frdau ixLHd24' idudkH Nd.25' oYu Nd.

279

1987 § hqksfi*a wdh;kfha wkq.%yh hgf;a fuu úIh ks¾foaYhg wod<j .=re w;afmd;a yd fm<fmd;a ilia lrk ,§' tu .=re w;afmd;a yd fm<fmd;a1992 § o kej; uqøKh lrk ,§'

fuu ld,h ;=< § m%d:ñl kqmqyqKq .=rejreka i|yd ÿria: mqyqKq mdGud,did¾:l j mj;ajñka m%d:ñl .Ks;h b.ekaùfï lghq;= l%uj;a lr we;'

m%d:ñl .Ks;h l%uj;a lsÍu ms<sn| wOHhk jd¾;d1985 - 1987 jirj, hqfkiaflda wkq.%yh we;s j taldnoaO kùlrK

jHdmD;sh Joint Innovtive Project l%shd;aul l< ld¾huQ,sl wOHhkhla úh' tujHdmD;sfhka jrm%ido fkd,;a .%dóh mdi,aj, uõni yd .Ks;h úIh bf.kqïb.ekaùu .=Kd;aul j¾Okh lsÍu iy wOHdmkfhys úIu;d flfrys n,mdkidOl wkdjrKh lsÍug W;aidy lr we;'

;j o úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmkhg msúfik Y%S ,xldfõ orejkaf.a m%fõYolaI;d ms<sn| j wOHhkhla lrkq ,eî h' tu wOHhkh yxf.aßhdkq cd;slwdpd¾h fcdaYma kd.sf.a u.fmkaùu hgf;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%d:ñlwOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j fufyhùh' mdi,a moaO;shg wj;S¾K jk orejkaf.aúúO m%fõY olaI;d w;ßka .Ks;h úIhhg wod< m%udKh ms<sn| wjfndaOh".Kka lsÍu we;=¿ wxY lSysmhla uq,a lr f.k isÿ l< fuu wOHhkhg wkqjTjqkaf.a oCI;d uÜgï fufia úh'

1 jk j.=j ( m%:ñl isiqkaf.a .Ks;h oCI;d

2 jk j.=j ( 1 jir orejkaf.a .Ks; úIh m%ùK;d uÜgï

uq,dY%h ( úêu;a mdi,a wOHdmk moaO;shg msúfik Y%S ,xldfõ orejkams<sn| wOHhkhla ^1989& cdwwd uyr.u

by< m%d:ñl wxYfha .Ks;h fm<fmd;a we.hsul § wkdjrKh ù we;slreKq lsysmhla fufia h'

• úIh ks¾foaYhg mgyeks j ieliqKq ia:dk o mshjrj, yuq fõ'• YsIHhkaf.a .Ks; yd NdId yelshdj,g wkql+, j úIh lreKq Ñ;%

m%fõY oCI;d uÜgu m%;sY;h

• lsis u oCI;djla ke;s

• úfYaI Woõ wjYH

• wod< oCI;d we;s

• B<Õ jirg wjYH oCI;d we;s

08]

22]

62]

08]

m%fõY oCI;d uÜgu m%;sY;h

• m%ùK;djg m;a

• m%ùK;djg <Õd fjñka mej;s

• lsisfia;a m%ùK;d uÜgug <Õd fkd jQ

64]

33]

03]

280

rEmigyka wNHdi l%shdldrlï bÈßm;a fkd jQ ia:dk mshjrj, yuqfõ

• .Ks; ixl,am l%udkql+, j ixj¾Okh ùug bjy,a fkd jk mßÈilia jqKq mshjr we;'

• .Ks;h fm<fmd;a yd ta ta jirj,g ks¾ÈIag wfkl=;a fm<fmd;a,sùfï § Ndú; lr ;sfnk NdIdj w;r iu;dj wvq h'

• fyd| lvodis" ;Ska;" ljr fhdod fm<fmd;a uqøKh lr ke;' uqøKfodaI o we;'

• b.ekaùfï § .=re w;afmd;a yd úIh ks¾foaYhg jvd jeo.;a ;eklamka;s fmd;g ysñ fõ'

• ks¾udKd;aul .=rejrhl=f.a iydh fkd ,enqKfyd;a fm<fmd;a u.skahdka;%sl j .Ks;h bf.kSula isÿ fõ'fï wkqj m%d:ñl .Ks; fm<fmd;a ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= h' .=rejrekaf.a

o foudmshkaf.a o wdOdr u. fmkaùu fkd ,efnk isiqkag WmldÍ jk mßoafokafm<fmd;a ielish hq;= h" úIh ks¾foaYh" .=re w;afmd; yd fm<fmd;a Ndú;lr bf.kqï bf.kaùï l%shdj,sh ixúOdkh lsÍug .=rejreka oekqj;a l< hq;=h' hk fhdackd bÈßm;a lr we;'6

1990 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk kdia;shms<sn| j wOHhkhla lrk ,§' ta i|yd wOHdmk m%foaY 5la fhdod .kakd ,§'tu wOHdhkfha § wkdjrK jQfha .Ks;fhka W!k idOk 53' 9]la ;rï jk nj h'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska 1990 yd 1991 jirj, § lrk ,o cd;slwOHdmk m%.;sh uekSfï wOHhkfhka o uõni yd .Ks;h hk úIhj,g wod<j m%d:ñl mdi,a orejkaf.a j¾;udk wOHdmk ;;ajh yd wOHdmksl idOkhw;r fjkialï fidhd n,k ,§'

tu.ska wkdjrKh lr .;a lreKq fufia h'• wd.Kkh ms<sn| w;aoelSï ,eîug fmr" ,eìh hq;= ixLHd ms<sn| w;aoelsï

iy wjfndaOh orejka ;=< j¾Okh ù fkdue;• ia:dkSh w.h ms<sn| wjfndaOh fndfyda orejkg ke;• mQ¾K ixLHd" Nd. ñkqï iy m%ia;dßl ksrEmKhg wod< .Ks; ixl,am

ms<sn| m%ùK;dj fkdue;• ld,h ms<sn| ixl,amh o fndfyda orejkg ke;• fndfyda isiqkag yev y÷kd .; yels h

z1992 § isiqka lrk jerÈ ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhlska hq;= j .Ks;húIhfhys isiqkaf.a idOkh ms<sn| we.hSulaZ hkqfjka wOHhkhla Ô' t,a'tia'kdkdhlaldr úiska lrk ,§ (Primary Mathemetics with special reference to

analysis of pupil errors - Sri Lanka). tu wOHhkhg wkqj mdi,a isiqka w;ska isÿjk jerÈ fufia j¾. lr we;'

• l%udkql+, jerÈ fyj;a ixl,amuh jerÈ• fkdie,sls,su;a jerÈ• wyUq jerÈ

281

jYfhks ^l%udkql+, .Ks; ixl,am fyda uq,O¾u fyda ms<sn| jerÈ wjfndaOhke;s kï wvq wjfndaOh ksid orejka jerÈ lrkq ,efí'& tu jerÈ mqk mqkd isÿfõ' fïjd oek .ekSu bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ld¾hh id¾:l lr .ekSug jeo.;ajk nj tys § olajd we;' wNHdi fmd;a fyda úi÷ï m;a mÍCId lsÍfuka tajd oek.; yels h' jereoao y÷kd .ekSug isiqka iu. tajd ms<sn| j idlÉPd l< hq;=hehs tys lshefõ'

• ixl,amuh jereoaola ÿgq jyd u ksjerÈ lrùu jeo.;a nj o i|yka fõ'• fkdie,ls,su;a jerÈ kej; isÿùug we;s bvm%ia;d wvq h'• wyUq jerÈ fok ,o .eg¨jg fyda wNHdihg fyda lsisÿ iïnkaO;djla

fkdolajk nj o' hkqfjka tu wOHhk jd¾;dj fmkajd § we;'7

iurisxy .=Kfialr iy chfiak nq;amsáh 1994& m%d:ñl wOHhk wjêfha.Ks;h b.ekaùu ms<sn| j ish m¾fhaIKj,ska ks.uk lSmhlg u t<fUk ,§'tkï"

• myiq;d wvq .ïno mdi,aj, m<uq jk jif¾ isg 5 jk jir f;la<uhska" ta ta jif¾ § .Ks;h ms<sn| idOkh lr .; hq;= hehs wfmaCIs;uÜgu yd ieneúka u <Õd ù we;s idOk uÜgu ii|d n,k úg we;af;amy; jeàuls'

• Èia;%slal jYfhka f.k n,k l, myiq;d wvq mdi,aj, <uhskaf.a.Ks; idOkfha iqúfYaIs; wiudk;d olakg ,efí' fï wiudk;djfY%aKs 5 ;=< u olakg we;' 5 jir wdrïN l< isiqkaf.ka 53'9]lamka;shg kshñ; m%d:ñl uÜgug <.d ù fkdue;'

• ixLHd iïnkaO ms<sn| ixl,am idOkh iEu fY%aKshl u fyd| h'tfy;a fuá%la tall" uqo,a" iuñ;sh" .eg¨ úi£u hk úIh fCIa;%j,my; jeàula olakg we;'

• 1 isg 5 fY%aKsh f;la <uhskaf.a wvq lsÍu" fn§u" .eg¨ úi£u ms<sn|oekqu wvq h'

• 1 fY%aKsfha idOkh w;sYhska u i;=gqodhl h' tfy;a tys isg l%ufhkaby< fY%aKsj,g hk úg idOkh l%ufhka ÿ¾j, fõ'fuu ;;ajj,g fya;=j <uhdf.a jrola fkd j" mßirfha mj;akd iudc

wd¾Ól ÿ¾j,;dj,;a <uhd fírd f.k Tyq bÈßhg .uka lrùug wOHdmkl%uh wfmdfydi;a ùu;a h'88888

5 jir isiqkaf.ka 20]la 0 ,nd f.k we;s w;r 60]la ,nd f.k we;af;a30g wvq ,l=Kq fõ'

1992 j¾Ifha wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;djjßka jr we;s jk foaYmd,k fjkialï ksid flfrk n,mEïj,ska

neyer jQ wOHdmk l%uhla i|yd iaÓr yd ksYaÑ; m%;sm;a;shla ieliSfïwruqKla iys; j fuu fldñIu wOHdmk{hskaf.ka" úoaj;=kaf.ka" fmdÿckhdf.ka wdÈ jYfhka lreKq úuid fuu fldñIka jd¾;dj ilia lrk ,§'tu jd¾;dj ms<s.ekSfuka miq j tjlg ckdêm;sOqrh fynjq pJÈld nKavdrkdhll=udr;=x. ue;sksh wOHdmk weu;s ßp¾â m;srK ue;s;=udf.a m%Odk;ajfhkaidudkH wOHdmkh i|yd ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n<ldhka m;a lrkakg fhÈK'

282

th lñgq 12lska hqla; úh' fuu m%;sixialrK hgf;a• 1-13 fY%aKs olajd mdi,a wOHdmkh• mq¾j <ud wOHdmkh• fmr mdi,a wOHdmkh• úfYaI wOHdmkh• jeäysá wOHdmkh• wLKav wOHdmkh

hk ish,a, i|yd l%shd;aul l< hq;= ld¾h ie,ls,a,g fhduq lrk ,§'orejl=f.a wjqreÿ 1-5 jhia ld,h jeo.;a fldg i,ld" ksji mokï lr

f.k l< yels bf.kSfï lghq;= ms<sn| j" úfYaIfhka uõjreka oekqj;a lsÍugúúO ixúOdkj, iydh ,nd .ekSug fhdackd úh'

orejl=f.a jhi wjqreÿ 3-5 ld,h flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lrñka" fmrmdi,a msysgqjd" tajd kv;a;= lsÍug m<d;a iNd iy m<d;a md,k n,OdÍka Èß.ekaùug ;SrKh úh'

fmr mdi,aj, l%shd;aul m< hq;= ld¾h ;SrKh lsÍug úYaj úoHd,"wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fi!LH wud;HdxYh yd fjk;a wod<wdh;kj, iydh ,nd .ekSug ;SrKh lrk ,§'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHQy lrK jev igyk 2001m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêh"

m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh- 1-2 fY%aKsfo jk m%Odk wjêh - 3-4 fY%aKs;=ka jk m%Odk wjêh - 5 fY%aKsh

hkqfjka fldgia ;=klg fnod fjka lrk ,§' m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêfha <ufhl=úiska

• ikaksfõok ksmQK;dj

• iajdNdúl iudÔh yd lD;Su mßirh ms<sn| ksmQK;d

• wd.u yd idrO¾u ms<sn| u ksmQK;d

• l%Svd" úfõlh yd úfkdaoh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

• bf.kSug bf.kSu ms<sn| ksmqK;dhk fmdÿ ksmqK;d ,eìh hq;= hhs ks¾foaY lr we;'

ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaY ieliSu" .=re w;afmd;a - fm<fmd;a iyisiq jev fmd;a ielisu o w;sf¾l fmd;a iïmdokh lsÍu" .=re WmfoaYl fiajdjl%uj;a lr .=rejrekag fiajdia: mqyqKqj ,nd §u iy kj we.hSï l%u Ndú;lsÍug wkqn, §u o fuu jev igykg we;=<;a h'

m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK kshduk uÜgñka l%shd;aul ùu .ïmyÈia;%slalfha mdi,a 553l 1998 ckjdß wdrïN lrk ,§ 1999 j¾Ifha isg rg mQrdth l%shd;aul lsÍug o ;SrKh úh' ta wkqj 2003 jk úg m%d:ñl wxYfha ish¨u fY%aKsj, kj wOHdmkh l%shd;aul lsÍug úêúOdk fhdok ,È'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha m%Odk wjê ;=kg wh;a .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYh ydw;HjYH bf.kqï ksmQK;d m%ldYhg m;a lr we;'

283

m<uq jk m%Odk wjêhm<uqjk m%Odk wjêfha oS"

• ie,iqï lrk ,o úfkdaockl jev yd fi,a,ï o

• l%shdldrlï ;=<ska bf.kqu i|yd jeä ld,hla o

• fmd;am;a wdY%s; jev i|yd wju ld,hla o ks¾foaY lr we;'m<uq m%Odk wjêfha 1 jk fY%aKsfha § isiqka i;=j mj;sk ksmQK;d

y÷kd .ekSu o fo jk fY%aKsh i|yd my; oelafjk úIh lreKq yd l%shdldrlïo ks¾foaY lr we;'

• ;ru" yevh" j¾Kh" jhkh wdÈh wkqj øjH f;aÍu

• oaúudk yevh ;%sudk yevh y÷kajd §u

• ;ru" j¾Kfha ;olu" jhkh wdÈh wkqj øjH mámdá.; lsÍu

• 9 f;la ixLHd mqkÍCIKh

• iïnkaO;d y÷kajd §u

• j¾Kh" yevh yd ;ru iïnkaO rgd ms<sn| mqkÍCIKh

• Wmßuh 9 f;la yd 9ka ms<sfj<ska tl;= lsÍu iy wvq lsÍu

• ir, oaúudk yev y÷kajd §u• ia:dkSh w.h iy Y=kHh y÷kajd §u; 99 f;la ia:dkSh w.h ;yjqre

lsÍu• oyfha f.dvj,aj,g yd b;=re jk ;ks tajdg øjH fjka lsÍu• wNsu; tall Ndú;fhka È. uekSu• .Kka lsÍu wkqidrfhka Wmßuh 20 f;la tl;= lsÍu• 20g wvq ixLHdj,ska wvq lsÍu• øj m%udK iei£u; Odß;dj• ir, ixLHd rgd• .Kka lsÍu' tfla tajdhska" oyfha tajdhska" ;=fka tajdhska" 5fya tajdhska

100 f;la• nr iei£u ;rdÈhlska nr uekSu

uq,dY%h( .Ks; uq,dY% fmd; ^1999 iema'& cd' w' w m%d:ñl wxYh yd m%d:ñl.Ks;'''' taldnoaO m%ldYh

• isoaêka wkqj ld,h oelaùu" NdKav ñ, tl;=j" b;sß uqo,a §u• 20 f;la tl;= lsÍu" wvq lsÍu" ir, .eg¨

fuu ks¾foaYh yd iuÕ wOHdmk wud;HdxYh m< lrk ,o isiq jevfmd;yd .=re w;afmd; l%shd;aul lsÍug fhdackd úh'

fo jk m%Odk wjêh;=ka jk fYa%Ksfhka wdrïN ù 4 jk fY%aKsfhka wjika jk fo jk

m%Odk wjêfha § YsIHhl= m%Yak l< hq;= hhs wfmalaId lrk ksmqK;d" tuwjêfha w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d f,i y÷kajd we;' 6 fYa%Ksfha isg ieug.Ks;h yeoEÍug isÿjk neúka ta i|yd wjYH l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSui|yd fuu ksmqK;d m%.=K lr .; hq;= hhs ie,fla'

284

fo jk m%Odk wjêh i|yd w;HjYH .Ks;h bf.kqï ksmqK;d 10laks¾foaY lr we;' tajd fufia ±lafõ'

• È.la iïu; tallhlska uek m%ldY lrhs'• NdKavhla ñ, § .ekSfï § b;=re uqo, .Kkh lrhs'• b,lalï ;=fka ixLHdjla lshjhs'• tla ia:dkhla muKla f.k taï iys; j wvq lrhs'• >k jia;=j, uqyqK;aj, yev kï lrhs'• øj m%udK uek m%ldY lrhs'• ixLHd rgdj, B<Õ ixLHd ,shhs'• ju ol=K msysàu m%ldY lrhs'• ;Sr m%ia;drj, f;dr;=re lshjhs'• ñks;a;= 5ka 5g fõ,dj lshhs'• f.khdï rys; j 2ka yd 3ka .=K lrhs'• ixLHd f.khdï rys; j 2ka fnohs'• b,lalï ;=fka ixLHd f.k hdï rys; j tl;= lrhs'• rE, Ndú; lr Rcq fldaKdi%" ;%sfldaK w¢hs'• tla .Ks; l¾uhla iys; ir, .Ks; .eg¨ úi|hs'1010101010

;=ka jk m%Odk wjêhmia jk fYa%Ksfha bf.kqu ,nk orejkaf.ka wfmalaIs; .Ks; ksmqK;d

fufia olajd we;'• hï È.la nrla yd Odß;djla ksjerÈ j uek m%ldY lrhs'• u;= msgj,a folla f,dl= l=vd nj ks.ukh lr uek ;yjqre lrhs'• tÈfkod lghq;= ld, igyklg wkqj bgq lrhs'• È." nr yd Odß;dj wdY%s; j tÈfkod uqyqK fok .eg¨ úi|hs'• b,lalï mfya ixLHd Ndú; lrhs'• .Ks; l¾u Ndú; lrñka tÈfkod uqyqK fok .Ks; l¾u úi|hs'

uQ,dY%h ( .Ks;h uq,dY% fmd; II ldKavh• øjH foll jákdlu remsh,a 500 fkdaÜgqjlska f.jq úg b;=re uqo, ,nd

fohs'• ;Sr m%ia;drhla lshjhs'• rgd y÷kd f.k bÈßhg f.dv kÕhs'• idod .;a iels,a,l we;s fldaK yd Ys¾I y÷kd .kshs'• m%Odk ÈYd y;r y÷kd f.k ffoksl wjYH;d i|yd Ndú; lrhs'• mka;s ldurfha o< ie,eiaula w¢hs'1111111111

fm<fmd;a1998 j¾Ifhka wdrïN l< wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh hgf;a m%d:ñl wxYh

i|yd .Ks; fmd;a m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' m%:ufhka u 2001 jif¾ isg 2007olajd u tu fm<fmd;a uqøKh lr mdi,aj,g fnod § we;' fm<fmd;a iïmdokhgcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%d:ñl .Ks; wxYh yd m%d:ñl .Ks; jHdmD;sfha

285

f,aLl uKav,h o odhl;ajh ,nd § we;'kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHQylrK jev igyk hgf;a bÈßm;a

lr we;s m%d:ñl .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYhg wkql+, j 2001 jif¾ isg cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh úiska m%ldYhg m;a l< .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhkahdj;ald,Sk lrk ,§' tajd ixfYdaOkj,g ,la lr 2009 j¾Ifha § kej;m%ldYhg m;a lr we;' tys mia jk fY%aKsh úIh ks¾foaYh yd .=re ud¾f.damfoaYix.%yfhys fufia i|yka lr we;'

• j;auka iudcfha cSj;aùu i|yd mqoa.,hl=g .Ks; ixl,am yd uQ,O¾ums<sn| ukd wjfndaOh iy .Ks; l¾u ms<sn| l=i,;dj wjYH fõ

• .Kkh lsÍu" uekSu" ixLHduh f;dr;=re ikaksfõokh yd úYaf,aIKhlsÍu" ksudkh" .eg¨j,g úi÷ï fiùu ;¾ldkQl+, j is;Sug mqreÿ ùuiy ;SrKj,g t<öu tjeks ksoiqka lsysmhls'

• ±kaùï" mqj;am;a" .=jka úÿ,s yd rEmjdysks jeks udOH Tiafia ixLHd" j.=iy m%ia;dr u.ska bÈßm;a flfrk f;dr;=re ksis whqßka wjfndaO lr.ekSu i|yd o .Ks; ksmqK;d wjYH fõ'

• tÈfkod ðú;hg" jev f,dalhg yd ;jÿrg;a bf.kSug wjyH ±kqul=i,;d yd idrO¾u w;am;a lr .ekSug iqÿiq miqìu m%d:ñl mdif,aúIh u.ska f.dv kexúh hq;= h'

• m%d:ñl .Ks; úIhud,dj yodrd wjika jk YsIHhl=f.ka wfmalaIs;ksmqK;d fufia fmdÿfõ olajd we;'

• m%shckl yd <eÈ úIhhla f,i .Ks; úIhh flfrys iqnjd§ wdl,amiys; j lghq;= lrhs'

• ks¾udKYS,s yd nqoaê m%fndaOk wjia:d u.ska úkaokh ,nhs'• tÈfkod ld¾hj,g wjYH flfrk o< w.hhka ksudkhka yd ksjerÈ

ñkqï ,nd .kshs'• .Ks; ixl,am" uq,O¾u yd .Ks; l¾u Ndú; lr tÈfkod ðú;fha yuq

jk .eg¨ úi|hs'• ikaksfõokfha § jdÑl" ,sÅ; yd rEmsl l%u Ndú; lrhs'• ufkdaufhka ir, .eg¨ úi|hs'• oaúudk yev;, ;%sudk >kjia;= yd tajdfha .=K y÷kd f.k Ndú;

lrhs'• iajdëk kuH ukilska yd wd;au úYajdifhka hq;= j meyeÈ,s f,i yd

;¾ldkql+, j is;Sfï yelshd j¾Okh lr .kshs'• .Ks; úIh bf.kqu u.ska ,nk ±kqu" l=i,;d yd wdl,am fjk;a

úIhhka bf.kSug Wmfhda.S lr .kshs• ;j ÿrg;a .Ks;h bf.kSu i|yd wjYH jk moku ,nhs'

2009 jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh l%shd;aul lrk ,oafoa by;lS ksmqK;d j¾Okh lrùu i|yd h'1212121212

286

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêfha .Ks; wOHdmkh

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêfha .Ks; wOHdmkh ms<sn| b;sydih úuiSfï §1943 j¾Ifha § ksl=;a lrk ,o zz,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdjd¾;djZZ b;d jeo.;a igykls'

1313131313

zz.Ks; Ydia;%hZZ kñka y÷kajd foñka" .Ks;húIhh iïnkaO j my; ±lafjk úia;r lsÍï tys we;=<;a lr we;'

• wfkla iEu úIhhla fuka .Ks; Ydia;%h o tys iqnodhl m%fhdackh;a"ixialD;sfha wk¾>;ajh ^jákdlu&;a hk foldrKh fya;= fldg f.kW.kajkq ,efí'

• uQ,sl .Ks;h Èkm;d Ôú; meje;au iïnkaO j ish¨ fokd úiska uNdú; l< hq;= h'

• ld¾ñl Ys,am{hskg iajlSh jD;a;sh ms<sn| j idudkH wdhqOhla f,iWÉp .Ks;h wjYH fõ'

• wOHdmkh iïnkaO WmlrKhla jYfhka th oDV ksrjµ;d yd ksh;NdjÈhqKq lr .kakg WmldÍ fõ'

• fndfyda <uhskag .Ks;h zzwudreZZ úIhhla ùu ksid tys jákdlu ke;sfkd fõ'

• .Ks;h jkdys wmßlaIdldÍ" fkdie,ls,s iys; wksmqK" w;d¾lsl" wkjYH"wl%udkq.; lsis u l%shdjlg bv fkd fok l%shdjls'

• b.ekaùfï myiqj msKsi wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h" cHdñ;sh" ;%sfldaKñ;shhkdÈh fjka jQ úIh jYfhka ie,lSu myiq kuq;a fïjd w;r oDV jQNskak;djla ke;'

• .Ks; Ydia;%h b.ekaúh hq;af;a fjka jQ mdvï fmd;aj,ska úia;r lrkq,nk úIh iuQyhla fuka yqÿ l,ams; m%Yak wkqidrfhka fkd j tl um%Yakh úi£u i|yd l%u lsysmhla f.k yer olajk tl u úIhhlajYfhks'

by; úia;r wkqj óg oYl yhlg fmr§;a ±ä wjOdkhla fhduq jQ.Ks;h úIhh" wo jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a úIhud,dfõ m%n, úIhhla njgm;a j ;sfí' jßkajr jQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § fkdfhla fjkialïj,guqyqK foñka tu úIhh wo mj;sk ;;a;ajhg m;a j ;sfí'

Y%S ,xldjg ksoyi ,eîug wdikak wjêfha isg 1972 jk ;=re lksIaGoaú;Shsl wjêhg wh;a isiqkag bf.kSu i|yd my; ±lafjk .Ks; úIh f;dard.; yels j ;snqKs'

• uQ,sl .Ks;h idudkH& ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS (ORDINARY)

• uQ,sl .Ks;h úfYaI& ELEMENTARY MATHEMATICS (SPECIAL)

• Y=oaO .Ks;h PURE MATHEMATICS

• wxl .Ks;h ARITHMETIC

287

• jdKsc wxl .Ks;h COMMERCIAL ARITHMETIC

• Wiia .Ks;h ADVANCED MATHEMATICS

• jHjydßl .Ks;h APPLIED MATHEMATICS

ta ms<sn| ú.%yhla my; ±lafõ'

ksoyig fmr isg 1952 f;la

1949 isg 1952 f;la lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,a wjêh wjidkfha mj;ajkq,enQ rcfha úNd.h y÷kajkq ,en we;af;a fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.h(Senior School Certificate Examination) S.S.C. f,ihs' tlS úNd.hg fmkS isáiuyr mdi,aj, isiqka yodrkq ,enQ .Ks; úIhh zzuQ,sl .Ks;h îdudkH& f,iy÷kajkq ,enQ w;r" ;j;a iuyr mdi,aj, isiqka i|yd zzuQ,sl .Ks;hZZ ^úfYaI&kñka ;j;a úIhhla o mej;=Ks' fuu .Ks; úIh fol yeoErE YsIH lKavdhïfol u ta ta mdi,aj, § úµd úIh yeoEÍug iqÿiqlï ,enqfjda jQy' Bg wh;a fkdjQ l,d úIh fyda jdKsc úIh yeoErE isiqka i|yd ms<sfj<ska wxl .Ks;h iyjdKsc wxl .Ks;h hkqfjka úIhhka folla mej;=Ks'

fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.fha uQ,sl .Ks;h îdudkH& úIhhi|yd m%Yak m;%h meh ;=klg iSud jQ w;r" th A, B yd C hkqfjka fldgia;=klska hqla; úh'1414141414 A fldgi wxl .Ks;h i|yd o" B fldgi cHdñ;sh i|yd o"C fldgi ùc .Ks;h yd ;%sfldaKñ;sh i|yd o fjka lr ;snqKs' fuu tla tlafldgfiys m%Yak myla ne.ska uq¿ m%Yak ixLHdj 15la úh' tla fldgilska m%Yak;=klg jeä fkdjk fia f;dard .ksñka m%Yak wglg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh'uQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI& úIhh i|yd meh ;=kla ne.ska jQ m%Yak m;% folla úh'tajd kï lr ;snqfKa uQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI& I yd uQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI& II

jYfhks' ñka uQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI& I m%Yak m;%fha wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h yd;%sfldaKñ;sh hk úIh fldgia we;=<;a jk mßÈ m%Yak oyhla jQ w;r" bkawglg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh' uQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI& II ys cHdñ;sh úIhfldgi hgf;a m%Yak wgla úh' tu m%Yak wgg u ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh' l,dyd jdKsc úIh yeoErE isiqkag ,nd ÿka wxl .Ks;h yd jdKsc wxl .Ks;h hkúIh folg u kshñ; j ;snqfKa meh 2 1$2 ne.ska jQ m%Yak m;% folls'1515151515

1953 isg 1957 f;la

1953 isg lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,a wjêh wjidkfha mj;ajk ,o úNd.hwOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH fm<& úNd.hZZ General Certificate of Edu-

cation (Ordinary Level) f,i ye¢kaùu wdrïN úh'1616161616

fuh mj;ajkq ,en we;af;a1951 Tlaf;dan¾ 01 Èk ia:dms; lrk ,o ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕsks' tysuq,a u úNd.h 1953 cQ,s ui mj;ajd we;' fuu úNd.fha § .Ks; úIhhye¢kaùfï fjkialula isÿ lrñka fmr mej;s zzuQ,sl .Ks;h îdudkH&ZZ úIhh"zzuQ,sl .Ks;hZZ o zzuQ,sl .Ks;h ^úfYaI&ZZ úIhh" zzY=oaO .Ks;hZZ o njg m;aúh'

1717171717

wxl .Ks;h yd jdKsc wxl .Ks;h fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.fha

288

wdldrhg u fkdfjkia j mej;=Ks' fuu .Ks; úIh wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha § l%shd;aul jQfha my; ±lafjk wdldrhghs'

Y=oaO .Ks;h f;dard .kakd úg tys I yd II hk m%Yak m;% folg u ms<s;=reiemhsh hq;= úh'

by; úIhj,ska uQ,sl .Ks;h yd Y=oaO .Ks;h hk úIh i|yd 1957 jk;=re w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.hg m%Yak m;% ksl=;a lr we;af;a bx.%SisudOHfhks'18 tfy;a leu;s NdId udOHhlska whÿïlreg f;dard .; yels jk

mßÈ isxy," fou< yd bx.%Sis hk udOHj,ska wxl .Ks;h yd jdKsc wxl .Ks;hhk m%Yak m;% ilia ù ;snqKs' óg wu;r j úµd wxYfha isiqka i|yd ffjl,amslúIh f,i Wiia .Ks;h yd jHjydßl .Ks;h fuu úIh ud,djg we;=<;a j;snqKs' Wiia fm< .Ks; úIhOdrdj yeoEÍug wfmalaId l< isiqka úiska fuuffjl,amsl úIhj,ska tlla fyda fol u fyda Tjqkaf.a wNsu;h mßÈ f;dard .kq,eìK'

1952 f;la mj;ajkq ,enQ fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.h iy bka miq jmeje;s wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH fm<& úNd.h i|yd uQ,sl .Ks;h

fyda Y=oaO .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaY ksoyig fmr wm rfÜ isiqka fmkS isá ueá%lshqf,aIkafyda flaïì%Ê iSksh¾ jeks úNd.j, úIh ks¾foaYj,g fndfyda ÿrg iudk úh'ta nj 1937 j¾Ifha tx.,ka;fha flaïì%Ê iSksh¾ úNd.h i|yd jQ .Ks;h m%Yakm;% ix.%yh fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.fha;a" w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<&úNd.fha;a .Ks;h m%Yak m;% iu. ii|d n,k úg fmfka'19 fuu jljdkqj ;=<isiqkg mßyrKh lsÍu i|yd bx.%Sis NdIdfjka m< lr ;snQ SCHOOL ALGEBRA (H.

S. HALL), GEOMETRY (DURAL), GEOMETRY (BERNARD CHILD) .%ka: Y=oaO .Ks;hi|yd fhdod .eksK' ta w;r isxy, udOHfhka wxl .Ks;h ^ã't*a'B' mkdf.dv&r;ak .Ks;h ^ms' o tia' l=,r;ak& hk fmd;a m< lr ;snqKs'

úIhh m%Yak m;%h wod< úIh fldgia

i|yd ld,h

meh

1' uQ,sl .Ks;h 3 wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h" cHdñ;sh";%sfldaKñ;sh

2' Y=oaO .Ks;h I 3 wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h";%sfldaKñ;sh

Y=oaO .Ks;h II 3 cHdñ;sh

3' wxl .Ks;h 2 1$2

4' jdKsc wxl .Ks;h 2 1$2

289

1958 isg 1969 f;la

1945 ksoyia wOHdmk ysñlu iu." 1946 isg l%shd;aul jQ uõni wksjd¾hùfï m%;sM,hla f,i" 1957 jk úg w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fhys úµdúIhj,g isxy, udOHfhka iQodkï ùug isiqkag bv ,enqKs' ta wkqj 1958j¾Ifha w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha ish¨ u úIh i|yd isxy, udOHfhkafmkS isàug wjldY ,eìK' ta jk úg bx.%Sisfhka uqøKh ù ;snQ fndfyda .Ks;fmd;a" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd rdcH NdId fomd¾;fïka;=j tla j isxy,NdIdjg mßj¾;kh flßKs' mdGYd,Sh ùc .Ks;h ^tÉ' tia' fyda,a&" cHdñ;sh^ähqr,a&" mdGYd,Sh cHdñ;sh ^n¾kdâ iy phs,aâ& mßj¾;k .%ka: f,i m< úh'ùc .Ks;h" YS>% cHdñ;sh" wxl .Ks;h ^fÊ' B' chiQßh& fmd;a fm<;a" mS' î'nd,iQßh yd iS' tï' ùrr;ak jeks úoaj;=ka úiska ,shk ,o fmd;a fm<;a fuuld,h ;=< isxy, udOHfhka tla jQ mßmQrl .%ka: úh'

1963 ckjdß udifha § ,xldKavqfõ úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ksl=;alrk ,o zzwOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH& úNd.h ms<sn| úIh ks¾foaYZZ

2020202020

kue;s fmd;a msxp u.ska wkdjrKh jkafka YS% ,xldfõ mdi,aj, lksIaG oaú;Shslwjêfha úIh ish,a, u 1963 § ixfYdaOkhg Ndckh lrkq ,enQ njhs' ógwu;r j úoHd úIh Odrdj yeoErE isiqkag 1958 isg isxy, udOHfhka ish¨ uúIhj,g fmkS isàug bv ,eîu ksid u" 1963 ixfYdaOkh lrk ,o úIhks¾foaY isxy, yd fou< udOHj,ka o ksl=;a flßK' óg iu.dó j Y%S ,xldfõmdi,a úIhud,d ms<sn| j ixúOdkd;aul j lghq;= lsÍu i|yd wOHdmkwud;HdxYhg iïnkaO fjk u u wdh;khla f,i úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh ia:dms; flßK' fï wkqj 1963 isg l%shd;aul jQ .Ks;h úIhks¾foaY uqøs; m%ldYk f,i ksl=;a jQ kuqÿ" Bg fmr mej;s úIh ks¾foaYj,wka;¾.;h iu. ii|k úg ie,lsh hq;= fjkialula isÿ jQ njla y÷kd.;fkd yels h' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a mj;ajk ,o w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<&úNd.fha .Ks;h m%Yak m;%j, wdlD;sh o úfYaI fjkialulg Ndckh jQfhake;' fuu ;;a;ajh 1971 foieïn¾ f;la wLKav j mej;=Ks'

2121212121

1970 isg 1972 f;la

kj .Ks;h úIh fldgia f,i y÷kd .kq ,enQ l=,l" iïNdú;dj" ixLHdkh"mßKduk jeks úIh fldgia jßkajr 6" 7 yd 8 hk fY%aKsj,g 1965-1970 wjêfha §we;=<;a lrkq ,enQ w;r" 1970 jk úg tu fldgia mdi,a úIhud,dfõ hïia:djr Ndjhlg m;afjñka ;sìK' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" kshdul jev ms<sfj<laf,i zz1970 .Ks;h îxfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYh&ZZ hkqfjka kj úIh ks¾foaYhlay÷kajd fok ,§'

2222222222

fuys fuf;la meje;s úIh ks¾foaYj, fkd;snQ my; i|ykaúfYaI ,laIK we;=<;a ù ;snqKs'

1' .Ks;h bf.kSfï wruqKqud,djl flgqïm;la bÈßm;a lsÍu' tys wruqKqkï"

• uQ,sl .Ks;hg mokï jQ uQ,sl ixl,am" jHQy yd moaO;s ms<sn| wdrïNlwjfndaOh'

290

• p¾hduh .Ks; l¾u ms<sn| fl!Y,Hh'

• .Ks; lafIa;% ld¾h i|yd iq,N .Ks; l¾u Ndú;h ms<sn| fl!Y,Hh

•' tÈfkod Ôú;fha § .Ks;h Ndú;h ms<sn| yeÕSula iy úkaokhla'

• .Ks;fha ft;sydisl ixj¾Okh" udkj ixialD;sfha wx.hla f,iie,lSu ms<sn| yeÕSula'

2' fuu úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< j 1972 j¾Ifha § meje;aùug kshñ; w'fmd'i'îdudkH fm<& úNd.h i|yd mQ¾jdo¾Y m%Yak m;%hla Bg wjqreÿ follgfmr tkï 1970 j¾Ifha § ksl=;a lrk ,o ixfYdaê; ks¾foaYh ;=<wka;¾.; lsÍu'

3' mQ¾jdo¾Y m%Yak m;%h yd úIh ks¾foaYh uyckhd i|yd m%ldYhg m;alsÍfï j.lSu ,xldKavqfõ úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska ±Íu'

Èjhsfka f;dard.;a mdi,a mkyla ;=< 1970 isg fuu úIh ks¾foaYhl%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh u.ska tu mdi,aj,skaf;dard .;a .=rejreka lKavdhulg úfYaI mqyqKqjla fok ,§'

fuu 1970 .Ks;h îxfYdaê; ks¾foaYh& hgf;a m<uqfjka u w'fmd'i'îdudkH fm<& úNd.h mj;ajkq ,enqfõ 1972 j¾Ifha § h' tu úNd.fha §.Ks;h úIhh i|yd .Ks;h I yd .Ks;h II f,i m%Yak m;% folla bÈßm;a lrwe;'

23

.Ks;h I yd II hk foflys u ish¨ u m%Yakj,g ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= j;snqKs' b;sydifha uq,a jrg .Ks;h úIhh i|yd nyqjrK m%Yak" fuu m%Yakm;%fhka y÷kajd fokq ,eîu úfYaI ,laIKhls' by; I yd II m%Yak m;% folg,nd .; yels uq¿ ,l=Kq jk 300" ;=fkka fn§fuka .Ks;h úIhh i|yd Wmhd.;a m%;sY; ,l=K .Kkh lrkq ,eî h'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh fmr i|yka l< wdldrhg kshdul mdi,a mky ;=<muKla l%shd;aul jqj;a" tu ld,fha § wfkl=;a mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jQfha 1963ixialrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaYh u h' tfia jqj o 1973 isg w'fmd'i' îdudkHfm<& úNd.fha Y=oaO .Ks;h m%Yak m;%fha wdlD;sfha ;rul fjkia lula isÿ

úIhh m%Yak m;%h uq¿ ,l=Kq msßkeóu uq¿ i|yd ld,h m%Yak ,l=Kq

ixLHdj

.Ks;h I meh 03 12 m%Yak wxl 1-5 f;la

,l=Kq 9 ne.ska -

m%Yak wxl 6-9 f;la

,l=Kq 15 ne.ska

m%Yak wxl 10-12 f;la

,l=Kq 25 ne.ska 180

.Ks;h II ñks;a;= 90 nyqjrK 120

291

lrkq ,en we;'24 tys m<uq m;%fha m<uq jk m%Yakh (i), (ii), (iii), ..... f,iwkqfldgia oyhlska iukaú; jQ w;r" th wksjd¾h m%Yakhla úh' tu m%Yakhi|yd uq¿ ,l=Kq 40la m%odkh lrkq ,eî h' m<uq jk m%Yakh;a iu. uq¿ m%Yakoyhla jQ tu m%Yak m;%fha wxl 2 isg 10 f;la jQ m%Yakj,ska leu;s yhlg ms<s;=reiemhSug YsIHhdg wjia:dj § ;snqKs' Y=oaO .Ks;h II m;%fha o m<uq m%Yakhwksjd¾h úh' tys wkqfldgia wgla we;=<;a jQ w;r" uq¿ ,l=Kq 40la tu m%Yakhgfjka j ;snqKs' b;sß m%Yak yf;ka f;dard .;a m%Yak mylg ms<s;=re iemhSug bv,nd § ;snqKs'

1970 isg kshdul jHdmD;shla jYfhka mdi,a mkyl l%shd;aul jQ 1970.Ks;h ^ixfYdaê; ks¾foaYh& ys w;a±lSï wkqj §m jHdma; j óg wkqrEm úIhks¾foaYhla l%shd;aul lsÍfï fhda.H;dj biau;= úh' Bg iu.dó j iuia;wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh u fjkia lsÍu ms<sn| j wjOdkh úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh fj; fhduq fjñka ;sìK' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka m%d:ñlwOHdmkfhka miq lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh wdrïN jk 6 fY%aKsfha isg ish¨ uisiqkag fmdÿ jQ .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYhla ilia flßK' 1972 j¾Ifha t<s ±lajqKqwOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,sfhys .Ks;h úIhhg wod< j fuf;la meje;swOHdmk m%;sm;a;s fjkqjg kj m%;sm;a;s ud,djla t<s ±laúK' ta wkqj lksIaGoaú;Shsl wjêh i|yd .Ks;h úIhh wksjd¾h lsÍu m%;sm;a;shla f,i ms<s.kakd,§' tajd úia;r jYfhka my; ±lafõ'

2525252525

• yh jk fY%aKsfha isg ish¨ u isiqkg tl u úIh ks¾foaYhla hgf;a.Ks;h bf.kSu wksjd¾h ùu ^zzieug .Ks;hZZ m%;sm;a;sh&'

• lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh yh jk fY%aKsfha isg kj jk fY%aKsh f;la iSudlsÍu'

• lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh wjidkfha mj;ajk rcfha úNd.h zzcd;sl fmdÿwOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.hZZ (NCGE) f,i fjkia lsÍu'

• .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYhg kj .Ks;fha úIh fldgia we;=<;a lsÍu'

• l%shdldrlï uQ,sl bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõohla y÷kajd §u'

• m%:u j;djg .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYhla i|yd wruqKq ud,djla bÈßm;a

lsÍu'

fuu .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYh i|yd wruqKq y;la y÷kajd § ;snqKs' tajdfufia h'

1' iEu úIhhlg u mokï j .Ks;uh ixl,am o we;=<;a ù we;s njwjfndaO lr .ekSu'

2' m%cd Ôú;h i|yd wjYH jk uQ,sl ±kqu" yelshd yd wdl,am ,nd .ekSu'

3' Ydia;%Sh fyda jD;a;Sh jev lghq;= myiq lr,Su msKsi wjYH jk uQ,sl±kqu yd yelshd ,nd .ekSu'

4' ld,dka;rhla ;siafia .Ks;h j¾Okh ù we;s whqre w.h lsÍu'

5' .Ks;fha kQ;k Ndú; w.h lsÍu'

292

6' .Ks;{hdf.ka iudchg bgq jk fiajh w.h lsÍu'

7' .Ks;h" .Ks;h Wfoid u w.h lsÍu'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh i|yd jQ fuu úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.;h ie,iqïlsÍfï § ì%;dkHfha School Mathematics Project (SMP) hgf;a ilia jQ úIhks¾foaY" fm<fmd;a .=re w;afmd;a yd wdo¾Y m%Yak m;% mdol lr .eksK'

2626262626

.Ks;fha fmdÿ fldgia jk wxl .Ks;h" ùc .Ks;h" ñKs;h jeks úIhfldgiaj,g wu;r j l=,l" iïNdú;dj" ixLHdkh" kHdi" talc m%l%uKh" cd,"wjê ud¾. úYaf,aIK jeks kj .Ks; úIh fldgia fuu ks¾foaYh ;=< wka;¾.;lr ;snqKs' tfiau fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ksid .=rejrekg fuka u YsIHhkag;a.Ks; úIh fldgia ms<sn| j jHQyd;aul wjfndaOhla ,nd .; yels j ;snqKs';;aiduHh" m%;sf,dauh" kHdfoaYH;dj" ix>gH;dj jeks ixl,am we;=<;a jk.Ks; jHQy fï i|yd jQ tla kso¾Ykhls' tfia jqj o" Y%S ,xld .Ks; wOHdmkfhawdrïNfha isg mej;s m%Odk ixrplhla jk hqla,Sähdkq cHdñ;sh fuu úIhks¾foaYfhka bj;a lr we;' ta fjkqjg uQ,sl cHdñ;sl ,laIK ms<sn| ±kqugwu;r j mßKduk cHdñ;sh y÷kajd fokq ,en ;sfí' fuys § mßKduk l%uf,i W;a;drKh" mrdj¾;kh" N%uKh" új¾Okh" jHdlD;s yd ia:,l mßKdukwe;=<;a úh' cHdñ;sl idOk bÈßm;a lsÍu wfmalaId lrkq ,enqfõ hqla,SähdkqcHdñ;sfhka fkd j by; i|yka mßKduk l%uj, Ndú;fhks'

1972 § yh jk fY%aKsfhka wdrïN jQ by; lS kj úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;acd;sl uÜgfï jQ úNd.h zzcd;sl fmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.hZZ f,i 1975 §m%:u j;djg meje;aùh'

2727272727

tf;la w' fmd' i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.h ^merKsks¾foaYh& yd w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.h - ^1970 ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYh&fmr mßÈ u mej;=Ks' cd;sl fmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.hg fmkS isàugkshñ; jQfha kj jk fY%aKsfha isiqkag h' tu úNd.fha § o .Ks;h úIhh i|yd.Ks;h I yd .Ks;h II hkqfjka m%Yak m;% folla úh' .Ks;h I m;%h nyqjrKm%Yak 40 lska iukaú; jQ w;r" mehl ld,hla ta i|yd fjka lr ;snqKs' meh;=kl m%Yak m;%hla jQ .Ks;h II ys m%Yak wxl 1 isg 7 f;la ish¨ u m%Yakj,g o";j;a f;dard .;a m%Yak ;=klg o ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh' m%Yak m;%hg we;=<;alr ;snQ uq¿ m%Yak ixLHdj 14ls'

cd;sl fmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.fhka Wiia wOHdmkh i|ydiqÿiqlï ,nk isiqkag" Bg wkqrEm Wiia fm< úNd.h f,i cd;sl Wiia wOHhkiy;sl m;% úNd.h - HNCE (Higher National Certificate of Education) y÷kajdfok ,§' fuu úNd.h i|yd jQ l,d" jdKsc" úµd úIh ks¾foaY" cd;sl fmdÿwOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.fha (NCGE) úIh ks¾foaYj, È.=jla (Extension) f,i

ie,iqï flßK' fuu wjêfha isiqkg úIhdkqnoaO wOHdmkhg wu;r j mka;sldurfhka neyer j bgq l< hq;= iudÔh jHdmD;s foll ksr; ùug owksjd¾hfhka u isÿ úh'

by; lS kj wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh yd úNd. rgdjg wkqj" 1975 yd 1976j¾Ij, cd;sl fmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.h meje;ajqj o" bka miq j thwj,x.= flßK'

293

ta fjkqjg ms<shï f,i 1977 § cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.h fkd mj;ajd"wOHhk ld,h ;j;a jirlska §¾> lr 10 fY%aKsh wjidkfha § cd;sl úNd.hmeje;aùug;a" th kej; wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkH fm<& úNd.hf,i ye¢kaùug;a" úIh ks¾foaYfha tf;la meje;s iuyr úIh fldgia wvqlsÍug;a" ;j;a iuyr úIh fldgia meje;s m%udKhg jvd .eUqßka bÈßm;alsÍug;a fhdackd úh'

2828282828

1978 isg 1994 f;laby; i|yka lrk ,o lreKq wkqj .Ks;h úIhh i|yd 1972 úIh

ks¾foaYh fjkqjg 1978 § w;=re úIh ks¾foaYhla bÈßm;a lrk ,§'29 tu úIhks¾foaYh mokï lr f.k 1978 yd 1979 j¾Ij, wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%îdudkH fm<& úNd.h mj;ajd we;' fuu úNd.h i|yd bÈßm;a jkakkagmßyrKh lsÍug" .Ks; wenEish kï wNHdi jev fmd;la yd .Ks; mqnqÿjkñka fm< fmd;a fm<la úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh u.ska ksl=;a lrk,§'

30

1978 w;=re ks¾foaY hgf;a .Ks;h m%Yak m;%fha jHQyh my; i|yka mßÈilia ù ;snqKs'

.Ks;h I - ld,h mehhs - nyqjrK m%Yak 40ls'

.Ks;h II - ld,h meh ;=khs - zzwZZ yd zzwdZZ f,i fldgia folls' zzwZZfldgfia m%Yak ish,a,gu;a" zzwdZZfldgfia m%Yak yf;ka y;rlg;ams<s;=re iemhsh hq;=hs'

cd;sl fmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.h f;la jQ úIh ks¾foaYj, y÷kd.;a ÿ¾j,;djkag ;djld,sl ms<shï f,i" .Ks;h 1978 w;=re ks¾foaYh" 1978 yd1979 j¾Ij, l%shd;aul jqj o" §¾> ld,Sk j mj;ajd f.k hdfï wfmalaIdfjkajvd;a ixúOdkd;aul jQ úIh ks¾foaYhla ie,iqï lsÍfï j.lSu wOHdmkwud;HdxYh u.ska úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh fj; mjrkq ,eî h' ta wkqj1980 § kj úIh ks¾foaYhla m%ldYhg m;a flßK'

31

1979 j¾Ifha § kj jkfY%aKsfha bf.kqu ,enQ isiqkag fuu kj ks¾foaYh tu j¾Ifha isg wdrïN jQw;r w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isàug kshñ; jQfha 1980 § h'tneúka fuu úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a úNd.h zzwOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% îdudkHfm<& úNd.h ^kj ks¾foaYh 1980&Zz f,i ye¢kaúK' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh" 1972g fmr meje;s Y=oaO .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYhg fndfyda ÿrg iudk úh' 1972y÷kajd fok ,o kj .Ks;h úIh fldgia fndfyduhla fuu 1980 úIhks¾foaYfhka bj;a lr ;sìK' tfia jqj o l=,l" iïNdú;dj yd uQ,sl ixLHdkhhk fldgia we;=<;a lr ;snqKs' kej; jrla hqla,sãia cHdñ;sh hgf;a jQ m%fïhiy tu m%fïh wdY%s; cHdñ;sl idOk" úIh ks¾foaYhg we;=<;a lr ;sîu úfYaI,laIKhla úh' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a jQ w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha.Ks;h m%Yak m;%h my; i|yka ,laIKj,ska iukaú; úh'

333333

• fuf;la meje;s nyqjrK m%Yak fjkqjg flá ,sÅ; m%Yak 30la we;=<;ajk mßÈ .Ks;h I m;%h ilia ù ;sìK' ^fuu m%Yak m;%hg ld,h meh

294

tlls' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska ,l=Kq 60la fjka úh'&

• .Ks;h II m;%hg ld,h meh ;=kls' tys jHQy.; m%Yak 12la jQ w;r" bkaoyhlg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= úh' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 14 ne.ska uq¿,l=Kq 140la fjka úh'&

fuu 1980 .Ks; úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKq f,i úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh u.ska m%ldYs; my; i|yka wruqKq ms<sf.k we;'

1' i¾j jHdma; ixialrK udOHhla jYfhka .Ks;fha iajNdjh f;areï.ekSu'

2' iduQysl Ôjkh i|yd wjYH uQ,sl l=i,;d yd wdl,am ,nd .ekSu'

3' wfkl=;a úIh wOHhkh i|yd wjYH ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd .ekSu'

4' iudcfha m%nqoaO idudðlhl= ùug wjYH úfõpkd;aul wdl,am j¾OkhlsÍu'

5' .Ks;h fyda .Ks;uh uQ,sl {dkhla wjYH jk úIh ;j ÿrg;a yeoEÍui|yd m%udKj;a uQ,sl ±kqula ,nd .ekSu'

6' w;S;fha isg .Ks;h ÈhqKq ù meñKs wkaou w.h lsÍfuka wkd.;hi|yd wjYH .Ks;h ms<sn| wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSu'

7' Y=oaO .Ks;{hskag yd jHjydr .Ks;{hkag mejÍ we;s iudc ld¾hhw.h lsÍu'

8' .Ks;fha kùk Ndú; w.h lsÍu'

9' .Ks;h yqfola .Ks;h i|yd u w.h lsÍu iy mßirhg .Ks;uh w¾:.ekaùu'

1980 úIh ks¾foaYh wkqj w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.hg kshñ;mka;s jYfhka 9 fY%aKsh yd 10 fY%aKsh ms<s.kq ,en we;' ta wkqj tu úNd.h j¾Ifoll úIh ks¾foaYhla hgf;a iïmQ¾K lrk mdGud,djls'

1986 jk úg kej; jrla w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha ixfYdaOkhlaisÿj we;' th

1986 - 9 jir

1987 - 10 jir

1988 - 11 jir

f,i j¾I ;=kl úIh ks¾foaYhla w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.hg kshñ;mßÈ ilia flßK'34 fuu jljdkqj jk úg mdi,a mka;s ye¢kaùu i|ydzzfY%aKshZZ hkak fjkqjg zzjirZZ hkak fhdod f.k we;' ta wkqj w'fmd'i'îdudkH fm<& úNd.h meje;afjk mka;sh 11 jir f,i ie,lsK' kuq;a 1980úIh ks¾foaYh wkqj idudkH fm< úNd.h meje;ajQfha 10 fY%aKsh wjidkfha § h'fuu 1986ka wdrïN jQ kj úIh ks¾foaYh i|yd 9" 10 yd 11 hk jirj,g fjkfjk u úIh ks¾foaY ;=kla ilia ù ;snqKs' tu úIh ks¾foaY ;=kg u wod< jkmßÈ .Ks;h bf.kSfï wruqKq wgla bÈßm;a lr we;'

1' YsIHhdf.a tÈfkod lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hdu yd mqoa., j¾Okh i|yd o

295

2' iduQysl Ôjkh i|yd o

3' .Ks;h mokï jQ fjk;a úIh iy jeäÿr .Ks;h bf.kSu i|yd o

4' .Ks;fha kùk Ndú; w.h lsÍu i|yd o

5' .Ks;{hdf.a ld¾hNdrh wjfndaOh i|yd o

6' ikaksfõokfha § bieß ùu i|yd o

7' i¾j.%y" ixlrK udOHhla f,i .Ks;h w.h lsÍu i|yd o

8' .Ks;fhka wdiajdohla ,nd .ekSu i|yd o

wjYH ±kqu" l=i,;d yd wdl,am fuu mdGud,dj iïmQ¾K lrk isiqka ;=<jefâ hhs wfmalaId flf¾' fuu wruqKq ud,dj 1980 úIh ks¾foaYfha wruqKqiu. fndfyda ÿrg .e<fma'

w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha m%Yak m;%j, úIh wxl i|yka lsÍu1987 § wdrïN ù ;sfí' 1980 m%ldYs; kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkqj meje;ajQ w'fmd'i'îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha 1987 .Ks;h m%Y ak m;%fha úIh wxlh 20f,i i|yka ù we;'35 th 1990 f;la meje;s w;r" 1988 ka wdrïN jQ kj úIhks¾foaYhg wkqj w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úNd.fha .Ks;h úIhhg wh;awxlh 42 úh'36 tu úIh wxlh hgf;a 2001 j¾Ih f;la u .Ks;h m%Yak m;%ksl=;a ù we;' fï w;r;=r 1999 isg úIh wxl 45 hgf;a o .Ks;h m%Yak m;%hlaksl=;a lr ;sfí'37 tu úIh wxl 45 hgf;a jQ m%Yak m;%h i|yd úIh ks¾foaYhilia lsÍfï § Wiia fm< l,d" jdKsc" fi!kao¾h" NdId jeks úIh OdrdyeoEÍug wfmalaId lrk isiqkg" idudkH fm< úNd.fha § wksjd¾h úIhhla jQ.Ks;fhka iu;a ùug yels jk mßÈ úIh lreKqj, ixlS¾K;dj ,sys,a lrkq,eî h' fuu úIh wxlh hgf;a 1999" 2000" 2001 hk j¾Ij, idudkH fm<úNd.hg m%Yak m;% ksl=;a ù ;sfí' tu j¾Ij, úIh wxl 42 - .Ks;h fyda úIhwxl 45 - .Ks;h fyda tu úIh folg u fyda fmkS isàug isiqkag wjir ,nd §;snqKs' úIh lreKq ixlS¾K;dfõ fjki ñi" m%Yak m;%fha wdlD;sfha lsis ufjkila" fuu m%Yak m;% fol ;=< olakg fkd ;snqKs'

fuf;la úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh fj; mejÍ ;snQ úIhud,dixj¾Ok lghq;= 1987 § w¨f;ka ia:dmkh lrk ,o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khfj; mejreKs'

3838383838

tu wdh;kfha úµd .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska 1986kawdrïN j" ta jk úg l%shd;aul .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYh ms<sn|" úúO wOHhkalrkq ,eî h' fï w;r;=r wdishd ixj¾Ok nexl=fõ uQ,H wdOdr hgf;a" wOHdmkwud;HdxYh u.ska oaú;Shsl wOHdmk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;sh Secondary Education

Development Project - SEDP kñka jevigykla wdrïN lrk ,§'39 tujHdmD;sfha wka;¾.; fhdackd w;r .Ks;h úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh yd úµdúIhud,d ixfYdaOkh iqúfYaIS úh'

1995 isg 2006 f;la

.Ks; úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh i|yd Wmfoia ,nd .ekSug" cd;Hka;r

296

úfYaI{hl=f.a iy foaYSh W.;=ka fofokl=f.a fiajh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khúiska .Ks; fomd¾;fïka;=j fj; ,nd fok ,§' tu úfYaI{hkaf.aWmfoaYl;ajfhka yd wOHdmk úµd mSG" úYaj úµd," .=re úµd," fiajdia: .=reWmfoaYl fiajh yd wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j jeks wdh;kj,g iïnkaO .Ks;wOHdmk{hkaf.a iïm;a odhl;ajfhka yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhafufyhùfuka 6 isg 11 fY%AKsh f;la jQ .Ks;h úIhud,dj ie,iqï lsÍu" 1995§ wdrïN úh' fï jljdkqj jk úg ia:dms; j meje;s cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIuu.ska zzkj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdZZ hkqfjka fhdackdj,shla ilialrñka mej;=Ks' fï i|yd n,mE uQ,sl lreK jQfha" Bg fmr ia:dms; lrk ,o;reK wiyk lñgqfõ ks¾foaY h'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIfï kj m%;sixialrK fhdackd ;=< iuia;wOHdmkhg u wod< jk cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQy y÷kajd §;snqKs'4040404040 fuu cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQyj, wka;¾.;j,g.e<fmk mßÈ tla tla úIhh bf.kSfï wruqKq ie,iqï l< hq;= njg cd;slwOHdmk fldñIu úiska ±kqj;a lrk ,§' tajd;a" cd;Hka;r j meje;s .Ks;hb.ekaùfï wruqKq;a wOHhkh lr" 6 isg 11 f;la fY%aKs i|yd jQ .Ks;hbf.kSfï wruqKq kej; ilia lrkq ,eî h' tu kj wruqKq f.dkq lsÍfï §my; i|yka lreKq flfrys wjOdkh fhduq ù ;sìK'

• tu wruqKq .Ks;h bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfhka idOkh lr .ekSugyels tajd úh hq;=hs'

• tla tla wruqKqj,g wod< l=i,;dj," YsIH idOk uÜgu jdÑl fyda ,sÅ;mÍlaIKhlska ;yjqre lr .; yels úh hq;=hs'

• .Ks; ixl,am uQ,O¾u yd l%ufõo ms<sn| ±kqu yd Ndú; l=i,;d fukau .eg¨ úi£fï l=i,;d fuu wruqKqj, wka;¾.; úh hq;=hs'

fuu wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk mßÈ ilia lrk ,o .Ks;h bf.kSfïwruqKq ud,dj my; ±lafõ' lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêhg t<fUk isiqka ;=< f.dvke.S we;s .Ks; ixl,am" ks¾udKd;aul yd úkaokd;aul yelshd ixj¾Okhlrñka Tjqka ;=< .Ks;uh Ñka;kh" wjfndaOh yd l=i,;d úêu;a j f.dvke.Su i|yd my; i|yka wruqKq bgqúh hq;= hhs wfmalaId lrk ,§'

1' .Ks; ixl,am yd uQ,O¾u ms<sn| ±kqu o" .Ks; l¾u ms<sn| ±kqu o u.skawd.Kk olaI;d j¾Okh lsÍu yd .Ks; .eg¨ wjfndaOfhka hq;= júi£ug wjYH m%fõY yelshd ,nd §u^±kqu yd l=i,;d&'

2' jdÑl" ,sÅ;" rEmsl" m%ia;dßl" uQ¾; yd ùÔh l%u Ndú;h ms<sn| ksmqK;dj¾Okh lr .ekSu u.ska ksje/È ikaksfõok yelshd f.dv kexùu'

^ikaksfõokh&

3' jeo.;a .Ks;uh woyia yd ixl,am w;r iïnkaO;d f.dv kÕñka tajdwksl=;a úIh yeoEÍug o" wfkl=;a úIhj, ixj¾Okhg fhdod .ekSug o"tÈfkod Ôú;h ksrjq,a j yd ;Dma;su;a j .; lsÍug wod< jk YslaIKud¾.hla f,i .Ks;h Wmfhda.s lr .ekSug o fhduq lsÍu'

^iïnkaO;d ±lSu&

297

4' .Ks;uh ixfoaYk ^Conjectures) iy ixjdo f.dv ke.Sug;a" we.ehSug;a"wNHqyk yd wfmdayk ;¾lk Ndú;h i|yd yelshd j¾Okh lsÍu'

^fya;= ±laùu&

5' wxl .Ks;uh fyda ixfla;uh fyda yeisÍïj,g muKla iSud fkd jQtÈfkod Ôú;fha u;= jk yqre yd kqyqre .eg¨ iQ;%.; lsÍug yd úi£ug.Ks;uh ±kqu yd Ys,am l%u Ndú; lsÍfï yelshd j¾Okh lsÍu'

^.eg¨ úi£u&

fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a ks¾udKh jQ .Ks;h úIhud,d f,aLkfha my;i|yka lreKq 4141414141 wka;¾.; ùu úfYaI;ajhls'

1' ye¢kaùu" úIh ks¾foaYh miqìu meyeÈ,s lsÍu'

2' cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq

3' fmdÿ ksmqK;d iuQy

4' .Ks;h bf.kSfï wruqKq

5' bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%fudamdhhka

6' mdi,a m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka

7' ;lafiare lsÍu

8' úIh ks¾foaYh

óg fmr meje;s úIh ks¾foaY iu. ixikaokh lrk úg fuu úIhks¾foaYh jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul j ks¾udKh jQjla nj meyeÈ,s fõ' úfYaIfhka.=re Nj;dg .Ks;h bf.kqï b.ekaùï" we.hSï lghq;= ixúOdkh lsÍfï §fhduq l< hq;= wxY ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s lsÍï fuys we;=<;a úh' tfia u iuia;.Ks;h úIhh" f;aud yhlg fjka lr tajd hgf;a fjk fjk u úIh lreKqiy úIh iSud we;=<;a lsÍu fuys olakg ,enqKq ;j;a úfYaI ,laIKhls' tuúIh f;aud my; ±lafõ'

1' ixLHd

2' ñkqï

3' cHdñ;sh

4' ùc .Ks;h

5' ixLHdkh

6' l=,l iïNdú;dj

fuu kj úIh ks¾foaYh l%shd;aul ùu isÿ jQfha my; ±lafjk mßÈ h'

1999 - 6 fY%aKsh yd 9 fY%aKsh



2001 j¾Ifha § kj úIh ks¾foaYhg wkqj w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<&úNd.h m%:u j;djg meje;aùh' tys § .Ks;h úIhh wxlkh lrkq ,enqfõúIh wxl 32 f,ihs' 4242424242 fuu m%Yak m;%h;a iu. 2001 j¾Ifha w'fmd'i' ^idudkH

298

fm<& úNd.hg úIh ks¾foaY ;=kla hgf;a .Ks;h m%Yak m;% ;=kla ksl=;a lrkq,eìK' tajdfha úIh wxl 42" 45 yd 32 úh'

tf;la meje;s úIh wxl 42 .Ks;h m%Yak m;%hg jvd úIh wxl 32hgf;a jQ .Ks;h m%Yak m;%h fndfyda fjkialïj,ska hqla; úh'

.Ks;h I m;%h ( m%Yak wxl 1-10 f;la ,l=Kq 01 ne.ska flá m%Yak

m%Yak wxl 11-20 f;la ,l=Kq 02 ne.ska flá m%Yak

m%Yak wxl 21-30 f;la ,l=Kq 03 ne.ska flá m%Yak

uq¿ m%Yak .Kk ;syls' ld,h mehhs' uq¿ ,l=Kq m%udKh60 ls'

.Ks;h II m;%h (

uq¿ m%Yak ixLHdj 12ls' bka m<uq jk m%Yakh wksjd¾h jQ w;r" th.Ks;h úIhud,dfõ i|yka m%Odk f;aud yh hgf;a jHQy.; m%Yak yhlskaiukaú; úh' bka tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 07 ne.ska uq¿ ,l=Kq .Kk 42ls'

fo jk m%Yakfha isg 10 jk m%Yakh f;la o" jHQy.; m%Yak kjhla we;=<;ajqKs' bka m%Yak y;lg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= j ;snqKs' tla m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 14ne.ska m%Yak y;g uq¿ ,l=Kq .Kk 98ls' fï wkqj .Ks;h II m;%hg Wmhd .;yels uq¿ ,l=Kq .Kk 42 + 98 = 140la úh'

1999 isg 2003 f;la

fï jk úg lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêfha ish¨ u fY%aKsj,g wh;a .Ks;hfm<fmd;a ish,a, u" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha uQ,sl;ajfhka rpkd fldg"wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m%ldYhg m;a lrkq ,eî h'43

by; i|yka lrk ,o 1999 úIhud,dfõ ixfYdaOkfhka miqj 2001 §"kej; jrla .Ks;h úIhud,dfõ ixfYdaOkhla ms<sn| j cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu;=< yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ;=< wjOdkh fhduq fjñka meje;sK' .Ks;hwe;=¿ j ;j;a f;dard .;a úIh lSmhla i|yd f;aud mdol úIh ks¾foaYhlay÷kajd §ug W;aidy flßK' ksji" wdydr" c,h" m%jdykh yd .ukd.ukh"Yla;sh yd ikaksfõokh" l%Svd yd úfõlh hk f;aud Tiafia 2002 j¾Ifha isg6 fY%aKshg l%shd;aul lsÍug tu úIh ks¾foaYh ielisK'44

óg iu.dó j mdi,a fm<fmd;a m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu ms<sn| j m%;sm;a;suhfjkila we;s lsÍug wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska ;SrKhla .kakd ,§' mdi,afm<fmd;a rpkd lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu fm!oa.,sl wxYhg mejÍugfhdað; jQ w;r ta i|yd uQ,Huh odhl;ajh ±Íug f,dal nexl=j bÈßm;a jQ njgm%ldY fõ' tla úIhhla i|yd cd;Hka;r j ms<s.;a ks¾Kdhl hgf;a fmd;a;=kla f;dard f.k" tajd mdi,aj,g y÷kajd §u;a bka miq tla tla mdi,g leu;sfmd; f;dard .ekSfï ksoyi wod< mdif,a úÿy,am;sjrhdg mejÍu;a isÿ úh'fuu l%uh zznyq fm< fmd;a úl,am l%uhZZ f,i y÷kajk ,§'45 fuu m%;sm;a;shhgf;a 2004 j¾Ifha .Ks;h f;aud mdol úIh ks¾foaYhg wkqj 6 fY%aKsh i|yd

299

fm<fmd;a ;=kla 2006 wjqreÿ ;=kla l%shd;aul úh' fuu nyq fm< fmd;a úl,amm%;sm;a;sh 6 fY%aKsfha isg 9 fY%aKsh olajd l%shd;aul úh' tfia jqj o úIhks¾foaYh i|yd jQ f;aud mdol ixl,amh 6 fY%aKshg muKla iSud úh' 7" 8" 9fY%aKs i|yd 1999 ie,iqï l< úIh ks¾foaYh u Ndú; flßK' ta wkqj 2005j¾Ifha § 7 fY%aKshg;a" 2006 j¾Ifha § 8 fY%aKshg;a" 2007 j¾Ifha § 9 fY%aKshg;a.Ks;h nyq fm< fmd;a ksl=;a lr we;'

2005 j¾Ifha § nyq fm<fmd;a úl,am l%uh fjkqjg tal fm<fmd;am%;sm;a;shla wkq.ukh lsÍug;a" tu fmd;a rpkd lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu;jÿrg;a fm!oa.,sl wxYhg mejÍug;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska ;SrKhlrkq ,eîh'

by; i|yka l< úfõpkj,ska m%Odk tajdhs' tys m%;sM,hla f,i 2005j¾Ifha § nyq fm<fmd;a úl,am l%uh fjkqjg tal fm<fmd;a m%;sm;a;shlawkq.ukh lsÍug;a" tu fmd;a rpkd lsÍu yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍu ;j ÿrg;afm!oa.,sl wxYhg mejÍug;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska ;SrKh lrkq ,eî h'

2007 isg 2009 f;la

fuu jljdkqj jk úg" kej; úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhla ms<sn| wjOdkhlawod< wxY ;=< fhduq fjñka ;sìK' tu úIhud,d ixfYdaOkfha § m%OdkwjOdkhla fhduq jQfha tla tla úIhh ;=<ska ixj¾Okh úh hq;= ksmqK;dms<sn|jhs' .Ks;h úIh hgf;a 6 fY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh f;la m%Odk ksmqK;d;sia tlla y÷kd .kakd ,o w;r" tajd tla tla fY%aKs wkqj ksmqK;d uÜgïj,gfjka lrk ,§' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYh f,iy÷kajkq ,eìK' tu kj úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< ksmqK;d yd ksmqK;d uÜgïj,g.e<fmk mßÈ úIh lreKq ixúOdkh jQ w;r" bf.kqï" b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=<o ie,lsh hq;= fjkialula olakg ;sìK'

46

tla tla ksmqK;d uÜgug .e<fmk l%shdldrlï ika;;shla we;=<;a .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%y" 6-11 f;la fY%aKs i|yd" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.skarpkd fldg" mdi,a fj; fnod fok ,§'4747474747 tys we;=<;a bf.kqï b.ekaùïwe.hSï l%ufõoh ;=< isiqka .fõIKd;aul bf.kqug fhduq lsÍu i|yd E 5

wdlD;sh Tiafia l%shd;aul jk l%shdldÍ ie,eiaula y÷kajd fok ,§' tys E 5

hgf;a my; wjia:d we;=<;a úh'

1' kshqla;lrKh - Engagement

2' .fõIKh - Exploration

3' újrKh - Explanation

4' úia;drKh - Elaboration

5' we.hSu - Evaluation

by; i|yka l< m<uq mshjr jk kshqla;lrKfha § fmr±kqu u;= lr.ekSu;a" bÈßfha § lrkq ,nk .fõIK ms<sn| bÕs ,nd §u;a isÿjk w;r" is;a

300

.kakdiq¨ m%fõYhla i|yd o tu wjia:dj fhdod .ekSug fhdað;hs' fo jkmshjf¾ § isiqyq l=vd lKavdhïj,g fjka ù .fõIKfha fhfo;s' újrKfha §isiq lKavdhïj, .fõIK u.ska wkdjrKh jQ lreKq bÈßm;a lsÍu;a"úia;drKfha § .=rejrhd úiska iuia;h f.dv kÕñka" isiq wkdjrK úia;drKhlsÍug;a kshñ; úh' fuu iïmQ¾K l%shdj,sh ;=< u .=rejrhd isiqka w;r/f|ñka" isiqka ;lafiare lrñka" Tjqkag wjYH m%;sfmdaIK" bÈßfmdaIK ,nd§u o isÿ flf¾' fuu ;lafiare i|yd ks¾Kdhl" l%shdldß ie,eiau ;=< we;=<;alr ;sfí' fuu l%shdldrlï ie,eiau mka;s ldurh ;=< .=rejrhd" .kqfokq .=reN+ñldj;a" mßKduk .=re N+ñldj;a" iïfm%aIK .=re N+ñldj;a l%shd;aul lrkakl=njg m;a úh hq;= j ;snqKs'

fuu ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYhg wod< j tal fm< fmd;a m%;sm;a;shhgf;a 2007 j¾Ifha §" 6 yd 10 fY%aKs i|yd fm!oa.,sl wxYh úiska mdi,aj,Ndú;hg fm<fmd;a folla ,nd fok ,§' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõiïmQ¾K wëlaIKh hgf;a tu fmd;;a iïmdokh úh'

by; i|yka l< tal fm<fmd;a m%;sm;a;sh l% shd;aul jQfha 2007j¾Ifha § muKs' 1999 g fmr fm< fmd;a rpkd lsÍfï yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfïj.lSu Ndr j lghq;= l< wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j kej; jrla 2008j¾Ifha isg fm<fmd;a rpkd lsÍfï yd m%ldYhg m;a lsÍfï j.lSu mjrd.kakd ,§' ta wkqj 7 fY%aKsh yd 11 fY%aKsh i|yd ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYhgwkqj .Ks;h fm< fmd;a folla udOH ;=fkka u 2008 j¾Ifha § mdi,a i|ydksl=;a flßK' 2009 j¾Ifha § 8 fY%aKsh fm< fmd;;a" 2010 j¾Ifha § 9 fY%aKshfm< fmd; ixj¾Okh lrk ,§ ^weuqKqu 1&'

fuu ksmqK;d mdol úIh ks¾foaYh ;=< y÷kajd fok ,o bf.kqï b.ekaùïwe.hSï §¾> lsÍfï WmlrKh48 úfYaIfhka i|yka l< hq;= h' tla jdrhla ;=<l%shd;aul lsÍug fujeks §¾> lsÍfï WmlrK ;=kla ne.ska .Ks;h .=reud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yhkays we;=<;a lr ;snqKs' jdrhlg kshñ; ksmqK;d uÜgïlsysmhlska tlg iïnkaO l< yels ksmqK;d uÜgï f;dard f.k" fuu WmlrKie,iqï lr we;' mka;s ld, igyfkka neyer §" WmlrK l%shd;aul l< hq;=fõ' mka;s ldurfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh ;=< § Bg wjYH úIh lreKqtla lr .kakd w;r" tajd ;j ÿrg;a ndysr jgmsgdj iu. iïnkaO lrñka"ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu ñka wfmalaIs;hs' úúO jd¾;d" WmlrK" jHdmD;s fïhgf;a ksuejqï f,i ,nd .ekSug woyia lrk w;r" mdi,a mokï we.hSuhgf;a ,l=Kq mejÍug fïjd fhdod .efka'

2009 j¾Ih wjidk jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ .Ks; úIhud,dfõ úldYkh iy.Ks; wOHdmkfha yd cd;sl we.ehSï l%uj, úldYkh;a fuys olajd we;s mßÈixj¾Okh ù we;'

301

fcHIaG oaú;shsl wjêh yd Wiia fm< .Ks;h

kj iyY%hg msúfik úg mej;s .Ks;h úIhud,dfõ uQ,sl wruqKq fufia

úh'

I ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd §uII ikaksfõokh yelshdjIII iïnkaO;d ±lSuIV w¾: ±laùu yd .eg¨ úi£u

fuu ksmqK;djka ,nd .ekSu" jev f,dalh ms<sn| ;r.fha § b;d jeo.;a

fldg i,lk ,§' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< yd Wiia fm< i|yd iïmdÈ; .=re

w;afmd;a yd úIh ks¾foaY fï i|yd ms<sfh, jQ ;r" tys wka;¾.;fha f;audj

jQfha1' ixLHd2' ñkqï3' ùc .Ks;h4' cHdñ;sh5' ixLHdkh yd iïNdú;dj hk ud;Dld h

y÷kd .;a ÿ¾j,;d

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< yd Wiia fm< .=re w;afmd;a yd úIh

ks¾foaYj, .=rejrekag wjYH bf.kqï l%u Ys,am yd Wmfoia wvx.= úh' tfy;aa

mdi,a mdol we.ehSï i|yd wjYH Wmfoia fkdùu ÿ¾j,;djla f,i y÷kd

.kakd ,§' tneúka .=re Nj;=ka ,sÅ; úNd. ffY,sfha we.ehSïj,g muKla

fhduq ùu olakd ,§' YsIHhka o .Ks;h jk fmd;a fldg b,lal m%Yakj,g yqre

ù úNd.h iu;a ùug fm,Uqks' .Ks;h wksjd¾h úIhhla ùu óg úfYaIfhka

u n,mdk ,§'

.Ks;h úIh ud;Dldj, b.ekaúh hq;= .eUqr olajd fkd ;sìKs' tneúka

we;eï úg wkjYH m%udKfha lreKq /ila imsß fm<fmd;a ìys úh' kshñ;

ld,Éfþo m%udKfhka fuu úIh iuqodh iïmQ¾K l< fkdyels ùu ksid

wksjd¾h fm!oa.,sl áhqIka l%uhlg isiqka fhduq ùu fkd je<elaúh yelalla

úh' fuh YsIHhka jeä fokl=g ±ßh fkdyels nrla úh'

• we;eï úIh lreKq w'fmd'i idukH fm<g wkHjYH jQ tajd úh' ^l=,l

ms<sn| m%fïhhka&'

• we;eï úIh ud;Dld wkjYH f,i mqk mqkd b.ekaùug we;=<;a úh'

• wkjYH §¾> .Kkh lsÍï" Wod( nÿ" l=,S lsKSu" ,>q .Kl .Kkhka

w'fmd'i' id' fm< YsIHhkag ±ßh fkdyels ;rï úh'

• .=rejrekag ;udf.a u yelshdj fhdod bf.kqï l%ufõo fhdod .ekSfï

ksoyi fuu úIh lreKq wêl ùu ksid iSud úh'4949494949

302

w'fmd'i Wiia fm< .Ks;h úIhud,dj

12 yd 13 jk fY%aKs i|yd tkï mdi,a wOHdmkfha wjidk jir fol w.§ isiqka w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isáh hq;= h' idOk mÍlaIKhlfuka u úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nk m%fõY úNd.hla o f,i fuhl%shd;aul úh' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh" úYaj úoHd,fha § l< hq;=úIh iSudj wruqKq fldg úysÈK' tneúka YsIH nyq;rhl u th Tfrd;a;= fkdfok ;rï úh'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<g fmkS isák isiqkaf.ka 3]la muK b;d iq¿ m%;sY;hlamuKla úYaj úoHd, m%fõYhg iqÿiqlï ,oy' tneúka w'fmd'i Wiia fm< wjikafldg úYaj úoHd,hg fkd hk" jev f,dalhg msúfik nyq;rhg" fuu .Ks;húIh ks¾foaYh yqfola udkisl mSvkhla jqjd muKs'

1997 isg w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< fmkS isáh hq;= úIh ixLHdj 4 isg 3 olajdwvq lrk ,§' tfia u kj .Ks; úIh folla y÷kajd fok ,§' tkï"

1' ixhqla; .Ks;h 2' Wiia .Ks;hhs

ùc.Ks;h" l,kh" nKavdxl cHdñ;sh" ;%sfldaKñ;sh" .ks úoHdj" iaÓ;s úoHdj"iïNdú;dj" ixLHdkh o ixhqla; .Ks;h hg;g we;=<;a úh'

fï ksid ixhqla; .Ks;h" ridhk úoHdj yd fN!;sl úoHdj hk úIhixl,kfhka úYaj úoHd,hSh bxðfkare mdGud,djg we;=<;a úh yels fjhs'

idukH fmdÿ mÍlaIKh kï kj úIhhla y÷kajd §u;a" jHdmD;s jev"we;=<;a ùu;a" YsIH jd¾;d fmd;la iEu YsIHhl= úiska u .=re wëlaIKh hgf;aiïmQ¾K lsÍug isÿ ùu;a 1998 iema;eïn¾ ui kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhgf;a isÿ úh' .=rejrhd úiska .=re jd¾;d fmd;la o iïmQ¾K l< hq;= úh'

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.fha § úoHdj yd .Ks;h úIhj, YsIHwidu¾:H m%;sY;h b;d by< úh' th 50] blau úh' tneúka Wiia fm<úoHdOdrdjg msúiSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= fkd jk isiqka b,lal fldg jvd myiqm%Yak m;%hka ,nd §ug ;SrKh lrk ,§' fï wkqj ckjdß ui ksl=;a lrk ,opl%f,aLhla u.ska úoHdj I yd úoHdj II f,i o" .Ks;h I yd .Ks;h II f,io uÜgï foll m%Yak m;% bÈßm;a lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,Èka bÈß jir lSmhlu l%shd;aul lr" miq j kj;d oukakg isÿ jQfha tys wid¾:l nj wjfndaO jQneúks'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYfhka n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ wruqKq1997 isg l%shd;aul jQ úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a fufia úh'

.Ks; mdGud,d wruqKq

1' .Ks;h hkq lreKq iïNdrhla muKla u fkd j f,dalh ms<sn| j is;dn,k wdldrhls" hk ixl,amh f.dv ke.Su'

2' úêu;a idOk wjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu yd j,x.=;¾lK fjka lr .ekSu yd l%uj;a idOk ,sùfï yelshdj we;s lsÍu'

303

3' .Ks;h lsÍfï yd ùc .Ks;uh yeisrùï ksjerÈ j lsÍfï yelshd j¾OkhlsÍu'

4' l,ska l,g úia;SrKh l< yeisrùï lsÍfï ffO¾hh j¾Okh lsÍu'

5' úoHd;aul yd ;d;aúl lafIa;%j, § .Ks;h Ndú; lsÍfï yelshdj j¾OkhlsÍu'

6' m%dfhda.sl jeo.;a;ulska hqla; .eg¨ úi£u i|yd .Ks;uh m%úê ydYs,am l%u fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu'

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304

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úYaj úoHd,j, .Ks;h úIh Odrdj i|yd we;s Odß;dj

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305

5' fudrgqj úYaj úoHd,h 1' bxðfkare úoHdj 625

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7' ú,dis;d ks¾udKh 40

8' k.r yd .%du ks¾udKh 50

9' m%udK iólaIKh 100

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2' mß.Kl úoHdj 25

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10' rcrg úYaj úoHd,h 1' jHjydßl úoHd ^fN!;sh& 85

2' f;dr;=re ;dlaIK 75

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12' jhU úYaj úoHd,h 1' jHjydßl úoHd ^fN!;sh& 135

13' W!j fj,a,iai úYaj úoHd,h 1' úoHdj yd ;dlaIKh 50

2' mß.Kl úoHdj yd ;dlaIK 50

3' ld¾ñl f;dr;=re ;dlaIK 50

14' fld<U úYaj úoHd,h 1' mß.Kl úoHdj 160

mß.Kl wOHdmkdh;kh 2' f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh 80

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< iu;a j úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh i|yd b,a¨ï l< YsIH

306

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307

wdfY%ah .%ka:

1' l=udrK;=x." tka' ^1958&' wOHdmk fmr<sh' fld<U( tï' ã' .=Kfiak iyiud.u' fld<U' 73 jk msgqj

2' úfÊudkak" B't,a' ^1969&' úIhud,d ixj¾Okh - ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ishjim%ldYkh III. wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j' 920 jk msgqj'

3' uqKisxy" ú'ð'î' 1969&' uQ,sl wOHdmkh - ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ishji m%ldYkh'wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j' 785 jk msgqj'

4' uqKisxy" ú'ð'î' 1969&' uq,sl wOHdmkh - ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ishji m%ldYkh'III. wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j' 786 jk msgqj'

5' msßia" mS' rEnka ^1959&' ixfYdaê; wOHdmk mámdáh' fld<U( weï' ã' .=Kfiakiy iud.u'

6' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1989&' úêu;a mi,a wOHdmkh moaO;shg msúfikorejkaf. .Ks; úIhhg wod< m%jK;dj ms<sn| wOHhkhla' uyr.u(cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

7' fldä;=jlal=" f.dâúka ^1991&' by< m%d:ñl .Ks;h fm< fmd;a ms<sn|wOHhkhla' uyr.u( m¾fhaIK tallh" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

8' Nanayakkara, G.L.S (1991). Primary Mathematics with special reference

to analysis of pupils errors Sri Lanka. Unpublished M.Phil Thesis, Uni-

versity of Sussex, Page 58.

9' .=Kfialr" tia' yd nq;amsáh" fÊ' ^1993&' wOHdmk w¾nqoh

10' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 1999&' .Ks;h uQ,dY% fmd;' uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh'

11' tu

12' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2003&' úIh ks¾foaYh( 5 fY%aKsh' uyr.u( cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'

13' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2003&' tu

14' ,xldKavqfõ ieis jd¾;dj wxl 24 ^1943&' ,xldKavqj fld<U

15' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1952&' .Ks;h m%Yak m;%' fld<U( ,xldKavqfõ úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j'

16' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1952&' .Ks;h m%Yak m;%' fld<U( ,xldKavqfõ úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j'

17' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j 1953&' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd. m%Yak m;%' fld<U(úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

17' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1953&' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< Y=oaO .Ks;h m%Yakm;%' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

308

18' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1957-58&' w'fmd'i' idudkH wxl .Ks;h yd jdKscwxl .Ks;h m%Yak m;%' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

19' flaïì%Ê úYaj úoHd,h ^1937&' iSksh¾ úNd. m%Yak m;%' tx,ka;h( flaïì%ÊúYaj úoHd,h'

20',xldKavqfõ úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1963&' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.hms<sn| úIh ks¾foaY' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

21' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1972&' w'fmd'i' idudkH úNd. m%Yak m;%' 1964 isg1972 olajd' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

22'úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1970&' ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYh( .Ks;h' fld<U(úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

23' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1972&' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h m%Yak m;%h(ixfYdaê; ks¾foaYh' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

24'úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1973&' w'fmd'i' idudkH Y=oaO .Ks;h m%Yak m;%h'fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

25' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1997&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd' fld<U(wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

26' School mathematics Project (1971). England: Cambridge University

27' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1975&' cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl úNd.h' m%Yakm;%' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

28' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1978&' w'fmd'i idudkH fm< .Ks;h w;=re ks¾foaYm%Yak m;%h' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

29' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1978&' w'fmd'i idudkH fm< .Ks;h w;=re ks¾foaYm%Yak m;%h' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

30' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1980&' .Ks;h mqnqÿj fm< fmd;' fld<U(wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

31' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1979&' .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYh' fld<U( wOHdmkwud;HdxYh'

32' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1980&' .Ks;h kj ks¾foaYh' fld<U( úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j'

33' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1980&' wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^idukH& kjks¾foaY' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

34' wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1986&' .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYh' fld<U( wOHdmkwud;HxYh'

35' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1987&' .Ks;h w'fmd'i id' fm<' úNd. m%Yak m;%h'

36' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1990&' .Ks;h w'fmd'i ^id' fm<& úNd. m%Yak m;%h'fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

309

37' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1999&' .Ks;h ^45& w'fmd'i ^id'fm<& úNd. m%Yakm;%h' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

38' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1987&' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ia:dms; lsÍfï mk;'fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

39' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1987&' zzoaú;shsl wOHdmk ixj¾Ok jHdmD;s jd¾;dj'ZZfld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

40'cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1995&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK' fld<U(cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj'

41' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2001&' .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaY' uyr.u( cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'

42'úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2001&' w'fmd'i' idudkH úNd. m%Yak m;%h' .Ks;hfld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j'

43' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 1999&' .Ks;h 9 fY%aKs fm< fmd;' uyr.u(cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

44'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2001&' 6 fYa%Ksh .Ks;h úIh ks¾foaYh' uyr.u(cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

45' wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j 2003&' nyqfm< fmd;a ,>q f,aLkh' fld<U(wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

46' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' 6-10 fYa%Ks ksmqK;d" 6-10 úIh ks¾foaYh'uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

47' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' .Ks;h .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ^6-10&'uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

48' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2007&' .Ks;h .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ^6-10&'uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

49' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1995&' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< .Ks;h úih ks¾foaYh'uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

50' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïk;=j ^2004&' mdi,a mokï lr.;a we.hSï jevms<sfj< Wmfoia yd jHdmD;s' 12-13 fY%aKs' n;a;ruq,a,( Y%s ,xld úNd,fomd¾;fïka;=j'

51' oaú;shsl wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh ms<sn| jev uq¿j ^2002&' bÈßm;a lrk ,om;%sld Tkaiagka Ô' ta' fmf¾rd' uyr.u( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

52' úYaj úoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj Y%S ,xldj ^2010&' Y%S ,xldfõ úYajúoHd, m%:u Wmdê mdGud,d i|yd m%fõYh Wmfoia' fld<U( úYaj úoHd,m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj'

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;aud mdo

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$ks

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1 - 19

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$ks

2007

-11

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s - 200

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2008

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s6" 7

" 10

" 11

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s 200

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s8" 9

fY%aK

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9 ú$k

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2009

--

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" 11

fY%aK

s6" 7

" 8" 10" 11 20

07 ú

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sh 199

9 ú$k

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2010

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7 ú$k

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weu

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311

08

úoHd wOHdmkh

iqkkao úfÊr;ak

úµd úfYaI mqyqKq uyr.u&" Wmdê ffcj úµd&" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk

ämaf,daud fld<U&" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk l<ukdlrK ämaf,daud

^iïudk& cd' w' wd'&" wOHdmkm;s fld<U&' .=rejrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl=

f,i fiajh lr we;s w;r ±kg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha' mYapdoa

Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,dfõ iudfhdacljrhl= yd fcHIaG

lÓldpd¾hjrfhl= jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' wOHdmkh ms<sn| .%ka:

l¾;Djrfhls'

msúiqu

fY%aIaG YsIagdpdrhlg ysñlï we;s ,xldfõ wOHdmkh È.= ld,Skb;sydihlg Wreulï mjihs' úfYaIfhka u ,sÅ; b;sydihla ysñ isxy, cd;shgta yd iu. ne¢ fn!oaO idys;Hhla o Wreu j we;' uyskaod.ukfhka miqYS>%fhka ÈhqKq jQ lDIsl¾uh" f.dvke.s,s ks¾udK Ys,amh" l,d Ys,am ÈhqKqj oúµd wOHdmkfha moku olajk idlaIshls' tl, mej;s wOHdmkh ±ä úkh kS;su; md,kh jQ .=rel=, l%uh" foaYk" idlÉPd" lgmdvï lsÍu" Ys,amSkaf.a weiqßkayd ksÍlaIKfhka bf.kSu hk Ys,am l%u mokï fldg f.k fmdaIKh úh'kQ;k bxðfkarejka úiauhg m;a lrk jdßud¾." jeõ" ia;+m tl, ;snQ wOHdmkfham%;sM, fï hehs lshdmdk Ôjudk idlaIs njg m;aj we;'

mD;=.Sis" ´,kao yd bx.%Sis cd;slhkaf.a wdl%uK me;sfrk hq.fha § merKs,xldfõ rdcH Y%S úN+;sh jekiS" j,aìys ù ;snqK o" mdrïmßl ±kqfï yd YsIagdpdrfhawvqjla ù fkd ;snqKs' nqÿiuh yd msßfjk wdY%s; j meñKs wOHdmk rgdjg ndOdmeñKsh o" mD;=.Sis" ,kafoais" bx.%Sis hq.j, rgg wdfõKsl ixialD;sh wLKav j.,d taug" tu moku fya;= úh'

úoHd wOHdmkfha wdrïNh

mD;=.SiSka furg wOHdmkhg msúisfha wd.u m%pdrh yd ;u fjf<|dujHdma; lsÍfï wruqKsks' mD;=.SiSka úiska hg;a lr .;a uqyqÿnv iSudiys;fmfoiaj, m%ekaisialka" fciqhsÜ yd T.iaáka ksldhsl mQcljre yd ñIkdÍyqisxy, NdIdj bf.k f.k iajNdIdfjka ;u wd.u b.ekaùug Wkkaÿ jqj;aúµd wOHdmkhlg uq,a mshjr ;efnkafka ,kafoais hq.fha § h' ´,kaofhaf,avka úYaj úµd,h" tl, hqfrdamfha úµd mqk¾Ôjkfha jeo.;a ia:dkhla úh',xldfjka f;dard .;a isiqka ;sfokl= l%s' j' 1744 § f,avka úYaj úµd,hg hjd

312

b.ekaùug furg ,kafoais md,kh ;Hd.YS,S ù we;' Tjqkaf.ka Q. Tkavð kïYsIHhd úµd wOHdmkh ,en f,dal m%lg ffjµjrhl= njg m;a úh'1

bx.%Sis hq.h ^1815-1948&

mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais wdl%uKslhkag fkd yels jQ uq¿ Èjhsk u hg;a lr.ekSfï wjia:dj" bx.%Siskag ysñ úh'

1829 flda,anDDla fldñIfï fhdackdj,ska miq rdcH fiajfha ;k;=refndfyduhla ÿïßh fiajh" ;eme,a fiajh" fi!LH fiajh wdÈfha ;sîu ksidúµd wOHdmkhg wod< úIh ±kqu wksjd¾h ùfï wjYH;djla mek ke.sK' 1834§ mdi,a fldñIu m;aùu o" fld<U" .d,a," hdmkh yd uykqjr bx.%Sis mdi,aweröu o isÿ úh' 1836 § mdi,a fldñiu hg;g m;a jQ zfld<U welvñhZ miqjzfrdah,a fld,sðhZ njg m;a úh' fuu úµd,fha 1876 úIhud,djg ridhkúµdj" WoaNso úµdj yd Wiia .Ks;h hk úIh we;=<;a lrk ,§' 1837 § rcfhamdi,a ms<sn| m%:u jHjia:d ix.%yh m< lrk ,§'

úoHd wOHdmkfha flakaøia:dkhla

1893 § fld<U urodfka wdrïN lrk ,o ld¾ñl úµd,h tl, ld,SkwjYH;djkag jqjukd ld¾ñlhka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd fjka úh' óg wu;r j 1850§ fudaor ld¾ñl mdi, o" 1871 uykqjr ld¾ñl mdi, o" 1878 hdmkfha ld¾ñlmdi, o b;d iSñ;" m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqjla fok ld¾ñlhka ìys l< ia:dk njgm;a ù ;snqKs' kuq;a urodk ld¾ñl úµd,h isoaOdka; yd m%dfhda.sl ±kqu ,ndfok" ukd ixúOdkd;aul" Wiia uÜgul úIh ±kqula ,nd ÿka wdh;khla njgms<s.ekqKs' 1895 § urodk ld¾ñl úÿyf,a iy;sl ,;a m%:u YsIH lKavdhu ìysjQ w;r tys m<uq ia:dkh Èkd .kakd ,oafoa úÿ,s bxðfkarejrhl= f,i miq jm%isoaêhg m;a ã' fÊ' úu,iqf¾kaø YsIHhd h'

úµd wOHdmkfha flakaøia:dkh njg fufia m;a jQ urodk ld¾ñl úµd,h",xld ffjµ úµd,fha wdrïNl ia:dkh o fjhs' ffjµ YsIHhka i|yd ridhkúµdj" fN!;sl úµdj yd Ôj úµdj i|yd o mka;s mj;ajk ,oafoa o fuys § uh' úµd úIh i|yd .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu o fuys u isÿ úh' 1921 § ,xld úYajúµd,fha úµd wxYh msysgqùug moku jQfha o fuu ld¾ñl úµd,fha úµdwxYhhs'

1900-1930 iuh

úµd wOHdmkfha ixj¾Okfha § 1900-1930 hk oYl ;=k jeo.;a h' mdi,aúIhud,dj Ydia;%Sh yd idys;Hhsl wxYfhka m%dfhda.sl wxYhg fhduq jQfhaful, h' mdi,aj, úIhud,dj my; i|yka whqßka ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§'

1' uQ,sl mdGYd,d úIhud,dj

313

2' oaú;Shsl mdGYd,d úIhud,dj

1905 § m;a lrk ,o fõia lñgqj uÕska úµd úIhhka b.ekaùfï jeo.;alufmkajd fok ,§'

"I desire to incorporate such elementary science as will enable the pupils to

appreciate sound priciples of agriculture."22222

1909 isg úµdj b.ekaùfï WmlrK i|yd mdi,aj,g wdOdr uqo,a imhk,§' msßñ mdi,aj,g mÍlaIKd;aul úµdj" ridhk úµdj yd fN!;sl úµdji|yd o" .eyekq mdi,aj,g mÍlaIKd;aul úµdj i|yd muKla o wdOdr imhk,§' fï jk úg ^1900& úµd.drhla ysñ j ;snqfKa fld<U rdclSh úµd,hgmuKs' 1911 § mdi,a 11la úiska fuu wdOdr uqo,a b,a,d ;snqKs' flaïì%Ê cQksh¾yd iSksh¾" ,kavka ueá%la yd bkag¾ hk úNd. i|yd b,a¨ïlrejka jeä úh'tfy;a ,kavka bkag¾ úNd.hg úµd úIhhkaf.ka b,a¨ï l< wfmalaIlhka 16

fokdf.ka 11 fofkla u wiu;a j we;s nj jd¾;dfõ'33333

1921 § hqksj¾isá fld,Sðh msysgqùu yd tys úµd wxYh wdrïN lsÍu úµdwOHdmkfha b;d jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' 1908 isg furg YsIHfhda tx.,ka;fha,kavka úYaj úµd,fha ndysr Wmdê i|yd fmkS isáhy' we;eï mdi,aj, flaïì%Êm%dfoaYSh úNd. i|yd isiqka mqyqKq lrk ,§' 1912 § rfÜ ;snQ oaú;Shsl mdi,a55lska 10l muK úµd úIh i|yd tx.,ka;fha úNd.j,g isiqka bÈßm;a lf<ah' bka we;eï mdi,aj, úµd.dr fkd ;snqKs' .eyekq mdi,aj,ska 2lska muKlaúµdj i|yd isiqúhka bÈßm;a lrk ,§' ta wkqj 1921 ,xld úYaj úµd,hmsysgqùu kj keïula we;s ùuls' fN!;sl úµdj" ridhk úµdj" WoaNso úµdjyd i;a;aj úµdj hk úIh wdrïN lrk ,§' fï w;r mdi,aj, o úµdjb.ekaùug mshjr .kakd ,§' 1927 ksÜgUqj .=re wNHdi úµd,fha wêm;s j isál=udr;=x. uqksodi uy;d iajdNdúl úµdj" ùc .Ks;h yd f¾Ld .Ks;h isxyf,kab.ekaùu werö h' Bg bjy,a jk kj fy< joka /ila u y÷kajd §ug t;=udgisÿ úh' wk;=re j udáka úl%uisxy uy;d o .%dóh úµd m%fõYh jeks fmd;a,sùfuka óg odhl;ajh iemhS h' 1933 jk úg úµdj;a" .Ks;h;a b.ekajQ mdi,a52la úh' bka mdi,a 38l u úêu;a úµd wOHhk mámdá ;snqKs'

úoHd fm< fmd;a

úµd wOHdmkh ld¾ñl wOHdmkhg jeo.;a fõ' ld¾ñl yd jD;a;ShwOHdmkh hg;g ùÿre" inka" lvodis" ;Ska; jeks l¾udka; we;=<;a úh' t fiau iajfoaYSh l¾udka; ÈhqKq l< hq;= h' zish rg foa isß iem foaZ jeks cd;sldkqrd.Sigka mdG o fuu hq.fha wêrdcH úfrdaë u;hla f,i bÈßm;a úh' fï ksid omdif,a È uQ,sl úµdj iajNdIdfjka bf.kSug Wkkaÿjla we;s ùu iajdNdúl h'uq,ajrg isxyf,ka m< jQ úµdjg wod< mdi,a fmd;a" bx.%Sis mdvï fmd;aj,mßj¾;k úh' fld<U idka; fcdaYma úµd,fha w.% mdGYd,dOHCI f,i y÷kajdwe;s ^úÿy,am;s& weï' fÊ' f,f.dla msh;=uka úiska bx.%Sisfhka rÑ; fmd;lisxy, mßj¾;kh f,i zziajNdj wOHhk ms<sn| ,>q mdGZZ kï fmd; 1921 § m<

314

ù we;' fuh uelañ,ka iud.fï m%ldYkhls' i; 60lg ñ, kshu jQ fuysmßj¾;kh ã' B' rKisxy uy;d úiska isÿ lrkq ,en we;s w;r Lksc jia;+kaiïnkaO f,dalhg mßÉfþo 3la o jDlaI Ôú;hg iïnkaO j mßÉfþo 7la o fjkalr we;' tu Lksc jia;+ka iïnkaO f,dalh hg;g jd;h" c,h yd mi ms<sn|mdvï we;=<;a h' bka miq tu iud.u uÕska úµdj úIhhg wod< j isxy,NdIdfjka ;j;a fmd;a m< lr we;' zzmÍlaIKd.drh rys; uQ,sl úµdNHdikhZZl¾;D ( fvdard yiS (Practical Elementary Science without a Laboratory) 1931 iyúµdxl=rh - fya;=j yd m%ldrh (Why and How - A Book of Everyday Science -

by E. Sanky Roides) 1932 § m< lr we;'

idudkH uQ,sl úµdj (Elementary General Science - by Huges & Panton)

o ful, m< jQ isxy, mßj¾;khls' fuu idudkH uQ,sl úµdj fmd; 1936 §,xldKavqfõ wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska m< lrk ,oaola ùu úfYaIfhkaie,lsh hq;= lreKls' fuu uQ,sl úµdj bÈßm;a lrkqfha zzúIh l%uhZZ hgf;ahehs tys my; i|yka mßÈ i|yka fõ'

zzfujeks lreKq uy;a rdYshla w;r ;rul iïnkaOhla we;s lr .ekSugfhÈh hq;= tla l%uhla kï úIh l%uhhs' fï l%uh wkqj wfma f.j,a Y=oaO mú;%j ;nd .ekSu h" wfma we÷ï fia§u h" m%fhdack wm%fhdack lDóyq h' wfma j;=j,mi h" br" y| h hk fï wdÈ ffoksl úIhhka iaj,amhla uQ,dY% fldg f.kwfma ta ta lreKq ldKav jYfhka tl;= lr .kafkuq' fï l%uhka jQ l,Súp,kh h" inka h" ueiafida h" rgyqKq h hk wd§ tlsfklg iïnkaOhla ke;stla tla mdvulska hq;a we;eï mqrdK mdG moaO;sj, ;snqKq wiïnkaO;dj ksh;jYfhka u wvq jkafka h'ZZ4 tfy;a fuu fmd;a iajfoaYSh tajd fkd úK' tufmd;aj,ska bÈßm;a jQfha furgg .e<fmk ±kqulg jvd tx.,ka;fha mßirhg.e<fmk úµdjls' ta nj uydpd¾h fÊ' B' chiQßh uy;d mejiQfha fu fia h'

"A handful of schools had facilities for Science largely of the textbook veriety

and in any event the applications of Science learnt were in relation to situations in

England, from where the text books used by the student came, no attention was

paid to the application of education & knowledge to the solution of local problems.55555

—mdi,a lsmhl muKla úµdj i|yd myiqlï úh' tajdfha W.kajk ,oafoao mdG .%ka: meñKs tx.,ka;hg wod< j ilia jQ úµdjls' foaYSh .eg¨j,giqÿiq wOHdmkhla yd ±kqu flfrys wjOdkhla fkd ù h˜'

tfy;a óg jvd fjkia fmd;la jQ zzmÍlaIKd.drh rys; uQ,slúµdNHdikhZZ hkafkys úfYaIh kï zz,laÈj mdGYd,djkays Ndú;h i|yd uZZ,shQ fmd;la f,i tys i|yka ùuhs' ,xld wOHdmk uKav,h úiska isxy,hgkÕd we;s fuys fojeks fmdf;a mßÉfþo wgls' wo mdi,ays W.kajk mdvï ydiudk j bk¾Ishdj" ,Sjr" jdhq mSvkh" c, mSvkh" >k;ajh fiùu" riakfhka>k jia;=" øj jia;=" yd jdhq úfYaIhkays yg.kakd úm¾hdi" riakh .uka.kakd yeá" jdhq úNd.h" c, úNd.h hk mdvï wo mjd jpk lSmhl fjkialulskafï fmdf;a tk whqßka b.ekaúh yels h' úµd.drhlska f;dr j .=rejrhdg

315

mka;s ldurhla bÈßmsg myiqfjka bÈßm;a l< yels mÍlaIK o" Bg wjYH jkWmlrK ,ehsia;=jla o wvx.= h' tmuKla fkd j tu WmlrK yd øjH ,nd .;yels ñ, o¾Ykhla o wvx.= ùu wmQre ,laIKhls'

fï yer bx.%Sis udOH mdi,aj, ì%;dkHfha Ndú; lrk ,o fN!;sl úµdj"ridhk úµdj" WoaNso úµdj yd i;a;aj úµdj fmd;a u Ndú; lrk ,§' tfy;afurg isiqka ;ukag <Õd úh fkd yels b,lalhla lrd" tx.,ka; úNd. lrdÈj hk nj;a" th m%;sM,hla fkd ue;s lreKla nj;a 1912 ì%Ê jd¾;dfõ i|yka úh'6

úoHd wOHdmkh - lkakka.r jd¾;dj

1931 § msysgqjk ,o m<uq jk rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ § 1940 wfm%a,a 04 Èkiïu; lr .kakd ,o fhdackdjla wkqj wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdj1940 uehs 15 Èk m<uq jrg /ia úh' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh idl,Hfhka u f.km%;sixialrKh lsÍfï fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍu fuu úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ wNsm%dhjQ nj iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r wOHdmk wud;H;=ud úiska m<uq /iaùfï § uwjOdrKh lf<a h' 1943" xxiv jk ieis jd¾;dj f,i y÷kajk ,o fuu ldrliNdfõ jd¾;dfõ 16 jk mßÉfþofha 6 jk fldgi uq¿ukska u fjka lrwe;af;a úµd wOHdmkh fjkqfjka lreKq meyeÈ,s lsÍug yd fhdackd bÈßm;alsÍug h'

lkakka.r jd¾;dfõ fþo wxl 256 isg 261 olajd fldgfia úµd wOHdmkhflfia ,nd Èh hq;= o hkak idlÉPd lr we;' tu fþo ú.%y fldg neÆ úgfmkS hkafka lkakka.r lñgqj úµd wOHdmkh .ek úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduqlr we;s njhs' úµdj tÈfkod Ôú;hg" iudc .eg¨j,g ms<shula f,i úµdjixj¾Okh lsÍfï wjYH;dj uekúka fmkajd § we;'

ksoyia ,xldfõ úoHd wOHdmkh 1948-1972&

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úma,ùh fjkialï /ila lkakka.r lñgq jd¾;dfõfhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍfuka werôK' tfy;a fndfyda foa úfõpkhg yiq úh'md¾,sfïka;=j ;=< o lñgq jd¾;dfõ fhdackd l%shd;aul lsÍug úfrdaOh m< úh'1950 wOHdmk ixfYdaOk iys; Oj, m;%sldj bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa tys w;=reM,hla f,i h' ridhkd.dr i|yd ,nd fok wdOdr" rcfha fkdjk mdi,a i|ydo ,nd §u ñka wkqu; lrk ,oaols'

lkakka.r hq.fha § Èjhsk mqrd .ïno m%foaY uq,a fldg 1946 jk úg uOHúµd, 50la msysgqjk ,§' úµd wOHdmkh rfÜ YS>%fhka ixj¾Okh jkafka fuuuOH úµd, mokï lr f.k h' olaI isiqka mia jekafkka yd wg jeks fY%aKsfhkaf;dard úµd wOHdmkhg fhduq lsÍfuka ksoyia wOHdmkh kï zzwk.s uq;=weghZZ me,£ug .ïno orejkag wjia:dj ,eìK' fmdÿ ck;djg wNsudkhlawe;s jk whqßka wk.s úµd.dr iys; uOH úµd, Èfkka Èk ixj¾Okh úh'fld<U rdclSh úµd,fha wOHdmkh .ug f.k hk ,§' bx.%Sis udOH wOHdmkh

316

wvq ke;s j ,nd §ug Bg yels úh' oaú;Shsl uÜgfï bx.%Sis udOH úµd wOHdmkh,nd §fï .=re ysÕh uÕ yerùug bkaÈhdfõ Wmdê ,;a fou< cd;sl úµdWmdêOdÍyq nyq, j m;a jQy' 1956 kj rchla nKavdrkdhl w.ue;s;=udf.akdhl;ajfhka ìys jQfha NdId úma,jhla o iu.sks' úµdj" isxy, yd fou<NdIdj,ska b.ekaùu fï iu. wdrïN fõ' mYapdoa m%d:ñl 6" 7" 8 fY%aKsj,idudkH úµdj muKla W.kajk ,o jqj o by< fY%aKsj, W.kajk ,oafoa bx.%SisudOHfhks' fï ;;a;ajh 1957 isg fjkia jkakg mgka .kS'

1957 jif¾ f,dal nexl=fõ ks¾foaY u; ,xldfõ úµd wOHdmk ixj¾Okhi|yd wdOdr ,eìK' úfoaYSh úfYaI{hka iu. furg ksfhdað; î' fÊ' mS' w,ia"ù' Ô' î' uqKisxy yd B' t,a' úfÊudkak" ví'tï'ta' j¾KiQßh hk uy;ajre tujHdmD;shg odhl jQy' úoHd .=rejreka yd mdi,a úoHd.dr wêlaIKh i|ydmdi,a mÍlaIljreka m;a lsÍu o óg iu.dñ j isÿ úh'

uOH uyd úµd, yd uyd úµd,j,g wx. iïmQ¾K úµd.dr ,nd §u"úµdj isxyf,ka yd fou< niska b.ekaùug .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu" úµdjb.ekaùug wjYH m;fmd; f;dard isxy, yd fou< niska m<" lsÍu" fï ld,fhawerö È.g u l%shd;aul úh' uOH uyd úµd,j, úµdj yeoEÍug .ïno myiqlïfkd ,;a mdi,aj, olaI isiqka 500la wg jeks fY%aKsfha § f;dard jirla mdidYsIH;aj msßkuk ,§' weußld tlai;a ckmoh yd fidaúhÜ reishdfjka úµdWmlrK ,nd .ekSug mshjr .kakd ,§' lksIaG yd fcHIaG mdi,a ish,af,a u6" 7" 8 fY%aKsj, idudkH úµdj uõ niska W.kajk ,§' uyr.u yd m,d,s .=reúÿy,a úµd úfYaI .=rejreka o" .Ks;h úfYaI mqyqKq .=rejreka o ìyslsÍfïuOHia:dk njg m;a úh' fojirl fkajdisl .=re mqyqKqj fuys § wksjd¾h úh'

uyr.u úfYaI .=re úµd,fha wdrïNh 1949 § kj N+ñhl kjf.dvke.s,sj, isÿ jQ nj jd¾;d fõ' th uQ,sl ridhkd.dr" fN!;sl úµd.dryd ðj úµd.dr o hk ish¨ myiqlï iys; ùu jeo.;a h' 1958 jif¾ úµdwOHdmkh Èjhsfkka jHdma; j mej;s wdldrh ms<sn| o;a; i,ld ne,Sum%fhdackj;a h'

1958 jirg wod< o;a;

1' w'fmd'i' ^idudkH& úµdj yeoEÍug myiqlï we;s mdi,a = 1252' w'fmd'i' ^idudkH& úµd wxYfha isiqka .Kk = 60003' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµd myiqlï we;s mdi,a = 504' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµd wxY isiqka .Kk = 21005' úµd WmlrK i|yd fhojQ uqo, = re' 1"50"0006' úµd mqyqKq .=rejreka .Kk = 907' l%shd;aul mdi,a úµd.dr .Kk = 1758' weia;fïka;= úµd wOHdmk úhou = re' 32"00000

9' úµd WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka .Kk = 150

10' úµd .=re úÿy,a .Kk = 02

317

11' úµd .=re mÍlaIljreka .Kk = 03

12' úµd WmlrK ksIamdokd.dr = '''''''''''

13' úµd WmlrK .nvd = ''''''''''

14' w'fmd'i' idudkH úµd YsIH wkqmd;h = 04]

1961 § wdOdr ,nk mdi,a ish,a, rch hg;g .ekSu wOHdmkb;sydifha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' ;udf.a úhoï ;uka u ord .ekSugleu;s jQ Wiia fmf<a" wd.ñl md,khg hg;a mdi,a lSmhla yefrkakgish¨ mdi,a wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha mQ¾K md,khg k;= úh' fmdÿúIhud,djla" fmdÿ fm<fmd;a" fmdÿ ks¾foaYhla ls%hd;aul úh' Wiia fmf<amdi,a f,i ie,l=k uyskao" ßÉukaâ" Ydka; mS;r" idka; f;dauia jeksmdi,aj,g we;=¿ ùug jeä msßilg yels úh' bx.S%is udOH úoHd wOHdmkh"fuu mdi,aj, yd rcfha mdi,aj, o úfYaIfhka uOH uyd úoHd,j, o;jÿrg;a ls%hd;aul úh' w'fmd'i' id'fm<& yd w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<& úNd.hgwu;r j" ta ta úYajúoHd, u.ska mj;ajk ,o úYajúoHd,j, úoHd úIhhkaiajNdIdfjka yeoEÍug o 1968 isg wjia:dj ,eìK' wod< fndfyda mdG .%ka:o wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska iajNdIdfjka m< fldg ;sîu oi|yka l< hq;= lreKls'

1963 ld¾ñl wOHdmk úuiqï fldñifï jd¾;dj fy<s ±lajQfha rgg jvjvd úµdj yeoErejka yd ld¾ñlhka wjYH jk njhs' ta i|yd úµdj b.ekaùujvd;a mq¿,a l< hq;= njg ks¾foaY lrk ,§'77777

úoHd úIhud,dfõ yd úNd. l%ufha fjkiaùï

1963 wxl 1 pl%f,aLh wkqj idudkH úµdj úIhh yh jeks fY%aKsfha isgwg jeks fY%aKsh olajd i;shlg ld, fþo 3 ne.ska W.kajk ,§' .=rejreka i|ydúia;rd;aul mdG ud¾. yd úêu;a we.hSï l%u" b.ekaùï M, i|yka .=rew;afmd;a" 6-8 fY%aKs i|yd ilia lsÍu 1966 § l%shd;aul lrk ,§' 1965 isg 6fY%aKsfha isg by<g ish¨ u mYapdoa m%d:ñl mka;sj, .Ks;h b.ekaùu owerôK' fuh ùc .Ks;h yd f¾Ld .Ks;fhka iukaú; úh'

fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a j¾Okh

1964 isg l%shd;aul jQ úµd wOHdmk jev igyk tjlg f,dalfha iEuÈhqKq rgl u meje;s úêu;a wOHdmk l%uhl meje;s ish¨ ,laIK úoydolajkakla jQjdg iel ke;' úêu;a mdi,a moaO;sfha kj jeks fY%aKsfha isgby<g" Ôj úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj" ridhk úµdj hk ueÈß.; úµdjka fukau .Ks;h o Wiia uÜgulska" jHjydßl .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h yd Y=oaO .Ks;hf,i isiqkag bf.kSfï wjia:dj ,eî ;sìK' tfy;a fuu myiqlï mej;s mdi,a

318

.Kk iSudiys; úh' 1967 jk úg" úµd wOHdmkh mdi,aj, meje;s wdldrhmy; i|yka o;a; uÕska jgyd .; yels h'

1' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµd myiqlï we;s mdi,a = 5392' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úµd wxYfha isiqka .Kk = 528173' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµd myiqlï we;s mdi,a = 1464' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµd úIh yeoErE isiqka .Kk = 111235' úµd WmlrK i|yd fhojQ uqo, = re' 35000006' úµd mqyqKq .=rejreka ixLHdj = 10287' l%shdldÍ mdi,a úµd.dr = 5668' weia;fïka;=.; úµd wOHdmk úhou = re' oi ,laI 209' mdi,aj, úµd WmdêOdÍ .=re ixLHdj = 72510' úµdj .=re úÿy,a .Kk = 0311' lafIa;% .=re mÍlaIljreka .Kk = 2312' úµd WmlrK ksIamdokd.dr = 0113' úµd WmlrK .nvd = 0114' úµdj ckm%sh lrùfï fl!;=ld.dr = 0115' w'fmd'i' id'fm< úµd YsIH wkqmd;h = 18'7]

16' w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµd YsIH wkqmd;h = 7'2]88888

fuu hq.fha uOH uyd úµd, yd Wiia úµd,j, úµd wOHdmkh" by<uOHu mx;sl ia:djrhl ,laIK fmkakqï lrhs' ;u orejd wOHdmkh ;=<skaby< iudc ip,;djlg m;a lsÍug myiq u l%uh úµd úIh yeoEÍfuka njÈjhsfka foudmshka ;=< fuka u fmdÿfõ ms<s.;a u;hla úh' tneúka úµdwOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍfï y~ iEu w;ska u me;sÍ .sh rdjhla njg m;a úh'

úµd wOHdmkh i|yd 1970 jif¾ jeh l< uqo, re' ñ,shk 514ls' úµdjckm%sh ùu i|yd fuu hq.fha fnfyúka n,mE ft;sydisl idOlhla o úh'tkï ñksia b;sydifha úYsIag;u isoaêhla jQ zi| .ukZhs' kS,a wdïiafg%dax ydtâúka ´,aßka kï wNHdjldY .dóka 1969 cQ,s ui 20jk Èk i| u; md ;eîuuq¿ f,dfõ ck;dj úµdfõ ÈhqKqj ms<sn| j by<ska úYajdih yd idvïnrhwe;s l< lreKla úh'

úoHd .=re m;aùï yd b.ekaùï udOHh

1967 § w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµdj úIh yeoErE YsIH ixLHdj jQfha52817ls' th 1969 jk úg 88000la f,i j¾Okh úh' fuh ienúka u YsIHhka ;=<fuka u .=re - foudmshka ;=< o úµdj ckm%sh ùfï wdl,amh j¾Okh ùulsúµdj b.ekaùug myiqlï ie,iQ mdi,a ixLHdj o 539 isg 800la olajd jeä ù;sìK' óg iu.dó j úµd.dr myiqlï o" úµd .=rejreka ixLHdj jeä lrkakg

rchg isÿ úh' 1961 isg w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úoHdj úIhhka iajNdIdfjkab.ekaùu wdrïN jQ ksid úoHd .=rejrekaf.a ixLHdj jeä lsÍu wksjd¾h úh'

319

1959 § u iajNdId úoHd .=rejreka n|jd f.k mqyqKq lsÍfï jevigykwdrïN ù ;sìK'

úIh ixl,kh

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< 9" 10 mka;s i|yd mdGud,d j¾. 3la l%shd;aul úh'tkï l,d" úµd yd jdKsc f,i h' úµd mdGud,dj f,i" fN!;sl úµdj"ridhk úµdj" Ôj úµdj" jHjydßl .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h" N+f.da, úµdj"fi!LH úµdj yd lDIs úµdj hk úIh úh' 1963g fmr Ôj úµdj fkd j WoaNsoúµdj yd i;a;aj úµdj f,i úIh 2la f,i fnod W.kajk ,§' t fia u úµdjyodrk isiqkag muKla jir 3la w'fmd'i' ^id' fm<& i|yd fjka lrk ,§' tkïmQ¾j fcHIaG jir" wka;¾ uOH jir yd fcHIaG jir f,i h' úµd úIh f;dard.ekSu ldKav 4lg fnod ±laúK' ^1 jk j.=j&'

1 jk j.=j( w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úµd úIh Odrd ixl,kh

1 2 3 4

fN!;sl úµdj fN!;sl úµdj ridhk úµdj ridhk úµdj

ridhk úµdj ridhk úµdj Ôj úµdj Ôj úµdj

Ôj úµdj jHjydßl .Ks;h lDIs úµdj .Dy úµdj

uQ,dY%h( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1969& ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishji m%ldYkh' ldKavh 3'

fld<U' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' msgqj 935'

óg wu;r j úIh 5la yeoEßh hq;= úh' uq¿ úIh ixLHdj 8ls' 1' wd.u 2'NdIdj 3' fojeks NdIdj 4' .Ks;h 5' cHdñ;sh yd hdka;%sl we£u fyda idys;Hhfyda fi!LH úµdj tu b;sß úIh úh' bka NdIdj yd .Ks;h wksjd¾h úh'w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< i|yd ld,Éfþo fjka jQfha 2 jk j.=fõ mßÈ h'

2 jk j.=j( w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµd úIh ld,Éfþo .Kk

i;shg jirla i|yd jir 2

fN!;sl úµdj - ld,fþo 05 180 360

ridhk úµdj - 05 180 360

Ôj úµdj - 06 216 432

tl;=j - 16 576 1152

uQ,dY%h( Ministry of Education - (1957) Sylabuses of instructions and schemes of work in

Science subjects for G. C. E. classes Chemistry. Colombo, Ministry of Education.

page 197.

320

1965 § m<uq jdrh" úµdj ye¢kaùu iy úµd .Ks;h hk kj úIh folla9 jk fY%aKshg y÷kajd fok ,§' bka fmr 1965 w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< kjks¾foaYhg uq,a jrg fmkS isá isiqkag 1963" 1964" 1965 hk jir 3 i|yd u by;lS úIh ixl,kh yeoEÍfï wjia:dj ,enqKs' ta wkqj úµd úIhh i|yd uq¿ ld,fþo 576 × 3 = 1728la bf.kSug tu isiqkg wjia:dj ,eìK'

1970 isg m%;sixialrK( wOHdmkfha kj u.

1970 ÿIalr m%foaYj, b;d úYd, .=re ysÕhla mej;sK' fï jk úg thgms<s;=re iemhSug 1970 n,hg m;a kj rchg isÿ úh' WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka isáfhaisiqka 1000 ( 1 muK wkqmd;h iSñ; ixLHdjls' .ïno orejkag" k.rno mdi,aj,orejkag ysñ j ;snQ jrm%ido wysñ ù ;sìK' úfYaIfhka u zúµd wOHdmkhZkd.ßl mdi,a ysñ lr .;a jrm%idohla njg m;a j ;sìK' uOH uyd úµd, yerfiiq mdi,aj, úµdj yd .Ks;h b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiq myiqlï fkd ;sìK'

1966 olajdu w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<& úoHdj úIhhka b.ekajQfha bx.S%is udOHfhkamuKs' tneúka w'fmd'i' idudkH fm<& úoHd úIhhka isxy, udOHfhka ydfou< udOHfhka yeoErE we;eï YsIHhka Wiia fm< i|yd l,d úIhhkaf;dard .;a wjia:d o úr, fkdù h' mdi,a yer .sh" tf;la ú/lshdfjka

fm¿Kq ;reK msßi fuka u úYaj úµd, iqÿiqlï ,enQ l,d WmdêOdÍyq o" úYajúµd,j, wOHdmkh yeoEre ;reKfhdaa o wkd.;h ms<sn| wúksYaÑ; ;;a;ajhlmiq jQy' udkisl wiykh ksid fuu m%Yak úi|d .ekSfï flá l%u w;ayodne,Sug" kj foaYmd,k o¾Ykhl mssysg fiùug Tjqka fhduq ùfï m%;sM,hlaf,i 1971 § ;reK le/,a, biau;= úh'

tu ;;a;ajh u; kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd f.k taug kjrch jvd;a hqyqiq¿ jQ w;r" ;reK m%Yak úi£u uQ,sl lreKla njg m;a úh' 1970isg 1975 olajd mdi,aj, .=re ysÕh mshùug yd kj m%;sixialrK l%shdjgkexùug fï jir 5 ;=< kjl .=rejreka 25000la muK n|jd .kakd ,§' bka9853la u úµd .Ks; .=rejreka ùu úfYaIfhka lemS fmksKs' tu .=rejreka n|jd.kakd ,oafoa zkj u.Z f,i kï l< kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, we;=<;a jQzúµdj ieugZ hk ixl,amh fmr±ß fldg f.k h' tu ixLHd fufia úh'

WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka - 3883

jdKsc iy;sl ,;a .=rejreka - 566fi!kao¾h .=rejreka - 1236idudkH .=rejreka - 5236úµd$.Ks;h .=rejreka - 9853iy;sl fkd ,;a yia; l¾udka; - 1289iy;sl fkd ,;a bx.%Sis - 4488iy;sl fkd ,;a .Dy úµd - 262fjk;a .=rejreka - 421

tl;=j - 2723499999

321

1969 isg 1975 olajd .=rejrekaf.a ixLHdfõ j¾Okh 3 jk j.=fõ oelafõ

3 jk j.=j( 1969-1975 .=rejreka ms<sn| o;a;

jir mdi,aj, fiajfha .=re úÿy,aj, uq¿ .Kkfh§ isá ixLHdj isá ixLHdj

1969 89"494 5697 95191

1970 90"672 6294 96966

1971 90"625 7239 97864

1972 92"558 8278 100836

1973 97"386 9288 106674

1974 98"691 10"026 108717

1975 103"713 8835 11254810

uQ,dY%h(- .fï mi,g úoHd myiqlï wOHmk weu;s;=udf.a ymq;f,a ks, ixpdrh ms<sn|

m;%sldj" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fld<U ^1975&'

úoHdj i|yd fN!;sl myiqlï iemhSu

1970 isg zúµdj ieugZ ixl,amh hgf;a k.rno yd iudk j .ïnog oúµdj jHdma; lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,§' úfYaIfhka u 1971 isg l%shd;aul jQzwOHdmkfha kj uÕZ hgf;a kj úIhud,d l%shd;aul lsÍug ish¨ myiqlï,nd Èh hq;= úh' wOHdmk wud;H noaWoaÈka uyuqoa uy;d yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYf,alï fm%auodi Wv.u uy;d m%Odk wOHdmk wud;HdxY ld¾h uKav,hguqyqK §ug isÿ jQfha úYd, wNsfhda.hlg h'

4 jk j.=j( úµd.dr yd úµd ldur i|yd l< úhoï

1970$71 1971$72 1973

k.rno mdi,a i|yd re' 110000 232000 249623

.ïno mdi,a i|yd 2582000 2800000 2929777

uq¿ uqo, 2692000 302000 3179400

m%;sY;hla f,i .ïnomdi,a i|yd jeh l< uqo, 95] 93] 93]

;ekQ úµd.dr .Kk 04 29 13

úµd tall .Kk - 161 229

uQ,dY%h(-.fï mdi,g úoHd myiqlï" wOHdmk wu;s;=udf.a ymq;f.a ks, ixjdßh ms<sn|

m;%sldj 1975& wOHdmk wud;HxYh" fld<U'

322

1970g m%:u úµdj yeoEÍug myiqlï iSud ù ;snqfKa k.rno m%Odk jQmdi,a 800lg muKs' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.hg fmkS isá uq¿ YsIH ixLHdfjka1$4lg muKs' tfy;a 1972 isg 6-9 fY%aKsj, bf.k .;a iEu YsIHhl=g u zúµdjZúIhh yeoEÍfï jrm%ido ,eìK' ta wkqj mdi,a 6200l" 6 jk fY%aKsfha bf.kqu,enQ YsIHhka 217716lg úµdj bf.kSfï jrï ysñ úh'

úµd WmlrK lÜg, yd úµd tall iemhSug fï ksid isÿ úh' tu jir5 ;=< ta i|yd jeh jQ uqo, 5 jk j.=fõ oelafõ'

5 jk j.=j( úµd WmlrK lÜg, fn§u' 1972$75

1972 1973 1974 1975

úµd WmlrK lÜg, .Kk 3500 3500 4100 3700

úhou remsh,a 8"00000 16"00000 35"00000 75"00000

uQ,dY%h(- .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï 1975& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

1972 § 6 fY%aKsh i|yd o" 1973 § 7 jk fY%aKsh i|yd o 1974 § 8 jk fY%aKshi|yd o" 1975 § kj jk fY%aKsh i|yd o W.kajk úµdj úIh m:h i|yd fuuWmlrK ,nd § we;' ta wkqj jir 4la we;=<; 6-9 fY%aKs kj úµd jev igykgwjYH WmlrK lÜg, ,nd §u iïmQ¾K ù we;' fuu WmlrKj,g wkaùlaI".e,ajfkdaógr" weógr we;=¿ jákd WmlrK we;=<;a úh' fidaúhÜ reishdjwe;=¿ iudcjd§ rgj,ska fï i|yd uyÕ= wkq.%yhla ,eî we;'

.=re mqyqKqj

1955 isg 1967 jk úg 5000la muK úfYaI{ mqyqKq .=rejreka ixLHdjla ìyslsÍug uyr.u yd m,d,s .=re úÿy,aj,g yels úh' 1958 isg mqyqKq ld,h ;=<iïmQ¾K jegqma f.ùfï m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aul úh'

1960 § ish¨ u .=re úÿy,a rchg mjrd .kakd ,§' .=re úµd, m%fõYúfYaI mÍlaIKh 1963 § wdrïN l< w;r 1970 olajd tu ;r. úNd.h mj;ajdf.k tk ,§' úfYaI .=re úµd,j,g msúiSï ud¾.h jQfha tu úNd.hhs'w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< iïudk iys; j iu;a jQjkag fuu ;r. úNd.hgbÈßm;a ùug yels úh' t fia u 1964 § YsIH .=re úNd.h uÕska o .=rejreka n|jd.kakd ,§' úµdj" .Ks;h we;=¿ wfkl=;a wxYj,g o fuf,i wdOqksl .=reNj;=ka 3000la muK jrlg n|jd .kakd ,o w;r 1966 yd 1969 jif¾ o fuuúNd.h mj;ajk ,§' fï w;r fiajfha kshq;= .=rejreka i|yd fiajdia: mqyqKqieis mj;ajd Tjqkaf.a ±kqu wLKav j hdj;ald,Sk lrk ,§' úIh ks¾foaY yd.=re w;afmd;a ,nd §" b.ekaùfï tall" mshjr" wruqKq yd mdvu ixj¾Okhgwod< WmlrK ms<sn| j o ksid .=rejre ±kqj;a jQy'

1969 jk úg fiajfha fh§ isá .=re ixLHdj 6 jk j.=fõ oelafõ'

323

6 jk j.=j( .=re ixLHdj 1969

.=re j¾.h ixLHdj

WmdêOrhka ^ish¨ u& 6481

mqyqKq .=rejreka 34011

iy;sl ,;a 19819

iy;sl fkd ,;a 17454

YsIH .=rejreka 6311

mqyqKqj ,nñka isák 5306

tl;=j 89382 11

uQ,dY%h(- .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï 1975& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh" fld<U'

.=re mqyqKqj

1970 j¾Ih jk úg fiajfha fh§ isá WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka 7441 fokl=f.kajD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,enQjka isáfha 1014la muKs' fï w;r kj WmdêOdÍka .=refiajhg n|jd .ekSu ksid Tjqkg o jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla ,nd §ug wjYH;dj mekkeÕ=Ks' f;dard .;a .=rejrekg" wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,dj wNHka;r j"yeoEÍug ;snQ wjia:djg wu;r j wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,dj yeoEÍugwjia:dj ,nd §ug" wu;r ;eme,a ud¾.sl wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,djlawdrïN lsÍug o mshjr .kakd ,§ ^7 jk j.=j&'

7 jk j.=j ( wOHdmk ämaf,daud yd ;eme,a ud¾.sl .=re mqyqKqj i|yd f;dard .;a .=rejreka ixLHdj

j¾Ih ämaf,daud wNHka;r ;eme,a ud¾.sl

1970 135 -

1971 165 -

1972 240 -

1973 250 540

1974 415 550

1975 435 5501212121212

uQ,dY%h(- .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï 1975& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

324

fuu.ska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha 1977 jir jk úg ish¨ u .=re Nj;=kamqyqKq .=rejreka njg m;a lsÍuhs' .=re úµd, ixLHdj jeä lsÍfuka fkajdisl.=re mqyqKqj o jHdma; úh'

.ïno mdi,aj,g úoHd .=rejreka n|jd .ekSu

.ïno mdi,aj,g yd ÿIalr m%foaYj,g w'fmd'i' idudkH yd w'fmd'i'Wiia fm< mka;sj, W.ekaùu i|yd úµd WmdêOdÍka yd Wmdê wfmalaIlhka253 fofkla 1975 jif¾ § n|jd .kakd ,§' Èia;%slal wkqj tu m;aùï fufia úh'

8 jk j.=j( Èia;%slal wkqj n|jd .;a .=re ixLHdj ^1975&1212121212

Èia;s%lalh .=re ixLHdj

1' wkqrdOmqrh 09

2' fmdf<dkakrej 03

3' l¿;r 12

4' lE.,a, 20

5' l=reKE., 20

6' fld<U ol=K 20

7' fydaud.u 09

8' .d,a, 20

9' kqjrt<sh 14

10' nKavdrfj, 06

11' fudkrd., 06

12' wïmdr 02

13' ;%sl=Kdu,h 03

tl;=j 253

uQ,dY%h ( .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï 1975& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

1968-1972 hq.fha mdi,a fm< fmd;a

w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµd úIh Odrdjg w;súYd, b,a¨ula we;s jkakgúh' 1958 § 6000la muKla jQ YsIH ixLHdj 1967 jk úg 52817 ùfuka fuhmeyeÈ,s fõ' fuh 800]l muK jeäùuls' fuu b,a¨u bgq lsÍug úµdjb.ekaùfï myiqlï jeä l< hq;= úh' ta iu. u isiqkag wjYH fmd;am;aksmeoúh hq;= úh' rdcH NdId m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska 1957 jk úgridhk úµdj - ú,alskaia" fN!;sl úµdj - jhsÜ,s" WoaNso úµdj - f,daika ydidks hk bx.%Sis fmd;a isxy,hg mßj¾;kh fldg myiq ñ,hg ñ, § .ekSug

325

wjia:dj ,nd § ;snqKs' tï' ví,sõ' lreKdkkao" yßYapkaø úch;=x." tÉ' lS¾;sisxy"î' ta' bkaør;ak" î' à' úu,iQßh hk uy;ajre tu fmd;a mßj¾;khg odhl jQy't fia u .Ks;h ms<sn| fndfyda fmd;a o bx.%Sisfhka isxy,hg mßj¾;kh lrk,§' .;s úµdj" iaÓ;s úµdj" øjiaÓ;s úµdj" l,kh" LKavdxl cHdñ;sh" cHdñ;sh"ùc .Ks;h ms<sn| fmd;a isxy,hg mßj¾;kh ùu o" isxy,fhka u ,shk ,ofcHIaG fN!;sl úµdj" i;aj úµdj" fld÷ weg ke;s i;a;= jeks fmd;a o úµdYsIHhkag uyÕ= fiajhla ie,iS h' uQ,sl ridhk úµdj - ú,alskaia fmdf;a m<uqjk uqøKh msgm;a 10"000 jyd úlsKS" h<s uqøK lSmhla u m< lsÍug isÿ ùu" tufmd;aj, ckm%sh;djg WodyrKhls'

1966 § wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN lrk ,oafoa w;súYd,b,a¨ug m%;spdr f,i h' t fia u 1966 isg ridhk úµdj 1-2" 3-I" 3-II hk fmd;ao fN!;sl úµdj 1" 2" 3 fmd;a o" Ôj úµdj 1" 2" 3-I yd 3-II fmd;a o iajfoaYShl;=jrekaf.a kj ks¾udK f,i t<s±laùug wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=jgyels úh' ridhk úµd fmd;a fm< uyskao rKùr" fy' ;s,ldkkao hkuy;ajrekaf.a o" fN!;sl úµdj fm< tï' ví' lreKdkkao uy;df.a l¾;D;ajfhkao ilia ù we;' fuu úµd fmd;a fmd;a fm< foaYSh W!rejg yd ixialD;shg.e<fmk mßÈ ilia jQ ukd is;a.kakdiq¨ .%ka:hka úh'

1970 isg ieug úoHdj( wOHdmkfha kj u. m%;sm;a;sh wkqj fm<fmd;a

1970 n,hg m;a kj rch" 6 fY%aKsfha isg by<g 11 fY%aKsh olajd" iEumdi,l u ish¨ YsIHhkag úµdj bf.kSug wjia:dj ,nd §fï m%;sm;a;suh;SrKh .kakd ,§' ta wkqj ifudaOdks; úµdj hk ixl,amh u; úµdj b.ekaùuwdrïN lrk ,§' ta wkqj 6-9 fY%aKs i|yd zúµdjZ fmd;a fm<la bÈßm;a lsÍugwOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úYsIag fufyhla bgq lf<a h' 10 yd 11 fY%aKsi|yd by; i|yka ridhk úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj" ðj úµdj hk fmd;a fm<jir lSmhla u m%fhdackhg .kakd ,§'

wOHdmkfha zkj u.Z hgf;a cd;sl fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h y÷kajdfok ,§' NCGE f,i y÷kajk ,o fuu úNd.hg 1975 foieïn¾ ui § m%:ujrg isiqyq fmkS isáhy' tu isiqka i|yd Ôj úµdj" ridhk úµdj" fN!;slúµdj yd .Ks;h i|yd kj fmd;a fm<la ,shd bÈßm;a lrk ,o w;r ta i|ydúYaj úµd,j, úµd mSGfha wdpd¾h uKav,fha iydh ,nd f.k we;' úoaj;auKav, uÕska tu fmd;a fm< b;d blaukska yÈis wjYH;djla f,i i,ld iliafldg bÈßm;a lsÍu úfYaIfhka meiiqï lghq;a;ls' fï úNd.h 1976ka miqwfydais lrk ,§'

úoHd.dr myiqlï

1964 jk úg mdi,aj, l%shd;aul jQfha 1961 we/ô úfYaI úµd úIh jevigykhs' 1964 isg kj úµd jev ud,djla wdrïN lrk ,§' ridhk úµdj" Ôj

326

úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj i|yd Syllabuses of Instruction & Schemes of work in

Science subjects for G.C.E. Classes - kï ks¾foaY úia;rd;aul .=re w;afmd;abx.%Sis udOHfhka bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa ta ta úIhhg úfYaI ±kqula we;s úoaj;auKav, uÕsks' Ôj úµdj Ndr j ù' niakdhl uy;d lghq;= lr we;' bx.%SisudOHfhka m< lsÍu ksid isxy, yd fou< udOH mdi,a i|yd fmdÿfõ Ndú;l< yels úh' A4 m%udKhg jvd u|la úYd," tla me;a;l muKla uqøKh l<tallh$" b.ekaùfï l%uh" lreKq yd l%shdldrlï$" bf.kqï M,$" yd fjk;aigyka f,i fnod ±lajQ fuu fmd;a úµdd.dr ;=< r¿ Ndú;hg iqÿiq úh'

1964g fmr uOH uyd úµd,j,g yd iqmsß mka;sfha úµd, lsysmhlgmuKla úµd.dr" ridhkd.dr ysñ j ;snqKs' kj wNsfhda.h bÈßfha kj úµd.dr;ekùug isÿ úh' tu úµd.dr ixLHd 9 jk j.=fõ oelafõ'

9 jk j.=j( .ïno mdi,aj,g úµd.dr myiqlï iemhSu ( 1971-74

j¾Ih 1970$71 1971$72 1972$73 1974 t l ; = júµd.dr .Kk 74 29 13 21 137

úµd tall - 161 229 297 687

uQ,dY%h ( .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlïZZ ^1975& wOHdmk wud;HdxYh

fuu úµd.drj, jQfha tla mfil ridhkd.drh yd Ôj úµdj fmdÿfõNdú; l< yels fldgil o" wfkla mi fN!;sl úµdjg yd foaYkd.dr ldurhlao" ueo fldgi .nvdj yd iQodkï ùfï ldurhla o iys; ie,eiauls ^1 jkrEmh&' ;dm Yla;sh ,nd .ekSu i|yd nkaika odylhka o" fïifhka fïihgúyso .sh jdhq k< yd c, k< o" iEu fïihlg u iú l< ridhk øjH wvx.=fnda;,a r|jkakd jQ rdlal o úh' wu;r WmlrK .nvdj i|yd tu fïij,gu we;=<;a ,dÉpq yd w,audß jeks fldgia úh' myiqfjka .=re wdo¾Ykh isÿlsÍug YsIH wdik yd fïij,g jvd by< fõÈldjl .=re fïih yd by< my<heúh yels l¿ lE,a,la o fjhs' ukd jd;dY%h i|yd ùÿre cfka, Æj¾ia o" jdhqbkaOkh ksmoùu i|yd iqÿ fmg%,a Ndú; l< jdhq cklhla o fuu úµd.drhgwe;=<;a wx. fõ' fuu úµd.dr wo olajd u Ndú;fha mj;S' fmg%,a jdhq cklhfjkqjg wo myiqfjka L. P. jdhq is,skavr fhdod .; yels ù we;'

1 31 31 31 31 3

327

1 rEmh ( úµd.drh - we;=<; fmkqu14

uQ,dY%h ( úµd.drh yd WmlrK' .=re wOHdmk mdGud,d cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" uyr.u'

ñks ,eí yd t<suyka úoHd.drh

iEu mdi,l u úµdj úIhh b.ekaùu wdrïN jQ úg mek keÕs m%Odk;u.eg¨j jQfha m%dfhda.sl jev i|yd ia:dkhla yd WmlrK ,nd §uhs' ta i|yd jQukd ms<s;=rla f,i zúµd Ys,amZ wdh;kh ksmojQ ñks ,eí l%uh ye¢kaúh yelsh' 6-11 fY%aKs i|yd úµdj b.ekaùug ilia l< l=vd úµd.drhla f,i fuhbÈßm;a úh' lKavdhï l%shdldrlï" .=re wdo¾Yk" myiqfjka lsÍug wjYHWmlrK yd mka;s ldurhla ;=< iú l< yels leìfkÜgqjla" c, lrdu iys;fidfrdõ fíiula o hq;= myiqfjka iú l< yels" m%jdykh l< yels wmQrefuj,ï lÜg,hls'1515151515

328

t<suyka úµd.drh

6 fY%aKsfha isg 9 fY%aKsh úµdj b.ekaùu mdif,a t<suyka mßirhl isgl< yels mßÈ ilia l< l%uhls' fuys m%Odk wx. f,i" fN!;sl úm¾hdiksÍlaIK wxYh" c,dYh" me<Eá" Y=Ial mßirh" i;a;aj wxYh" isiqkag yd .=rejrhdgwiqka .; yels mka;s ldur ie,eiaula o wvx.= h' ms,sma fiakdr;ak kï wOHdmkks,Odß uy;df.a ksmehquls'1616161616

t<suyka úoHd.drfha rEm igyk

uq,dY%h( t<suyka úoHd.drh - ms,sma fiakdr;ak wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j- 1972

b.ekaùfï l%ufõofha fjkialï

úµdj uõ niska yeoEÍu wdrïN l< 1957 jif¾ isg w'fmd'i' idudkH ydWiia fm< mka;sj, .=re wdo¾Yk fuka u YsIHhka ;ks j yd l=vd lKavdhïf,i m%dfhda.sl j meje;aùug wjia:dj ;sìK' ridhk øjH" Ôj úµd kso¾YlwdÈhg úYd, mqkrdj¾;k uqo,la jeh úh' 1969 muK jk úg" b.ekaùï l%ufõohflaj, m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKj,ska neyer j .=re wdo¾Ykj,g muKla iSud jQfhafuu úhou ±ßh fkd yels ùu ksid h' túg Wiia fm< YsIHhkag muKlaflaj, m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK meje;aùu yd jd¾;d ;nd .ekSu iSud úh' 1971 jk;=re w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úNd.h iu;a ùug úYaj úµd,hSh úµd.dr ;=<

329

mj;ajk ,o m%dfhda.sl úNd.hg fmkS isg iu;a ,l=Kq ,nd .; hq;= úh' 1971isg fuh kj;ajk ,oafoa úúO úfõpk Bg tfrys j u;= jQ ksid h' tu úNd.m%;sM,j,g mÍlaIljrekaf.a ¥IK yd cd;sjdÈ f,i iydh m< lsÍï jQ njg ou; m< úh' m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK w;aysgqùu iu. yqfola foaYk m%Odk jQ bf.kqïl%uh wdfoaY úh' t fia u mqoa.,sl yd uyd mßudK YsIH ixLHd iys; áhQIkamka;s ìysùug o fuu l%uh fya;= úh'

.=re w;afmd;aj, úIh tall bÈßm;a lsÍfï § mdvfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wNsu;d¾: meyeÈ,s j olajk ,§' iúia;rd;aul úIh ks¾foaY ìys ùu ógmiq hq.hg wh;a h'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh

fld<U urodk ld¾ñl úµd,h flakaøfldg 1962 § .Ks; úIhud,dlñgqj wdrïN úh' fuh 1968 § úµdj we;=¿ fjk;a úIhhkaf.a o úIhud,dieliSug l%shd;aul jQ úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh ìys ùfï uq,a mshjr úhmiq j fld<U fn!oaOdf,dal udjf;a iaÓr f.dvke.s,a,lg fuu uOHia:dkhf.k tk ,§' 1985 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh wdrïN jk ;=re úIhud,dixj¾Okh jQfha fï uOHia:dkh uÕsks' î' fÊ' mS' w,ia" fÊ' r;akdhl" ã'ùrisxy" tia' tÉ' ã' iqukfialr" ã' ta' fmf¾rd" ù' niakdhl" uyskao rKùr" ydÔ' .Kkd:ms,af,a uy;ajrekaf.a kï fuu uOHia:dkfha úoHd úIh lghq;= ydne£ mj;S' wOHdmk wud;H noaWoaÈka uyuqoa uy;df.a yd tjlg wOHdmkwud;HdxY f,alï mS' Wv.u uy;df.a úfYaI wjOdkhg yd meiiqug tjlgúIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh n÷ka jQfha tu uy;=kaf.a olaI;dj yd lem ùufya;=fjks'

úoHdj úIhh we.ehsï l%uj, fjkila

1965 w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.fha isg úµdj úIhfha we.hSï l%uj,úma,jhla isÿ úh' tkï nyqjrK m%Yak m;% y÷kajd §uhs' Ôj úµdj" fN!;slúµdj" ridhk úµdj yd fi!LH úµdj i|yd nyqjrK m%Yak m;%hla úkdä 45l§ o" bka miq meh 2l ,sÅ; ms<s;=re bÈßm;a l< hq;= m%Yak m;%hla o f,ifohdldr m%Yak m;% y÷kajd §ug fmr mqyqKqùï yd fmr we.hSï mÍlaIKhla1965 wf.daia;= ui § f;dard .;a mdi,a lSmhl mj;ajk ,§' th fmryqrejlamuKla fkd j ;;a;aj mÍlaIKhla o úh' nyqjrK m%Yak m;% úYajiH;dj jeä"mqoa., noaO;dfjka f;dr jdia;úl ñkqï l%uhla jQjdg iel ke;' tfy;a ,sÅ;ms<s;=re wfmalaIs; m%Yak m;% uq¿ukska u bj;a l< fkd yels h'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § fuh ksmqK;d mdol wLKav we.hSïl%uhla njg m;a j we;' 1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldfjka bÈßm;a jQ wLKavwe.hSï l%ufha hï hï ,laIK ksmqK;d mdol l%uh ;=< o we;' th we.hSïl%uj, ÈhqKqjla olajhs' fï hq.fha isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a fohlakï 1971 §" mqyqKq

330

,;a úoHd wOHdmk ks,Odßka m;alr ish¨ mdi,aj, úoHd wOHdmk lghq;=wëlaIKh wdrïN lsÍu hs' 1971 isg w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úoHd úIhhkaf.am%Yak m;%j, jHQyh fjkia lrk ,§' nyqjrK" jHQy.; rpkd yd flárpkd m%Yak fu;eka isg we;=<;a lrk ,§' tfia u iïuka;%K l%uhg m%Yakm;% we.ehSu w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& we.ehSu ;=<ska 1973 isg wdrïN úh'úNd. flduidßia fndaf.dv fma%ur;ak uy;d fï ms<sn| j Wkkaÿjlskalghq;= l< mqfrda.dñfhls'

1981-1987 Oj, m;%sldfjka miq

1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj Èjhsfka wOHdmk b;sydifha újdod;aulikaêia:dkhla igyka l< nj ksiel h' tu m%;sixialrK fhdackd úµdwOHdmkh i|yd flfia n,mEfõ ±Zhs úuid n,uq' tjlg wOHdmk wud;Hjrhdúiska wOHdmkh ms<sn| j lreKq fidhd n,d fhdackd bÈßm;a lsÍug lñgq 3lam;a lrk ,§'

1' idudkH wOHdmkh - fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak lñgqj

2' ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh - tia' [dK,sx.ï lñgqj

3' cd;sl wdOqksl;aj mqyqKqj - tÉ' ã' iq.;md, lñgqj

tu lñgq uÕska wOHdmk l%ufha ÿ¾j,;d /ila y÷kd .kakd ,§' tkï"

1' wOHdmk l%uh rfÜ wd¾Ólh iuÕ idOdrK f,i ne£ ixj¾Okh ùfkd ue;s ùu'

2' úNd. l%uhg ±ä f,i wkq.; ùu'

3' mdi,a w;r ;r.h ;shqKq ùu yd úIu;d nyq, ùu'

4' úIh iu.dó l%shd wjOdkhg ,la fkd ùu'

5' yiqre l=i,;d fkd i,ld yeÍu'

6' .=re fiajh msßySu'

7' mßmd,kh wld¾hlaIu yd M,odhS fkd ùu'

fuu ÿ¾j,;d uÕ yeÍug wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj fjkialï /ila l<hq;= njg fhdackd bÈßm;a lrk ,§'

1' fmdÿ wOHdmk jHQyh fjkia lsÍu'

2' úIhud,dj yd we.ehSu l%u'

3' wOHdmk mßmd,kh úuOH.; lsÍu'

4' .=re fiajh m%;sixúOdkh'

331

5' úYaj úµd, wOHdmk jHQyh fjkia lsÍu'

^1975 yd 1976 § ifudaOdks; úoHdj 6"7"8 mx;sj, § ye±rE YsIHhkag9 jir wjidkfha § cd;sl fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.hg NCGE & m%:ujrg fmkS isàug isÿ úh' úIhhka 10lska hq;a fuu úNd.h 1977 §m;a jQ kj rch úiska kj;d ouk ,§' tneúka 1975 NCGE úNd.hiu;a j cd'fmd'i' Wiia fm< HNCE & mx;sfha isá isiqkag w'fmd'i'Wiia fm< úNd.h i|yd wkq.; ùug isÿ úh&'

Wla; jd¾;d wkqj úµd wOHdmkhg n,mdk ,o m%Odk;u lreK jkafkam%d:ñl wOHdmkhg úµdj yd mßirh úIhh tla lsÍuhs' fuu úµdj ydmßirh b.ekaùu mka;sNdr .=re;=ñhg u mjrk ,oafoa .=re - YsIH iïnkaO;djm%d:ñl wjêfha § jvd jeo.;a jk neúks' úµdj úIhhg msúiSu ;u ksji ydmdi, wjg foa f;aud fldg b.ekaùug f.dv kÕk ,§' jir 1 isg 5 olajdm%d:ñl wOHdmkhg o 6 isg 8 olajd lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhg o fjka úh'

m%d:ñl mka;sj, úµdj bf.kSu ksid orejdg lksIaG oaú;Shsl mka;sj,§ úµdj ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,eî we;'

1985 úIhud,d m%;sixúOdkh

1985 úIhud,d m%;sixúOdkh hgf;a zwdrïNl úµdjZ kï úIhh y÷kajdfok ,§' th 4 yd 5 jir mka;sj,g iSud úh' ksÍlaIKh" jd¾;d lsÍu" ir,mÍlaIKj, fh§u" f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu yd ;¾ldkql+, ks.ukj,g t<eöug tawkqj 6 jk jirg t<efUk YsIHhdg yelshdj ,eìK' i;shlg ld, fþo 2lawdrïNl úµdjg fjka úh'

6-11 jirj, ifudaOdks; úµdjg fi!LHh úIhh o we;=<;a lsÍu 1985isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a fjkils' 9" 10" 11 i|yd ld,fþo 7 ne.ska o fjka úh'w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµdj úIhh iu;a jQ miq w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úµdúIhOdrdj f;dard .kakd YsIHhdg i;aj úµdj" WoaNso úµdj" ridhk úµdj"fN!;sl úµdj iy jHjydßl .Ks;h" Wiia .Ks;h hk úIh ;u wjYH;dwkqj yeoEÍug isÿ fõ' kuq;a ta úIhj, úIh uÜgu yd idudkH fm< úIhuÜgu w;r úYd, mr;rhla ;sîu ish¨ fokdf.a u úfõpkhg ,la jQ lreKls'fm!oa.,sl áhqIka mka;sj, msysg fiùu wksjd¾h ùug fuh o n,mE nji;Hhls'

1985 isg úµdj fm<fmd; o fjkia úh' m%:ufhka ;snQ úIh ikaOdrhgwkql+, jQ úµd m%fõYh 6" 7" 8" 9" 10" 11 fjkqjg" kj úµd m%fõYh f,ifm<fmd;a ilia lsÍug o isÿ úh' fuys úIh lreKq fufia fn§ ;snqKs'

6 jir 7 jir

1' wjg mßirh úuiSu 1' Ôúhd yd wdydr

2' øjH r;a lsÍu 2' wdydr l,a ;nd .ekSu

332

3' f.or § yuqjk øjH 3' Ôùka yd c,h

4' uekSu 4' Ôùka yd jd;h

5' wm wjg jd;h 5' mi

6' m%fhdackj;a Yla;s 6' jev myiq lr .ekSu

7' fi,a,ï nvq ;=<ska úµdj 7' úÿ,sh m%fhdackhg .ekSu

8' wm wjg fmfkk øjH 8' wdf,dalh

9' iQ¾hhd$pkaøhd$mDÓúh ydtajdfha .uk

8 jir 9 jir1' ñksid yd mßirh 1' jd;h2' jdhqf.da,fha fjkia ùu 2' mi

yd ld,.=Kh

3' wyi 3' n,h" ld¾hh yd Yla;sh

4' wdf,dalh 4' Ôùkaf.a úúO;ajh yd j¾.SlrKh

5' wfma wdydr 5' mrudKqfõ jHQyh

6' c,h 6' wï," Niau" ,jK

7' mod¾:h 7' úµq;h

8' úµq;h yd pqïNl;ajh 8' wdf,dal mrdj¾;kh

9' ;dmh 9' Ydl ;=< wdydr ixiaf,aIKh ydmßjykh

10' n,h yd n,h uekSu 10' ñksid ;=< wdydr Ô¾Kh ydwjfYdaIKh

11' >k;ajh 11' bms¨u

10 jir 11 jir

1' ridhk moaO;s ms<sn| 1' fidnd oyfï ;=,H;djm%udKd;aul j

2' ñksia isrer ;=< mßjykh 2' wdj¾;s;d j.=fõ rgd

3' wdj¾;s;d j.=j 3' Ôùkaf.a iudfhdackh yd iuiaÓ;sh

4' oykh yd ;dmh 4' bf,lafg%dksla úµdj ye¢kaùu

5' ridhksl nkaOk 5' il%sh;d fY%aKs

6' Ôj l%shdj,sh i|yd Yla;sh 6' Ôjfha wLKav;djksmoùu

7' ñksia isrer ;=< yg.kakd 7' úµq;h ksmoùunysi%dùh øjH

333

8' úm¾hdij, YS>%;dj yd 8' èjks ,laIK èjks iemhSum%;sj¾;H;dj yd èjks m%;sksIamdokh

9' p,s;h 9' úµdj yd Ôjfha .=Kd;auh10' èjksh11' úµq;fha wdprK12' wdf,dal j¾;kh13' fidnd oyfï ;=,H;dj

uQ,dY%h 1978 w'fmd'i' úIh ks¾foaY" úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j1717171717

.=re mqyqKqj yd fiajdia: mqyqKqj

jßka jr kj ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu ksid .=rejrekag WmfoaYk fiajhla;sîu jeo.;a h' .=re WmfoaYljreka 300la muK fï i|yd mqyqKq fldg §mjHdma; j fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq ieis mj;ajk ,§' t fia u .=re w;afmd;a uÕskaúIh lreKq bÈßm;a lrk whqre yd ld, fþo fnfok whqre o ms<sn| j ±kqj;alrk ,§'

12-13 jir úoHd úIhh l%shd;aul lsÍu

12 yd 13 jir úµd, uÜgu f,i y÷kajkq ,eî h' fN!;sl úµdj"ridhk úµdj" WoaNso úµdj yd i;a;aj úµdj iy .Ks;h úIhhka úµdwxYfhka úYaj úµd,hg we;=<;a ùug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk YsIHhka úiska iu;aúh hq;= w;r b;d by< u ,l=Kq ,enQ whg muKla ;r.ldÍ f,i Bg we;=<;aúh yels úh' mdi, ;=< iïmQ¾K flfrk m%dfhda.sl jev iu;a ùu o iïmQ¾KlsÍu o wksjd¾h úh' ta i|yd Wiia fm< ridhkd.drh" fN!;sl úµd.drh" Ôjúµd.drh o tajdg wod< WmlrK yd Wmfhda.S øjH o i|yd wêl úhoula ±Íugisÿ úh' fuu jirj, úµdj w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµdj úIhfha m%;sM,fufia úh'

10 jk j.=j( w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úµdj úIh m%;sM, idrdxYh

idu¾:H j¾Ih 1981 1982 1983 1984 1985

úYsIag 0'06 0'62 0'63 0'26 0'67

iïudk 2'32 8'87 8'26 4'73 7'03

idudkH 30'1 45'66 48'12 30'40 37'22

iu;a uq¿ 32'39 55'15 57'01 35'39 44'92

wiu;a 67'61 44'85 42'99 64'61 55'08

uQ,dY%h ( w'fmd'i' ^id'& we.hSï jd¾;dj - úµdj - 1985' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

1987&1818181818

334

1982 yd 1983 § yer wfkla jirj, wiu;a m%;sY;h 50]g jvd jeä h' ógfya;=j úµdj úIhh W.kajk mdi,a fndfyduhl u úµd m%dfhda.sl jev i|ydúµd.dr fkd ;sîu;a" ;snqk o tu úµd.dr ksishdlr j Ndú; fkd lsÍu;a h'we;eï mdi,aj, úµd .=re ysÕh o óg fya;= ù we;'

m<d;a iNd hq.h( 1987 isg

oy;=ka jk wdKavq l%u jHjia:d ixfYdaOkh wkqj m<d;a iNd l%shd;aulúh' m<d;a uÜgñka n,h úuOH.; ùu i|yd wOHdmkh o m<d;a iNdjg wh;aúIhhla úh' tfy;a talSh wud;HdxYhg wh;a mdi,a o úh' cd;sl mdi,aj,wdrïNh fufia isÿ úh' m<d;a 8l wOHdmk mßmd,kh fï wkqj fjkia úh'uOHu wdKavqfõ wOHdmk weue;s;=udg cd;sl mdi,a" msßfjka" úYaj úµd,";dlaIKsl úµd," .=re úµd, iy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh o wh;a úh' m<d;aiNdj, wOHdmk mßmd,kfha n,h m<d;a wOHdmk weue;s;=udg ysñ úh' úµdwOHdmkhg n,mdk úfYaI iïm;la jkqfha úµd mqyqKq .=re ixLHdjhs' úµdj".Ks;h" hk úIhhkag mj;sk .=re ysÕh .ek ks;r idlÉPdjg Ndckh fõ'kd.ßl" iïm;a nyq, mdi,aj, .=re w;sßla;hla mj;sk w;r" .ïno" ÿIalrm<d;aj, .=re ysÕhla mj;S' úµd mSGj,g YsIHhka n|jd f.k .=rejreka f,imqyqKq lsÍug o" wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldfõ ks¾foaY Wmfhda.S úh' úµd mSG .=reúÿy,aj,ska fjkia fõ' .=re úÿy,aj,g f;dard .kq ,nkafka fiajfha fh§ isák.=rejreka jk w;r úµd mSGj,g f;dard .kq ,nkafka w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<iu;a" hï iSudjlg ,l=Kq ,nd .;a jhi wjq' 21 fyda 22g wvq" wkd.;fha .=rejD;a;shg ne£ug leu;s ;reK ;reKshka h' mQ¾K fkajdisl mqyqKqjls'

úoHdj yd .Ks;h úIhh i|yd úµd mSG

11 jk j.=j( úµdj yd .Ks;h úIh i|yd n|jd .;a .=rejreka

úµd mSGh mdGud,dj YsIH ixLHdj

1985 1986 1987

ks,aj,d úµdj - 81 68

.Ks;h - - 56

ishkE úµdj 91 104 135

.Ks;h 32 58 90

1985 jif¾ isg úµdj yd .Ks;h b.ekaùfï .=rjreka mqyqKq lsÍfï fowjqreÿ mdGud,djla cd;sl wOHdmk úµd mSGj, l%shd;aul úh'

335

1994-1999 úoHd wOHdmkfha bÈß .uk

kj ckdêm;sks pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;skshf.a md,k iuhwOHdmkfha bÈß .uk ms<sn| j jvd;a m%pdrd;aul jev igyka bÈßm;a jQhq.hls' ckdêm;s wd¾' fm%auodi ue;s;=udf.a md,k iufha ;reKhka ms<sn|ckdêm;s fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfjka ^1990& biau;= l< wOHdmkh yd fiajdkshqla;sh w;r fkd .e<mSu o" 1992 § bÈßm;a jQ cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdfõ m<uq jk jd¾;dfõ ks¾foaY o wOHdmkfha fjkialï i|yd fhdod.kakd ,§' cd;sl wOHdmkhl cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy YsIHhkag ,nd Èh hq;=ksmqK;d lÜg, 5la fuys § wjOdrKh fldg bÈßm;a lrk ,§' cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNd m<uq jk jd¾;dj fy<s olajk úg w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< yeoEreYsIH ixLHd m%;sY;

1' l,d úIh Odrdj - 44]

2' jdKsc úIh Odrdj - 29]

3' úµd úIh Odrdj - 27] f,i o úh'

tfy;a w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµdj yd .Ks;h wiu;a m%;sY;h b;dby< úh' fuhg m%;sl¾uhla f,i uÜgï 2l m%Yak m;% bÈßm;a lrk ,§' úµdjI yd úµdj II o .Ks;h I yd .Ks;h II o f,i myiq uÜgu yd jvd by<uÜgfï f,i fuh fnod olajk ,§' 1999 yd 2000 jirj, § fuu uÜgï folgisiqyq bÈßm;a jQy' jvd ir, uÜgu" úµdj úIh Odrdfjka Wiia fm< bf.kSugfhduq fkd jk wh i|yd úh' 1994 úµdj yd ;dlaIKh jeä ÈhqKq lsÍfï mk;iïu; lr .kakd ,§' cd;sl úµd iNdj o msysgqjk ,oafoa fuu jif¾ § h'

úoHdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh1999 isg úµdj úIhh fjkqjg úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh hk kj úIh

y÷kajd fok ,§' 1999 isg kj úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh l%shd;aul lrk ,ow;r th yh jk yd kj jk fY%aKsj,ska tl úg wrUd jißka jir bÈßhg f.khdug ie,iqï lrk ,§'

ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldhwOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;H ßpâ m;srK weue;s;=ud m%uqL 15

fokl=f.ka hq;= ckdêm;s ld¾h idOl n,ldh msysgqùu m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK.ekSu i|yd .;a jeo.;a mshjrls' fuu lñgqjg úµd wOHdmkh ms<sn| ukdm<mqreoaola we;s uyskao rKùr uy;d we;=<;a ùu o jeo.;a h'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ ks¾foaY ;j ÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hduo fï hq.fha isÿ úh' úfYaIfhka u cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq yd fmdÿ ksmqK;d lÜg,5 o wjOdrKh fldg olajk ,§' tu cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq kï"

i. l%shdYS,S cd;sl taldnoaO;djla cd;sl wkkH;dj yd cd;sl iu.shf.dvkeÕSu'

336

ii. mD:Q, jYfhka úisfrk iudc idOdrK rgd msysgqùu'

iii. ±ßh yels Ôjk rgdjla f.dvkeÕSu'

iv. Wodr" wd;au ;Dma;shla f.k fok /lshd wjia:d cks; lsÍu'

v. cd;sfha iudÔh yd wd¾Ól j¾Okhg rel=,la jk udkj iïm;aixj¾Okh i|yd úúO wjia:d ie,iSu'

vi. tlsfkld .ek wLKav jQ;a .eUqre jQ;a ie,ls,a,la ±laùfï ixl,amh;yjqre jk cd;sh f.dvkeÕSfï ld¾hfha l%shdYS,S iyNd.s;ajh

vii. ksr;=re j fjkia jk f,dalfha wNsfhda.hg uqyqK mdkakg yels jkmßÈ wkqj¾;k rgd f.dvkeÕSfï yd ;ukaf.a yd wkHhkaf.awNsjDoaêhg Wod jk fia tu fjkia ùu yiqre ùfï Yla;sh ÈhqKq lr.ekSu'

viii.ia:djr;ajh yd iqrlaIs; Ndjh cks; lrjkakd jQ wkfmalaIs; ydjHdl+, wjia:djkag uqyqK §fï Yla;sh ÈhqKq lsÍu'

ix. cd;Hka;r iudcfha f.!rjkSh ia:dkhla we;s lr .ekSug Wmfhda.Sjk yelshdjka j¾Okh lsÍu'

uQ,dY%h( 19 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK 1999 ckjdß-cd' w' fld$wOH'wud'$cd'w'wd' taldnoaO

m%ldYk&1919191919

fmdÿ ksmqK;d 5ka úµd wOHdmkhg n,mdk ksmqK;d lSmhla u wh;a úh'tu fmdÿ ksmqK;d 5 kï"

i. ikaksfõokh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

^idlaIr;dj" .Kkh" udkkh yd rEmKh&

ii. mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

^iudc" Ôj" yd fN!;sl mßirh&

iii. wdpdr O¾u yd wd.ug wod< ksmqK;d

iv. l%Svd yd úfõlh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

v. bf.kSug bf.kSu ms<sn| ksmqK;d

úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh b.ekaùu 6 fY%aKsfha fkd j 7 fY%aKsfhaisg wdrïN lrk ,§' fuf;la 6 fY%aKsfha b.ekajQ úµdj yd iudc wOHhkhúIh fol tla fldg 'mßir wOHhkh' bÈßm;a lrk ,§' úµdj yd ;dlaIKhi;shlg ld,fþo 6 ne.ska fjka lrk ,§' úµdj yd ;dlaIKh úIhfha i;shlgtla ld, fþohla lKavdhï jev i|yd fjka fldg tu l%shdldrlï o kï lsÍujeo.;a h'

337

mdi,a mokï lr .;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj<

S. B. A. (School Based Assesments)

fï hq.fha isÿ jQ ;j;a úfYaI fjkila kï mdi,a mdol we.hSï l%uhy÷kajd §uhs (School Based Assesments). mdi, ;=< § isiqkaf.a úIh we.hSï ydidOk uÜgï uek ne,Sug mdi,g mjrk ,§' jdr wjidkfha ta ms<sn| jd¾;djlafoudmshkg heùug ilia lrk ,§' t fia u zjirZ f,i y÷kajk ,o mka;skej; zfY%aKshZ f,i y÷kajd §u wrUk ,§ ^wOH wud' pl%f,aL 1998$05&'

mdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< u.ska YsIH ksmqK;d uek tai|yd ksmqK;d uÜgï 5la m%odkh lrk ,§'

12 jk j.=j( ,l=Kq wkqj ksmqK;d uÜgu

,l=Kq uÜgu

9" 10 1

8 2

6" 7 3

4" 5 4

3 5

mka;s ldurh ;=< YsIHhd úiska lrkq ,nk jHdmD;s" mejreï" m%dfhda.sljev hk úúO we.hSï fï i|yd fhdod f.k ksmqK;d lrd <Õd jkafka ±Zhs;lafiare lsÍu .=rejrhdg ysñ ld¾hhla úh' ta i|yd ks¾Kdhl o imhk ,§'úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh i|yd fuh fndfyda ÿrg wod< h'

fuys § úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fï i|yd we.hSï m%fNao lSmhlafhdackd lrk ,§' tkï

1' mejreu 2' jHdmD;s

3' iólaIK 4' .fõIK

5' ksÍlaIK 6' m%o¾Yk

7' fCI;% pdßld 8' flá ,sÅ;

9' jHQy.; rpkd 10' ks¾udK

11' Y%jK 12' m%dfhda.sl jev

13' l:kh 14' iajhx ks¾udK ix.%yh

15' lKavdhï jev 16' ixl,am is;shu

17' oaú;aj igyka

fuu úúO we.hSï ish,a, u fkd j" ta ta úIhh yd mdvug wkqj wod<we.hSï f;dard .; hq;= úh'

338

1999 jk úg úµdj" .Ks;h .=rejreka ms<sn| o;a; fufia úh'

13 jk j.=j( iqÿiqlï wkqj úµdj yd .Ks;h .=re ixLHdj

iqÿiqlï ixLHdj

OL yd AL iqÿiqlï ,enQ 1016

iy;sl ,;a 261

kqmqyqKq 3116

.Ks; mqyqKq 8846

úµd mqyqKq 10"157

úfYaI .Ks; WmdêOdß 365

Ôj úµd WmdêOdß 2415

fN!;sl úµd WmdêOdß 2084

uq¿ ixLHdj 19410

uQ,dY%h ( National Seminar on secondary School (6-11) Curriculum 2002 - NIE Reserch

Unit - Issue Page 320

úoHdj úIhh" ;dCIKfõoh iuÕ fldf;la ÿrg iïnkaOoehs fmkaùulamdi,a ;=< b.ekajQ úIh ud,dj ;=<ska biau;= fkdúK' w'fmd'i' id'fm< i|yd.Ks;h úIh iu;aùu wksjd¾h ùu ksid fndfyda isiqkg úoHdj ;j ÿrg;abf.kSfï wjia:dj fkd,efí fuh" mj;sk .eg¨jla f,i 2002 jif¾ iema;eïn¾ui cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha meje;a jQ oaú;shsl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j jQ cd;sliïuka;%Kfha § biau;= fldg olajk ,§' kj iyY%lfha § úIh ixfYdaOkhgmshjr .kafka ta wkqj h'

úµdj yd ;dlaIK úIhh m%;sM, fufia úh'

14 jk j.=j( úµdj yd ;dlaIKh' m%;sM,(

fYa%Ksh mdi,a m%;sY;h fm!oa.,sl m%;sY; tl;=j m%;sY;hwhÿïlrejka whÿïlrejka

A 19381 6.07 88 0.03 19469 6.10

B 17966 5.63 224 0.07 18190 5.70

C 47432 14.85 1166 0.37 48598 15.22

S 83494 26.14 3341 1.05 86834 27.19

W 140152 43.88 6152 1.93 146304 45.81

tl;=j 308425 96'57 10970 3'43 319395100'00uQ,dY%h(

2002 úµdj we.hSï jd¾;dj - úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j2121212121

339

lKavdhï jHdmD;s iy flaj, jHdmD;s f,i fohdldrhla ;sîu ksididuQysl j.lSu ms<sn| j YsIHhd fhduq úh' wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl idudkH ydWiia fm< úNd. iy;slfha mdi,a mdol we.hSïj,ska ,o ksmqK;d uÜgu oi|yka lsÍug úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j mshjr .kakd ,§' úNd.h meje;aùug fmrmdi,ska tu we.hSïj, ksmqK;d uÜgï" úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska f.kajd.kakd ,§' 1998 isg .=re jd¾;d fmd;la iy YsIH jd¾;d fmd;la o w'fmd'i' Wiia

fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák isiqka i|yd iïmQ¾K l< hq;= úh' w'fmd'i' Wiiafm< fmkS isáh hq;= úIhh ixLHdj 4 isg 3 olajd wvq lrk ,§' WoaNsoúoHdj yd i;aj úoHdj fjkqjg Ôj úoHdj o Wiia .Ks;h yd jHjydßl.Ks;h fjkqjg ixhqla; .Ks;h o y|qkajd fok ,§'

2000-2008 kj iyY%lfha wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd úoHd wOHdmkh

2003-cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ m<uq jd¾;dj msg ù jir oyhlg;a miqj h tys fo jeks jd¾;dj t<s olajkqfha' fï jk úg wOHdmk lafIa;%hg tla jQkj .eg¨ o úi£ug isÿ j we;' tu jd¾;dj u olajk mßÈ zzwOHdmkfha.=Kd;aul Ndjh fuka u iudc ia:djr;ajh" cd;sl talSh;ajh" udkj idrO¾u"jev f,dalh flfrys fm!oa.,sl Wmk;sh hk lreKq m%udKj;a mßÈ WiiauÜgulska mj;ajd .ekSug wOHdmk moaO;sh wfmdfydi;a ù we;'ZZ

fuu jd¾;dfõ idrdxYfha wxl 54 hgf;a .Ks;h" úµdj yd f;dr;=re;dlaIKh b.ekaùu by< kexùu hk ud;Dldj hgf;a kj fhdackd 9la bÈßm;alr we;' tkï"

i. yh jk fY%aKsfha mßir wOHhkh o 7-11 úµdj yd ;dlaIK úIhhkao 7 fY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh olajd zúµdjZ úIhh o jvd mD:Q, f,iy÷kajd §u'

ii. úµdj yd .Ks;h i|yd l%shdldÍ uQ,sl msúiqula ,nd §u'

iii. úµd.dr myiqlï yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIK myiqlï ,nd §u'

iv. mdi,a mdol we.hSï" m%dfhda.sl jev yd jHdmD;s" mejreï u.ska Yla;su;alsÍu'

v. úµdj yodrk YsIHhkag bx.%Sis udOHfhka b.ekaùug ie,eiaùu'

vi. udOH" úµd uOHia:dk" úµd Whka l|jqre uÕska úµdj b.ekaùuckm%sh lrùu'

vii. mß.Kl wOHdmkh" lksIaG" oaú;Shsl yd .=re wOHdmkhg y÷kajd §u'

viii.w' fmd' i' id'fm<& yd w'fmd'i' W'fm<& f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh yeoEÍugmyiqlï ie,iSu'

ix. w' fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd úµdj yd .Ks;h b.ekaùfï myiqlï IC

mdi,aj,g jir 3la ^jevigyklska& ;=< ,nd §u'

uQ,dY%h( 2003 cd' w' fldñIu jd¾;dj

340

tfuka u m<uq 1992& wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ olajd ;snQ ksmqK;d5 fjkqjg ksmqK;d 7la y÷kajd fok ,§' tkï

1' ikaksfõok ksmqK;d

^fuhg f;dr;=re ;dlaIK m%ùK;ajh o we;=<;a lrk ,§'&

2' fm!reI j¾Ok ksmqK;d

^óg ks¾udKYS,S nj" wmidß Ñka;kh" wdrïN lsÍfï Yla;sh" ;SrK.ekSu" .eg¨ ksrdlrKh" úpdrYS,S Ñka;kh" lKavdhï yeÕSfukajev lsÍu" wka;¾ mqoa., in|;d" kj fidhd .ekSï" .fõIKh"ú.%yd;aul Ñka;kh" jeks l=i,;d o" bjiSu" udkj wNsudkhg .relsÍu" Rcq .=Kh o wh;a úh'&

3' mßirhg wod< ksmqK;d

^iudc mßirh" ffcj mßirh yd fN!;sl mßirh ms<sn| uq, §wjOdkh fhduq fkd jQ lafIa;% o wdjrKh lrk ,§'&

4' jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùfï ksmqK;d

5' wd.u yd wdpdr O¾u ms<sn| ksmqK;d

6' l%Svd yd úfõlh ms<sn| ksmqK;d

7' bf.kqug bf.kqu ms<sn| ksmqK;d2222222222

fuys 2 yd 4 jk ksmqK;d w¨;ska tla lrk ,o wx. fõ' Èfkka Èkfjkia jk f,dalh iu. hdj;ald,Sk ùu i|yd ,nd .; hq;= ksmqK;d o fufiakùlrKhg Ndckh úh'

fï whqßka kj iyY%lfha § Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%shdj,sh kùlrKhgm;a úh' tfuka u 6-11 fY%aKs i|yd úµdj úIhh b.ekaùfuka n,dfmdfrd;a;=jk wNsu;d¾: o my; i|yka mßÈ bÈßm;a lr we;'

2003 isg 6-11 fY%aKs i|yd úoHdj kj úIh wNsu;d¾:(

1' wdiajdockl bf.kqï mßirhla ;=<ska úµd;aul ixl,amh yd uQ,O¾ul%udkql+, j f.dvk.d .kshs'

2' úµdfõ yd úµd;aul l%uh WÑ; whqßka fhdod .ksñka .eg¨ úi|SugwjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

3' mßir iïm;aj, úNjH;d wjfndaO lr .ksñka tu iïm;a m%{df.daprl<ukdlrKh lsÍug wjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

4' YdÍßl yd udkisl jYfhka fi!LH iïmkak Ôjk rgdjla i|yd úµd{dkh fhdod .ekSug wod< ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

5' foaYfha ixj¾Okhg odhl úh yels id¾:l mqrjeishl= f,i" iduQysl jÔj;a ùu i|yd o" jeäÿr wOHdmkh yd wkd.; /lshd i|yd o wjYHksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

341

6' iajdNdúl ixisoaê yd úYajh ms<sn| úµd;aul moku wjfndaO lr .ekSugwjYH ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'

7' n,h yd Yla;sh Ndú;fha § M,odhs;dj yd ld¾hlaIu;dj m%Yia; uÜgulgj¾Okh lr .ekSu i|yd WÑ; ;dlaIKh fhdod .ekSug W;aiql fjhs'

8' úµdfõ .;sl iajNdjh yd iSudjka y÷kdf.k tÈfkod Ôú;fha w;aú¢k isÿùï yd úúO udOH Tiafia ,efnk f;dr;=re úµd;aul ks¾Kdhkwkqj we.hSfï l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .kshs'2323232323

uQ,dY%h( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 2003& úµdj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh" úµdj" fi!LHyd YdÍßl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j' uyr.u' msgqj 03'

mß.Kl$f;dr;=re ;dlaIK hq.h

2002 jif¾ isg f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh l%shd;aullrk ,§' th ih wjqreÿ Wmdh ud¾.sl ie,eiaula l%shdjg kxjd we;'

SEMP oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK jHdmD;sfha 1 hgf;a wdishdkq ixj¾Oknexl=j (ADB) fkda¾äla ixj¾Ok wruqo, yd rdcH wruqof,a o wdfhdackfhkaremsh,a ñ,shk 7220la fhdojd mß.Kl uOHia:dk 1000la o" nyq udOH tall2300la o" mdi,a úµd.dr 300la o" mßir úµd.dr 36la o" mß.Kl iïm;auOHia:dk 30la o wdrïN lsÍug mshjr f.k we;' ta i|yd .=rejreka mqyqKqlsÍu o wdrïN lr we;'

fuu SEMP-II oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK jHdmD;sh fojeks wÈhr hgf;afvd,¾ ñ,shk 47la fjka fldg we;s w;r tuÕska fuu myiqlï ;jÿrg;ajHdma; flf¾'

2007 kj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu

2007 jif¾ § 6 yd 10 fY%aKs i|yd o" 2008 jif¾ § 7 yd 11 fY%aKs i|ydo" 2009 È 8 fY%aKsh i|yd o" 2010 § 9 jk fY%aKsh i|yd o kj úIh ud,djl%shd;aul flf¾' ta iu. l%ufhka merKs úIh ks¾foaYh bj;a flfrk whqrej.= igyklska fufia ±laúh yels h'

15 jk j.=j ( kj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu

j¾Ih 6 7 8 9 10 11fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh fY%aKsh

2007 NS OS OS OS NS OS

2008 NS NS OS OS NS NS

2009 NS NS NS OS NS OS

2010 NS NS NS NS NS NS

NS = kj úIh ud,dj ^2006$09 wkqj& OS = merKs úIh ud,dj ^1999$45 wkqj&

uQ,dY%h( pl%f,aL 2006$09 wOHdmk wud;HdxYh24

342

6 - 9 fY%aKs i|yd úµdj úIhh i;shg ld,fþo 5 ne.ska o" 10-11 fY%aKsi|yd ld, fþo 6 ne.ska o fjka lr we;' jHdmD;s yd l%shdldrlï mdol f,ib.ekafjk w;r mdi,a mdol we.hSï o l%shd;aul flf¾'

2007 jif¾ úIhud,d m%;sixialrKh

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj yd l%shdldrlï

2007 jif¾ § ksmqK;d mdol f,i bf.kqï l%shdj,sh kj rgdjlg ilialr we;' fuh 5E l%uh f,i ye¢kafõ' tfia ye¢kafjkafka bx.%Sis E wl=frkawdrïN jk mshjr 5lska b.ekafjk neúks' tkï

1. kshqla;slrKh - Engagement

2. .fõIKh - Exploration

3. újrKh - Explanation

4. úia;drKh - Elaboration

5. ;lafiarej - Evaluation

iEu mdvula u l%shdldÍ" YsIHhd flakaø lr .;a wdldrhg bÈßm;a flf¾'ksmqK;dj f,i y÷kajkafka ±kqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d iu. mqoa.,hska w;r mj;skyelshd tl;= fldg f.k" f.dv kÕd .kakd Ôú; mqreoaola f,i h'

2007 jif¾ isg wdrïN jQ kj úIhud,djg w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< isiqyq2008 foieïn¾ ui fmkS isáhy' fuu úIh ixfYdaOkh wkqj w'fmd'i' idudkHfm< úNd.hg wksjd¾h úIhh 6la o úIh ldKav 3lska f;dard .; hq;= úIh 3lao we;=¿ j uq¿ úIhh 09lg fmkS isáh hq;= h' tu úIh ixl,kh fu fia h'

yr úIhh

1' wd.u

2' NdIdj yd idys;Hh

3' .Ks;h

4' bx.%Sis

5' b;sydih

6' úµdj

m<uq úIh ldKavh

1' N+f.da,h

2' mqrjeis wOHdmkh yd m%cd md,kh

3' jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh

4' iïNdjH yd kQ;k NdId

5' fojk NdIdj

343

6' jHdmdr yd .sKqï

fojeks úIh ldKavh

1' ix.S;h

2' Ñ;%

3' kegqï

4' kdgH yd rx.l,dj

5' idys;H ridiajdoh

f;jk úIh ldKavh

1' f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

2' lDIs yd wdydr ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

3' ëjr yd wdydr ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh

4' ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh

5' Ys,am l,d

6' .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj

7' úµq;a f,aLklrKh yd ,>qf,aLkh

8' fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

9' ikaksfõokh yd udOH wOHhkh

m<uq úIh ldKavhg úIhhka 13la o fojk ldKavhg úIh j¾. 13la of;jk úIh ldKavhg úIh j¾. 11la o wh;a fõ' ta ta wd.ï o idys;Hhka ofi!kao¾h úIhhka o /ila we;s neúks' uq¿ úIh ixLHdj 94 ls'

úoHdj m%Yak m;%h( w'fmd'i idudkH fm< úNd.h

m%Yak m;% 2 ls' I m;%h i|yd meh 01ls' th nyqjrK m%Yak 40lska hq;= h'ridhk úµdj" fN!;sl úµdj yd Ôj úµdj hk úIh lafIa;%hkaf.ka m%Yak 12ne.ska o" ld,Sk ud;Dld hgf;a m%Yak 4la o we;=<;a flfrk w;r uq¿ ,l=Kq80ls'

úµdj II m%Yak m;%hg ld,h meh 03ls' th A yd B f,i fldgia 2ls' A

fldgfia jHQy.; m%Yak 4ls' m%Yak m;%fha u ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h' fuu m%Yak4ka 1la" ridhk" fN!;sl" Ôj úµdjka 3ka u ifudaOdks; j ilia l< m%Yakhls'b;sß m%Yak 3" tu tla tla úIh lafIa;%hg fjka jQ tajd h' ,l=Kq 15 ne.ska uq¿,l=Kq 60ls'

úµdj II B fldgi ridhk" fN!;sl iy Ôj úµdj hk tla tla lafIa;%fhkam%Yak 2 ne.ska bÈßm;a fõ' fuu jHQy.; rpkd m%Yak tla tla fldgiska 1 ne.skaf;dard uq¿ m%Yak 3 lg ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= h' m%Yakhlg ,l=Kq 20 ne.ska uq¿,l=Kq 60ls' wjidkfha m%Yak 2 u ,l=Kq tl;= fldg 2ka fnod m%;sY;h .Kkhflf¾'

344

úoHdj - .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh

úµdj úIhh b.ekaùfï È wod< ksmqK;d uÜgu ;lafiare l< yels mßÈWmfoia wvx.= fmd;la" ta ta fY%aKsh i|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhka ilialr .=rejreka fj; fnod yer ;sfí' tys tla tla mdvula i|yd

1' ksmqK;d uÜgu

2' l%shdldrlu

3' ld,h

4' .=Kd;aul fhojqï

5' bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh hk"

wod< mshjr o olajd ;sîu" ish¨ u mdi,aj, bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,shtl iudk uÜgulska bÈßm;a lsÍug myiqjls' mka;sfha isiqka lKavdhïj,gfnod úúO ld¾hhka mjrd" .fõIKh" újrKh" nqoaê l,ïnkh jeksl%shdldrlïj, fhdojd" wjidkfha lKavdhï tla /ia fldg ;u jd¾;d bÈßm;alrhs' ta wkqj iudf,dapkfhka miq we.ehSu flf¾' úµdj úIhh fndfyda ÿrgl%shdldÍ yd m%dfhda.sl jev úIhhla neúka fuu l%uh is;a.kakdiq¨ id¾:ll%uhla ù we;'

úYaj úoHd, wOHdmkh yd úµdj

,xld úYaj úµd,h 1942 wxl 20 ork ,xld úYaj úµd, mk; uÕska 1942cQ,s 01 Èk isg wdrïN úh' ,xld ffjµ úµd,h yd úYaj úµd, fld,sðh hkwdh;k fol taldnoaO fldg tla úYaj úµd,hla njg m;a lrk ,§' úµd ydffjµ úµd mSG o we;=<;a fldg mgka .;a fuh" fmardfoKsfha kj f.dvke.s,sj,fkajdisl iajdëk úYaj úµd,hla f,i wrUk ,o jqj o" bxðfkare wxYh 1950§ o" lDIs yd mY= ffjµ wxYh 1953 § o f,i m%udo ù l%shd;aul úh' 1954 isg úYajúµd,j,ska msg jQ WmdêOdÍkaf.ka úµd WmdêOdÍkaf.a ixLHd fufia úh'

16 jk j.=j( oYl y;rl úYaj úµd, ;=<ska msg jQ úµd YsIH Odß;dj

jir uq¿ B.Sc. ffjµ B.Sc. BSc. BVSc. B.Ds.

.Kk Ôj MBBS. bxð lDIs mY= oka;$fN!;s ffjµ

1954 354 52 95 23 06 07 -

1955 475 64 147 31 05 08 -

1956 487 90 129 18 04 08 03

1957 549 117 115 24 07 03 01

1958 528 94 123 19 06 05 07

1959 533 110 89 31 04 06 07

345

1960 640 139 87 30 05 04 09

1961 759 128 132 45 10 03 05

1962 1222 125 133 49 10 01 08

1963 1527 166 127 53 07 06 06

1964 2151 170 157 55 01 05 06

1965 2134 214 208 81 29 08 07

1966 3074 208 203 95 25 15 17

1967 3575 238 267 100 13 13 21

1968 4614 190 403 113 22 18 21

1969 4317 234 216 135 26 18 27

1970 3735 323 282 206 24 13 25

1971 3935 278 261 165 27 14 27

1972 3944 347 249 222 48 25 23

1973 3851 377 258 231 43 03 22

1974 3008 403 180 270 47 17 38

1975 2674 434 251 242 56 20 50

1976 4027 417 164 230 88 03 33

1977 3313 482 128 246 100 21 16

1978 3395 621 189 258 98 30 43

1979 3391 515 257 221 112 24 45

1980 3908 619 230 222 110 25 36

1981 3670 695 255 220 109 22 42

1982 - 646 261 125 26 48

^l=udrodi úl%ur;ak - 1984&

uQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xldfõ úµd wOHdmk úldYkh - wdfhdack yd m%;s,dN ms<sn| wOHhkhla -wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s ksnkaOk (M203) wm%ldYs; fld<U úYaj úµd,h&25

17 jk j.=j ( úµd .=rejreka ms<sn| ixLHd - 1975-1982

j¾Ih 1975 1976 1977 1978 1979 1980 1981 1982

úIh lafIa;%h

Ôj$fN!;sl 1194 1319 1380 1643 1909 1876 2133

úµd$.Ks; ämaf,daud 128 155 2550 299 187 205 247

úfYaI mqyqKq úµd 2366 2458 2985 3022 3682 5654 4091

úfYaI mqyqKq .Ks; 2007 2145 2601 2610 3471 3355 4006iy;sl fkd ,;a

úµd$.Ks; 6290 7075 6505 6008 5705 4893 3918

uQ,dY%h ( wOHdmk wud;HdxY ixLHd f,aLk 19822626262626

346

úYaj úoHd,hSh mdGud,d úúOdx.SlrKh ùu

1942 isg 1957 w;r ld,fha § ,xld úYaj úµd,fha ld¾hNdrhiïm%odhdkql+, úIh m:hl fldgq ù ;snqKs' tfy;a úfµdaoh yd úµd,xldrmsßfjka úYaj úµd, njg m;a jQ miq" úYaj úµd, lafIa;%h YS>%fhka j¾Okhjkakg úh' fuu úfµdaoh úYaj úµd,h wo chj¾Okmqr úYaj úµd,h f,io" úµd,xldrh wo le,Ksh úYaj úµd,h f,i o ye¢kafõ' 1966 yd 1972 úYajúµd, mk;aj,g wkqj wOHhk wxYh Ndr j fifkÜ iNdjg n,h mejreKs'bka miq 1978 úYaj úµd, mk;ska úYaj úµd, m%;smdok iNdj ìys úh' ta wkqjúYaj úµd, ms<sn| n,;, /ila úYaj úµd, m%;smdok iNdjg mejreKs'

újD; úYaj úµd,h

1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldfjka fhdað; j 1980 § msysgqjk ,o újD; úYajúµd,h wo Wiia wOHdmkfha jeo.;a ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrhs' ;dlaIKfõ§Wmdê mdGud,d fuka u" wOHdmkh ms<sn| mYapdoa Wmdê ämaf,daudj yd mYapdoaWmdê msßkeóu o" iajNdj úµd mSGh uÕska úµdfõ§ Wmdê mdGud,d msßkeóuo újD; úYaj úµd,fha;a" i;=gqodhl uÜgñka l%shd;aul fõ' idïm%odhsl úYajúµd,hg msúiSug jrï fkd ,o wh i|yd msysgqjk ,o fuh m%dfoaYSh uOHia:dko iys; j kqf.af.dv kdj, msysá w;súYd, N+ñ Nd.hl ukrï f.dvke.s,smoaO;shla iys; j iïmQ¾K úYaj úµd, mßirhla f.dv kÕd we;' úµdWmdêOdÍka ìyslsÍfï § úYsIag fufyhla lrhs'

rgg .e<fmk kj wjYH;djkag" fiajd kshqla;shg b,a¨u imqrd,sh yelsmdGud,d we;s lsÍug úYaj úµd,j, isÿ úh Wod(- ^fmaIl¾u" fudaia;r ks¾udKh"ks¾ñ; mßirh" f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" iduh yd .egqï l<ukdlrKh& w'fmd'i'Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isák uq¿ YsIH ixLHdj yd ii|k úg bka 6] muKwju iqÿiqlï ,n;s' tfy;a úYaj úµd, m%fõYhg wjia:dj ,efnkqfha wjuiqÿiqlï ,;a ixLHdfjka 15]lg muKs' 1993 isg fuh fjkia ù we;af;a iq¿jYfhks'

18 jk j.=j ( 1993 isg úYaj úoHd,hSh m%fõYhka

Wiia wOHhk fmkS isá wju f;dard .;a f;dard .;a f;dard .;afm< j¾Ih uq¿ YsIH iqqÿiqlï YsIH .Kk" .Kk"úNd. .Kk ,enQ ixLHdj uq¿ YsIH iqÿiqlïj¾Ih .Kfka ,;a .Kkska

m%;sY;h m%;sY;h

1993 94$95 144573 59292 9460 6'5 15'9

1994 95$96 148883 56740 9787 6'6 17'2

1995 96$97 136728 70379 11200 8'2 15'9

1996 97$98 141161 71846 11658 8'3 16'2

347

1997 98$99 142336 73570 11901 8'4 16'2

1998 99$2000 147853 73422 11821 8'0 16'1

1999 2000$01 169679 73561 12040 7'0 16'3

2000 2001$02 214189 91676 12132 5'7 13'2

2001 2002$03 218441 98432 12654 5'8 13

2002 2002$03 210141 92252 13036 6'2 14'1

2003 2003$04 247755 93353 14260 5'8 15'3

2004 2004$05 199937 108357 14850 7'4 13'8

2005 2005$06 204030 118770 17287 8'5 14'6

2006 2006$07 201686 119955 17248 8'6 14'4

2007 2007$08 198183 121421 20069 10'1 16'5

uQ,dY%h( úYaj úµd, m%;smdok fldñIu m%:u Wmdê m%fõYh Wmfoia 200827

úYaj úoHd, m%fõYh yd úoHd wOHdmkh

2008 jir jk úg mej;s 13la jk úYaj úµd, yd fld<U úYaj úµd,fhamß.Kl wOHhkh o" foaYSh ffjµ wdh;kh o tla j .;a l," m%fõYShOdß;dj 18920ls' tu ixLHdfjka 9335la u i|yd fjka j we;af;a w'fmd'i' Wiiafm< úµd úIh Odrdfjka iqÿiqlï ,oaojqka i|yd nj fmkS hhs' fuh úµdwOHhkfha wo mj;sk by< b,a¨u fmkakqï lrhs' fuh uq¿ YsIH we;=<;aùïj,ska49'33l m%;sY;hls' miq.sh oYlfha úYaj úµd,hSh wOHdmkh úµd wxYh fj;keUqrejla fmkajk njg ukd idOlhls fuh'2727272727

19 jk j.=j( 2008 úYaj úµd, m%fõY Odß;dj

úYaj úµd,h uq¿ YsIH úµd YsIH úµd YsIHixLHdj ixLHdj m%;sY;h

1' fld<U ú' úµd,h 2050 645 31'46

2' fmardfoKsh ú' ú' 2525 1625 64'35

3' chj¾Okmqr ú' ú' 2150 605 28'13

4' le,Ksh ú' ú' 1870 570 30'48

5' fudrgqj ú' ú' 1190 1190 100'00

6' hdmkh ú' ú' 1925 830 43'11

7' reyqKq ú' ú' 1635 965 59'02

8' kefÕkysr ú' ú' 1195 545 45'60

348

9' w.aksÈ. ú' ú' 765 150 19'60

10' rcrg ú' ú' 1205 605 50'20

11' inr.uqj ú' ú' 825 330 40'00

12' jhU ú' ú' 585 385 65'81

13' W!j ú' ú' 560 450 80'35

14' foaYSh ffjµwdh;kh 200 200 100'00

15' fld<U ú'mß.Kl wdh;kh 240 240 100'00

tl;=j 18920 9335 49'33

uQ,dY%h( úYaj úµd, m%;smdok fldñiu - m%fõY Wmfoia 20082828282828

349

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190

195

150

160 - 100

140 - 180 - -

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5030

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165

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1948 ka miq úoHd wOHdmkfha ux i,l=Kq

1950 - wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj

1951 - wxl 05 wOHdmk mk;

1952 - ,xld úYaj úµd,fha bxðfkare mSGh wdrïNh

1953 - uyr.u .=re úµd,fha úµd .=re mqqyqKq mdGud,d

1953 - 6 fY%aKsfha wOHdmk udOHh uõni ùu

1955 - úµdj yd .Ks;h mdßNdIsl Yío ud,d ksl=;a lsÍu

1956 - 7 fY%aKsfha isg úµdj uõ niska b.ekaùu

1956 - rdcH NdId m%ldYs; fomd¾;fïka;=j isxyf,ka úµd fmd;a m< lsÍuwdrïNh

1956 - cd;sl NdId fldñiu msysgq ùu

1957 - idudkH úµdj úIh y÷kajd §u

1957 - úµd úIh Ndr iyldr wOlaIjrhl= m;alsßu'

1957 - úµd isxy, udOH .=re mqyqKqj wdrïNh

1958 - 8 fY%aKsfha YsIH;aj uÕska isiqka úµd wOHdmkhg f;dard .ekSu'

1959 - úfµdaoh yd úµd,xldr msßfjka úYaj úµd, njg Wiia lsÍu

1960 - ydä ld¾ñl úµd,h wdrïNh

1960 - wxl 05 WmlD; mdi,a yd .=re úµd, mk;

1961 - wdOdr ,nk mdi,a rchg mjrd .ekSu

1961 - cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu msysgqùu

1961 - úoHd úIh b.ekaùu ms<sn| fmdÿ rdcH uKav, iïfï,kh,xldfõ § meje;aùu

1964 - YsIH .=re úNd.h uÕska úµd .=rejreka f;dard .ekSu'

1961 - mdGud,d ixj¾Ok uKav,hl wdrïNh - ^fuh miqj úIhud,dixj¾Ok uOHia:kh úh&'

1965 - w'fmd'i' id' úµdj ixfYdaê; kj úIh ks¾foaY l%shd;aul lsÍu'

1965 - nyqjrK m%Yak m;% y÷kajd §u

1966 - Wiia wOHdmk mk;

1966 - úfµdaoh úYaj úµd,fha úµd mSGh wdrïNh

1967 - fld<U úYaj úµd,h fjk u úYaj úµd,hla f,i wdrïNh

1967 - úµd,xldr úYaj úµd,fha úµd mSGh wdrïNh

1969 - wOHdmk ishji ieureu

1971 - §m jHdma; úµd wOHdmk ks,OdÍka m;alsÍu

351

1971 - ridhk úµd wdh;kh wdrïNh

1971 - m;a;,f.or úoHd .=re úoHd,h wdrïNh

1972 - fudrgqj úYaj úµd,h wdrïNh

1973 - iïfï,k l%uhg w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& W;a;r m;% we.hSu wdrïNh

1974 - mdi,a fmd;a fkdñ,fha ,nd §u wdrïNh

1976 - úYaj úµd, m%fõYh Èia;%sla yd l=i,;d uÜgñka ;SrKh lsÍu'

1977 - wOHdmk fiajd wud;HdxYh msysgq ùu'

1978 - hdmkh úYaj úµd,h yd úµd mSGh msysgqùu

1979 - reyqKq úYaj úµd,h wdrïNh

1980 - újD; úYaj úµd,h wdrïNh

1981 - wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj bÈßm;a lsÍu

1981 - Ôj úµd wdh;kh msysgq ùu

1984 - fldÜGdi wOHdmk ld¾hd, msysgqùu

1985 - cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;k msysgqùu

1985 - úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska mjrd.ekSu

1985 - 4" 5 fY%aKsj, wdrïNl úµdj y÷kajd §u'

1985 - .=re mqyqKqj i|yd wOHdmk mSG wdrïNh

1987 - m<d;a iNd mdi,a yd cd;sl mdi,a f,i mdi,a fn§u'

1990 - jD;a;Sh wOHdmk fldñiu msysgqùu

1991 - cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu msysgqùu'

1992 - cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIu m<uq jd¾;dj m< lsÍu'

1994 - .=re fiajh ia:dms; lsÍu'

1994 - mß.Kl yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh mdi,a úIhla f,i y÷kajd §u

1994 - úµdj yd ;dlaIKh ÈhqKq lsÍfï mk; kS;s.; lsÍu

1995 - rcrg yd inr.uqj úYaj úµd, wdrïNh

1996 - w.aksÈ. úYaj úµd,h msysgqùu'

1998 - mdi,a mdol we.ehSï y÷kajd §u

- w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< fmkS isák úIh ixLHdj 4 isg 3 olajd wvqlsÍu'

1999 - úµdj yd ;dlaIKfõoh úIhh y÷kajd §u

1999 - jhU úYaj úµd,h wdrïNh

2000 - w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< idudkH fmdÿ mÍlaIKh y÷kajd §u

2002 - úYaj úµd, m%fõYh i|yd Z ,l=Kq fhdod .ekSu'

2003 - cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu - 2 jk jd¾;dj m< lsÍu'

352

2005 - W!j fj,a,iai úYaj úµd,h msysqgùu'

2007 - ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu'

2008 - ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj hgf;a m%:u w'fmd'i' id'fm< úNd.hmeje;aùu'

2009 - jD;a;Sh ;dlaIK úµd úYaj úµd,h wdrïNh3030303030

mdol igyka

1' l=udrKisxy" tka' ^1957&' wOHdmk fmr<sh' fld<U( tï' ã' .=Kfiak iyiud.u' 27 jk msgqj'

2' Ministry of Education (1969). Education in ceylon, A centenary volume - 2.

Ministry of Education. p. 561.

3' refíre" wd¾' ^1971&' ,xld wOHdmkfha ì%;dkH hq.h' fld<U( wefmd;slßiaiy iud.u' 148 jk msgqj'

4' yshqia" ta' Ô' yd mekagka" fÊ' tÉ'" 1937&' idudkH uQ,sl úµdj" isxy, mßj¾;kh'fld<U( ,xldKavqfõ wOHdmk uKav,h' iv jk msgqj'

5' Jayasuriya, J.E. (1969). Education in Ceylon: Before and after Indepen-

dence. Kandy: Associated Educational Publishers. p. 95.

6' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1969&' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh' ishji m%ldYkh' ldKavh2' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 518 jk msgqj'


8' - tu - 757 jk msgqj'

9' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975&' .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï' wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha m;%sld ^wOHdmk weu;s ;=udf.a ymq;f,a ixpdrhfjkqfjka&' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 02 jk msgqj'

10'wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975&' .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï' fld<U( wOHdmkwud;HdxYh' 06 jk msgqj'


12'wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975&' .fï mdi,g úµd myiqlï' wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha m;%sld ^wOHdmk weu;s ;=udf.a ymq;f,a ixpdrhfjkqfjka&' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 04 jk msgqj'

13' - tu - 05 jk msgqj'

14'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1992&' úµd.drh yd tys WmlrK .=re wOHdmkmdGud,dj' fudähq, wxl 112105' 08 jk msgqj'

353

15' Vidya Silpa Institute (1980). Mino lab. Manual for the lab. Colombo: Vidya

Silpa. p. 02.

16' fiakdr;ak" hQ' tia' mS' ^1972&' t<suyka úµd.drh' fld<U' wOHdmk m%ldYkfomd¾;fïka;=j' 07-10 jk msgq'

17' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1978&' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& kj ks¾foaYh' fld<U(úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j' 36 jk msgqj'

18' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1985&' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úµdj we.hSï jd¾;dj'fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j' 02 jk msgqj'

19' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñiu" cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" wOHdmk wud;HdxYh^1999&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK' fld<U( cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'01-02 jk msgq'

20' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2002&' oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIhud,dj ms<sn| cd;sliïuka;%Kh 6-11 fY%aKs' .eg¨ m;%sld wxl 03' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'02 jk msgqj'

21' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j ^2002&' w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úµdj yd;dlaIKfõoh' we.hSï jd¾;dj' fld<U( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j' 02-03 jk msgq'

22' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^2003&' Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkhms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd' fld<U( cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNdj' 64-65 jk msgq'

23' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^2003&' úµdj .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh' uyr.u'úµd" fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j' cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh' 03 jk msgqj'

24' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh 2006&' pl%f,aL wxl 2006$09' kj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aullsÍu' fld<U( wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 01 jk msgqj'

25' úl%ur;ak" fla' ^1984&' Y%S ,xldfõ úµd wOHdmkfha úldYkh - wdfhdackyd m%;s,dN ms<sn| wOHhkhla' wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s ksnkaOk ^M 203&wm%ldYs;' fld<U úYaj úµd,h' 127 jk msgqj'

27' úYaj úµd, m%;smdok fldñiu ^2008&' úYaj úµd, m%:u Wmdê mdGud,dm%fõYh i|yd Wmfoia ix.%yh' fld<U( úYaj úµd, m%;smdok fldñiu'11 jk msgqj'

28' - tu - 08-10 jk msgq'

29' - tu - 08-10 jk msgq'

30' úfÊr;ak" tia' ^2009&' Y%S ,xldfõ úµd wOHdmkfha úldYh' mdkÿr( l¾;Dm%ldYkh' 119-120 jk msgq'

354

09

iudc wOHhkh

rxckS chj¾Ok

idudkH Ydia;%fõ§ ^fmardfoKsh" 1961&" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmkämaf,daud ^fmardfoKsh" 1968&" Ydia;%m;s ^wOHdmk& ^fld<U" 1980&'.=rejßhl" fm<fmd;a f,aÅldjl" wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajfhaks,Odßkshl" cd'w'wd' m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,sOdßkshl" wOHlaIjßhl"cd'w' fldñifï f,alïjßhl yd hqksfi*a wdh;kfha úfYaIWmfoaYljßhl f,i lghq;= lr we;'

ir;apJø chj¾Ok

idudkH Ydia;%fõ§ fmardfoKsh&, mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud^újD;&; úoHdm;s le,Ksh&' .=rejrhl=" fm<fmd;a rplhl=" cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odßhl= úIhud,d ixj¾Okyd ie,iqïlrejl=" hqksfi*a úfYaI{ WmfoaYljrhl= jYfhka olghq;= lr we;'

úis jk ishji ueo Nd.fha ^1945 §& ksoyia wOHdmkh y÷kajd §fukawk;=re j" 1972 § kj wOHdmk fhdackd y÷kajd §u wOHdmk fËa;%fha isÿ jQjeo.;a fjkialu f,i ie,lsh yels h' tf;la fjka fjka úIh jYfhkamdi,aj, W.kajkq ,enQ b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" m%cdpdrh jeks úIh" tuwOHdmk fhdackd hgf;a ziudc wOHhkhZ kñka tla ifudaOdks; úIhhlaf,i y÷kajd fok ,oS'

ì%;dkH md,k iufha y÷kajd fok ,o mdi,a wOHdmk l%uhg wkqj"tf;la meje;s úIhud,dfjka úúO úIh bf.kSug wjia:d i,id fok ,È' tai|yd Ndú; lrk ,oafoa úúO f,aLlhka úiska rpkd lrkq ,enQ fm<fmd;a h'b;sydih" m%cdpdrh jeks úIh iïnkaOfhka tjka f,aLlhka úiska lrkq ,enQw¾:l:k" ngysr wdNdih we;s j flreK neõ fmfkkakg ;sìKs' tfuka u"N+f.da, úoHdj i|yd bÈßm;a lrkq ,enQ WÞyrK úfoia rgj,ska .kq ,enQ tajdúh' ksoyi ,nd oYl follg jeä ld,hla .; j ;snqK o" wmf.a wNs,dI"is;sú,s" wdl,am hg;a úð; hq.fha mej;s ;;a;ajfha u úh' mqyq jákdlï"kdia;sh" mka;s yeÕSSï wdÈhg ;=vq fok ksire Ôjk rgd cd;sl wdl,am u;= ùug

355

ndOl úh' tneúka" tjka iudchl mek k.sk m%Yakj,g úi÷ula ,nd .; yelswOHdmk l%uhl wjYH;dj ;Èka u ±ksKs' ta i|yd y÷kajd fok ,o wOHdmkl%uh iy úIhud,dj ;=< tla m%Odk úIhhla jQfha ziudc wOHhkhZhs'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh( f,dal m%jK;dj

úis jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha § ufkda úµdfõ we;s jQ ÈhqKqj wOHdmklafIa;%fha úúO wxY flfrys n,mEï we;s lrk ,§' tys tla m%;sM,hla jQfhab.ekaùu úIhhg jvd YsIHhd flfrys wjOdkh l< hq;= ld¾hhla njgm;aùuhs' YsIHhd iudÔh Ôúhl= (Social being) ^YsIHhd lsishï iudchliudðlfhla fõ'& f,i i,ld Tyqg ish iudch ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSug yels jk wdldrfhka" úIhud,dfõ úIh ixúOdkh lrk ,§' zzYsIHhdg;u fN!;sl mßirh yd ;ud w;r we;s iïnkaOlï o ;u iudÔh mßirh yd;ud w;r we;s iïnkaO;d o wjfndaO lr .ekSug WmldÍ ùu i|yd weußldtlai;a ckmoh iudc wOHhkh úIhh y÷kajd fok ,§' weußld tlai;ackmofha iudc wOHdmkh úIh yd iïnkaO cd;sl iNdj úiska tu úIh wdY%s;wruqKq 15la y÷kd f.k ;snqKs' ^weuqKqu 01&

tf;la N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih" wd¾Ól úµdj" m%cdpdrh yd foaYmd,kúµdj jeks iudc úµd úIh mdi,aj, W.kajkq ,enQfha tlsfkl yd wiïnkaO;ks úIh jYfhks' úIh rdYshla fjka fjka j bf.kSug isÿùu YsIHhd wmyiq;djgm;a jkakls'

ifudaOdks;Ndjh

tlsfklg fjkia lafIa;%j,ska yd iajNdjhkaf.ka hqla; j" fmdÿ mrud¾:mokï fldg f.k" mq¿,a úIhhla f,i taldnoaO ùu" iudc wOHhkh úIhfhysuQ,sl iajNdjhhs' tfyhska iudc wOHhkh úIhh hgf;a wOHhkh lsÍui|yd fmdÿ f;aud f;dard .kq ,efí' ksoiqkla f,i 9 jk fY%aKsfha YsIHhl= Y%S,xldfõ bvï m%Yakh wOHhkh lsÍfï §" Tyqg" ta flfrys n,mdk fN!;sl"wd¾Ól" idudðl" ft;sydisl" foaYmd,ksl yd ixialD;sl lreKq wOHhkhlsÍug isÿ fõ' tys § N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih" wd¾Ól úµdj" iudc úµdj iyfoaYmd,k úµdj jeks úúO úIh wdY%s; lreKq bf.kSug fhduq fõ' f;dard .;af;audj jk bvï m%Yakh wOHhkh lsÍfï § by; i|yka úIh wdY%s; lreKqtaldnoaO j wOHhkh lsÍu" ifudaOdks; bf.kSu hkqfjka y÷kajkq ,efí'f.iafgda,aÜ ufkda úµdfõ È fmkajd ÿka mßÈ ifudaOdks; wOHhkfha §iuia;h wOHhkh lsÍu ksid YsIHhdg wod< f;audj yd iïnkaO .eg¨jms<sn| ukd wjfndaOhla myiqfjka ,nd .ekSug yels fõ' tu wOHhkh ld,hyd wjldYh wkqj;a isria iy ;sria ifudaaOdks;j;a isÿ fõ'

356

iudc wOHhk úIhfha ixhq;sh yd ifudaOdks;Ndjh

iudc wOHhkh úIhfhys § f;dard.;a fmdÿ f;audjla wOHhkh lrkneúka úúO úIh wdY%s; lreKq taldnoaO j wOHhkh lsÍug isÿfõ' th ifudaOdkslbf.kSuhs'

mdi,a úIhud,djg 1972 § y÷kajd ÿka iudc wOHhkh iÔù wksjd¾húIhhla jYfhka jir 32la furg mdi,a úIhud,dfõ meje;s úIhhls' thweußld tlai;a ckmofha iudc wOHhkh úIhh wdNdifhka furgg y÷kajdÿkakls' ^tfy;a j¾;udk úIhud,dfjka tu úIh bj;alr we;' tu úIhfhysiajNdjh wruqKq iy tjeks úIhhla y÷kajd §ug weußld tlai;a ckmohg;=vqÿka fya;= u;= mrmqrg oek .ekSu i|yd fuu lD;shg weuqKqula f,iwe;=<;a lrk ,§&' iudc wOHhkh úIh m%:ufhka u f,djg y÷kajd fok,oafoa weußld tlai;a ckmoh úisks' trg úIhud,djg tu úIh y÷kajd §ug;=vqÿka fya;= oek .ekSu i|yd weuqKqu 02 wOHhkh lrkak'

furg mdi,a wOHdmkh ,enQ ±kg jhi wjqreÿ 38 jeks úfhys miq jkish¨ fokd u" iudc wOHhkh" úIhhla jYfhka yeoErE wh fj;s' tu úIhhhgf;a YsIHhd ft;sydisl f;dr;=re bf.k .;a; o b;sydih úIhh l%uj;a jyd wLKav j bf.kSula isÿ fkd jk njg u;= jQ fpdaokd ksid cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIfï ks¾foaYh u; 2004 § mdi,a úIhud,dfjka iudc wOHhk úIhhbj;a lr b;sydih úIhh wksjd¾h úIhhla njg m;a lr kej;;a b;sydih"N+f.da, úµdj" mqrjeis mqyqKqj iy m%cdmd,kh hkqfjka fjka lr úIh b.ekafjhs'

iudc wOHhkh y÷kajd §ug fmr úIhud,dj

1967'12'03 Èk iy wxl 48 hgf;a ksl=;a lrk ,o pl%f,aLhlska tu jif¾ckjdß m<uq jk Èk isg 6 jk fY%aKsfha § b.ekaúh hq;= úIh iy i;shlgwod< ld, mßÉfþo ^jryka ;=< olajd we;s mßÈ& my; ±lafjk whqßka úh hq;=

iudcwOHhkh

fmdÿ

f;audj

b;sydihiudcufkdaúoHdj

o¾YkYdia;%h

iudcúoHdj

udkjúoHdj

foaYmd,kúoHdj

wd¾ÓlúoHdj

N+f.da,úoHdj

357

hehs i|yka úh' ta hgf;a W.kajkq ,enQ b;sydih iy N+f.da, úoHdj hk úIhfol ziudc úoHd wOHhkhZ hkqfjka tla f.dkqjlg fjka lrkq ,eî h'

wd.u ^2& iudc úoHd wOHhkh

isxy, $ fou< ^6& ¸' b;sydih ^2&

bx.S%is $^oaú;Sh NdIdj& ^5& ¸¸' N+f.da, úµdj ^2&

uQ,sl .Ks;h ^7& mqrjeis wOHdmkh ^1&

idudkH úµdj 3& fi!kao¾hd;aul úIh ^2&

YdÍßl wOHdmkh ^2&

lDIsl¾uh$ëjr l¾udka;h ms<sn| jev w;a±l=ï ^4&

msßñ <uhska i|yd - ,S jev$f,day jev$.Dy l¾udka;

.eyekq <uhska i|yd - ueyqï jev" .Dy úµdj fyda fjk;a

mßirh wdYs%; ls%hdldß;ajfhda

1970 iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk ksl=;a lrk ,o wxl 178 ork wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha pl%f,aLhg wkqj 1 isg 8 olajd fYa%Ksj, úIh iïnkaO fjkialïlsysmhla isÿ úh' m%d:ñl fYa%Ksj," tkï 1 isg 5 olajd fY%aKsj, úIh w;r b;dlsÜgq w¾:dkaú; iunkaO;djla we;s úh hq;= h hk uQ,O¾uh u; msysgdzYdÍßl yd fi!kao¾hd;aul ls%hdldß;ajfhdaZ" zks¾udKd;aul ls%hdldß;ajfhdaZiy zmßirh wdYs%; ls%hdldÍ;ajfhdaZ hkqfjka úIh f.dkq lsÍula olakg ,enqKs'zmßirh wdYs%; ls%hdldß;ajfhdaZ hk f.dkqjg b;sydih iy N+f.da, úµdj úIho wh;a úh' thg wh;a wfkla úIh jQfha fi!LHh iy iajNdj wOHhkhhs'

tu pl%f,aLhg wkqj 6"7"8 fYa%Ks i|yd iudc úµd wOHhkh-» úIhh"b;sydih hkqfjkq;a" iudc úµd wOHhkh-»» úIhh" N+f.da, úµdj hkqfjkq;akï lr b.ekaùu i|yd i;shlg tla fYa%Kshlg ld, fþo fol ne.ska fjkaflreKs' 6 iy 7 fY%aKsj, mqrjeis mqyqKqj b.ekaùu w;aysgqjkq ,eî h' 8 fYa%Kshi|yd muKla iudc úµd wOHhkh-» ^b;sydih& fjkqfjka ld, fþo 4lafjka lr bka folla m%cdpdrh i|yd fjka l< hq;= neõ o i|yka úh'

by; i|yka pl%f,aLh 1971 ckjdß udifha isg l%shd;aul lsÍug ;SrKhjqj o" th ls%hd;aul l< yels jQfha tla mdi,a jdrhl § muKs' tfia jQfha 1971wfm%a,a 5 jk Þ Èh;a lrkq ,enQ rdcH úfrdaê ;reK wr.,h Èjhsfka m<d;ay;l me;sr hdu fya;=fjks' tu rdcH úfrdaë wr.,h u¾okh lsÍfuka miq jo udi lsysmhla u mdi,a jid ;eîug isÿ úh' wOHdmkfha úIh wka;¾.;hms<sn| j kej; is;d ne,Sug o th tla fya;=jla úh'

358

isiqka úIhOdrdj,g fhduq lsÍu

1960 oYlfha mej;s wOHdmk l%uh jQfha 8 jk fY%aKsh olajd fmdÿwOHdmkhla ,nd §u;a" 8 jk fY%aKsh wjidkfha § olajk olaI;d uÜgï wkqj9 jk fY%aKsfha § úµd fyda l,d úIh Odrdjkaf.ka tllg fhduq lsÍu;a h' tysm%;sM,hla jQfha jhi oy;=k ;rï <dnd, wjÈfha u lsishï tla úIh OdrdjlgYsIHhka fhduq lsÍu fya;=fjka f;dard .;a úIh Odrdjg ndysr úIh ms<sn| jwjfndaOhla Tjqkag fkdue;s ùu h' úµd úIh Odrdj yeoErE YsIHhkag ridhkúµdj" fN!;sl úµdj" WoaNso úµdj hk úIh fjka fjka j yeoEÍug;a" l,d úIhOdrdj yeoErEjkag b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" m%cdpdrh hk úIh fjka fjka jyeoEÍug;a ta wjêfha isÿ úh' ta wkqj YsIHhdf.a ±kqu ;uka m%.=K l< úIhOdrdjg wh;a úIhj,g muKla iSud jQ neúka l,d úIh Odrdj yeoErEjkagúµdj ms<sn| j fyda úµd úIh Odrdj yeoErE YsIHhkag b;sydih" m%cdpdrh jeksúIh fyda bf.kSug wjia:djla fkd ,enqKs'

fuys § oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka isÿ jQfha m%dfhda.sl nfjkaiïmQ¾Kfhka wE;a jQ o" yqfola fmdf;a ±kqug iSud jQ o isiq msßila wOHhkfmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.hg iQodkï lrùu h' tys m%;sM, jYfhkaWiia fm< úNd.h i|yd bf.kSug m%udKj;a iïudk ,nd .ekSug wfmdfydi;ajQ o fyda fmdf;a ±kqug muKla iSud jQjd jQ o wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%idudkH fm< iu;a jQfjda /lshd fidhd .ekSug Wkkaÿ jQy' ksIamdok wxYfha/lshd ;snQ kuq;a ta i|yd Tjqkag iqÿiqlï fkd ;snqKs' tneúka rfÜ ksIamdokls%hdj,shg yjq,a ùug fuu iy;slfhka msájy,la fkd ,eìKs' wiykfhkafmf<k ;reK msßila iudcfha ìysùug fuh o fya;=jla úh' tfyhska rggiïm;la úh hq;= ;reK fm< fujeks ÿ¾Nd.Hhlg m;a fkd flfrk wOHdmkm%;sixialrKhla wjYH úh'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh

úis jk ishjfia ueo Nd.h jk úg ngysr rgj,a tu rgj, wOHdmklafIa;%fha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh ms<sn| j úfYaI jHdmD;s Èh;a lrñka isáhy' tuwdNdih furg wOHdmk lafIa;%h flfrys o n,mE w;r úfYaIfhka oaú;ShslwOHdmkh hgf;a úµd yd .Ks; úIhhkag wod< úIh ks¾foaY kej; ms<sfh,lsÍu yd ixj¾Okh lsÍu o fiajdia: wOHdmkh fyj;a .=re mqyqKqj ms<sn|l%shdldrlï o wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska Èh;a lr ;snqKs'

úµd úIh isxy, yd fou< udOHfhka b.ekaùu jHdma; lsÍu;a iu. úµdiy .Ks; úIh iïnkaO úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= mqM,a úh' úµd iy .Ks;hms<sn| úfYaI jHdmD;sh yd iïnkaO úIhud,d ixj¾Ok lghq;= wOHdmkwud;HdxYh fufyhùfuka urodk ld¾ñl úµd,fha ridhkd.dr wdY%s; bvmyiqlï ,nd f.k tl, l%shd;aul úh'

wfkl=;a úIh yd iïnkaO j úIh ks¾foaY ms<sfh, lsÍu" úIhud,dixj¾Ok lghq;=" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõo yd bf.kqï WmlrK Ndú;h

359

ms<sn| fiajdia: mqyqKqj l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd fjk u wdh;khla msysgqùfïwjYH;dj fï jk úg u;= ù ;snqKs'

tu wjYH;dj imqrd .ekSu msKsi fld<U 7" fn!oaOdf,dal udjf;a wxl255 ys ;=kauy,a f.dvke.s,s follska hqla; j bÈlsÍï lghq;= 1968 § wdrïNlrk ,§' j¾. wä 24105 lska hqla; bv myiqlï iys; fuu bÈlsÍï lghq;=i|yd remsh,a ñ,shk 2'4l úhoula weia;fïka;= lr ;snQ w;r ta i|yd uQ,slúhou rch úiska ork ,§ ^fuu f.dvke.s,s ±kg fld<U úYaj úµd,fhal<ukdlrK wOHhk mSGh i|yd Ndú;hg f.k we;&' bf.kqï wjYH;dWmlrK tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wka;¾ cd;sl <ud wruqo, iy hqfkiaflda wdh;khúiska ,nd ÿka w;r" ì%;dkH uKav,h iy cmdkfha chsld (JICA) jeks wdh;kj,wkq.%yh o ta i|yd ,enqKs'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh msysgqùfuka miq úIhud,dfõ m%OdkúIhhka i|yd úIh lñgq msysgqjd tajdg wjYH ks,OdÍka o wOHdmk wud;HdxYhúiska m;a lrk ,§'

oaú;Shsl úIhud,dfõ úµdj" .Ks;h" uõni" bx.%Sis" iudc wOHhkhiy m%d.a jD;a;Sh hk úIh i|yd fuka u Wiia fm< úµd" l,d iy jdKscHúIh Odrdj, úIhud,d ixfYd aOk iy úIhud,d ixj¾Okh" fuuuOHia:dkfhka l%shd;aul flßKs'

Bg wkql+, j oaú;Shsl mdi,a úIh ks¾foaY ieliSu" .=re w;afmd;a ,sùu"fm< fmd;a ,sùu" fiajdia: .=re mqyqKqj Èh;a lsÍu iy cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.i|yd m%Yak m;% ieliSu o ta ta úIh lñgqj,ska bgq úh' tl u ia:dkhlska fïish,a, l%shd;aul ùu wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okhg bjy,a úh' m%:u jrgm%Odk úIhhka i|yd fiajdia: mqyqKqj" isxy, iy fou< udOHj,ska Èh;alsÍug mQ¾K ld,Sk j wOHdmk Èia;%slalhlg tla .=re WmfoaYljrhl= ne.skam;a lrk ,È' tu .=re WmfoaYljreka úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha m%foaYShksfhdað;hka f,i fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq lghq;= l%shd;aul lrkq ,eî h'

Wiia fm< úIh i|yd;a úIh lñgq m;a lr fiajdia: .=re mqyqKq lghq;=i|yd w¾Old,Sk .=re WmfoaYljreka m;a lr ;sìKs' wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aulixj¾Okhg fuu uOHia:dkfhka úYd, fufyhla bgq flßKs'

w;ayod ne,Sfï mdGud,dj

1972g fmr 8 jk fY%aKsfhka miq úµd yd l,d f,i Odrd follg isiqkafnok ,§' 1971 jir ueo Nd.fha § 8 jk fY%aKsfha § úµd yd l,d f,i Odrdfollg fnÿKq YsIHhkaf.ka zz9" 10 fYa%Ksj, úµd YsIHhka i|yd iudc wOHhkh˜hkqfjka w;ayod ne,Sfï mdGud,djla y÷kajd fokq ,eî h' b;sydih" N+f.da,úµdj" wd¾Ól úµdj" m%cdpdrh" wdKavql%u jeks úIh wka;¾.;hkaf.ka f;dard.;a fldgia kj mdGud¾.hg we;=<;a flßKs' mßirh wdYs%; úIh ms<sn| júµd isiqkag wjfndaOhla ,nd §fï wruqK we;s j ms<sfh, fldg ;snQ tumdGud¾.h tall 10lska iukaú; úh' tys m<uq jk tallh jQfha zck.ykhZhs'

360

fuu mdGud¾.hg wh;a m<uq jk tallh w;ayÞ ne,Su iïmQ¾K lsÍug;afmr tu jif¾ u ^1971& Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § kj wOHdmk fhdackd we;=<;a1971'10'29 Èk wxl 230 ork pl%f,aLh ksl=;a flßKs' th 1972 jir wdrïNfhaisg ls%hd;aul l< hq;= úh'

thg iu.dó j" —iudc wOHhkh b.ekaùu ms<sfh, ùu˜ kñkaúÿy,am;sjreka fj; hjk ,o 1971'09'23 Èk ork pl%f,aL wxl 223ys fufiai|yka fõ' —1972 j¾Ifha isg ls%hd;aul jk kj wOHdmk ie,eiau wkqj 6 jkfY%aKsfha ±kg W.kajk b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj hk úIh fjkqjg ziudcwOHhkhZ hkqfjka kj úIhhla wOHdmk mámdáhg we;=<;a lrkq ,efí'˜ tawkqj" tf;la mej;s iudc úµd wOHhkh » yd iudc úµd wOHhkh »» hkúIh taldnoaO lr —iudc wOHhkh˜ hkqfjka kj ifudaOdks; úIhhla we;=<;alrkq ,eî h'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh furgg y÷kajd §ug n,mE fya;=

1960 oYlfha wjidk Nd.h jk úg l,d úIh yeoErE WmdêOdÍka10"000 g wdikak msßila /lshd úrys; j isáhy' tu W.;=kag úIh uQ,sl ±kquñi jD;a;Sh mqyqKqjla fkdue;s ksid /lshd ,nd §ug wmyiq nj m%ldY fjñkamej;=Ks' tfia u Bg jvd wvq wOHdmk iqÿiqlï ,enQ ;reK msßia o /lshd úrys;j isáhy' fuu ish¨ fokdg u iudcfha Ôj;a ùug wjYH ±kqu" wdl,am ydl=i,;d j¾Okh ù fkdue;s njg fpdaokd t,a, jQ w;r tu ish¨ fokd uwfmalaId lf<a rcfha ld¾hd,j, /lshd ùu ;j;a .eg¨jla úh'

flfia fj;;a fuu ;reK fldgia ;=< wiykh yd m%pKav;ajh j¾Okhfjñka mej;=Ks' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1970 wfm%a,a 05 Èk fmd,sia ia:dklsysmhlg myr foñka rdcH úfrdaë ;reK wr.,hla Èh;a úh' tu wr.,huevmeje;ajQ rch wr.,hg fya;= jQ lreKq wOHhkh lr wOHdmk l%ufhafjkila we;s lrñka 1972 § wOHdmk m%;sixialrK bÈßm;a lrk ,§' ta wkqjúIhud,dfõ o hï hï fjkialï we;s lrkq ,eî h' iudchg hym;a jevodhSmqrjeishka ìys lr .ekSfï wruqfKka orejka ;=< ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;dj¾Okh lsÍu msKsi iudc wOHhkh úIhh furgg y÷kajd fokq ,eî h'

Y%S ,xldfõ iudc wOHhkh úIh wdrïNh ( 1971'10'29 Èk ork pl% f,aL

wxl 230

ziudc wOHhkhZ hkqfjka y÷kajd fok ,o úIhhg wä;d,u jQfhaby; ±lajQ mßÈ 1971'10'29 Èk wxl 230 ork pl%f,aLh hs' th 1972 j¾IfhawdrïNfha isg ls%hd;aul jQjls' tu pl%f,aLhg wkqj mdi,g we;=<;a lsÍfïjhi" fmr mdi,a mqyqKqj" mdi,a ixúOdkh" úIhud,dj yd wÞ< ld,Éfþo"w'fmd'i' ^id$fm<& úNd.h fjkqjg lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh wjidk meje;ajQfmdÿ úNd. kduh wd§ ish,a, u fjkilg Ndckh úh'

361

tjlg mej;s ±kqug muKla iSud jQ wOHdmk l%uh fjkqjg 1972 §fhdackd lrk ,o wOHdmk m%;sixialrK —wOHdmkfha kj u.˜ m%ldYkfhafufia idOdrKSlrKh lr we;'

—orejl= ,nk wOHdmkh Tyq fjfik iudch o iu. iunkaOlsÍug yels jkafka Tyqf.a yelshd u;= fldg" ÈhqKq fldg" tayelshd weiqßka Tyqg Ôjk ud¾.hla i,id .ekSug yels jkwhqre ta wOHdmkh ÿkfyd;a muKls' th l< yelafla" mdGYd,ShúIhud,dj rfÜ wd¾Ól iïm;aj,g wÞ< jk mßÈ ilia lsÍfukamuKls' fï ;;a;ajh we;s lsÍu i|yd h lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhi|yd kj úIhud,djla kj uqyqKqjfrlska bÈßm;a lrkq ,enwe;af;a'

fmd; m;ska ,nd .kakd ±kqu Ydia;S%h mlaIhg u nr fkd fldgth m%dfhda.sl iajrEmhlska o bÈßm;a lsÍu kj úIhud,dfõjeo.;a u wx.hhs' úµd;aul ±kSu úNd.fhka iu;a ùu i|yd umuKla fkdj" th wd¾Ól iïm;aj,g o" tu.ska ksIamdok ls%hdj,go .e<mS hEfuka /lshd udj;g fhduqlrùu kj ie,eiafukabgqfõ'

lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkfhys § b.ekafjkqfha fmdÿ úIhud,djls'fuf;la meje;s .;dkq.;sl úIh iïmQ¾Kfhka bj;a fkd fj;;a"tajd kj;u whqrlska ifudaOdks; úIhud,djla jYfhka bÈßm;aflfrkq we;'˜

tu m%ldYkfha u iudc wOHhk úIhh ms<sn| j fufia i|yka fjhs'

—iudc wOHhkh o kj bÈßm;a lsÍuls' fuf;la wfma mdi,aj,b.eka jQ N+f.da,h" b;sydih" m%cdpdrh fjkqjg wdfoaY lrk,oaols' fï kj mdGud,dj wkql%ufhka N+f.da,h" b;sydih" m%cdmd,kh" wd¾Ól úµdj" iudc úµdj wd§ úIhj,ska YsIHhdf.ajhi wkqj f;dard .;a ±kqï fldgia iïmsKavkh lr" ifudaOdks;úIhhla jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍug wud;HdxYh yeu mshjrla u.kakjd we;' tfuka u fuu úIh ls%hdldß;ajhg wkqn, fokmdGud,djla fjkjd we;' fmd; m;ska yd WmfoaYkfhka ,nkwOHdmkhg jvd w;a±lSfuka ,nk wOHdmkh yeu w;ska u ia:djryd m%dfhda.sl nj ms<s.;a wOHdmk kHdhls' okakd fohska fkdokakdfohg hEu o wOHmkfha ms<s.;a ls%hd ud¾.fhls' iudcwOHhkmdGud,dj ilia jkafka" fï uQ,O¾u fol wkqj h' ;u mßirfhkawdrïN flfrk wOHdmkh f,dalh olajd mq¿,a fjhs' w;a ±lSfukawdrïN flfrk wOHdmkh wkql%ufhka mq¿,a .eUqre Ydia;S%h±kSulg fmrf<hs' ;u mßirh ms<sn| j ,nd .kakd ±kSu" úµdj"fi!LHh" mQ¾j jD;a;Sh úIhh wdÈh yeoEÍfuys § o fnfyúkam%fhdackj;a fjhs' tfuka u" fï úIhhka bf.kSfuys § ,nk

362

±kSu iudc wOHhkhg o n,mdhs' foaY fm%aó wdl,amhka f.dvke.Suo iudc wOHhkfha ;j;a wruqKls'˜

b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" m%cdpdrh jeks úIhj,g wÞ< úIh fldgiaw¾:dkaú; j b.ekaùug .kakd ,o m%h;akhla jYfhka y÷kajd Èh yels iudcwOHhkh úIhh i|yd i;shlg ld,Éfþo 4la fjka lrkq ,eî h' fuuwOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd hgf;a mdi,a jHQyh o fjkilg Ndckh úh'lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh 6-9 olajd jQ w;r tu fYa%Ks i|yd úIhud,dj iliaflrefKa iEu isiqjl=g u fN!;sl úµd ms<sn| j ±kqu iy iudc úoHd ms<sn| j±kqu we;=<;a fmdÿ wOHdmkhla ,nd §u mrud¾: lr f.k h' tu wjêhg wÞ<úIh yd ld,fþo fufia úh'

úIh ld,Éfþo

1' wd.u 2

2' wOHdmk udOHh 5

3' fo jk ni 6

4' .Ks;h 6

5' úµdj 4

6' iudc wOHhkh 4

7' fi!kao¾hh 3

8' fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh 3

9' m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh

¸' iajdNdúl iïm;a $ cHdñ;sl yd hdka;%sl we£u 1

¸¸' m%d.a jD;a;sh » 3

m%d.a jD;a;sh »» 3

tf;la mej;s w' fmd' i' id$fm<& úNd.h fjkqjg 9 jk fY%aKsh wjidkfha

§ kj úIhud,dj wkqj ilia flreKq zcd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl m;%

úNd.hZ 1975 jif¾ isg mj;ajk ,§'

iudc úµd úIh lafIa;%h b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" m%cdpdrh" wd¾Ól úµdj

wdÈ jYfhka tlsfklska iïmQ¾Kfhka fjkia jQ fldgiaj,g fnÞ b.ekaùu

tf;la meje;s l%uhhs' thg jvd fhda.H l%uh jkqfha úIhj,g wÞ< ±kqï

iïNdrh ñksil=g tÈfkÞ iudc Ôú;fha § uqyqK mEug isÿ jk úúO .eg¨

wju lr .ekSug wÞ< jk mßÈ bÈßm;a lrñka iudÔh l=i,;d j¾Okh

lsÍuhs'

6 jk fY%aKsh iudc wOHhkh m<uq jk jdrh ioyd jQ mdGud¾.fha

fmrjofka fufia i|yka fjhs'

363

—mßirh ms<sn| ñksid ,nk ±kqu w;s úYd, m%udKhlska jeäfjk ful, ta w¨;a ±kqqu .ek wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSug YsIHhl=f.auq¿ mdie,a wjêh u lem l<;a m%udKj;a fkd jk ;rï h' ±kgflfrk fia bf.k .;hq;= oE Ôú;hg iïnkaO fkd jQjlajYfhka ie,elSfuka fuu wNsfhda.hg uqyqK Èh fkd yels h'tneúka" ñksidf.a iudÔh .eg¨ wjfndaO lr .ekSu ydksrdlrKh lr .ekSu m%Odk wruqK lr.;a iudc wOHhkhkue;s úIhh jeo.;a fõ' f;rla ke;s uy uqyqo ueo w;ruxjqjl= fia iudch jgyd .ekSug fkd yels j isák j¾;udkYsIHhdg" ;udf.a;a iudcfha;a iïnkaOh fidhd .ekSug iudcwOHhkh wdOdrhla jkafka h'˜

<uhdf.a wdikak mßirfha tk" tys úúO wxY wOHhkh lsÍfuka ihjk fYa%Ksh iudc wOHhkh i|yd wka;¾.;h ms<sfh, flrefKa fuu woyiafmr±ß lrf.k h'

tf;la 6"7"8 fYa%Ks i|yd jQ úIhud,dj cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.hlg wruqKqfkd jQ fyhska b.ekaùfï § .=rejreka o bf.kSfï § YsIHhka o ±lajQ WkkaÿjwjYH ;rï m%n, fkd ù h' tneúka tf;la tu fY%aKsj, b.ekajQ úIh ixLHdjfÞ<y isg oyh olajd wvq lrñka iEu úIhhla u úNd. wruqKq fldg b.ekaùu;akj wOHdmk fhdackdj,sfha wfmaËdj úh'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh wruqKq

1972 iudc wOHhkh úIhh y÷kajd §fï § tys wruqKq fufia iïmsKavkhlr we;'

364

iudc wOHhkh - wruqKqiudc wOHhkh - wruqKqiudc wOHhkh - wruqKqiudc wOHhkh - wruqKqiudc wOHhkh - wruqKq

±kqu±kqu±kqu±kqu±kqu wdl,amwdl,amwdl,amwdl,amwdl,am l=i,;d l=i,;d l=i,;d l=i,;d l=i,;d

wm mßirh ;ud yd ;u m%foaYh foi fmd;a m;a lshjdy÷kd .ekSu kshu oDIaáfldaKfhka úIhhg wÞ< lreKq

ne,Su fidhd .ekSu

,xldfõ yd fN!;sl iïm;a fmdÿfõ YíofldaI" úYajfldaI"f,dalfha fN!;sl mßyrKh l< hq;= nj mqia;ld, iy is;shïiïm;a yeoEÍu kshudldrfhka

m%fhdackhg .ekSu

fN!;sl iïm;a udkj m%.;sh wfkHdakH m%ia;dr" rEmigyka"m%fhdackhg .ekSu iyfhda.s;dj yd ñksia is;shï lshùu" we£u"ms<sn| wjfndaOhla Y%uh u; r\ mj;sk nj ixLHd f,aLk Ndú;,nd .ekSu lsÍu

wfma ft;sydisl wfma Wreuh /l .ekSfï jd¾;d ms<sfh, lsÍu"yd ixialD;sl wNs,dIh yd foaYdkqrd.h lKavdhï jYfhkaWreuh yeoEÍu lghq;= lsÍu

wmg iïnkaO fjk;a m%foaYj, idlaIs úuidf,dalfha ft;sydisl yd ks.ukj,g t<öuft;sydisl Wreuh ixialD;sl WreuhwjfndaO lr .ekSu w.h lsÍu

th mßKdufha j¾;udkh w;S;fha ìys kdhl;ajh §u"m%;sM,hla nj jq nj;a" wkd.;h ms<s.ekSu±k .ekSu yev.eiSug fjfyi úh

hq;= nj

cd;sl" wd.ñl" úúO ck fldgia flfrys msßisÿlu" läirlu"wd¾Ól wd§ jYfhka bjiSfï .=Kh ÈhqKq lsÍu wdpdrYS,S Ndjhiudch úúO nj±k .ekSu

fY%aIaG mqoa.,hkaf.a fY%aIaG mqoa.,hkaf.a pß; ksÍlaIKh" m¾fhaIKh"pß; .ek bf.k wkq.ukh lsÍu úfõpkh.ekSu

365

úi£ug fkdyels iEu .eg¨jlg u úi÷ula ld,h" Y%uh yd Okhiudc .eg¨ flfrys we;s nj ±k W;aidyfhka msßueiSu" úuiSuwjOdkh fhduq lsÍu ls%hd lsÍu

wka;¾cd;sl iduldó iyÔjkh" j¾.SlrKhin|lïj, iajNdjh fkdÈhqKq m%foaY ÈhqKq ú.%y lsÍu±k .ekSu lsÍfï wNs,dIh

hym;a mqrjeishl= ìys lsÍu

iudc wOHhkh mdGud¾.h" m<uq jk jdrh - 1972

fuhska woyia lrkafka ñksid iy fN!;sl mßirh w;r fuka u ñksidiy ñksid w;r iïnkaO;d yodrñka YsIHhd m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudchl kS;s.relj udkj j.lSï iy hq;=lï bgq lrk mqrjeishl= f,i lghq;= lsÍuhs' ta i|ydwjYH ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d iudc wOHhkh úIhh u.ska j¾Okh lsÍugwfmalaId flreKs'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh y÷kajd §u" YS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydifhajeo.;a ikaêia:dkhla jQ neúka" tu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wkqj ta ta jirwka;¾.;h ms<sn| j ixlaIsma; úia;r fuys we;=<;a lsÍu fhda.H fjhs'

6 jk fYa%Ksh 1972 - iudc wOHhkh

6 fYa%Ksh i|yd f;dard .kakd ,o f;audj jQfha zwm mdi, iy mßirhZhkak h' fï hgf;a jir ;=< wOHhkh l< hq;= tall fufia úh'

1 jk jdrh - 1' wm mdif,a msysáu

2' wm m%foaY jdiSyq

3' wm m%foaYfha isß;a úß;a ckdjdi iy lS%vd

4' wm m%foaYfha ft;sydisl miqìu

2 jk jdrh - 1' wm m%foaYfha fN!;sl ,laIK

2' wm m%foaYfha iajdNdúl iïm;a

3' wm m%foaYfha ksIamdok

4' wm m%foaYfha /lSrlaId

366

3 jk jdrh - 1' wm m%foaY jdiSkaf.a wjYH;d

2' wm m%foaYh md,kh jk whqre

3' wmg fmfkk .%yf,dal

úúO lafIa;% Tiafia <uhdf.a wdikak mßirh wOHhkh lsÍu fuhskawfmaËd flf¾' <uhd wh;a iudchg wÞ< b;sydih" fN!;sl ,laIK" /lSrlaId"ksIamdok" isß;a úß;a" jd¾.sl iy wd.ñl úúO;ajh" md,kh wdÈh thg wh;aúh' ta u.ska ;ud Ôj;a jk iudch ms<sn| meyeÈ,s wjfndaOhla ,nd §uwfmalaIdj jQ w;r ta u.ska b.ekaùug yd bf.kSug o kj uqyqKqjrla ,eìKs'tf;la mka;s ldurhg iSud jQ bf.kSfï l%uh wkqj <uhd ±kqu fidhd hkakl=fkd j ±kqu j;alr mqrjkq ,nk n÷kla n÷ úh' tfy;a iudc wOHhkh úIhhbf.kqfï § .=re YsIH fomlaIh u tl;=j mka;s ldur ;=<g iSud fkd ù bkaneyer j úIhh .fõIKh lrñka bf.kqï b.ekaùï ls%hdj,shg iyNd.s ùugisÿ úh' fujka ls%hdldÍ bf.kSï w¾:j;a w;a±lSïj,g u. mE§ h' ta ta mdvïj,gm%foaYfhka iïnkaO lr .; yels iqÿiq mqoa.,hkaf.a iydh ,nd .ekSu wjYHfhkau l< hq;= úh'

;u .u" Èia;s%lalh" m<d;" rg yd iïnkaO f;dr;=re muKla fkd jf,dal mßirh yd úYaj mßirh wdY%s; f;dr;=re l%ufhka bf.k .ekSugYsIHhdg wjia:dj ie,fik f,i wdikak mßirfha isg wE;g úysfok wdldrhgi¾ms,dldr úIhud,dj (Spiral curriculum) úúO úIh yd iïnkaO ixl,amiïnkaO lr .ksñka ifudaOdks; j bf.kSug wjia:dj i,ik ,§' mdi,abf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sh myiq lr .ekSu iy w¾:j;a lsÍu msKsi iudcwOHhk úIhh yd iïnkaO wksl=;a úIh b.ekaùfï fhfok .=re uy;auuy;aóka iïnkaO lr f.k iudc wOHhk lñgqjla mdif,a § msysgqjd .ekSugo Wmfoia È ;sìKs'

iEu YsIHhl= u m%dfhda.sl jev i|yd lafIa;% fmd;la mj;ajd f.k hdhq;= úh' thska wfmalaId lf<a mka;s ldurfha bf.k .;a ±kqu wdY%s; j YsIHhdf.aieÕjqKq olaI;d u;= lr .ksñka ;j ;j;a lreKq yd f;dr;=re ksÍlaIKh yd.fõIKh ;=<ska YsIHhd ks¾udKYS,S Ndjhg m;a lsÍuhs' 9 jk fY%aKsfha wjidkfha§ fmkS isák cd;sl uÜgfï úNd.hg m%:u cQ,s 31 Èkg fmr lafIa;% fmd;mdi,a uÜgfï we.hSulg Ndckh lr isiqka ,nd .kakd ,l=Kq úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=jg heùug fhdackd úh' tfy;a th wfmalaIs; mßÈ l%shd;aullsÍu wmyiq úh'


7 jk fYa%Ksh i|yd f;dard .kakd ,o f;aud folls' tkï"

¸' mDÓúh" Ôjh iy ñksid

¸¸' Y%S ,xldj tÞ iy wo

367

6 fY%aKsfha § W.;a lreKqj,ska Tíng jHdma; j ±kqï laIs;sch ;j;a mq¿,aù mßKdufha l;kaorfhka f,dalh yd Ôjh hï ld,hl we;s jQfha h hkixl,amh tys § ;yjqre flßKs' ta ta hq.j, § udkj iudch ish uQ,sl m%Yakúi\ .;a wdldrh ms<sn| j bf.k .kakd YsIHhd" j¾;udkh kj uqyqKqjrlskawjfndaO lr .ekSfï yelshdj ,nhs' tfuka u" YsIagdpdrfha uq,a ìï ydYsIagdpdrfha jHdma;sh bf.kSfuka tÞ mej;s uQ,sl wjYH;d fuÞ;a tfia umj;sk nj YsIHhd wjfndaO lr .kS'

Ôjh yd ñksid ms<sn| j l;kaorh miqìï lr f.k YsIHhd ;u uõ ìujk YS% ,xldfõ iudÔh wd¾Ól" ixialD;sl .eg¨ ms<sn| tÞ iy wo ;;a;ajhikaikaokd;aul j yÞrhs'


8 jk fY%aKsfha § YsIHhd jeo.;a f;aud ;=kla wOHhkh lrhs'

tkï" 1' hg;a úð; miqìu iy wfma wd¾Ól .eg¨

2' ;dlaIKh iy ixj¾Okh

3' whs;sjdislï yd hq;=lï

m<uq jk f;audj hgf;a n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQfha hg;a úð; miqìu" tyswdrïNh" m%Odk ,laIK iy tys m%;sM, jYfhka i,ld rfÜ j¾;udk wd¾Ólm%Yak .ek úuiSuhs' fuys wd¾Ól m%Yak jYfhka olajd we;af;a wdydr" bvï yd/lSrlaId hk m%Yak h'

uOH;k hqfrdamh" bf.kSfï mqkreoh" hqfrdamSh jHdma;sh hg;a úð;f.dv k.d .ekSu" hg;a úð; ksoyi ,nd .ekSu wdÈh fuys § wOHhkhflfrkafka yqfola ft;sydisl ±kqu ,nd .ekSug muKla fkd j › ,xldfõkQ;k wdkhk wmkhk wd¾Ólfha m%Njh f;areï .ekSug wjYH miqìï ±kqu,nd .ekSu i|yd h'

fojk f;audfõ § NdKav ksIamdok l%u fjkia jQ wkaou ms<sn| j wOHhkhflf¾' YS>%fhka jeäfjñka mej;s jqjukd imqrd,Sug ir, fuj,ï iy hka;%m%udKj;a fkd jQfhka ksIamdokh jeä lr .ekSu i|yd wjYH hka;% iQ;%ksmojd .ekSug ñksid fjfyfikakg úh' mßirh ms<sn| ±kqu jeä ùfuka,nd .;a úµd ±kqu" ksIamdok Yla;sh ;j ;j;a j¾Okh úh' uOH;k hq.fhaúúO fidhd .ekSï" tkï ffjµ" m%jdyk" ikaksfõok wdÈhg wÞ< fidhd.ekSïiudcfha úúO wxY flfrys hym;a n,mEï fuka u wksis m%;sM, o we;s l< neõz;dlaIKh iy ixj¾Okh tallfhka YsIHhd wOHhkh lrhs' ;dlaIKslj¾Okfha m%;sM, iudcfha jrm%ido ,;a iq¿ fldgilg muKla fkd j uq¿udkj j¾.hdg u ,eìh hq;= hZ hk woyi fuys § biau;= flf¾'

368

f,dalfha ish¨ iïm;a ñksidf.a m%fhdackh i|yd úh hq;= h' fuuiïm;a ;dlaIKsl úµdj Wmfhda. lr f.k fmdÿ udkj j¾.hdg Wiia ÔjkuÜgula we;s j Ôj;a ùug fhdÞ .; yels jqj;a f,dalfha olakg ,efnkafka ógyd;amiska fjkia jQ ;;a;ajhls' f,dalfha fndfyda m%foaYj, ñksidg wju jYfhka;sìh hq;= wjYH;d mjd imqrd .ekSug wfmdfydi;a j mSvd ú¢kq ±lsh yels h'Ok iïm;aj,ska msß rgj, mjd w.ysÕlïj,ska mSä; j Ôj;a jk ckhd we;'ixj¾Okfha m%;s,dN iudch ;=< iu j fn§ fkd hEfï § fkdfhla .egqï we;sfõ' th miqìï fldg udkj whs;sjdislï ms<sn| fuys tk ;=ka jk f;audjwdrïN flf¾' túg wfkHdkH jYfhka tlsfkl yd ne£ mj;akd hq;=lï ydwhs;sjdislï .ek wOHhkh lsÍug u. ie,fia' udkj whs;sjdislï ,nd .ekSui|yd §¾> ld,hla ;siafia f.k .sh jHdmdr ms<sn| uQ,sl wjfndaOhlska miq jñksidf.a iudc iïnkaOlï ;=<ska mqoa.,hka úiska iudch flfrys mej;shhq;= hq;=lï ms<sn| j úfYaI wjOdkhla fuys § n,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' whs;sjdislïÈkd .ekSu i|yd f.k .sh wr., f,i 1688 bx.S%is úma,jh" 1776-1787 olajdweußldkq ksoyia igk" 1789 m%xY úma,jh yd 1917 reishdkq úma,jh tys wka;¾.;úh'

fï whqßka tlsfklg fyd¢ka iïnkaO jQ f;aud ;=kla Tiafia w¾:j;awOHhkhl fhfok whqßka 8 jk fY%aKsh iudc wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYhbÈßm;a lr ;snqKs'

9 jk fYa%Ksh - iudc wOHhkh

tjlg 9 jk fY%aKsh" lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,a ld,fha wjidk j¾Ih úh'isiqkaf.ka jeä msßila 9 jk fY%aKsfhka miqj mdi, yer .shy' tneúka iudcfhajik yeu mqrjeishl=f.a u wjOdkh fhduq úh hq;= jQ zixj¾OkhZ 9 jkfYa%Ksh i|yd f;dard .;a f;audj úh' ta hgf;a Bg n,mdk idOl jQ

i. wd¾Ól jHQyh

ii. wdydr yd lDIsl¾uh

iii. ld¾ólrKh

iv. wka;¾cd;sl fjf<\u

v. úfoaY wdOdr

¹¸' wOHdmkh

vii.fi!LHh

viii. ck.ykh

ix. wdl,am yd idrO¾u

hk ud;Dld tys we;=<;a úh'

369

fï tla tla úIh tall wruqKq" ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am m%.=K lsÍug u.mdok wdldrhg wOHhkh lrùug i,iajd ;sìK' fuys § zwd¾:sl jHQyhZhgf;a m%:u jrg mdi,a fm< fmd;a u.ska Okjd§" iudcjd§" ñY% hk wd¾Óll%uj, ,laIK idlÉPdjg Ndckh flßKs'

tjlg ck.yk wOHdmkh rcfha m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka l%shd;aul jQneúka tu úIhhg wÞ< úIh fldgia 6-9 olajd iudc wOHhkh úIh wka;¾.;fhawÞ< tallj,g wka;¾.%yKh lr ;sìKs'

cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl m;% úNd.h meje;ajQfha 1975 iy 1976 hkjir fofla § muKs' fuu úNd.h i|yd m%:u jrg nyqjrK m%Yak 40lska hq;am<uq jk m%Yak m;%hla ^meh 01& iy jHQy.; m%Yak m;%hla ^meh 02& imhk ,§'1977 § úNd.hla fkd meje;aúKs' ta fjkqjg" fcHIaG oaù;Shsl wOHdmk wjÈh10 fY%aKsh olajd jirlska §¾> lr" 1978 § wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h^1975g fmr meje;s& h<s mj;ajk ,§ ^1977'11'22 wxl ork 141$77pl%f,aLh&'

ta fya;=fjka" 1978 ckjdß udifha isg 9 iy 10 fY%aKsj, bf.kSu ,nkisiqkag úIh 9lska hq;a úIhud,djla ks¾foaY flßKs' tu úIhj,g iudcwOHhkh o wh;a úh' bka úIh wgla muKla w'fmd'i' îd$fm<& i|yd f;dard.; hq;= úh' 1978 jif¾ § 10 jk fYa%Kshg b.ekaùu i|yd fuu úIhj,g wÞ<úIh ks¾foaY mdi,aj,g iemhSug lghq;= flßK' fuu úIh ks¾foaYj,g wÞ<j w'fmd'i' îd$fm<& úNd.h 1978 iy 1979 jir fol i|yd muKla meje;ajqKqw;r 10 jk fYa%Kshg iudc wOHhkh i|yd w;sf¾l úIh ks¾foaYhla y÷kajdfok ,§'

9 jk fYa%Ksh i|yd muKla iudc wOHhkh kj fm<fmd;la

1978 ckjdß ui isg rcfha yd fm!oa.,sl mdi,aj, wksjd¾hfhka Ndú;l< hq;= fmd;a wdÈh ms<sn| j Wmfoia 1978'01'21 Èk wxl 326 ork pl%f,aLfhyswvx.= úh' tf;la Ndú; l< z9 jk fY%aKsfha iudc wOHhkhZ fm< fmd; bkabÈßhg ^1978 isg& Ndú; fkd l< hq;= neõ o tys i|yka úh' fuu ;SrKhgfya;=j meyeÈ,s ke;'

tu wjÈfha kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,g wkqj ilia jqKq úIhud,di|yd fm<fmd;a ,shejqfKa wOHdmk .%ka: m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska fkdj úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha msysgqjd ;snQ úIh lñgq u.sks'

1975 § rÑ; 9 fY%aKsh iudc wOHhkh fm< fmd; Ndú;fhka bj;alsÍfuka miqj 9 fY%aKsh i|yd wOHdmk .%ka: m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.skarpkd lrk ,o iudc wOHhkh fm<fmd;la fnÞ yßk ,§' tys fmrjofkysfufia i|yka úh' —1975 È m< lrk ,o iudc wOHhkh 9 fY%aKsh kue;sfmdf;a olakg ;snqKq w~qÿq~qlï ksid th mdGYd,dj, Ndú;hg kqiqÿiq hehskj rch ;SrKh lrk ,§' ta ;SrKhg wkql+, j 9 fY%aKsh i|yd w¨f;ka ,shk,o iudc wOHhkh fmd;hs fï˜'

370

ud;Dld jYfhka .;a l, fuu fmdf;ys wka;¾.;h fndfyda ÿrg 1975§ m< flreK fmd;g ióm jqj o ixj¾Okhg miqìu" wd¾Ólh jeks mdvïj,wka;¾.; jQ iqúfYaI lreKqj, hï hï fjkialï isÿ lr ;snqKs'

kj iudc wOHhkh fm<fmd;a

wk;=re j" wOHdmk wud;HxYfha fufyhùu hgf;a úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh úiska w¨;ska ilia lrk ,o úIhud,dj wkqj 9 iy 10 fY%aKsi|yd zkj iudc wOHhkhZ kñka fmd;a fm<la 1979 iy 1980 jirj, §mdi,aj, Ndú;hg ksl=;a flßKs' kj .%ka: isiqka w;rg m;aùu mudùu je<elaùui|yd 9 fY%aKsh i|yd jQ kj iudc wOHhkh 9 -1 ^1979& iy 9-2 ^1979& hkqfjkafldgia follska o" 10 fY%aKsh i|yd kj iudc wOHhkh 10-1 ^1979& iy 10-2^1980& hkqfjka fldgia follska o ilia flßKs'

1972 jif¾ § wdrïN jQ ifudaOdks; ms<sfj; fï jk úg hï hïfjkialïj,g Ndckh jQfhka ifudaOdks; iajNdjh wvqfjñka mej;=k oiudc wOHhkh úIhh È.g u tu kñka mj;ajd f.k hk ,§'

1980 jif¾ § úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh úh' ta wkqj 6" 7" 8 fY%aKs i|ydúIhud,d iy fm< fmd;a w¨f;ka ilia lrk ,§' tu úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhwkqj 6 jk fYa%Kshg m%dfoaYSh wOHhkh » iy »» jYfhka m%dfoaYSh wOHhkfolla we;=<;a úh' m%dfoaYSh wOHhkh » N+f.da,Sh keUqrejla we;s j flreKqw;r m%dfoaYSh wOHhkh »»" b;sydih" m%cd md,kh yd iudc miqìu flfryskeUqrejla ±laùh' thg wu;r j iÞpdr wOHhkh iy pß; j¾Okh i|ydwka;¾.;hla o" is;shï wOHhkh o" we;=<;a úh' 7" 8" 9" 10 hk ish¨ ufY%aKsj, § úIhh kï flrefKa ziudc wOHhkhZ kñka jqj o" ta ;=< N+f.da,úµdj" b;sydih" m%cdmd,kh" idrO¾u" is;shï wOHhkh jeks fldgia fjkafjka j olakg ,eìK' w'fmd'i' ^id$fm<& úNd.hg m%Yak m;% ilia jQfha 9 iy10 fY%aKsj, úIh ks¾foaY u; h'

wOHdmk Oj, m;s%ldj - 1981

fuu fhdackd wkqj idudkH wOHdmkhg fjka flfrk 13 wjqreÿld,iSudj wjia:d 4la jYfhka ixúOdkh flßK' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh wjqreÿ 5lg iSud jQ w;r nd,dxYh f,iska ye¢kajqKq uQ,sl fYa%Ksh bj;a lrk ,§' 6 jkfY%aKsfha isg 8 jk fYa%Ksh olajd lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dj f,i;a 9 jkfY%aKsfha isg 11 fY%aKsh f;la fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dj f,i;a" 12 iy 13 fY%aKsmYapdoa oaú;Sh fyj;a úYaj úµd, m%fõY fY%aKs f,i;a ie,lsK'

nd,dxY mka;sh bj;a lsÍu ksid we;s jQ wjq,a iy.; ;;a;ajh u.yrjd.ekSu i|yd 1985'01'01 isg ish¨ mka;s zjirZ f,i kï flßK' nd,dxYhf,iska ye¢kajQ mka;sh 1 jir" 1 fY%aKsh f,iska ye¢kajQ mx;sh 2 jir wd§jYfhks' ta wkqj" 10 fY%aKsh 11 jk jir f,iska kï flßKs' ta fya;=fjka iudc

371

wOHhkh úIhh w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& i|yd 9" 10" 11 hk fY%aKs ;=k u wdjrKhlr W.kajkq ,eî h ^pl%f,aL wxl 1984$8" 1984 Tlaf;dn¾ 17&'

by;ska i|yka flreKq lksIaG oaú;Shsl iy fcHIaG oaú;Shsl hk wjia:dfoflys § u úIhud,djg iudc wOHhkh we;=<;a úh'

fuu wOHdmk fhdackdj, m%Odk wruqK jQfha mdi,a wOHdmk iSudjms<sn| we;s lrkq ,nk fjki;a úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh;a fm< fmd;a iy úNd.ms<sn| ixialrKh;a hk oE ;=<ska <uhdf.a ixj¾Okh iqix.; f,i isÿùugbv i,id tu.ska <uhd iudchg iqÿiail= lsÍuhs'

fuu úIh ixfYdaOkh ls%hd;aul jQfha 1985 jif¾ § h' ta wkqj úIhud,dixfYdaOkh ls%hd;aul lsÍu my; ±lafjk mßÈ isÿ úh'

1985 - 1" 4 jir 1986 - 2" 5" 7" 8" 9 jir

1987 - 3" 6" 10 jir 1988 - 11 jir

^pl%f,aL wxl 1986$13 - 1986 fkdjeïn¾ 10&

iudc wOHhkh úIhh 10 jk fY%aKsh olajd y÷kajd §u

1972 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iu. iudc wOHhkh úIh furgúIhud,djg y÷kajd fok ,oafoa 6jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd muKs'9 jk fY%aKs wjidkfha § cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl m;% úNd.h meje;aùuglghq;= ixúOdkh lr ;snqKs' tfy;a ta wkqj tu úNd.h meje;aùug yels jQfhajir folla muKs' thg fya;= jQfha 1978 § n,hg m;a jQ rch kej; 10 jkfY%aKsfha § wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h meje;aúh hq;=hhsf.k ;snq ;SrKh ksid 9 jk fY%aKsfha § meje;ajQ úNd.h kj;d oukq ,eîuhs'tfia u 10 jk fY%aKsh i|yd iudc wOHhkh úIhg w;=re úIh ks¾foaYhlailia lr Bg wkql+, j idudkH fm< úNd.h mj;ajkq ,eî h'

iudc wOHhkh úIh 11 jir olajd

by; fjkiaùï iys;j jir 15la muK úIh l%shd;aul ùfuka miq 1986§ tf;la bÈßm;a ù ;snq úúO woyia ie,ls,a,g .ksñka kej;;a 6 jk jir isg11 jk jir olajd úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh úh' tu ixfYdaOkfha § úfYaIfhkau" iudc wOHhkh úIh yeoEÍu ksid Wiia fm< we;eï úIhhka yeoEÍugwjYH úIh uQ,sl oekqu m%udKj;a j fkd,efnk njg woyia bÈßm;a ù ;snqKs'tjeks woyia o ie,ls,a,g f.k yels;dla ÿrg iudc wOHhkh úIfhysifudaOdks;Ndjh wdrlaIdlr f.k N+f.da, úoHdj" foaYmd,k úoHdj" hkúIhkag wjYH úIh uQ,sl oekqula ,efnk wdldrhg úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkhlr ;sîu iqúfYaI isoaêhls' tfy;a l,ska mej;s ifudaOdks;Ndjh ;rula ÿrgm¿ÿ ù ;sîu olakg ,enqKs' flfia fj;;a 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsholajd ilialr ;snq úIh ks¾foaY wOHhkh lsÍfuka isria yd ;sria ifudaOdkh

372

wdrlaId lr .ekSug W;aiy f.k ;snq wdldrh iy ta ta jirg wod< úIhwka;¾.;h ms<sn| o< woyila úIh ks¾foaY wdY%s; rEmsl ie,iqï wOHhkhlsÍfuka myiqfjka wjfndaO lr .; yelsfõ ^weuqKqu 03&'

ta ta jir i|yd jQ f;aud fufia h'

6 jir - wfma jgmsgdj iy tys Ôj;ajk ñksiaiq - 1987

7 jir - wfma ujqìu - tÞ iy wo - 1986

8 jir - wm Ôj;ajk f,dalh - tÞ iy wo - 1986

9 jir - YS% ,xldj iy ,lajeisfhda - 1986

10 jir - f,dalh iy ,lajeisfhda - 1987

11 jir - ixj¾Okh" f,dalh iy YS% ,xldj - 1988

fï wjia:dj jk úg YS% ,xldfõ lsreï ñkqï l%u f,i cd;Hka;r fmdÿl%uhla jk fuÜßla l%uh Ndú;h i|yd rch u.ska kS;s ilia lr ;sìKs' tawkqj tf;la Ndú; l< 1(63360 mßudKhg ilia lr ;snQ wÕf,a is;shï fjkqjg1(50"000 fuÜßla is;shï mdi,a moaO;shg m%:u jrg y÷kajd §ug lghq;= lr;snQKs' tneúka iudc wOHhkh fm< fmd;a fuka u is;shï wOHhkh ydis;shï wNHdi o 10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd w¨f;ka ilia lr tu ixfYdaOkj,gwkql+, j wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh úiska Y%S,xld uekqï fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iyNd.s;ajfhka fcHIaG oaú;Shsl isxy, ydfou< udOH mdi,a i|yd läkñka 1 ( 50 000 is;shï 05 ne.ska mdi,a w;r fnodyßk ,§'

fuu ixfYdaê; úIhud,dj wkqj w'fmd'i' ^id$fm<& úNd.h m%:u jrgmj;ajk ,oafoa 1988 § h' u;= ±lafjk mßÈ ta i|yd m%Yak m;% ilia lrk ,oafoa9" 10 iy 11 hk jir ;=k u wdjrKh jk mßÈ h' tu úNd.h i|yd iEuúIhhla iïnkaOfhka u jir ;=kl úIh wka;¾.;h wdjrKh flßKs'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh iïnkaOfhka fuu ixfYdaOk yd ne¢ lreKqlsysmhla wjOdkhg ,laúh hq;= h' ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYh 6 iy 10 jiri|yd uq,ajrg ls%hd;aul jQfha 1987 jif¾ § h' iudc wOHhkh fm< fmd;yÞrk isiqkag tys i|yka ls%hdldrlï i|yd fjk u jev fmd;la imhd §u"w;sYhska jeo.;a neõ mka;s ldur we.hSïj,ska fy<s jQfhka 1993 isg Ndú;hi|yd fm< fmd;g wu;r j jev fmd;la o 6 jir iudc wOHhkh úIhh i|ydmuKla wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska imhk ,§' fuh 6 jir kjfm< fmd;a iïnkaOfhka isÿ l< m%:u ixfYdaOkhhs' wk;=re j mdi,a moaO;sfhaNdú; flfrk fm< fmd;a ms<sn| j cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska lrk,o we.hSul m%;sM,hla jYfhka 6-11 iudc wOHhkh fmd;a fmf<ys wdlD;shfjkia lsÍu iqÿiqhehs fhdackd flßKs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" wOHdmkwud;HdxYh iy wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j hk wdh;k tla j l<idlÉPdjl § fm<fmd;a wdlD;sh YsIHhdf.a iajhx wOHhkh wdldrfhka ilia

373

lsÍug ;SrKh úh' ta whqßka ixfYdaOkh l< 6 jir iïnkaOfhka jQ fo jkixfYdaê; fm<fmd; 1994 jif¾ § isiqka w;g m;a flßKs'

b;sydih yd iudc wOHhkh

by; i|yka fjkiaùïj,g iu.dó j isÿ jQ ;j;a jeo.;a fjkila kïb;sydih úIhh iïnkaOfhka úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq ùuhs' b;sydih úIhfldgia iudc wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYj,ska bj;a lr jeä wjOdkhlska hqla;j b.ekaùu tys wjYH;dj jQfha h' ta i|yd fjk u b;sydih úIh ks¾foaYhlailia lrk ,o w;r 1989 jir ueo isg th ls%hd;aul úh' ^1989'07'06 orkpl%f,aL wxl 1989$3B)

fuu pl%f,aLh wkqj ziudc wOHhkhZ f,i ye¢kajqKq úIhh zb;sydihyd iudc wOHhkhZ kñka y÷kajkq ,eî h' tu pl%f,aLfhys fufia o i|ykaúh'

• 1989 foieïn¾ yd 1990 foieïn¾ w'fmd'i' id'fm'& úNd. ±kg mdi,aj,wkq.ukh lrk iudc wOHhkh ks¾foaYhkag wkqj meje;afjk w;rta úNd.j, § o ksl=;a lrkq ,nk m%Yak m;%fha ud;Dldj zb;sydih ydiudc wOHhkhZ hkqfjka ye¢kafõ'

• fï iu. b;sydih kj ks¾foaYh yd ixfYdaê; iudc wOHhkhks¾foaYh jyd u 6" 7" 8 yd 9 jir mka;sj, ls%hd;aul lsÍug o" 10 yd11 jir mka;sj, ms<sfj<ska 1990 yd 1991 j¾Ij, § ls%hd;aul lsÍugo mdi,aj,g imhkq ,efí'

• iudc wOHhk úIhh i|yd ±kg i;shlg § we;s ld,Éfþo mfykald,Éfþo folla b;sydih kj ks¾foaYh b.ekaùu i|yd o" b;sßld,Éfþo ;=k ixfYdaê; iudc wOHhk úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd o"fhdÞ .; hq;= h'

• b;sydih kj ks¾foaYh yd iudc wOHhkh ixfYdaê; ks¾foaYh wkqjm<uq jrg 1991 § w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& úNd.h mj;ajkq ,efí'˜

b;sydih úIh wruqKq

b;sydih úIh b.ekaùfï wruqKq tu úIh ks¾foaYfha my; ±lafjkwhqre fjhs' fuu wruqKq tf;la Ndú; jQ iudc wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYj,wka;¾.; ù ;sìK' b;sydih úIh fldgia iudc wOHhkh úIhh ;=<ifudaOdks; j ;snQ fyhska" tjlg iudc wOHhkh úIhh ;=<" fuu wruqKq owka;¾.; ù ;snqKs'

1' ft;sydisl úldYkh ms<sn| ±kqfuka foaYSh wkkH;dj y÷kd .ekSu'

2' ;u rfÜ ixialD;sl Wreuh ms<sn| wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu'

374

3' cd;sl m%Yak foi iunr j is;Sug wjYH ±kqu yd wdl,am j¾OkhlsÍu'

4' f,dal b;sydihg idfmalaI j wm rfÜ ft;sydisl isÿùï f;areï.ekSu'

5' w;S;h u; j¾;udkh f.dv kef.k neúka" j¾;udkh u; wkd.;h±k ye¢k .ekSug yelshdj ,eîu'

6' udkj j¾.hdf.a ch.%yK fmdÿ Þhdohka nj jgyd .ekSu'

7' ft;sydisl jYfhka jeo.;a mqoa.,hka .ek f;dr;=re ±k f.k tau.ska ;u fm!reIh j¾Okh lr .ekSug wjYH yelshdj ,eîu'

8' zm%pdrh iy i;HhZ hk lreKq foflys fjki f;dard fírd .ekSugyelshdj ,eîu'

9' zwms fm%!V ixialD;shl Wreulrefjda jïyZ hk wNsudkfhka YslaIKh,eîu'

b;sydih fm<fmd;a

tu ixfYdaOkj,g wkqj 1991 jif¾ § m%:u w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'& m%Yak m;%hilia flßKs' tfy;a tjlg ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaY wkqj fm<fmd;a m< ùfkd ;snQ fyhska isiqka úiska Ndú; lrk ,oafoa tjlg Ndú;fha ;snQ iudcwOHhkh fm<fmd;aj, wvx.= b;sydih úIh wdYs%; lreKq h' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm'&m%Yak m;%h ilia lsÍu b.ekaùfï § nr ;eîu wkqj u ^;=kg folla fia& iudcwOHhkh úIh fldgiaj,g ;=kla jYfhkq;a b;sydih úIh fldgiaj,g follajYfhkq;a isÿ úh'

b;sydih úIh wka;¾.;hg wÞ< fm<fmd;a my; ±lafjk wdldrhgilia flßKs'

b;sydih 6 jir iy 9 jir - 1991



6 iy 7 jir b;sydih fm< fmd;a isiqkaf.a jhi ie,ls,a,g .ksñkafndfyda ÿrg l;kaor fuka u ir, iajrEmhla .;af;a h' ta iu. u 1991j¾Ifha isg iudc wOHhkh fm<fmd;ays wvx.= b;sydi úIh fldgia o bj;alr tu .%ka: o ixfYdaOkh lr isiqka w;g m;a lrkq ,eî h'

iudc wOHhkh úIhfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh

iudc wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaY fuka u fm<fmd;a w¨;ska ilia l< yeuwjia:djl § u úIhfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh i|yd hdj;ald,Sk f;dr;=re we;=<;aflßKs' ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j úúO ñkqï" udkj whs;sjdislï N=la;s ú£u ms<sn|

375

kj;u f;dr;=re" jd¾.sl m%Yak" OrKSh ixj¾Okh" n,Yla;s w¾nqoh" mßiriïm;a l<ukdlrKh" ckixLHd .eg¨ wdÈh tfia we;=<;a lrk ,o lafIa;%fõ' tmuKla fkd j fm<fmd;aj, wdlD;sh o" úIh lreKq bÈßm;a flfrkwdldrh o jßka jr fjkia flßKs'

iudc wOHhkh" ld,Sk f;dr;=re ifudaOdkh lr b.ekajqKq iÔù úIhhlaneúka úIh ks¾foaYfha wka;¾.; úúO lafIa;% yd iïnkaO lreKq iudcwOHhkh úIhhg we;=<;a lrk f,i úúO fomd¾;fïka;=$ wdh;k$tackaisj,skab,a¨ï bÈßm;a úh' tfia jqj o tajd YsIHhdg nrla fkd jk wdldrhg .=rejrekaúiska b.ekaùu ;yjqre lrkq i|yd we;eï lafIa;% ms<sn| úIh lreKq hdj;ald,SklsÍu msKsi tu wdh;k iu. idlÉPd lr w;sf¾l úIhud,d øjH ilia lr tams<sn| .=rejreka ±kqj;a lrk ,§' tu f;dr;=re fm<fmd;aj,g we;=<;a lsßuwmyiq jQ neúka wÞ< wdh;kj, úfYaI{ ±kqu m%fhdackhg .ksñka úfYaIw;sf¾l .=re w;a fmd;a ta ta lafIa;% i|yd ms<sfh, lrk ,§' t muKla fkd jtu wdh;kj, ks,OdÍkaf.a iy tu wdh;kj, wkq.%yfhka" ish¨ u fiajdia:WmfoaYljreka" ta ta lafIa;% ms<sn| j úfYaIfhka ±kqïj;a lrk ,§' wk;=re jTjqkaf.a ud¾.fhka .=rejreka ±kqïj;a lrk ,§' tjka úfYaI oekqïj;a fËa;%lsysmhla fufia h'

• fmd,a l¾udka;h

• fjr< ixrËKh

• YS% ,xld ixpdrl l¾udka;h

• jk iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

• ëjr iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

• wdhq¾fõo Ôjk o¾Ykh

• ud¾. wk;=rej,ska wdrËdj

• tlai;a cd;Ska

• udkj whs;sjdislï

• n,Yla;s iïm;a l<ukdlrKh

• › ,xldfõ l¾udka; ixj¾Okh

• mqrjeis mqyqKqj

• ck.yk wOHdmkh

• › ,xldfõ f;a iy rn¾ l¾udka;h

1998 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iy bka miqj

1997 j¾Ih zYS% ,xldfõ wOHdmk j¾IhZ f,i m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§'wOHdmk wud;H Oqrh o ckdêm;sksh úiska orkq ,enQ fyhska t;=ñh úiska

376

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK i|yd u. fmkaùug ld¾hidOl n<ldhla m;alrk ,§'tu ks¾foaY wkqj mQ¾j <udúh ixj¾Okfha isg 13 jir olajd u úIh ks¾foaYixfYdaOkh lrkq ,eî h' ta iu. u" 1 jir 1 fYa%Ksh f,i;a" 2 jir 2 fYa%Kshf,i;a" hk wdldrhg ish¨ u jir kdu fY%aKs jYfhka Ndú; lsÍu kej; isÿúh'

1998 j¾Ifha isÿ l< m%;sixialrK ls%hd;aul flrefKa 1999 jif¾ § h'1999 jir uq, isg ls%hd;aul jQ fuu kj m%;sixialrK wkqj fuf;la 6 jk jiri|yd jQ zúµdjZ iy ziudc wOHhkhZ hk úIh fol fjkqjg 6 jk fYa%Kshi|yd zmßir wOHhkhZ úIhh y÷kajd fok ,§' iudÔh mßirh o" iajdNdúl^fN!;sl iy ffcj& mßirh o lD;s%u fyj;a ks¾ñ; mßirh o hk wxY fuuúIh m:hg we;=<;a flßKs' fuu úIh ks¾foaYfha we;=<;a we;eï tall iudcúµd wxYhg o" we;eï tajd úµdj yd ;dlaIK wxYhg o jeämqr nr ;efnkmßÈ ilia úh' fuu úIhfhka ,efnk moku u; 7 jk fY%aKsfha § yd bkaTíng fjka fjka úIh folla jYfhka tkï ziudc wOHhkh yd b;sydihZjYfhka tla úIhhla o zúµdj yd ;dlaIKfõohZ jYfhka ;j;a úIhhla ofj; isiqka fhduq lsÍu myiq úh'

fuys § ifudaOdks; m%fõYhlska úIh uQ,sl l%uhlg udre ùug YsIHhdgwjYH yqrej ,nd fok ixl%dñl wjia:djla f,iska 6 jk fY%aKsh ie,lsKs'

ziudc wOHhkhZ iy zb;sydihZ hkqfjka ye¢kajqKq úIhh 7 jk fY%aKsfhaisg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd wksjd¾h úIhhla f,i W.kajkq ,eî h' ixfYdaê;úIh ks¾foaYh wkqj m%:u w'fmd'i' ^id$fm& úNd.h 2001 jif¾ § meje;ajqKqw;r" iudc wOHhkh iy b;sydih jYfhka kï flreKq úIhh wksjd¾húIh ^yr úIh& wgg we;=<;a lrkq ,eî h' thg wu;r j Wiia fm< yÞrkisiqkag N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih" wd¾Ól úµdj hk úIh iïnkaOfhka jeäúIh lreKq wOHhkh lsÍug wjia:djla ie,iSu i|yd isiqkaf.a wNsu;h mßÈf;d¾d .; yels w;sf¾l úIh lsysmhla o úh' ta w;rg l,ska iudc wOHhkúIhhg we;=<;a j ;snQ b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" ixj¾Ok wOHhkh hk úIho úh'

1999 j¾Ifha l%shd;aul lrk ,o wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a iudcwOHhk úIhh iïnkaOfhka o úIh ks¾foYhla kej; ilia lrk ,§' tys §isÿ jQ jeo.;a fjkila jQfha cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ m<uq jkjd¾;dj u.ska y÷kajd fokq ,enQ cd;sl fmdÿ wruqKq iy fmdÿ ksmqK;d b,lallr úIhud,dj ilia lsÍu h' .eg¨uh wjia:d uq,a lr.;a (Issue based)

úIhud,djla ilia lsÍug fuys § W;aidy flßKs'

bka wk;=re j" cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj úiska zYS% ,xldfõ idudkHwOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjlaZ hk uehska m%ldYkhla 2003 foieïn¾udifha § t<s olajk ,§' tu fhdackd ilia flrefKa mqj;am;a ±kaùula u.skauyck;dj fuka u" m%Odk foaYmd,k mË ksfhdð;hska" jD;a;slhska" ix.ïksfhdað;hska wd§kaf.ka o woyia ,nd .ekSfuka wk;=re j h'

377

fuu fhdackdj,sfha tla wruqKla jQfha 1998 y÷kajd fokq ,enQ m%;sixialrKls%hd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| j ld¾hlaIu;d we.hSu yd kj fhdackd yd woyia ,nd.ekSu i|yd uyck;djf.ka yd úúO wdh;khkaf.ka woyia úuiSu h' fuys§ bÈßm;a jQ fhdackd w;r iudc úµd úIh iïnkaOfhka jeo.;a fjkialïi|yd fhdackd o úh' bka m%Odk jQfha tjlg 6 fYa%Ksfha mßirh wOHhkh yd7-11 fY%aKs i|yd jQ iudc wOHhkh úIh fjkqjg b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj ydm%cdpdrh$mqrjeis wOHdmkh kej; y÷kajd §uhs'

iudc wOHhkh fjkqjg N+f.da, úµdj" b;sydih iy m%cd wOHdmkhjYfhka fjka fjka jQ úIh y÷kajd fok ,oafoa my; ±lafjk whqßks'

2005 ckjdß isg 7 jk fY%aKsh

2006 ckjdß isg 8 jk fY%aKsh

2007 ckjdß isg 9 jk fY%aKsh ^13'09'2004 Èk pl%f,aL wxl 2004$17&

6 fY%aKsh i|yd fuu ixfYdaOkh ls%hd;aul jQfha idudkH úIhud,dixfYdaOkh iu. 2000 ckjdß isg h' 10 fY%aKsh i|yd 2006 ckjdß isg o" 11fY%aKsh i|yd 2007 ckjdß isg o tu ixfYdaOkh n,meje;ajQ w;r ta wkqjmeje;ajQ w'fmd'i' ^id$fm<& úNd.h m%:u jrg meje;ajQfha 2007 jif¾ § h'

oaú;Shsl fY%aKs i|yd mdi,a úIhud,dj - 2005

mdi,a úIhud,d ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;sh wkqj iEu jir wglg jrlamdi,a úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh lsÍfï wjYH;dj ms<sf.k we;s fyhskq;a" 1997jif¾ ls%hd;aul lrk ,o wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a y÷kajd fok ,omdi,a úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh l< hq;= ld,h t<U ;snQ neúkq;a" cd;sl wOHdmkfldñIka iNdfõ yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ks¾foaY u; 2007 jir isgmy; i|yka pl%f,aLh wkqj úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhla y÷kajd fokq ,eî h'

2005'09'28 - pl%f,aL wxl 2005$30 - oaú;Shsl fYa%Ks ^6 - 11& i|yd kj úIhud,dls%hd;aul lsÍu'

ta wkqj" 2007 jif¾ 6 iy 10 fYa%Ks o" 2008 jif¾ 7 iy 11 fYa%Ks o" 2009jif¾ 8 fYa%Ksh i|yd o" 2010 jif¾ 9 fY%aKsh i|yd o" m%;sixialrK ls%hd;aullsÍug Wmfoia fok ,§' 2010 jk úg ish¨ u oaú;Shsl fYa%Ks i|yd fuupl%f,aLh j,x.= fjhs'

ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,dj

2007 j¾Ifha isg mdi,aj, ls%hd;aul lrkq ,nk kj úIhud,dj ksmqK;dmdol úIhud,djla f,i ie,fla' iudc úµd úIh f,i ie,flk b;sydih"N+f.da, úµdj iy Ôjk ksmqK;d hk úIh ;=k" 6 isg 9 fY%aKs olajd isiqkagfjka fjka j W.kajkq ,nk w;r" ta tla tla úIhh i|yd i;shlg ld, fþo

378

2 ne.ska fjka lr we;' th yÞrkq ,enQ isiqka uq,a jrg 2008 jif¾ § wOHhkfmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^id$fm& úNd.h i|yd fmkS isáhy'

10 iy 11 fY%aKs bf.kqu ,nk isiqkag iudcSh úµd úIhhla jk b;sydihwksjd¾h úIhhla njg m;aj we;s w;r" N+f.da, úoHdj" mqrjeis wOHdmkh iym%cdmd,kh hk úIh fol úl,am úIh njg m;aj we;'

bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.kSu

6 fY%aKsh yd bka by< fY%aKsj,g fN!;sl yd udkj iïm;a ;sfí kïmdi, úiska ;SrKh lrkq ,nk úIh bx.%Sis udOHfhka bf.kSug bv ;sfíhkqfjka o wxl 2005$30 ork pl%f,aLfha i|yka fõ' fuu wjirh 2002 jif¾isg u j,x.= úh' bx.S%is udOHfhka W.kajk ,o úIhhka jQfha .Ks;h" úµdj"fi!LH yd YdÍßl úµdj" b;sydih" N+f.da, úoHdj" Ôjk ksmqK;d iy mqrjeismqyqKqjhs'

oaú;Shsl fYa%Ks 6-11& i|yd kj úIhud,d ls%hd;aul lsÍu ms<sn| 2008'04'21

pl%f,aL wxl 2008$12

Wla; pl%f,aLfhka oaúudOH bf.kqï-b.ekaùï ls%hdj,sh mdi,aj,ls%hd;aul úh hq;= wdldrh meyeÈ,s lrkq ,nk w;r bx.S%is udOHfhka b.ekaúhyels úIh o kï lr we;' tu úIh w;r iudcSh úµd úIh jk N+f.da, úµdj iyÔjk ksmqK;d yd mqrjeis wOHdmkh hk úIh fol we;=<;a fõ' b;sydihthska bj;a lr we;' fuu pl%f,aLh wkqj 2009 jif¾ 6 jk fY%aKsfha isgls%hd;aul jk mßÈ b;sydih úIhh bx.%Sis udOHfhka b.ekaùu l< fkd yelsh' tjlg;a bx.%Sis udOHfhka b;sydih úIhh yeoErE YsIHhkag 11 jk fYa%Ksholajd tu úIhh bx.S%is udOHfhka yeoEßh yels fõ' tfy;a b;sydih úIhhl,ska 2005$30 pl%f,aLfha i|yka flreKq mßÈ ;jÿrg;a yr úIhhla f,i 11jk fY%aKs olajd b.ekafjhs'

j¾;udk ;;a;ajh

iudc wOHhkh kñka úIhhla ±ka mdi,a úIhud,djg we;=<;a ù ke;'tfy;a ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj iudc wOHhk úIhhg wvx.= j ;snQ iudc úoHdúIh fjka fjka úIh jYfhka b.ekaùfï wjYH;dj u;= jQfhka iudc wOHhkhgwvx.= j ;snQ úIh fjka fjka úIh jYfhka mdi,a úIhud,djg we;=<;a j;sfí' b;sydih" N+f.da, úµdj" Ôjk ksmqK;d iy mqrjeis wOHdmkh hk úIhfjka fjka tfy;a wksjd¾h úIhhka jYfhka 6 isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajdW.kajkq ,efí' b;sydih úIhh muKla 10 jk iy 11 jk fY%aKsj, § w' fmd' i'^id'fm'& i|yd wksjd¾h úIh ldKavhg we;=<;a fjhs'

379

wdfY%ah .%ka:

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' wOHmkfha kj u.'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh iycd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jev igyk(oaù;Shsl wOHdmkh" 6-11 fY%aKs'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHdia:kh ^1974&' iudc wOHhk fm<fmd;a'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHdia:kh ^1974&' iudc wOHhk úIh ks¾foaYh'

úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHdia:kh ^1978&' iudc wOHhk .=re w;afmd;a'

1967'12'03 - pl%f,aL wxl 48 - 6 jk fY%aKsh úIhud,dj' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sllghq;= wud;HdxYh'

1970'09'03 - pl%f,aL wxl 178 - 1 isg 8 olajd fYa%Ksj, úIhud,dj' wOHdmkwud;HdxYh'

1970'09'23 - pl%f,aL wxl 223 - iudc wOHhkh - b.ekaùug ms<sfh, ùu'wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

1971'10'29 - pl%f,aL wxl 230 - kj wOHdmk fhdackd - 1972' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

1973'10'28 - pl%f,aL wxl 326 - 1974 ckjdß 1 Èk isg rcfha iy fm!oa.,slmdi,aj, wksjd¾hfhka Ndú; l< hq;= fmd;a wdÈh ms<sn| Wmfoia fY%Ksj,úIhud,dj' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

1977'11'22 - pl%f,aL wxl 141$77 - 9jk fY%aKsj, ±kg bf.kSu ,nk isiqkams<sn| meje;afjk úNd.h' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

1984'10'17 - pl%f,aL wxl 1984$8 - mdi,aj, mj;ajd f.k hk fYa%Ks 1985 isgkej; kï lsÍu' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

1989'07'06 - pl%f,aL wxl 1989$3 - b;sydih iy iudc wOHhkh ixfYdaê;úIhud,d l%shd;aul lsÍu' wOHdmk" ixialD;sl lghq;= iy m%jD;a;swud;HdxYh'

1999'11'30 - pl%f,aL wxl 99$45 - wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a wkqu;úIhud,d l%shd;aul lsÍu" lksIaG oaù;Shsl ^6-9& iy fcHIaG oaù;Shsl^10-11& fYa%Ks' wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

2004'09'13 - pl%f,aL wxl 2004$17 - iudc wOHhk úIh fjkqjg N+f.da,úoHdj" b;sydih" mqrjeis wOHdmkh úIh y÷kajd §u' wOHdmkwud;HdxYh'

2005'09'28 - pl%f,aL wxl 2005$30 - oaú;Shsl fY%aKs ^6-11& i|yd kj úIhud,djls%hd;aul lsÍu' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh'

380



Jarolimek, J. (1997). Social Studies in elementary education. 14th Edition, San

Diego State College.

National Education Commission (1992). The first report of the National Education

Commission, Sessional Paper No.5.

National Education Commission (1993). National Policy Framework for General

Education in Sri Lanka.

Teaching Strategies for the Social Studies (1990). 14th Edition, University of

Washington Seattle.

The Presidential Task Force on General Education (1997). General Education

Reforms.

381

weuqKqu 1

weußldfõ" iudc wOHhkh iïnkaO cd;sl iNdfjka m< lrk ,ojd¾;djlg wkqj iudc wOHhk úIhfha wruqKq 15la y÷kd .; yels h'tkï(-

• mqoa.,hdf.a jákdlu yd Wodr nj y÷kd .ekSu'

• nqoaêh bjy,a fldg f.k ñksia Ôú;h Wiia ;;a;ajhlg f.ktau'

• f,dal wfkHdkH /¢hdj (Interdependence) y÷kd .ekSu ydwjfndaO lr .ekSu'

• f,dalfha m%Odk ixialD;Ska yd ixialD;sl m%foaY y÷kd .ekSu'

• {dkjka; f,i iajdNdúl mßirh m%fhdackhg .ekSu'

• wOHdmkh ;=<ska m%cd;ka;%jdoh me;srùu'

• fm!oa.,sl j yd iduQysl j" m%cd;ka;%jd§ iudÔh l%shd ms<sn| jQj.lSu wkqu; lsÍu'

• uQ,sl iudÔh wdh;khla f,i mjqf,a we;s w.h j¾Okh lsÍu'

• wdOHd;añl yd iodpdruh w.h M,odhS wkaoñka j¾Okh lsÍu'

• idOdrK;ajh <Õd lr .ekSu i|yd nqoaêu;a wkaoñka n,hm%fhdackhg .ekSu'

• jeä fokl=f.a hym; i|yd ÿ¾,N uQ, iïm;a m%fhdackhg .ekSu'

• wjYH muK mlaImd;S;ajh we;s lsÍu'

• iduh yd Y=Nisoaêh i|yd wfkHdkH iyÔjkfhka hq;= j ls%hdlsÍu'

• iudÔh ia:djr;ajh yd iudÔh fjki ms<sn| ;=,kd;aul wdl,amwe;s lr .ekSu'

• Wiia Ôjk ud¾. <Õd lr .ekSfï yelshdj mq¿,a lr .ekSu yd.eUqre lr .ekSu'

382

weuqKqu 2

weußld tlai;a ckmoh m%:u jrg trg iudc wOHhkh

úIhh y÷kajd §u

weußld tlai;a ckmofha m%:ufhka u iudc wOHhkh úIhh ìysùug;=vq ÿka fya;= ieflúka fuys i|yka fõ'

ksrka;rfhka u iudch fjkia fõ' tu fjkiaùïj,g wkql+, j ´kE urgl mdi,a úIhud,dj;a fjkia fõ' ;;ald,Sk iudcfha ms<s.;a foaYmd,kwd.ñl" iudÔh o¾Yk" iudÔh wjYH;d iy wfmalaaId ms<sn| j úuid ixialD;slm%jK;dj,g wkql+, j úIhud,d ilia úh hq;= h' ã' fjda¾úla (D. Warwick)

zúIhud,d jHQyh yd ks¾udKZ kue;s lD;sfha tfia i|yka lr we;'

tu m%ldYh weußld tlai;a ckmofha wOHdmkfhka o úµudk fõ' úisjk ishji jk úg weußld tlai;a ckmoh f,dj úµdj yd ;dlaIKsl w;skaYS>% ÈhqKqjla ,eîfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka f,dj Okj;a u rdcH njg m;a úh'

tfy;a iudcfha udkj .=KO¾u YS>%fhka mßydksh lrd fhduq úh'úfYaIfhka u tu iajrEmh ±ä f,i ;reK fldgia ;=< m%o¾Ykh úh' úkhmsßySï" u;aøjHj,g weíneys ùï" iodpdr úfrdaë fuka u m%cd;ka;% úfrdaël%shdoduhka j¾Okh fjñka mej;=Ks' nyqjd¾.sl nyq ixialD;sl ck iudchlm%cd;ka;%jd§ j Ôj;aùfï whs;sh mej;sh hq;= h hkak" trg ck;djf.a taldhkwfmalaIdj úh' tu ksid ck;dj mdif,ka wfmaalaId lf<a kS;s.rel" iudcj.lSï bgqlrk" m%cd;ka;%jd§ hym;a mqrjeishka mqyqKq lrjd .ekSuhs' tuwoyi ;jÿrg;a ikd: jkafka weußld tlai;a ckmofha 16 jk ckdêm;s jQtan%yï ,skalka ;=ud ;u mq;df.a mdif,a úÿy,am;s ;=ud fj; hjk ,o ,smsfhawka;¾.;fhks' tys fufia i|yka fõ' zzrjgkjd fjkqjg mrdch ùu f.!rjkShnj Tyqg W.kajkak' wka ish¨ fokd úiska jerÈ hhs uqr.d lSj;a ;u woyia ydu;su;dka;r flfrys úYajdih ;eîug Tyqg W.kajkak' uy;aud .;s we;smqoa.,hka bÈßfha uy;aud .;s we;a;l= f,i yeisÍug Tyqg Wmfoia fokak'hkakka jdf,a Tjqka miqmi yUd fkd hdug;a lkg jel=Kq ish,a, f;dard fírdbka i;H yd fyd| foa muKla Wlyd .ekSug;a uf.a mq;dg W.kajkak'ZZ

fuys .eí ù we;af;a iudcfha hym;a mqoa.,hl= jYfhka m%cd;ka;%S jÔj;a ùug wjYH ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lr fok fuka mdif,kalrk b,a,Suhs'

fuu woyi u" wdpd¾h fcdaka fcfrda,sfula ziudc wOHhkhZ hk fmdf;afufia i|yka lrhs'

"The American people have always expected the schools to contribute directly

to the development of loyalty to the democratic ideal, good citizenship, civil

responsibility, and human relationships."

383

úúOdldr ixlS¾K iudÔh m%Yak meje;s weußld tlai;a ckmohg by;i|yka jQ wdldrfha foudmshkaf.a yd ck;djf.a b,a,Sï mdi, ;=<ska bgq lsÍui|yd kj úIhhl wjYH;dj mdi,g ±ksKs' ta i|yd Tjqka f;dard .kq ,enqfõiudc wOHhkh úIhhhs'

iudc wOHhkh úIhh ms<sn| j weußld tlai;a ckmofha ieka Èhdf.dam%dka; úµd,fha wdpd¾h fcdaka fcfrd,sfula m%ldY lrk wdldrhg zzYsIHhdg;u fN!;sl mßirh yd ;ud w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj;a ;u iudÔh mßirh yd;ud w;r we;s iïnkaO;dj;a wjfndaO lr .ekSug WmldÍ jk úIhh iudcwOHhkhhs'ZZ

iudc wOHhkh úIhh .ek woyia m%ldY lrk weußld tlai;a ckmofhaishg,a fjdIskagka úYaj úµd,fha wdpd¾h fÊïia ta' nekalaia úiska fmkajdfok mßÈ úµd yd ;dlaIKsl jYfhka b;d by< ÈhqKqjla ,eîfï úYsIag msïui| u; mh ;eîug weußlka cd;slhska iu;a jqj;a" b;d Nhdkl f,i jd¾.sl"nyq ixialD;sl iudchl u;aøjH Wjÿr" ÿmam;a fmdfydi;a mr;rh j¾Okhùu" úkh .rel yd kS;s.rel fkdùu iy m%cd;ka;%jd§ fkdùu jeks oreKqiudÔh m%Yakj,ska weußlka iudch fj<d f.k ;snqKs' tfyhska m%cd;ka;%jd§iudchl úkh .rel" kS;s .rel iy ksje/È ;SrK .ekSug yels mqrjeishkaìys lr .ekSu i|yd mdif,a § iudc wOHhkh úIhh wdOdr lr .; yels hhsTyq i|yka lr ;snqKs'

ta wkqj weußld tlai;a ckmofha mdi,a úIhud,dfõ" isiqkaf.a ±kquwdl,am yd l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu msKsi úfYaI ia:dkhla iudc wOHhkhúIhhg ysñ úh'

384

weuqKqu 3

385

weuqKqu 3A

wfma jgmsgdj yd tys Ôj;a jk ñksiqka

iudc wOHhkhúIh ks¾foaYh6 jir rEmsl ie,eiau

.u$k.rh

md,kh

fN!;slmßirh

ñksialghq;=

b;sydih

rg cd;sl .Sh yd fldäh

rdcH ,dxPkh

mdif,amd,kh

mdif,a fN!;slmßirh

wfma mdi,

mdif,ab;sydih

mdi,a .Sh

fN!;slmßirh

ñksialghq;= b;sydih

386

weuqKqu 3B

udkj ydiudc

ixj¾Okh

ft;sydisl yd

ixialD;slúldYkh

md,khfN!;sl mßirh

wfma uõìutod iy wo

iudc wOHhkh - kj úIh ks¾foaYh" 1986' 7 jir" rEmsl ie,eiau

387

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388

weuqKqu 3D

389

weuqKqu 3E

390

weuqKqu 3F

391

10

fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh

tia' tï' tia' mS' fiakdkdhl

úfYaI mqyqKq uyr.u&" ämaf,daud fi!LHh yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh&ûÿrdish&' .=rejßhl" lÓldpd¾hjßhl" ksfhdacH wOHdmkwOHlaIjßhl yd iïm;aodhsldjl cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh& jYfhkafiajh lr we;' .%ka: m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ f,aÅldjls'

tia' ã' iQßhl=udr

úµdfõ§ îslSï uksmd,a úYaj úµd,h" bkaÈhdj&" Ydia;%fõ§ ^Y%S,xld újD; úYaj úµd,h&' mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk l<ukdlrKämaf,daud cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh&" wOHdmk l<ukdlrKh yqiagkaúYaj úµd,h" weußld tlai;a ckmoh&" YdÍßl wOHdmk úfYaImqyqKq ûyr.u .=re úÿy,&' .=re WmfoaYljrhl=" u,, l%SvdmqyKqlrejl=" u,, lS %vd jHdmD;s ks,OdÍjrhl=" iyldrwOHlaIjrhl= f,i lghq;= lr we;' cd;sl YsIHNg n<ldfhawKfok ks,Odßjrhl= f,i;a ksfhdacH wOHlaIjrhl= f,i;a fiajhlr j¾;udkfha ishkE cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSGfha fcHIaGlÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs& [email protected]

,xldj mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais md,kfhka miq j ì%;dkHfha lsÍgh hg;gm;a úh' bx.%Sis md,k iufha wOHdmk l%shdj,sh iïnkaOfhka ±kg mj;akd,sÅ; uQ,dY%j,g wkqj fuu úIhh irU iy YdÍßl mqyqKqj/jHdhdï (Physical

Training & Drill) f,i ,dxlSh mdi,aj, wdrïN ù we; ^kdrïmkdfõ"1969&'ì%;dkHhka úiska mdi,a isiqka ;=< úkh kxjd,Sfï wruqKska iy úkh .relwkd.; mrmqrla ìyslr,Sfï wNsm%dfhka 1879 § mdi,aj, YsIHNg jHdmdrhwdrïN lsÍu ,dxlSh mdi,a úIhud,dfõ YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh ia:dms; ùugmdol jQ iqúfYaIS lreKla f,i fmkajd Èh yels h' fuf,i tod wdrïN jQ mdi,aYsIHNg tall" "Boys Brigades" f,i y÷kajk ,§' tjlg ,xldfõ m%Odk k.rj,meje;s m%isoaO bx.%Sis mdi,aj, fuu YsIHNg LKav wdrïN jQ w;r mdi,a isiqkgtys § YdÍßl jHdhdï ms<sn| uQ,sl mqyqKqjla ,nd ÿka nj i|yka fõ' YdÍßljHdhdïj,g iu.dó j uQ,sl irU (Physical Training & Drill) ms<sn| mqyqKqjla oYsIH Nghskag ,nd § we;'

1881 cQks udifha § hqO yuqod ,xld mdn, weKsh ia:dms; lsÍfuka f;uilg

392

miq ,xld mdn, yuqodfõ iafõÉPd LKavhla f,iska m%:u YsIHNg LKavh (Cadet

movement) fld<U rdclSh úÿyf,a ia:dmkh lrk ,oafoa tjlg rdclSh úÿyf,aúÿy,am;s Oqrh ±rE fcdaka î' l¾,a uy;audf.a uQ,sl;ajfhks' ì%;dkH yuqodiajrEmh wkq.ukh lrñka yuqod fin¿kaf.a we÷ug iudk ks, we÷u" ksismss<sfj<" fm%!V;ajh" f;acia nj mdi,a isiqka ;=< l%ufhka f.dv kefÕ;a utjlg rfÜ ms<s.;a mdi,a jk .,alsiai Ydka; f;dauia úµd,h" fld<U fjia,súµd,h" uykqjr lsxiajqâ úµd,h yd ;%s;aj úµd,h" .d,a, ßÉukaâ hkúµd,j, YsIHNg LKav wdrïN úh'

fuf,i uq,a wjêfha § by; i|yka mdi,a muKla" fuu YsIHNg LKavwdrïN lsÍug f;dard .ekSu" flfia ù ±hs .ek i|ykla fkdue;' fuujdikdjka; bx.%Sis mdi,a flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lsÍfï § meyeÈ,s j olakgyels iqúfYaIS lreK jkqfha hqfrdamSh ñIkdÍka fuu iEu mdGYd,djl u úÿy,am;sOqrh fynùuhs' fuhska yefÕkafka zzm%fõYfukaZZ hk woyihs' flfia jqj oúÿy,am;sjreka f,i fuu mdGYd,dj,g m;a j meñKs m%:u ñIkdÍjreka ;uwd.u l=ula jqj o ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%shdj,sh by< kexùug b;du;a <eÈ jfiajh l< neõ mdi,aj, Tjqka lghq;= l< wdldrfhka ukd j úoyd ±lafõ' tawh ;reK msßia yßhdldr j we;s±ä lsÍug uy;a fjfyila ±rEy' b;sydifhab;d nrm;< ikaêia:dkhl § Tjqka .;a W;aidyh b;d w.fka h'

fuu ld, iSudj jk úg tjlg wOHdmk wOHlaI Oqrh fynjQ tia' tï'nfrdaia uy;d fuu mdi,a YsIHNg LKav tla/ia lr n,weKshla f,i fm<.eiaùug lghq;= ixúOdkh lrk ,§' n,weKsh i|yd yuqod ms<sfj;g wkqjwK fok ks,Odßhl= f,i mdn< yuqod fiakdxlfha fïc¾jrhl= 1902 ckjdß02 Èk m;a lrk ,§' fuu YsIHNg LKavj, md,kh mqyqKqj yd wfkl=;al%shdldrlï iïnkaO j lghq;= lsÍu wK fok ks,Odßhdf.a j.lSu úh' mdi,ald,h ;=< fudjqkaf.a l%shdldrlï" meje;au yd yeisÍu ;jÿrg;a hym;a lsÍuwruqKq fldg f.k mdGYd,d m%OdkSka úiska YsIHNg lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hdums<sn| kj fhdackd ud,djla bx.%Sis md,lhka fj; tod bÈßm;a lrk ,§' tawkqj m%:u jrg ,dxlSh mdi,a .=rejreka YsIHNg ks,OdÍka f,i n|jd f.kTjqka ,xld yuqodfõ mdn< fiakdxlfha iafõÉPd ks,OdÍka f,i mqyqKq lria:dk.; lrk ,§' 1903 j¾Ifha isg mdi,a .=re uy;=ka úiska wK fok ,ojhi wjqreÿ 12 - 16 w;r jhia ldKavfha YsIHNg LKav zzlksIaGZZ YsIHNg LKavf,ig;a" jhi wjqreÿ 16g jvd jeä isiqka zzfcHIaGZZ wxYhg;a wh;a jQ w;r tufcHIaG LKav tjlg meje;s ,xld mdn< yuqodj hgf;a mj;ajd f.k hk ,§'

rcfha yd wdOdr ,nk mdi,aj, irU yd YdÍßl wOHdmk lghq;= bÈßhgmj;ajd f.k hdug YsIHNg LKav úYd, odhl;ajhla ±Í h' ,dxlSh mdi,amoaO;sh ;=< ì%;dkHhka úiska irU yd YdÍßl jHdhdu fï wdldrhg YsIHNgl%shdldrlï weiqßka frdamKh lr ia:dms; lrk ,§' irU yd YdÍßl jHdhdïmqyqKqj (Physical Training & Drill) m%isoaO mdGYd,dj, l%shd;aul ùu;a" tuÕskawfmalaIs; jQ úkh yd meje;au mdi,a isiqka ;=<ska Èiaùu;a fya;=fjka 1891 jkúg ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmk úIhud,djg úIhhla f,i irU yd YdÍßlwOHdmkh we;=<;a lrk ,§'

393

fuf,i YdÍßl jHdhdu yd irU úIhhla f,i mdi,a úIhud,djgwe;=<;a lsÍfuka wfmalaIs; jQ wruqKq ms<sn| j tjlg isá uyck WmfoaYl iNdwOHlaIjrhdf.a (Director of Public Instruction) jd¾;dj,ska fufia fmkajd §we;' zzrcfha mdGYd,dj,g bf.kSug meñfKk isiqka i|yd l%udkql+, j irUb.ekaùfï wjYH;dj iïnkaOfhka Wmfoia" pl%f,aLhla uÕska ish¨ u rcfhamdi,a .=rejreka fj; okajd we;' tu Wmfoiaj, i|yka j we;af;a uQ,sl irUi|yd ksoyia" ir, w;a md È. yeÍu jeks jHdhdï we;=<;a úh hq;= njhs' mdi,amÍlaIljrhd úiska iEu mdi,a ksÍlaIK pdßldjl § u fuu irUj, ;;a;ajh"ÈhqKqj ms<sn| j mdi,g Wmfoia ,nd Èh hq;= w;r tu l%u ms<sn| j fmdÿWmfoia mdi,a .=rejreka fj; ,nd Èh hq;= fõ'ZZ fï wkaoñka l%shd;aul jQYdÍßl wNHdi yd irU" úIhhla f,i 1891 § mdi,a úIhud,djg tl;= lrk,§' ,dxlSh mdGYd,dj, irU yd YdÍßl jHdhdï úIhh ish¨ isiqka yg l%shd;aulfjoa§ m%isoaO yd wdOdr ,nk mdi,aj, YsIHNg mqyqKqj ,enQ isiqka uQ,sl irU ydYdÍßl wNHdij,g wu;r j yuqod úIhhka ms<sn| uQ,sl mqyqKqjla o ,eî h'1904 j¾Ih ,xld YsIHNg n<weKsfha YsIHNghka f,i mqyqKqj ,enQ mdi,aisiqkag b;d jeo.;a j¾Ihla úh' tl, ì%;dkH YsIHNg jHdmdrfha YsIHNghkayd bkaÈhdkq YsIHNg jHdmdrfha YsIHNghskaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka m%:ujrgÈh;,dfõ l|jqfrys YsIHNg mqyqKq l|jqre mj;ajk ,§'

fuf,i ,dxlSh mdi,a w;r jHdma; jQ irU yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhhiïnkaOfhka ks¾foaYs; Wmfoia ix.%yhla 1893 olajd u ;snQ njla fkd fmfka'1863 § ia:dmkh lrk ,o m%isoaO b.ekaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska irU ms<sn|j jßkajr ksl=;a lrk ,o pl%f,aL Wmfoia iy mdi,a mÍlaIljrhdf.a ksÍlaIKpdßldfõ § ,efnk Wmfoia mßÈ l%shd lsÍfï ms<sfj; §¾> ld,hla mqrd meje;sl%uh úh'

1893 j¾Ifha § m%:u jrg irU yd YdÍßl jHdhdu iïnkaO Wmfoiaix.%yhla ,xldfõ tjlg meje;s m%isoaO mdGYd,d w;r fnod yßk ,§' tfiafnod yßk ,o Wmfoia ix.%yfha wvx.= Wmfoia tjlg meje;s mdGYd,d w;ßkajvd jeo.;a mdi,a úiska ms<smÈk ,§' tfuka u tjl meje;s wdOdr ,nk mdi,aiuyrla o tu Wmfoia wkqj lghq;= lrk ,§' tfuka u je,s.u fn!oaO msßñmdi,a jeks .%dóh mdi,aj, o ks;H irU mqyqKqjla mj;ajd f.k f.dia we;'1900 j¾Ih jk úg fpiag¾gkaf.a (Chestertion's) Wmfoia ix.%yh isxy,gmßj¾;kh lr ish¨ u mdi,aj, ish¨ u .=rejreka fj; ,nd § we;' nd,sldmdi,aj, fuu úIhh l%shd;aul lsÍfï n,h Rcq j u mdi,a úÿy,am;sksh fj;mejßKs' úÿy,am;skshf.a wNsu;h mßÈ th l%shd;aul lsÍu fyda fkd lsÍu;SrKh úh' Èjhsfka iuyr m%foaYj, mdi,a nd,sldjka fuu YdÍßl jHdhdïj,m%isoaêfha fhoùu iïnkaO j Tjqkaf.a foudmshkaf.a úfrdaOh m< lrk ,§'tfy;a tjeks .eg¨ l%u l%ufhka Wml%uYS,S j ksrdlrKh lr .ekSu i|ydirU yd YdÍßl jHdhdï lghq;= mÍlaId lsÍug ldka;d mÍlaIljßhka m;a lrk ,§'

bka wk;=re j l%ufhka rcfha mdGYd,dj, isiqka i|yd b;d myiqfjkabf.k .; yels zzlKavdhï l%SvdZZ y÷kajd fok ,§' t;rï úYd, m%foaYhla

394

l%Svd msáhla" wjYH fkd jk yd úYd, uqo,la jeh fkd jk iuQy l%Svd mdGYd,djwdrïN jQ w;r rjqkaâ¾ia (Rounders) ñka tla l%Svdjla úh' tjlg C. S. Sextus

uy;audf.a fhdackdjla wkqj y÷kajd ÿka fuu l%Svdj i|yd jQ kS;s Í;s isxy,hgmßj¾;kh lrk ,o w;r rEm igyka wdY%s; jQ Wmfoia ud,djla o tl,mdGYd,dj, uq,a .=re;=uka ,d fj; ksl=;a lrk ,§'

mdGYd,d w;r fuu l%Svdj wdY%s; j wka;¾ mdGYd,Sh ;r. wdrïN ùutys tla m%;sM,hla úh' tod rjqkav¾ia kñka y÷kajd ÿka fuu l%Svdj wo Y%S,dxlSh ck iudch ;=< t,af,a l%Svdj kñka m%p,s; j we;' 1901 j¾Ih jk úgYdÍßl jHdhdu yd irU i|yd iajNdIdfjka wK jpk §u ,dxlSh mdi,a w;rl%ufhka jHdma; úh' mdi,aj, irU i|yd isiqka fm< .eiaùu mka;s jYfhkafkd j isiqkaf.a Wi m%udK wkqj" isÿ lrk ,§' irUj,g jvd YdÍßl jHdhdïj,ksr; ùu jeo.;a nj l%ufhka jegyS hdu;a wK úOdkhlg" irU lsÍug jvdksoyia j" i;=áka YdÍßl jHdhdïj, mdi,a isiqka ksr; lrùfï wjYH;dj;a1901 j¾Ih jk úg md,lhka ;=< mek keÕS ;snqKs' flfia jqj o 1902 j¾Ih jkúg ,dxlSh mdi,a lafIa;%fha ish¨ u mdi,aj, irU yd YdÍßl jHdhdu wksjd¾húIhhla úh' ta iu. u mdi,a i|yd m%udKj;a l%Svd msáj, wjYH;dj o u;= úh'19 jk ishjfia w.Nd.fha isg u m%isoaO" by< uÜgfï bx.%Sis mdi,aj, wdrïNlr ;snQ l%slÜ yd mdmkaÿ jeks l%Svd o 20 jk ishjfia uq,a Nd.h jk úg wfkl=;amdi,aj,g o jHdma; úh' tu l%Svd i|yd foaYSh jYfhka ksmojQ WmlrK Ndú;lr we;' ,S fl<sh f,i wog;a ±lsh yels l%Svdj ful, foaYSh l%Svdj njg kï flßKs'

1903 j¾Ifha § wOHdmk wOHlaI Oqrhg fÊ' ydj¾â uy;aud m;a ùfukawk;=re ld, iufha § t;=ud rcfha Wiia mdGYd,djkays fuka u wfkl=;amdGyd,d w;r l%slÜ fuka u mdmkaÿ l%Svdj jHdma; lr,Sug W;aidy lrk ,§'wka;¾ mdGYd,Sh l%slÜ l=i,;d mÍlaIK o mdi,a jd¾Isl jev igyfkys m%Odklghq;a;la úh' fuu ld,fha § ,xldfõ m%isoaO bx.%Sis mdi,aj, isiqyq ðïkdiaálaWmlrK iq¿ jYfhka Ndú;hg .ksñka ðïkdiaála jHdhduj, o ksr; jQy'tfuka u irU ms<sn| Wkkaÿjla olajk wdOdr ,nk mdi,aj, .=rejreka i|ydÈß §ukdjla o fuu wjêfha § rcfhka ,nd ÿKs' b;du;a iq¿ ixLHdjlamdGYd,d" Tjqkaf.a YsIHhka fuu úIhh ms<sn| jQ úNd. i|yd o bÈßm;a lrk,§' ck.ykh wêl jQ m<d;aj, meje;s bx.%Sis nd,sld mdi,a fuka u idudkHk.rno meje;s bx.%Sis nd,sld mdi,a o ix.S;h fhdod .ksñka YdÍßl jHdhduwe;=<;a irU ixo¾Yk mdi,a W;aijj, § meje;aùug W;aiql úh' fï wkqj l%ul%ufhka ,xldfõ mdi,aj, W;aijj, § YdÍßl jHdhdï we;=<;a irU ixo¾Ykmeje;aùu jHdma; úh'

mdi,aj, YdÍßl wNHdi l%slÜ" mdmkaÿ" rjqkavia yd irU ixo¾Yk fïwhqßka isiqka w;r ckm%sh úh' tl, meje;s wOHdmk WmfoaYl iNdj úiskamdi,a YdÍßl wNHdi úIhh ms<sn| ks¾foaYhla 1904 § uq,ska u ksl=;a lr we;'ta wkqj ish¨ u m%d:ñl mdGYd,dj, úIh ud,djg o YdÍßl wNHdi we;=<;aúh' j¾I 1909 È yd 1919 § jßka jr tu ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh ù we;' fuujljdkqfõ YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh" úIhud,djg tl;= lsÍu iïnkaOfhka

395

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha meje;shd jQ u; l%ufhka fjkia lsÍug yels jQfha fuuúIhh ms<sn| j miq.sh ld, iSudfõ mdi,a úIh l%shd;aul lsÍfï m<mqreoafoka,;a w;a±lSï fya;=fjks' tfy;a fï olajd u YsIHNg lghq;= iïnkaOfhkaWmfoia mdi,aj,g ksl=;a jQfha bx.%Sis nisks' tjlg meje;s m%isoaO b.ekaùfïfomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska mdi,a irU yd YdÍßl l%shdldrlï iïnkaOfhka ksl=;alrk ,o Wmfoia ix.%y iy pl%f,aLj, wvx.= Wmfoia mßÈ mdi,a l%shd l< omdi,a .=rejrekag iajNdIdfjka isxyf,ka ,shejqKq mßYS,kh i|yd jQ .%ka:hla1933 olajd u ;snQ njg idlaIs u;= fkd fõ' tfuka u m%d:ñl mdGYd,dj,fiajfha fhÿKq .=rejrekag o YdÍßl jHdhdï ms<sn| ks¾foaYs; mßYS,k .%ka:hlao ;sî fkdue;' fuu wvqj msßuid .ekSfï woyiska tx.,ka; wOHdmk uKav,húiska 1933 È mdGYd,Sh YdÍßl wNHdi ks¾foaYs; .%ka:hla m%isoaêhg m;a lrk,§ ^fmrjok - mdGYd,Sh YdÍßl wNHdi ks¾foaY .%ka:h" isxy, wkqjdoh 1963&'

úfYaIfhka u tjlg ,dxlSh mdi,aj, YdÍßl wOHdmkfha yd wNHdij,mrud¾:h jQfha YdÍßl yd udkisl fi!LHh mdi,a isiqka ;=< j¾Okh lsÍug;a"th h:d ;;a;ajfhka mj;ajd .ekSug;a WmldÍ ùu fõ' ck.ykh wêl m%foaYj,;ono ù jdih lrkakg isÿùu;a" weÕm; fjfyiSulska f;dr j tl ;eklg ùlrk /lS rlaId nyq, ùu;a" bf.kSu yd fud<h fjfyijd lrk fjk;a lghq;=l%ufhka jeä ùu;a" iajdNdúl YdÍßl j¾Okhg ndOd lrk fjk;a fkdfhl=;aiudÔh ÿIalr;djka uOHfha jdih lsÍu;a" tl, iudcfha meje;s úfYaI ,laIKúh' ukfiys iy YÍrfhys fi!LHhg;a" jeãug;a Wmldr jk whqre ksis mßÈis;d n,d mq¿,a jQ;a" fmdÿ jQ;a" mokula Wv ilia lrk ,o l%u wkqj ish¨ u<uhskag;a" ;reK ;reKshkag;a YdÍßl wNHdi ,nd §u jeo.;a jkafka h hkwoyi fuu jljdkqj jk úg wOHdmk n,OdÍka w;r meje;s u;h úh'

YdÍßl fi!LHhg wod< jk ish¨ u lghq;= YdÍßl wOHdmkhg we;=<;ah' irU" l%Svd" msyskSu yd keàu hkdÈh muKla fkd j ;r. l%Svdj, fh§ug;a;uka leu;s yeáhlg ksoyia f,i l%Svd lsÍug;a" mhska hk pdßld .uka"mdGYd,Sh úfkdao .uka" l|jqre ne£u" t<suykg;a" ksfrda.S meje;aug;a we,aulawe;s lrjkiq¨ ish¨ lghq;= yd jHdhdï hkdÈh Bg we;=<;a j ;snQ nj b;dmeyeÈ,s h'

l%u l%ufhka mdi,a YdÍßl wNHdi yd irU úIh ks¾foaYhg YdÍßljHdhdï" úúO l%Svd" irU" .ufka hdu" le,sia;ksl jHdhdu wdÈh we;=<;a úh'wdOdr ,nk mdi,a" fm!oa.,sl mdi,a yd m%isoaO mdGYd,dj, YdÍßl l%shdldrlï"l%slÜ" mdmkaÿ" rjqkav¾ia" msyskqï jeks l%Svd b;d WKqiqï whqßka l%shd;aul úh'

1935 § ,xldj ;=< me;sÍ .sh uef,aßhd jix.;h ,xldfõ mdi,aj, Èjdwdydr iemhSfï jevms<sfj< weröug fya;= mdol úh' fndfyda fouõmshkajix.;hg f.dÿre ùu ksid úfYaIfhka .%dóh È<s÷ mjq,aj, <uhskag ÈjdwdydrmdkdÈh ,nd .ekSfï ÿIalr;djla we;s úh' Èjd wdydrh f,i uq,ska u n;aiy tla t<j¿ jHdxckhla mdi,a isiqkg ,nd ÿKs' fuu Èjd wdydr jev ms<sfj<fya;=fjka mdi,a <uhskaf.a fi!LH ;;a;ajh ÈhqKq jQ w;r mdi,a meñKSu o

396

ÈhqKq jQ nj wOHdmk wOHlaIf.a jd¾;dj,ska wkdjrKh fõ' 1939 j¾Ih jkúg Èjd wdydr iemhQ mdi,a ixLHdj 2104la jQ w;r th uq¿ mdi,a ixLHdfjkaishhg ;syla ^30]& muK úh'

tfuka u fuu ld, iufha mdi,a fi!LH mÍlaIK fiajhla o l%shd;auliajNdjfhka mj;ajd f.k hk ,§' mdi,a isiqkaf.a o;a iïnkaOfhka oka;idhk l%uhla o wdrïN lrk ,§'

1936 isg 1947 olajd tjlg wOHdmk wud;H Oqrh fynjQ iS' ví' ví'lkakka.r ue;s;=ukaf.a fhdackdjla f,i 1941 j¾Ifha § uOH úµd, wdrïNúh' m%:ujrg kshdul jHdmD;shla f,i w;ayod ne,Sfï uÜgñka uOH úµd,;=kla ^03& ,xldfõ wdrïN l< w;r 1953 jir wjika jk úg ,xldj mqrd uOHúµd, mkia y;rla ^53& ia:dms; lsÍug iu;a úh'

uOH úµd,j, meje;s ñY% wOHdmk l%uh;a" wOHdmkh ,eîug WÑ;ksoyia udkisl mßirh;a" .%dóh mßirhl ye§ jefvñka" fkajdisld.dr Ôú;hgyev .efiñka" úkh .rel j" l,g fõ,djg jev lrk" iyÔjkh w.hk"úêu;a yev.eiaula we;s W.;=ka msßila ìys lsÍug uQ,sl úh' uOH úµd,j,isiqka fkajdisl ùu fya;=fjka" Tjqkaf.a l%Svd l=i,;d Tmakxjd,Sug wjeis bvm%ia;dj ysñ úh' ijiajrefõ l%Svd mqyqKqùï i|yd jeä wjia:djla ,eîfï fya;=fjkak.rno m%isoaO mdi,a iu. lrg lr ;r. lsÍfï yelshdj j¾Okh úh'

1950 j¾Ifha § ffjµ tÉ' tia' .=Kj¾Okhkaf.a iïm%dma;sh iu. fuuúIhh ,dxlSh mdi,aj, jvd;a ixúOdkd;aul j l%shd;aul ùug uxfm;a újrúh' Tyq úiska ta i|yd úfYaIs; jQ jev ms<sfj< .Kkdjla ilia lr l%shd;aullrk ,§' mdi,a isiqkaf.a fi!LH kxjd,Su i|yd fi!LH m%j¾Ok jev igykal%shd;aul lrk ,§' 1965 j¾Ih jk úg ,xldfõ iEu Èia;%sla ld¾hd,hla i|ydYdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh i|yd YdÍßl wOHdmk mÍlaIljrhl= ne.ska m;a lrk,o w;r iEu m<d;lg u úIhNdr wOHdmk ks,Odßjrfhla úh' m<d;a Ndr jlghq;= l< t,a' ldßhjiï" tia' à' .=Kr;ak" ã' lsrenrdcd" wd¾' ldiskdoka"rkaisßfk,a úl%uwdrÉÑ jeks uy;au uy;añkaf.a iqúfYaIS odhl;ajh yefÜoYlfha fuu úIhfhys m%.ukhg fya;= mdol úh'

1963 § YdÍßl wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhka iajNdIdfjka uqøs; ks¾foaY .%ka:hrcfha uqøKd,h úiska uqøKh lr mdi,a w;r fnodyßk ,§' th m<uq jkfldgi yd fo jk fldgi jYfhka fofldgilska iukaú; jQ w;r m<uqfldgi mßÉfþo 7lska o" fo jk fldgi mßÉfþo 3lska o hqla; úh' fuu ld,iSudj jk úg wOHdmk wOHlaI jYfhka tia' t*a' o is,ajd l%shd l< w;r .%ka:hisxy,hg mßj¾;kh ùu tjlg YdÍßl yd fi!LH wOHdmk wOHlaI jYfhkal%shd l< ffjµ tÉ' tia' wd¾' o .=Kj¾Ok uy;df.a Wkkaÿfõ m%;sM,hla úh'

1965 ld, jljdkqj jk úg uOH uyd úµd,j, fuka u wfkl=;a .%dóhmdi,aj, l%Svd ;;a;ajh by< hdu fya;=fjka tjlg m%isoaO mdGYd,d l%Svd;r.j, § buy;a wNsfhda.hla t,a, lsÍug uOH uyd úµd, yd .%dóh mdi,aisiqyq iu;a jQy' mdi,a isiqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajh fuu úIhh i|yd ;j ;j;a jeä

397

lsÍfï wNs,dIfhka tjlg wOHlaI Oqrh fynjQ wd¾' ì' kdrïmkdfõ úiska î'Ô' f*daï kñka mÍlaIK wxY we;=<;a m;s%ldjla y÷kajd fok ,§' fuys §isiqkaf.a olaI;d" YdÍßl yelshd uek igyka ;nk ,§' fuu l%uh jir .Kkdjla;siafia ,dxlSh mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jQ w;r th wLKav j mj;ajd f.khdug o mdi,a .=re uy;au $ uy;aóka úiska l%shd lrk ,§'

1960 oYlfha isg .=re wOHdmkh

1965 jk úg ´kE u úIh Odrdjla hgf;a .=re úÿy,aj, .=re mqyqKqj ,nk.=rejreka i|yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh wksjd¾h úIhhla f,i .=re úÿy,amdGud,dj,g we;=<;a lr ;snqKs' oEjqreÿ .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dfõ jD;a;Sh wOHdmkhhgf;a meje;s wksjd¾h úIh ;=fkka tlla njg fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk

úIhh we;=<;a úh' tfy;a fuu úIhh i|yd u .=re mqyqKqjla ,eîug úfYaI.=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla Èjhsfka tjlg l%shd;aul jQ .=re úÿy,aj, fkd ;sîufya;=fjka l%Svdjg <eÈ" olaI;d we;s ;reK .=rejre b;d iSñ; msßila bkaÈhdfõuÿrdisfha ;reK l%sia;shdks ix.ufha YdÍßl wOHdmk mdif,ka YdÍßl wOHdmkhmss<sn| mqyqKqj ,eîug úfoaY.; jQy' Tjqka Èjhskg fmr<d meñKSfuka miqmdi,a .=rejre f,i m;aùï ,nd fuu úIhh mdi,aj, b.ekajQy' tu .=rejrekaf.a

odhl;ajh ,dxlSh wOHdmk lafIa;%fha tu úIhfha bÈß .ukg uy;a msájy,laúh' wk;=re j 1969 j¾Ifha l=,shdmsáh .=re úµd,fha YdÍßl wOHdmk ämaf,daudmdGud,dj" ,xldfõ uq,a jrg wdrïN úh' úYd, n,dfmdfrd;a;= we;s j wdrïNlrk ,o tu mdGud,dj w;ru. kj;d oud tu isiqka uyr.u .=re úÿy,g hdlr uyr.u .=re úÿyf,ys 1971 jifrys isg YdÍßl wOHdmk oEjqreÿ .=re mqyqKqmdGud,dj wdrïN lrk ,§'

70 oYlfha ueo Nd.h jk úg Y%S ,xldfõ .=re úÿy,aj, meje;s úúO .=remqyqKq mdGud,dj, fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh wksjd¾h úIhhla ù;snqKs' fï jk úg úIhh .=re úÿy,aj, b.ekaùu i|yd" m%ùK lÓldpd¾huKav,hla o fhdod f.k ;snqKs' úfYaIfhka ye;a;Ej oYlfha isg 80 oYlfha

ueoNd.h olajd .=re wOHdmkfha YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh kshuqjka f,i l%shd l<Ydka;s o wdnDD ví' fla' Ô' je,súg" tÉ' t,a' ví' úl%uisxy" idú;%s pkaøfialr"fi,ska chfialr" udð,shkf.a" ,;d fiakdkdhl" wekagka m%kdkaÿ" fgdï.=Kj¾Ok" udl,kao" Ydka;sfoaú" pkaød fyïud;.u" vâ,s is,ajd hklÓld¾hjreka úiska bgq l< uyÕ= fiajdj lsisúgl;a wu;l fkdl< hq;= h'

tfuka u uyr.u" lgql=rekao hk .=re úÿy,aj, tjlg mj;ajd f.k .shYdÍßl wOHdmk mdGud,dj i|yd u.fmkaùï l< tjlg .=re úÿy,am;s OqrfynjQ wdpd¾h Ô' î' .=Kj¾Ok" wdpd¾h ta' ta' ã' fmf¾rd" ðkodi uqKisxyjekakjqkaf.a ¥o¾YS ±lau fuu úIhfha bÈß .ukg úYd, rel=,la úh'

u,, l%Svdfõ Ys,amSh l%u" mqyqKq l%u ms<sn| j ,laIauka o w,aúia" tÉ' tia'o fidhsid" ta' ù' reøs.= jeks m%ùKhka tod ,nd ÿka ±kqu wog;a mdi,a moaO;sfha

398

l%Svd mqyqKqùï w;r /£ mj;skafka Tjqka úiska tod ±fha bÈß .ukg ,nd ÿkakdjQ wjxl jQ;a" ±ä lemùfuka hq;=j;a l< fiajh fya;=fjks'

fï w;r 1971 isg 1974 olajd uyr.u .=re úÿyf,a meje;s fi!LH ydYdÍßl wOHdmk úIh ms<sn| .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dj 1975 j¾Ifha § lgql=rekao.=re úÿy, fj; f.k hk ,§' tu .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dj 1975 j¾Ifha isg 1978j¾Ih olajd tys wLKav j mj;ajd f.k hk ,§' úYd, N+ñ Nd.hl msysálgql=rekao .=re úÿy, ;=< YdÍßl wOHdmk l%shdldrlï i|yd iqúYd, jQ bvm%udKhla ;sîu fya;=fjka mdGud,dj i|yd .=re uy;au uy;aóka úYd, ixLHdjlajd¾Isl j mqyqKqj i|yd n|jd .ekSug yels úh'

mdi,a úfha § l%Svd olaI;d fmkakqï lrk ,o nd,olaI" nd, olaIsld"YsIHNg wd§ lghq;=j, ksr; jQ tfy;a úµdj" .Ks;h" ;dlaIKh" isxy," bx.%Sis"fi!kao¾h jeks úúO wxYj, m;aùï ,o .=rejreka iïuqL mÍlaIK uÕska l%Svdyd YÍßl wOHdmk oE wjqreÿ mqyqKqj i|yd f;dard .ekSu úfYaI ,laIKhla úh'thg uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha tjlg mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh b;dckm%sh j mej;Su fõ' lgql=rekao rcfha .=re úµd,fha b;d id¾:l j mj;ajdf.k wd tu mdGud,dj 1977 n,hg m;a rch úiska 1978 w.Nd.fha § yudrlrk ,oafoa .=re úµd, N+ñh yd f.dvke.s,s fmd,sia úfYaI ld¾h n<ld mqyqKqmdi, ia:dms; lsÍug fhdojd .kq ,eîfï fya;=fjks' tjlg tys mqyqKqj ,nñkaisá m<uq jk jif¾ mqyqKqj ksu l< lKavdhfï .=re isiqka fo jk jirwOHhk lghq;= i|yd kej;;a uyr.u .=re úµd,h fj; 1979 § wdmiq /f.ktk ,§'

1970 uy ue;sjrKfhka n,hg m;a jQ iu.s fmruqK rcfha wOHdmkwud;H Oqrhg m;a noaWoa§ka uyuqoa ;=uka hgf;a fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkwxYh wd¾' î' kdrïmkdfõf.a Ndrldr;ajh hg;g m;a úh' 1970 j¾Ih wjikajk úg mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ 6" 7" 8 fY%aKs i|yd i;shlg ld, fþo ;=kla ^03&ne.ska fjka lrk ,§' tfuka u tjlg wOHdmk wOHlaI ckrd,a Oqrh ±rEfm%auodi Wv.u uy;df.a ks¾foaYhlg wkqj fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh"úNd.h wruqKq fldg b.ekaùug fhduq lrk ,§' fuu jljdkqfõ wOHdmkwud;HdxYh úiska ksl=;a lrk ,o m%ldYfhys YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh mdi,aisiqkag b.ekaùfï wruqKq f,i ±lajQfha wOHdmkfha mrud¾: iïmQ¾K lsÍuiy iodpdr . =KO¾uj,sk a h q; a " k sfrd a. su; a " iudchg jevodhl j QiajfoaYdkqrd.fhka To jevqKq mqrjeishka ìyslsÍu f,isks' fï wkqj tu rcfhaiudcjd§ foaYmd,k Ñka;kfha wruqKq yd wOHdmkfhys wruqKq ne£ ;snqKq njmeyeÈ,s fõ'

1970 § n,hg m;a rch úiska iudcjd§ rdcH m%;sm;a;Skag wkql+, j rdcHmd,kh mj;ajd f.k hdu m%uqL ,laIKhla úh' 1972 úêu;a úIhud,dm%;sixialrK hgf;a tjlg wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd f,i l%shd l< noahqoa§kauyuQoa ue;s;=ud úiska" kj jk fY%aKsfha § meje;aùug kshñ; lrk ,o cd;slfmdÿ wOHhk iy;sl m;% úNd.h (NCGE) úNd.fha §" fi!LH yd YdÍßl

399

wOHdmk úIhh wksjd¾h úIhhla njg m;a lrk ,§' fï fya;=j ksid mdi,aisiq orejka" .=re uy;au uy;aóka" úÿy,am;sjreka fuka u fouõmshka o YdÍßlls%hdldrlï i|yd ;u orejka fhduq lrjk ,§' tfuka u úIh yeoEÍug ofhduq' lrjk m%:u jrg ,§' meje;s fuu NCGE úNd.h i|yd fi!LH ydYdÍßl wOHdmkh i|yd jQ úNd. m%Yak m;%h ms<sfh, lsÍu ví' fla' Ô' je,súg"pkaød fyaïud;.u" ,;d fiakdkdhl hk lñgqj úiska isÿ lrk ,oafoa uydpd¾hffjµ kkaoodi fldaodf.dv uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhks'

fuu ld, iuh jk úg fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh i|yd f.dvke.S ;snQ iudcuh b,a¨u lsishï whqrlska fyda ì| jegqfKa fuu NCGE úNd.hWmka f.hsu ñhe§fï fya;=fjks' ta 1977 n,hg m;a rch fuu NCGE úNd.hwj,x.= l<d muKla fkd j úNd.h i|yd wksjd¾h lr ;snQ fi!LH yd YdÍßlwOHdmk úIhh o wksjd¾h úIh ud,dfjka bj;a lrk ,§' tf;la mka;shlgld,Éfþo 3 ne.ska fuu úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd fjka lrk ,o w;r thm%dfhda.sl yd kHdhhsl hk fofldgilska hqla; úh' fldñhqksiaÜjd§ rdcH jQÖkh" reishdj" hqf.diaf,daúhdj jeks rgj, fuka jvd;a Yla;su;a jQ Y%u n<ldhlarfÜ wd¾Ól m%jdyhg we;=<;a lr .ekSfï wruqKska wOHdmk l%shdj,sh ilialrk ,§' ta ksid u YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a YdÍßl fhda.H;dmÍlaIK o mdi,a isiqkg mj;ajk ,§' fuu m%;sixialrKj,ska mdi,a YdÍßlwOHdmk úIhh b;d l%shdldÍ f,i tu md,k iufha Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj,l%shd;aul jQ nj meyeÈ,sj u olakg ,enKs'

1977 n,hg m;a kj rcfha wOHdmk wud;H OQrh ±rE ksYaYxl úfÊr;akue;s;=udf.a ld, iufha mdi,a YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh i|yd fhda.S jHdhduwe;=<;a lr tu fhda.S jHdhdu mqyqKq lsÍu wksjd¾h lrk ,§' ta iu. u tjlguyr.u .=re úµd,fha mqyqKqj ,nñka isá YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re wNHdi,dNSkayg fuka u wfkl=;a .=re úµd,j, fjk;a úIh lafIa;%hkays mqyqKqj ,nñkaisá .=re uy;au $ uy;aókag o fuu fhda. jHdhdu mqyqKqùu ks¾foaY lrk ,È'tuÕska Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a w;r fhda. jHdhdu m%p,s; lsÍu wruqK úh' wfmalaIs;mßÈ tu wruqK bgq lr .ekSug wmyiq jQ kuqÿ lsishï m%udKhlska fhda.jHdhdu ms<sn| wjfndaOhla yd tys jeo.;alu y÷kd .ekSug msájy,la úh'

fï ld,h jk úg uOH úµd,j,ska ìys jQ isiqka úYaj úµd,j,skaWmdêOdÍka f,i msg ù .=rejreka f,i ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;shg úYd, f,iwe;=<;a ù ;snqKs' tu ksid .%dóh mdi,aj, l%Svd ;;a;ajh by< hdug fya;= úh'tu WmdêOdÍka mdi,a YdÍßl wOHdmkh kexùug uy;a odhl;ajhla ±laùufya;=fjka l%slÜ" mdmkaÿ" fkÜ fnda,a" msyskqï wd§ l%Svd uOH uyd úµd,j, om%p,s; úh ^fukaäia" 1981&'

1980 oYlh úIh jHdma;sh fld;rï ÿrg mdif,a isÿ jqj o fï i|ydlka;d iyNd.s;ajh t;rï m%n, fkd úh' Tjqyq fkÜfnda,a" u,, l%Svd" fjd,sfnda,ayd YdÍßl wNHdi ;r. i|yd muKla iSud jQy' 1980 j¾Ih jk úg nyq;riyNd.s;ajh kj ixl,am mokï fldg f.k úµd,j, § ,nd .kakd ,o o;a;

400

mdol fldg f.k mdi,a isiqkag Èia;%slal yd iuia; ,xld ;r. i|yd Rcq j uiyNd.s ùug wjia:dj ie,iqKs' fï fya;=j ksid fuu ld,fha § úYd, jYfhkamdi,a isiqyq Èia;%slal yd iuia; ,xld ;r. i|yd iyNd.s jQy' u,, l%Svd ;r.i|yd bÈßm;a jQ ixLHdj w;súYd, jQ w;r ta ksid u ;r. ixúOdhlhkagkshñ; ie,iqulg tu ;r. wjika lsÍug wmyiq úh' ta iïnkaO lrKqúu¾Ykfha § meyeÈ,s jQfha mdi, úiska isiq olaI;d ms<sn| j bÈßm;a l<o;a;j, ksrjµ;dj fkd ;snqK fyhska úYd, YsIH ixLHdjla Èia;%sla yd iuia;,xld ;r. i|yd bÈßm;a jQ njhs' 1980-1983 olajd jQ ld, mßÉfþofha nyq;riyNd.s;aj ixl,amh mokï lr f.k YdÍßl wOHdmkh mdi,aj, l%shd;auljqj o iqúfYaIS jQ lemS fmfkk fjkialula olakg fkd yels úh'

1983 wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha l%Svd yd úIh ndysr YdLdfõ ta olajd wOHlaIOqrh fyn jQ wd¾' î' kdrïmkdj uy;aud úY%du .ekSfuka miq iyldr wOHlaI^l%Svd& f,i ia:dmkh jQ kj ;k;=rg l%Svd wud;HdxYfha u,, l%Svd mqyqKqlrejl=" l%Svd ks,Odßhl= fuka u rEmjdyskS ixia:dfõ l%Svd jevigykaksIamdoljrhl= f,i lghq;= l< iqks,a chùr uy;d m;a lrk ,§' c¾uksfha,hsmais.a úYaj úµd,fha l%Svd ämaf,daudOdßhl= jQ ta uy;df.a m;aùu uq,a udilsysmh ;=< u;fNaod;aul jQ kuq;a Tyq úiska mdi,a l%Svdj kxjd,Sug wdrïN l<kj jevms<sfj< fya;=fjka u;fNao l%ufhka uelS .sfha h'

1983 j¾Ifha isg WoEik mdi,a úIh b.ekaùu wdrïNhg fmr úkdä 20laYÍr iqj;d jHdhdu jevigyka iEu mdi,l u l%shd;aul lsÍu wdrïN úh' tai|yd YÍßl wNHdi we;=<;a YdÍßl jHdhdï ud,djla wOHdmk wud;HdxYhúiska iEu mdi,lg u y÷kajd fok ,§' fï iïnkaO j úúO u; mdi,a m%OdkSkaw;r mej;sh o Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj, t<suyfka isiqka WoEik fuu YdÍßljHdhdï lrkq ±lSu b;d w,xldr oiqkla úh' fï i|yd jeä leue;a;la ±lajQúÿy,am;sjreka yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka fuu jevigykg ix.S;h o tlalr lsishï ßoauhlg wkqj fuh lr f.k hkq olakg ,eîu lemS fmfkk,laIKhla úh'

ta iu. u mdi,aj, YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekaf.a wvqj msßuid,Su i|ydiEu mdi,lg u YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka ,nd §fï wruqKska w'fmd'i' id'fm<&iu;a cd;sl uÜgfï l%Svl $ l%Säldjka YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,i wOHdmkwud;HdxYhg Rcq j u n|jd .ekSug leìkÜ wkque;sh ,nd .kakd ,§' tf,in|jd .;a m<uq lKavdhfï .=rejreka i|yd fmdf<dkakrej rdclSh úµd,fhaff;%udisl mQ¾j fiajd .=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla wdrïN lrk ,§' tys § u,,l%Svd" fjd,s fnda,a" fkÜ fnda,a" md mkaÿ" l%slÜ" msyskqï" nr bis,Su" ðïkdiaála"fïi mkaÿ" fydlS" neâñkagka jeks l%Svd o" YdÍßl wOHdmkh" bf.kqï l%u"mqyqKqùï kHdh" Ôj hdka;% úµdj" l%Svd kS;sÍ;s ms<sn| j mQ¾j mqyqKqjla yd uQ,sl±kqula ,nd fok ,§' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ m%uqL fmf<a l%Svdl l%Säldjka i|yd fyd|/lshd wjia:djla úh' Tjqka Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj,g l%Svd .=rejreka f,i m;aùï,nd f.k hdu;a iu. mdi,a l%Svdfõ úYd, m%.ukhla we;s úh'

ta iu. u l%Svd iy úIh ndysr YdLdj uÕska ksl=;a l< pl% f,aLhg wkqj

401

m%Odk l%Svd ;=kla o ^3& ffjl,ams; l%Svd ody;rla o ^14& mdi,aj,g y÷kajd ÿkaw;r tu l%Svd i|yd fldÜGdi" l,dm" m<d;a yd cd;sl uÜgï ;r. mj;ajk,§' m%:u jrg 1984 cd;sl mdi,a l%Svd ;r.dj,sh mdi,aj,g y÷kajd ÿka w;rukd ixúOdkh yd l%uj;a nj iqúfYaIS úh' l=vd mßudKfha ^mqxÑ& T,sïmslaWf<,l isß .;a fï ;r.dj,sh" 80 oYlh olajd jQ ld,fha Y%S ,xldfõ meje;swdl¾IKSh u l%Svd Wf<, úh' wdrïNl yd iudma; iudpdr Wf<," ixo¾Yk owe;=<;a j ukialdka; f,i ixúOdkh lrk ,§' Y%S ,xldfõ i;r ÈYdfjkameñKs l%Svl l%Säldfjda iq.;odi l%Svdx.khg yd ta wjg l%Svdx.k 14l meje;ajQfï ;r.dj,shg iyNd.s jQy' l%Svl l%Säldjka i|yd ksoyia ÿïßh n,m;%"fkdñf,a wdydrmdk ,nd §u" úksYaplrejka i|yd fkdñf,a wdydr yd §ukd,nd §u" iqúfYaI isÿùï úh' Y%S ,xld u,, l%Svd ix.uh;a" l%Svd wud;HdxYh ydwdrlaIl fiajdjkays odhl;ajh;a fkduiqre j Wf<,g ,nd ÿkafka tjlgwOHdmk wud;Hjrhd i;= j meje;s rdcH n,h fya;=fjks'

Y%S ,xldfõ YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekag" mdi,a úÿy,am;sjrekag yd wfkl=;a.=rejrekag l%Svd mßmd,lhkag fuu cd;sl mdi,a Wf<,ska ,nd .; yels jQw;a±lSï iuqodhla úh' tjlg iyldr wOHlaI ^l%Svd& ;k;=frys lghq;= l<iqks,a chùrhkaf.a fkdmiqng W;aidyh" ffO¾hh" lemùu Wf<f,ys ukdixúOdkh i|yd .=rejreka iu. wfkHdkH iqyo;ajfhka l%shd l< wdldrhfndfyda ixúOdlhkag mßmd,lhkag mQ¾j wdo¾Yhla úh' tfuka u úµq;a udOHfuka u uqøs; udOH fuu l%Svd Wf<, ms<sn| j Y%S ,dxlSh ck;dj ±kqj;a lsÍugúYd, Wkkaÿjlska l%shd lf<a h' fuu cd;sl mdi,a l%Svd Wf<, Y%S ,dxlShwOHdmk lafIa;%fha fuu úIhfhys m%Odk;u ikaêia:dkhla f,i ie,lshyels h' ta mdi,a iy mdi,a isiqka YdÍßl wOHdmkhg jvd ;r. l%SvdjgkeUqreùfï uxlvla f,i fuu ;r.dj,sh Èiaùu fya;=fjks' fuu ;r.dj,sfha§ mdi,a l%Svdl l%Säldjka iqúfYaIS oialï fmkajQ w;r Ys,amSh l%uj, ksmqK;djla±laùu o úfYaI ,laIKhla úh'

kj iyldr wOHlaIjrhdf.a meñKSu;a iu. u,, l%Svd" ±,a mkaÿ" fjd,sfnda,a" ðïkdiaála" nr bis,Su hk l%Svd i|yd wud;HdxY uÜgñka jHdma;ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu" cd;sl mdi,a m<uq ;r.dj,sfha ;dlaIK ÈhqKqjg" jvd;afya;= mdol úh' l%Svd lafIa;%fhys u,, l%Svd jHdma;s ks,Odß f,i rxð;a ch;s,l"fkÜ fnda,a jHdma;s ks,Odß f,i T,súhd .uf.a" fjd,sfnda,a jHdma;s ks,Odßf,i hQ' t,a' lreKdr;ak" ðïkdiaála l%Svd jHdma;s ks,Odß f,i ñ,afrdahschudkak iy nr bis,Su yd ldhj¾Ok jHdma; ks,Odß f,i ;s,la chùr hkuy;au uy;aóka wud;HdxY uÜgñka wud;H uKav, ixfoaYhla uÕska m;a lrk,§' fuu jHdma; ks,OdÍka úiska tu l%Svd mdi,a uÜgñka kÕd isgqùu i|ydúfYaIs; jQ jev igyka l%shd;aul lrk ,§' úfYaIfhka u nr bis,Su yd

ðïkdiaála l%Svdj kxjd,Su i|yd fld<U wfYdal úµd,fha iy wdkkao úµd,fha.Dyia: l%Svd.dr msysgqjd tu mqyqKqùï i|yd isiqkag wjia:dj i,id fok ,§'

wiQj oYlfha ueo Nd.fha isg wjidk Nd.h olajd u ld, iufha foaYShyd úfoaYSh l%Svd lrk iq.;odi l%Svdx.kfha meje;aùu;a" ol=Kq wdishd;sl ;r.

402

Y%S ,xldfõ meje;aùu;a fya;=fjka l%Svd lafIa;%fha iqúfYaIS w;a±lSï /ila l%Svdl"l%Säldjka" mqyqKqlrejka" ;r. ixúOdhkg fuka u ;r. krUkakkag o ,nd.ekSug yels úh'

oyia ixLHd; mdi,a isiqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka mj;ajk ,o ðïkdiaála"ßoau rgd ixo¾Yk foaYSh úfoaYSh l%Svd Wf<,j,a j¾Kj;a lrk ,§' ta iu. utu wdNdih m<d;a ;r." l,dm ;r. fuka u ksjdidka;r l%Svd ;r.j,g oiïfm%aIKh úh' wo olajd u mdi,a isiqka fuka u foaYSh ;reK ;reKshka w;rfuf,i ðïkdiaála l%Svdj m%p,s; ùug;a" ixo¾Yk ðïkdiaála m%p,s; ùug;aúismia jirlg wdikak ld,hla ta i|yd lemùfuka" b;d Wkkaÿfjka ðïkdiaálajHdma; ks,Odß f,i ñ,afrdahs chudkak l< fufyjr meiish hq;= fõ' ;dlaIKWml%u" mqyqKq Ys,am l%u" úksYaph yd mqyqKqj weiqßka ðïkdiaála l%Svdfõ fïolajd u m%.ukhg fya;= jQfha Tyqf.a wm%;sy; ffO¾hh u úh'

tfuka u Èia;%sla uÜgñka by; l%Svd i|yd mqyqKq lrejka ;sia fokl= ^tlaÈia;%slalhlg tla mqyqKq lrejl= ne.ska m;a lrk ,§'& Tjqka úiska ;u Èia;%slalfha.=rejrekag wod< l%Svdj ms<sn| kj ;dlaIKsl ±kqu ,nd fok ,§'

m%Odk l%Svd f,i y÷kajd § ;snQ u,, l%Svd" fjd,sfnda,a" fkÜ fnda,a l%Svdi|yd uq,ajrg Èia;%slal uÜgñka mqyqKq lrejka f,i m;a lsÍug .=re uy;au $uy;aóka f;dard f.k Tjqka i|yd mqyqKqlre mdGud,d mj;ajk ,§' kqjrt<sh.Dyia: l%Svdx.kh" fydrK ;laIs,d úµd,h jeks ia:dkj, fuu mdGud,dmeje;aúK' bka wk;=re j msyskqï" ðïkdiaála" nr bis,Su" l%slÜ jeks l%Svd i|ydfo jk wÈhfrys § mqyqKqlre mdGud,d mj;ajd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka tlatla l%Svdfõ mqyqKqlrejka f,i mqyqKq lrk ,§' tla tla Èia;%slalj, ta ta l%Svdji|yd mqyqKq l< mqyqKqlrejka uÕska l%Svdj jHdma; lsÍu" mqyqKq lsÍu" ;r.meje;aùu yd jev igyka ixúOdkh lsÍu;a isÿ lrk ,§' fï fya;=j ksid umdi,aj, l%Svdj Èfkka Èk ckm%sh;ajhg m;a jQ w;r u Tjqkg ta i|yd iyNd.sùug jeä wjia:d ,nd .ekSug o yels úh' wiQfõ oYlfha w.Nd.hg <Õd jkúg cd;sl uÜgfï ;r.dj,sj, § mdi,a l%Svl l%Säldjka yg iqmsß oialï±laùug yels úh' Y%shdks l=,jxY" ouhka;s o¾Yd" uelaisuia m%kdkaÿ" m;au l=udrwurfialr" gdkshd jekaysh¾" Y%shka; oikdhl jeks mdi,a l%Svl" l%Säldjkau,, l%Svd lafIa;%fha cd;sl uÜgfï ;r.j, § fmkakqï l< l=i,;d fya;=fjkacd;Hka;r ;r. i|yd Y%S ,xldj ksfhdackh lsÍfï wjia:dj mdi,a úfhys § uysñlr .;ay' tfuka u ±,a mkaÿ" u,, l%Svd" fjd,s fnda,a i|yd cd;sl uÜgñka.=re mqyqKq mdGud,djla m;a;,f.or .=re úµd,fha § 1984 j¾Ifha È meje;aúKs'ta i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ tjlg isá ish¨ u YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;aóka iyNd.slrjk ,§' fuu jevigyka ksid mdi,a l%Svdfõ úYd, m%fndaOhla we;s úh' 1984jifrka miq cd;sl mdi,a l%Svd ;r.dj,shg wkqrEm j m<d;a uÜgfï ;r.dj,sfuka u mdi,a uÜgfï ksjdidka;r ;r. o b;d by< ixúOdk uÜgñka hqla;j ixúOdkh flßKs' 1984 m%:u jrg ixúOdkh lrk ,o cd;sl mdi,a l%SvdWf<, rdcH W;aijhl isß bis,S h' wdrïNl Èkhg Èk 30 lg muK fmr isgmdi,a l%Svd Wf<, iïnkaO .S;h .=jka úÿ,sfhka úldYkh lrk ,§' ;r.dj,sfha

403

olaI;u l%Svlhd yd l%Säldjg wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha úhoñka úfoaY ixpdrhlgwjia:dj ,nd fok nj o uqøs; yd úµq;a udOH uÕska úldYkh lrk ,§' m%:ujrg meje;s fuu l%Svd Wf<f,ys olaI;u l%Svlhd f,i fydrK ;laIs,d uOHuyd úµd,fha whs' mS' lkaok wdrÉÑ l%Svlhd wNsfIal ,;a w;r olaI;ul%Säldj njg Y%shdks Oïñld ueKsfla YsIHdj m;a jQjd h' 1984 j¾Ifha wjidkNd.fha ;r.dj,sh meje;aùu fya;=fjka fmdfrdkaÿ jQ mßÈ tu j¾Ifhach.%dylhkg úfoaY ixpdrhla ,nd §ug wjia:dj fkd ,eìKs'

1985 j¾Ifha isx.mamQrefõ meje;a jQ wdishdkq wka;¾k.r u,, l%Svd;r.h i|yd jQ wdrdOkh i|yd iyNd.s lrùug kshñ; jQ ;r.lrejka mdi,al%Svl$l%Säldjka w;=ßka f;dard .ekSug" u,, l%Svd ix.uh ;SrKh lrk ,§' tawkqj tu ;r.dj,sh i|yd Y%shdks Oïñld ueKsfla" gdkshd jekaysh¾" whs' mS'lkaok wdrÉÑ" moaul=udr wurfialr" wfYdal ùrfldaka" Ysrdka uelaisuia m%kdkaÿiy ;j;a mdi,a l%Svl$l%Säldjka lsysm fokl=f.ka iukaú; l%Svd lKavdhuwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha mQ¾K odhl;ajh hgf;a ;r.dj,shg iyNd.s lrjk ,§'fuu u,, l%Svd lKavdhfï mqyqKqlre iy lKavdhï l<ukdlre f,i fld<Uã' tia' fiakdkdhl úµd,fha tjlg u,, l%Svd mqyqKqlre f,i lghq;= l< tia'ã' iQßhl=udr uy;aud iy Y%S ,xldfõ olaI;u flá ÿr Odjk Y+ßhl f,i kï±rE Ydka;s fmdä uy;auhd uy;añh uy;añh lKavdhï Ndr ks,Odßksh ydmqyqKqldßKsh f,i tu ;r.dj,sh i|yd Y%S ,xldj ksfhdackh lsÍug wjia:dj,nd fok ,§'

1980 oYlfha .=re wOHdmkh

fuu jljdkqj jk úg Y%S ,dxlSh .=re wOHdmkfha fjkialï isÿùï owdrïN úh' .=re mqyqKqj i|yd .=re úÿy,aj, meje;s mdGud,d wjika lr tajdwOHdmk úµdmSG njg m;a lsÍug lghq;= ilia flfrñka mej;sKs' m%:u jrgY%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk úµd mSG myla wdrïN jQ w;r w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& iu;=ka;=ka wjqreÿ ämaf,daud .=re mqyqKq mdGud,d i|yd .kakd ,o w;r tu mSG myw;=ßka l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh i|yd nKavdrfj, Y%S ,xld YdÍßlwOHdmk úµdmSG kñka úfYaIs; jQ úµdmSGhla 1985 iema;eïn¾ 23 Èk wdrïNúh' fi!uH foaY.=Khlska fyì W!j m<df;a nKavdrfj, ì÷Kqjej m%foaYfhatjlg meje;s nKavdrfj, .=re úµd,hg wh;a jQ f.dvke.s,s iy N+ñh fuuY%S ,xld YdÍßl wOHdmk úµdmSGh wdrïN lsÍug fhdod .kakd ,§' wdrïNlwjia:dfõ § YdÍßl wOHdmkh úIhh i|yd u muKla fuu mSGh fhdod.ekSug lghq;= ie,iqï lr ;sîu fya;= fldg f.k u fuu úµd mSGh Y%S ,xldYdÍßl wOHdmk mSGh kñka u ia:dmkh lrk ,§' wdrïNl mSGdêm;s ;k;=frysrdcldß Y%S ,xld l%slÜ l%Svd lafIa;%fha m%ùKhl= jQ o fgksia l%Svlhl= o jQ frdï.=K;s,l uy;audf.a uQ,sl;ajfhka wdrïN úh' tjlg wOHdmk weue;s OQrh±rE rks,a úl%uisxy uy;df.a ±ä Wkkaÿj;a" úµd mSG flduidßiajrhd f,ilghq;= l< .=Kmd, úl%ur;ak iy wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha l%Svd wxYfha m%Odkshd

404

jQ iqks,a chùrf.a uyÕ= odhl;ajh;a fuu wdh;kh fuf,i ia:dms; lsÍugbjy,a jQ nj fkdryils'

úµd mSGfha uq,a u YdÍßl wOHdmk lÓldpd¾h uKav,h tÉ' t,a' ví,sõ'úl%uisxy" rxð;a ch;s,l" tia' ã' iQßhl=udr" v.a,ia Okj¾Ok" jika; wurÈjdlriy fvkais,a úl%uisxy hk uy;ajrekaf.ka iukaú; úh' jir .Kkdjlmeje;s idïm%odhsl .=re mqyqKqjg fjkia f,iska w¨hu yfha lksiug Èkm;dì÷kqjej úµdmSGfha isg nKavdrfj, k.rh olajd;a wdmiq úµdmSGh fj;g;alKavdhï folla f,i Èjhñka YdÍßl wNHdi mqyqKqj ,nk lreK .=re uy;auuy;aókaf.a oiqk m%foaYjdiSka u;lhg k.kqfha Èh;,dj yuqod mqyqKq m%foaYfhaw¨hu olakg ,efnk oiqkla f,isks'

fufia úµd mSGh ;=< YdÍßl wOHdmk mdGud,dj mj;ajd f.k hkw;r;=r úµd mSGfha kduh ms<sn| j úúO jQ liql=iq iuyreka ;=< ks¾udKhúh' wfkl=;a úµd mSGj,g fhdok ,o kï m%foaYhg wkqrEms; j fyda ft;sydislf,aLkj, i|yka jQ kduhkag wkqrEms; j fhdod ;snqKs' fuhg iu.dó jwdrïN l< úµd mSGj,g fhdod ;snQ ishkE" ydmsá.u" miaÿkarg" uyje,s wd§ jQkduhka fia u fuu m%foaYhg wkqrEm kula fuu úµd mSGhg o fhÈh hq;= hhk woyi foaYmd,k m%jdyhg o we;=<;a ùu;a iu. fuu úµd mSGfha wdrïNlkduh fjkia lr fuu úµd mSGh W!j úµd mSGh f,iska kï lrk ,§' tf;law¿ hg .sks mqmqre fia meje;s .eg¨j ta iu. u ksrdlrKh úh' tfuka umiqld,Sk j YdÍßl wOHdmk mdGud,djg wu;r j fjk;a úIh mdGud,d fuumSGh ;=< wdrïNhg o tu l%shdj myiqjla úh'

mdGud,dj wdrïN lr Èk lsysmhlska cmka iyfhda.S;d moku uÕska Y%S,xldjg imhk wdOdr fiajdj hgf;a cmka iafõÉPd mqyqKqlrejl=f.a fiajh,nd ÿKs' cmdkfha iql=nd (Tsukuba) úYaj úµd,fhka fN!;fõoh yd Ôjhdka;%úµdj ms<sn| Wmdêhla ysñlr .;a flá ÿr Odjlhl= jQ fhdISisïIq uy;audf.amqyqKqj ieug kjuq w;a±lSula úh' fuu jljdkqfõ § wdrïNl mqyqKq,dNSkaf.kanyq;rh ldka;dfjda jQy' tfy;a wdpd¾h uKav,hg lÓldpd¾hjßhkaf.awvqmdvqjla mej;sKs' tu ys±i iïmQ¾K jQfha wdpd¾h uKav,hg YdÍßl wOHdmklÓldpd¾hjßhka f,i pïmd .=Kj¾Ok yd m¾,s b¨lal=Uqr fom<f.awd.ukfhks Tjqka fom< isiqúhkaf.a .eg¨ ksrdlrKhg uy;a msájy,la jQjdfuka u ±,amkaÿ l%Svdjg mdGud,d wdrïNfha isg u Tjqka fhduqlr,Sug W;aiqlúh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh Èh;a l< ld¾hlaIu jevms<sfj< fya;=fjka mdi,aj,úúO l%Svd jev igyka" mqyqKq jev igyka i;s wka;fha fuka u i;sfha Èkj,iji yd mdi,a ksjdvq ld,j, § l%shd;aul úh' fuu ld, iSudfõ iuia; ,xld.=re l%Svd ;r. o b;d by< uÜgñka meje;aúKs' fï i|yd ,xldfõ mdi,amoaO;sfha YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;au uy;aóka fuka u ;reK WmdêOdÍyq oiïnkaO ù m<d;a uÜgñka lKavdhï jYfhka bÈßm;a jQy' b;du;a by<;dlaIKfhka hq;a l%Svd ;r. fuu ld, iSudj ;=< ±lSug yels úh' mdi,a l%Svd

405

yd YdÍßl wOHdmk jevigyka fuf,i jvd;a lemS fmfkk wdldrhg l%shd;aulùu;a iu. u mdi,a l%Svd ix.ï i|yd kj ks,OdÍka m;a lsÍu i|yd jHjia:dixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' ish¨ mdi,a ix.ïj, iyNd.s;ajfhka mdi,a l%Svd iNdjlao ia:dms; lsÍfï uQ,sl lghq;= ixúOdkh úh' mdi,a uÜgfï cd;sl Y+rhka ydY+ßhka i|yd úfoaY ixpdr ,nd fok ,§' iuQy l%Svd i|yd olaI;d olajklKavdhï i|yd úfoaY w;a±lSï ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj i,id fok ,§' flfiajqj o ;r. l%Svdfõ ixj¾Okhla úYd, jYfhka mdi, ;=< isÿ jqj o mdi,auÜgñka YdÍßl wOHdmkfha m%udKj;a ixj¾Okhla fuu jev igykaj,skafkd ,efí hk u;h úúO whj¿ka úiska bÈßm;a l< o ta i|yd úfõplhkagmeyeÈ,s m%dfhda.sl jevms<sfj<la bÈßm;a lsÍug yelshdjla fkdue;s jQ neúkatu woyia l%ufhka hgm;a úh'

jißka jir ;r. l%Svd i|yd jeä odhl;ajhla mdi,a isiqkaf.ka ,enqKqw;r jd¾Isl j olaI;d olajk isiqkag l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,iwOHdmk wud;HdxYhg n|jd .ekSug wjia:dj ;jÿrg;a ysñ úh' fmdf<dkakrejrdclSh úµd,fha m%:u .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dfjka miq yslalvqj" udoïfma"meKssfoKsh .=re mqyqKq uOHia:dkj, jd¾Isl j YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,in|jd .;a .=rejreka i|yd kjl YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dj mj;ajk,§' fuu ld¾hfha § úYd, fufyjrla l< hQ' t,a' lreKdr;ak" rxð;a ch;s,l"T,súhd .uf.a" fla' iS' tia' ñ/kavd" m¾is fkdfh,a" Nd.Hd l=rel=,iQßh" fmda,afmf¾rd" ohd .=Kj¾Ok" ,hk,a pkaøfidau" lms;dka rySï" pkaøodi uQk.u hkks,OdÍkaf.a kï i|yka lsÍu jeo.;a fõ' by; i|yka .=re mqyqKq mdGud,di|yd isxy," øúv yd uqia,sï hk ckj¾. ish,a, u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ .=reisiqka f;dard .kq ,enQ w;r øúv yd uqia,sï isiqka i|yd mqyqKq mdGud,dj øúvNdIdfjka meje;aùug o yels úh' ta i|yd à' tï' foafõkaø" à' mS' wdíÈka iy*jqis Tiaudka hk YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;=ka yd lÓldpd¾hjreka úiska ork,o fjfyi w;suy;a h' iïmQ¾K mdGud,dfõ wka;¾.; jQ l%Svdj, foaYk ydm%fhda.sl mqyqKqùï øúv NdIdfjka tu mqyqKqj ,nk øúv yd uqia,sï .=rejrekag,nd §ug by; wdpd¾h uKav,h ±ä lemùulska l%Svd lsÍu ksid Y%S ,xldfõiEu ck fldgila u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ f;dard .;a tu .=re uy;au uy;aókagm;aùï ,nd .ekSfuka miq j ;u m%foaYhkays mdi,aj, wmyiqjlska f;dr j l%Svdls%hdldrlï yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh b.ekaùug wjia:dj Wod úh'

fuf,i n|jd .;a YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rjreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd l%uj;a.=re mqyqKq jevms<sfj<l wjYH;dj ±ä j mej;=Ks' fï hgf;a ta i|yd lsishïmsájy,la ,enqfKa cd;sl wOHdmk tallfha ¥ria: wOHdmk tallfha Ô' iS' ta'à' chfialr uy;df.a wëlaIKh hgf;a wdrïN lr ;snQ ¥ria: .=re mqyqKqmdGud,dfjks' fuu ld, iSudj jk úg Èjhsk mqrd ¥ria: .=re mqyqKq uOHia:dkwdrïN lr ;snQ w;r ta i|yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh fudähq, ilia lrk ,§'isxyf,ka yd øúv NdIdfjka ieliQ fuu fudähq, YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh ms<sn|jeä ±kqula ,nd .kakg úYd, msgqn,hla jQy'

tfuka u l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,i n|jd .kq ,enQ kjl

406

YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka yg .=re mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSu i|yd ÿria: wOHdmklafIa;%fha .=re mqyqKq mdGud,dj b;du;a msájy,la úh' bka wk;=re j l%Svd ydYdÍßl wOHdmk m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï we;=<;a .%ka:hla ÿria: wOHdmktallfhka ìys jQfha ¥ria: wOHdmk tallfha wOHlaIl j isá ,hk,a wur.=Kfialr uy;df.a ld, iufha § h' th o YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekag mdi,al%shdldrlï i|yd úYd, wdOdrlhla úh'

fuu jljdkqj jk úg WmdêOdÍka Rcq j u .=re jD;a;shg n|jd .ekSugisÿ jQ w;r zmQ¾j fiajd mdGud,dj wksjd¾hfhka .=re fiajdjg we;=<;a ùugfmr iïmQ¾K l< hq;= hZ hk rdcH m%;sm;a;suh u; mQ¾j fiajd .=re mqyqKqmdGud,d ixúOdkh lrk ,§' fuu mdGud,d ilia lsÍfï § YdÍßl wOHdmkyd l%Svd úIhh wksjd¾hfhka u mdGud,d,dNSka úiska yeoEßh hq;= úh' WoEikYdÍßl jHdhdu iy iji l%Svd i|yd mdGud,d,dNSyq ±ä Wkkaÿjla ±lajQy' tumdGud,dj b;d ixúOdkd;aul j meje;aùu;a l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh ;=<skayd fi!kao¾h úIh lafIa;%h ;=<ska Tjqkg ,enqK riúkaokh;a fuu WmdêOdÍka;=< iajhx úkhla we;s lsÍu i|yd w;aje,la úh' fuu jevms<sfjf<ys id¾:lNdjh ÿgq tjlg Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úµd,fha Wm l=,m;sjrhd jQ wdpd¾hlreKdfiak fldä;=jlal= úiska úYaj úµd, kjl isiqka i|yd kukSlrKmdGud,djla y÷kajd fokq ,enQfha ,dxlSh úYaj úµd, b;sydifha m%:u jrg h'fuh l%Svd" fi!kao¾h úIhhka we;=<;a mQ¾K ld,Sk flá mdGud,djla úh'

1984 yd 1986 j¾Ij, isÿ lrk ,o mdi,a úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhg wkqj 1- 3 jir olajd fi!LH mqreÿ i;shlg meh 2 1$2 o 4" 5 jir olajd mßirwOHdmkh fi!LH i|yd ld,Éfþo 4la o yd YdÍßl wOHdmkhg ld,Éfþo lao 9" 10" 11 i|yd YdÍßl wOHdmk ld,Éfþo 1 ne.ska o fjka lrk ,§' tfy;afuu ksfhda. mdi,a fj; ksl=;a lrk wjia:dj jk úg;a Ndú;fha ;snQ fi!LHyd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh ks¾foaYh" tla lafIa;%hlg i;shlg ld,Éfþo 2lld, rduqjla i|yd ilia lrk ,oaola úh' ta wkqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khúiska ilia lr ;sfnk tu úIh ks¾foaYh wjika lsÍu i|yd m%udKj;a ld,iSudjla kj ksfhda. wkqj fjka fkdlsÍu fya;=fjka YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekafuka u isiqyq o wmyiq;djg ,la jQy' fufia l,ska l,g úúO jQ fjkialïj,gNdckh fjñka bÈßhg meñKs fuu fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh lafIa;%hbka wk;=re j úµd,j,g tla lrk ,§ ^ 14$2$216 pl%f,aLh&' fuu ld, iSudj;=< n,fha isá rcfha wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd úiska YdÍßl wOHdmkh úIhh ;=<isÿ úh hq;= fjkialï ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,oafoa 1985 Y%S ,xldfõmeje;s ol=Kq wdishdkq ;r.dj,sfha § Y%S ,dxlSh l%Svl $ l%Säldjka olajk ,oiqúfYaIS oialï fya;=fjks'

ta wkqj mdi,a l%Svdj cd;sl uÜgfï yd cd;Hka;r uÜgfï olaI;d we;sl%Svl l%Säldjka ìys lsÍug f;da;ekakla neõ fndfyda l%Svd úpdrlhska yd l%SvdlafIa;%fha m%ùKhkaf.a woyi úh' tjlg n,fha meje;s rcfha wOHdmkwud;Hjrhd úiska fuu ;;a;ajh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lr jd¾;djla ,nd .ekSui|yd úfoaY úfYaI{hl= Y%S ,xldjg f.kaùug lghq;= lf<a h'

407

kefÕkysr c¾uksfha wdpd¾h .=kagfy,¾f.a meñKSfuka wk;=re j Tyqúiska Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a" .=re úÿy,a" úµdmSGj, l%shd;aul jQ l%Svd yd YdÍßlwOHdmk jev igyka .eUqßka wOHhkh lrk ,§' bka wk;=re j Tyq tjlgmdi,a úIh ud,dfõ YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh ks¾foaY wOHhkh lsÍfuka wk;=rej meje;s úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh lsÍug lghq;= wdrïN lrk ,§' wdpd¾h.=kagfy,¾f.a ks¾foaY u; YdÍßl wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ;%S mqoa., lñgqjlaia:dms; lrk ,§' ,;d fiakdkdhl" fla' ã' hQ' Okj¾Ok" pkaød fyïud;.uhk whf.ka iukaú; jQ fuu lñgqj .=kagfy,¾f.a Wmfoia u; kj úIhks¾foaY yd tys wvx.= l%shdldrlï iúia;r j ilia lrk ,§' ta i|yd tjlgwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha iyldr wOHlaI l%Svd ;k;=r ±rE iqks,a chùrhkaf.afkdu| iydh o ,eìKs'

fuu úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍfuka wk;=re j tajd l%shd;aul l< hq;=wdldrh ms<sn| j mqyqKq jevigykla o wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska tla tlam%foaYj,ska f;dard .;a YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekag mj;ajk ,§' tys mqyqKqj,enQjka m%:u jrg 1986'08'21 Èk isg YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re WmfoaYljrekaf,iska m;aùï ,nd Y%S ,dxlSh wOHdmk moaO;shg tla lrk ,§' wdpd¾h .=kagfy,¾1986'01'23 Èk isg 1986'02'06 olajd lrk ,o tu ld¾hh mdi,a YdÍßl wOHdmkjev igykaj, .=Kd;aul Ndjh ÈhqKq lsÍug;a" YdÍßl l%shdldrlï l%uj;a jwe.hSug uy;a msájy,la úh'

1988 j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%hg wLKav we.ehSï l%shdj,shy÷kajd §fuka wk;=re j tu wLKav we.ehSï mámdáhg wkqj úIhh kej;jrla fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh hkqfjka kï lrk ,§' ta wkqj we.ehSïi|yd we.ehSï fuj,ï ielisKs' jßkajr isÿ jk ixfYdaOk fya;=fjka ks¾udKhjQ .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajhkag fya;= mdol jQ uQ,sl lreK jkqfha YdÍßl wOHdmkhi|yd tallhla cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ia:dms; j fkd ;sîu ksid neõfndfyda fokdf.a woyi úh' tfia jqj o we;s jkakd jQ fuu .eg¨ldÍ ;;a;ajksrdlrKh lr .ekSug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg yels jQfha YdÍßl wOHdmklafIa;%h /l .ekSfï wNsm%dfhka l%shd l< merKs .=re úÿy,a lÓldpd¾hjreka,nd ÿka iydh fya;=fjks'

1984 § wdrïN l< cd;sl mdi,a l%Svd jev igyk fï jk úg rg ;=< b;dm%n, jYfhka ixj¾Okh fjñka mej;sK' 1988 j¾Ih jk úg tu ;r.dj,shi|yd iyNd.s jk isiqkaf.a ixLHdfõ úYd, jeä ùula olakg yels úh' tfukau Tjqkaf.a olaI;d b;d by< uÜgul mej;sK' tfy;a 1988 - 1989 ld, iSudj;=< rg ;=< kej;;a ;reK ler,s wdrïN ùu fya;=fjka ijia ld,fha" i;swka;fha mqyqKqùï i|yd iyNd.s jQ mdi,a YsIH$YsIHdjka ixLHdj l%ufhka wvqúh' flfia jqj o mdi,a l%Svd i|yd jd¾Isl j iyNd.sjkakkaf.a ixLHdj jeälsÍug;a" Tjqka ;=< l%Svd i|yd Wkkaÿj j¾Okh lsÍug;a" olaI;d w.h lsÍfï;awruqKska hq;= j" mdi,a l%Svd ix.ïj, taldnoaO;dfjka cd;sl mdi,a l%Svdj 80oYlfha wjika Nd.fha ia:dmkh lrk ,§' wk;=re j mdi,a l%Svd iNdfõfufyhùfuka jd¾Isl j úúO l%Svd i|yd cd;sl uÜgñka jrK m%odkh lsÍug

408

lghq;= lrk ,§' úúO l%Svdj, ksr; j isák" Y%S ,xldj mqrd úisÍ isák mdi,aore ±ßhka w;=ßka iqúfYaIS olaI;d olajk mdi,a ore ±ßhkg tu olaI;dfjkqfjka zzcd;sl mdi,a jrKZZ m%odkh lsÍu tod isg wo olajd u wLKav jmej; tkakls' tfuka u kshñ; jrK mßidOk uÜgï wNsnjd hk ;r.lrejkagta i|yd l=i,;d iy;sl msßkeóu o wiQj oYlfha isg wdrïN l< iqúfYaISlghq;a;ls'

1993 olajd ld, iSudj ;=< ¥ria: wOHdmk l%uh uÕska Y%S ,xldfõ kqmqyqKqYdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;au $ uy;aókag mqyqKqj ,nd §u yd ta i|yd ieliQfudähq, u.ska úIhfha bÈß .ukg fuka u mdi,aj, YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhhm%p,s; lsÍug uyÕ= fufyjrla bgq lrk ,§'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska fuu ld, jljdkqj ;=< mqyqKq .=rejrekai|yd wOHdmkh ms<sn| Wmdê mdGud,d úúO úIh lafIa;% hgf;a wdrïN lsÍui|yd wjOdkh fhduq lrk ,§' ta wkqj úoaj;=kaf.a idlÉPd .Kkdjlg miq"iajdëk wdh;khla f,i cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg" mk;ska ,eî we;s n,hm%fhdackhg .ksñka" fiajfha fh§ isák Y%S ,dxlSh .=re uy;au uy;aóka i|ydúYaj úµd, uÜgfï Wiia mdGud,d" fuu jljdkqj jk úg wdrïN lsÍugwjia:dj ysñ úh' uq,a wjia:dfõ § úúO úIh lafIa;% hgf;a wOHdmkh ms<sn|Wmdê mdGud,d yeoEÍu i|yd .=re uy;au uy;aóka mdGud,d i|yd n|jd.kakd ,oafoa újD; úNd.hl m%;sM, u; úh'

tfy;a YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ Wmdêhla ,nd .ekSugwjia:djla úYaj úµd, moaO;sh ;=<j;a fkd ;sìKs' wOHdmk moaO;shg YdÍßlwOHdmk .=re uy;au uy;aóka f,i ne÷Kq Y%S ,dxlsl cd;sl uÜgfï ;reKl%Svl l%Säldjkag Wmdêhla ,nd .ekSug wjia:djla fkd ,eîu úIhfha bÈß.ukg uy;a ndOlhla úh' fï fya;=j ksid u fndfyda YdÍßl wOHdmk .=reuy;au uy;aóyq Y%S ,dxlSh úYaj úµd,j, ndysr Wmdê mdGud,d fuka uwOHdmkfõ§ Wmdê mdGud,d yodrd bka miq fjk;a úIh lafIa;%j, b.ekaùfïld¾hfha kshqla; jQy' ta Tjqkag YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh lafIa;%h ;=<ska ;ujD;a;Sh Ôú;fha m%.;shla ,nd .ekSug wjia:djla fkdue;s nj jegySu ;=<sks'YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re mqyqKq iy;sl m;% oEjqreÿ mdGud,dj iy úµd mSG ämaf,daudmuKla Y%S ,xldj ;=< § ,nd .ekSfï wjia:dj Y%S ,dxlSh .=rejrekg ;snQ tl uwjia:dj úh' fï fya;=j ksid u fuu lafIa;%fha jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd;jÿrg;a meje;s wjia:d f,i mej;sfha l%Svd wud;HdxYfhka l%Svd mdi,a úiskajd¾Isl j mj;ajd f.k hk ,o kj udisl l%Svd ämaf,daud mdGud,dj iy úúOcd;sl uÜgfï ix.ï úiska úfoaY mqyqKqlrejka f.kajd ta ta l%Svd mqyqKqùïiïnkaO j mj;ajkq ,enQ iy;sl m;% mdGud,d muKs' tu mdGud,d yeoErej otu iy;sl jD;a;Sh iy;sl f,i wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka ms<sfkd.eksK'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka i|yd wOHdmkfõ§Wmdê mdGud,dj wdrïN lsÍug W;aidy ±rej o .eg¨j jQfha YdÍßl wOHdmkúfYaI úIh lafIa;%h b.ekaùug Wmdê ,;a ^wod< úIhfha& wdpd¾h uKav,hla

409

,nd .ekSug ;snQ bvlv m%udKj;a fkd ùu h' flfia jqj o 1987 YdÍßlwOHdmk .=re uy;au uy;aóka i|yd úYaj úµd, uÜgfï Wmdê mdGud,djlawdrïN lsÍug lghq;= fh§u w.h l< hq;= fõ'

1988 ys § ta olajd meje;s mdi,a YsIHNg lghq;=j, isÿ jQ fjkialu oYdÍßl wOHdmk yd l%Svd i|yd mdi,a isiqka fhduq lsÍug uy;a msájy,la úh'1988 md¾,sfïka;= mk;lska cd;sl YsIHNg n<ldh ia:dms; lrk ,È' cd;slYsIHNg n<ldh k.rno fuka u .%dóh m%foaYj, we;s mdi,aj, mdi,a YsIHNgLKav ixLHdj jeä lrñka n<weKs ixLHdj o l%ufhka jeä lrk ,È' fïfya;=fjka YsIHNg nd,l" nd,sld ;+¾h jdol fmrÈ." wmrÈ. LKav fndfydamdi,aj, w¨;ska wdrïN lrk ,È' 1988 olajd Y%S ,xld YsIHNg n<ldh hgf;amdi,aj, meje;s lksIaG yd fcHIaG YsIHNg LKav wj,x.= ù ta fjkqjg jhiwjq' 16-20 w;r isiqkg mdi,a YsIHNg LKavj,g ne£ug kj wjia:djla ysñ úh'

jd¾Isl j meje;afjk cd;sl YsIHNg nd,l nd,sld l%Svd Wf<, cd;sluÜgfï ;r.dj,shla njg m;a ùu;a iu. mdi,a l%Svl l%Säldfjda YsIHNgLKavj,g ne£ug jeä m%jK;djla ±lajQy' fuu YsIHNg l%Svd Wf<,g u,,l%Svd" fjd,sfnda,a" fkÜfnda,a" mdmkaÿ" neâñkagka" l%slÜ jeks ;r. o we;=<;a úh'

cd;sl YsIHNg n<ldh wdrïNfha § Y%S ,xld YsIHNg n<ldh hgf;a isáfndfyda ks,OdÍka hqO yuqodfõ fjk;a tall i|yd udreùï ,nd hEu fya;=fjkawe;s jQ mqrmamdvq i|yd;a" w¨;ska wdrïN l< YsIHNg LKav i|yd;a ks,Odßmqrmamdvq msrùu i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hgf;a mdi,aj, fiajh lrk .=reuy;au uy;aóka jd¾Isl j n|jd .ksñka cd;sl YsIHNg n<ldfha ks,OdÍkaf,i wêldßhg m;a lrk ,È' ks,Odß úIh ud,dfõ uQ,sl j yuqod úIhhka"m%cd úIhhka" YdÍßl wOHdmk yd l%Svd yd irU wka;¾.; j ;snqKs' fuuwjêfha § fndfyda YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;au uy;aóka cd;sl YsIHNg n<ldfhaks,OdÍka f,i mqyqKqj ,nk ,È' fï ksid mdi,aj, jd¾Isl l%Svd ;r.j,.ufka hdu" wdpdr fm<md<s" wK§ï yd W;aij b;d by< uÜgul mej;sKs'

1990 oYlh jk úg jd¾Isl j mj;ajkq ,nk Èia;%sla ;r.j,ska olaI;d,nk isiqka úfYaI l%Svd mqyqKqùï ,nd §u i|yd Èia;%sla uÜgfuka l%Svd mdi,awdrïN lrk ,È' fuh l%Svd mdi,a YsIH;aj jev igykla úh' fyafka.u ueÈúÿy," udoïfma fiakdkdhl úÿy," ms<shkao, ueÈ úÿy," Èlaje,a, úð; uOHuyd úµd,h" j,, uOH uyd úµd,h jeks mdi,aj, l%Svd mdi,a wdrïN lrk,È' tu mdi,aj, olaI;d we;s isiqkag YsIH;aj ,nd fok ,È' fkdñf,a wdydrmdk"fkajdisl myiqlï wka;¾.; jQ fuu mdi,a i|yd f;dard .kq ,enQ isiqkgffoksl wOHdmk lghq;=j,g wu;r j Wohg mdi,a wdrïNhg fmr yd ijiajrefõ yd i;s wka;j, fkajdisl j isák mqyqKqlrejka uÕska úfYaI l%SvdmqyqKqùï ,nd fok ,§' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha cd;sl mdi,a ;r.dj,sfha § tumdi,aj, isiq isiqúhka iqúfYaIS olaI;d fmkaùuhs' wd¾Ól ysÕ;djkaf.ka hq;=l%Svd olaI;d we;s fndfyda isiq orejkag tu l%Svd mdi,a jHdmD;sh Tjqkaf.aolaI;d Tmakxjd,Sug uy;a msájy,la úh'

410

l%Svd mdi,a jHdmD;sh Èia;%sla uÜgñka l%shd;aul ùu;a iu. ;r. l%Svdi|yd mdi,a uÜgñka YsIH YsIHdjkaf.a fhduqùu jvd;a ;Sj% úh' fï fya;=j ksidu cd;sl uÜgfuka isiqka olajk l=i,;d Èfkka Èk j¾Okh úh' cd;sl l%Svdix.ïj, cd;sl uÜgfï mqyqKq ixÑ;j,g isiqkag we;=<;a ùug wjia:d jeä úh'tfy;a mdi,a uÜgfï wfkl=;a isiq ore ±ßhka i|yd mdi,a YdÍßl wOHdmkjevigyka iSud jQfha tla ld,fþohlg muKs' miqld,Sk j jvd;a l%ufhkafuh wvd< úh' mdi,a úIhh f,i kej; YdÍßl wOHdmkh mdi,a ;dlaIKúIhhla f,i o 1993 § tjlg wOHdmk weue;s jQ ,,s;a we;=,;auqo,s uy;df.aks¾foaYh u; mdi,a úIh ud,djg tla úh' fuh w'fmd'i' id'fm< úNd.h i|ydks¾foaYs; ;dlaIKsl úIhhkaf.ka tlla úh' ta i|yd úIh ks¾foaYhg t<suykawOHdmkh" l%Svd" u,, l%Svd" ðïkdiaála" YdÍßl wOHdmk uQ,O¾u" Ôj hdka;%úµdj" YdÍßl wOHdmk l<ukdlrK hk úIh ixrplhkaf.ka iukaú; úh'ta i|yd úIh ks¾foaY ieliSfï lñgqjla uÕska tla tla fY%aKs i|yd .=rew;afmd;a ilia lrk ,§'

1993 j¾Ih jk úg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ¥ria: wOHdmk tallhwfydais ùfuka wk;=re j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha úµd tallh hgf;afi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh lghq;= l%shd;aul ùu wdrïN úh' tu wxYhi|yd tjlg wl=/iai ú,amsg ks,aj,d wOHdmk úµdmSGfha YdÍßl wOHdmkhms<sn| fcHIaG lÓldpd¾hjßhl f,i fiajh l< lafIa;%fha úIhh ms<sn|m%ùKhl= jQ o" fcHIaGhl= jQ o ux.,sld ùrisxy uy;añh m;a jQjd h'

ta iu. u tla tla fY%aKs i|yd úIh ks¾foaY ieliSï" fm< fmd;a ilialsÍu" .=re mqyqKqj" fiajdia: ieis meje;aùu" mdi,a fi!LHh kÕd isgqùfïjevigyka fi!LH wud;HdxYh iu. u l%shd;aul lsÍu ;j ;j;a l%udkql+,úh' ta i|yd lafIa;%fha m%ùKhkaf.a yd fcHIaGhskaf.a iyNd.s;ajh ,nd .ekSugW;aiql ùfuka úIhh ;j ;j;a bÈßhg .uka lf<a h'

1994 j¾Ifha kj rch n,hg m;aùfuka wk;=rej o YdÍßl wOHdmkúIhh fuf;la mj;ajd f.k wd l%ufõoh u bÈßhg mj;ajd f.k hduglghq;= lrk ,§' úfYaIfhka l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,i mqyqKqj,eîug úµd mSGj,g n|jd .kq ,nk .=re wNHdi,dNSkaf.a m%udKh jeä lsÍui|yd reyqKq cd;sl wOHdmk úµd mSGfha o YdÍßl wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,djwdrïN lsÍu fuu jljdkqfõ iqúfYaIS isÿùuls' tfuka u wOHdmk wud;HdxYhfuka u cd;sl lnä l%Svd ix.uh úiska lnä l%Svdj mdi,a uÜgñka isiq ±ßhkagy÷kajd ÿka w;r th b;d YS>%fhka mdi,a w;r m%p,s; úh'

1997 j¾Ih jk úg ta olajd l%Svd lafIa;%fha ksfhdacH wOHlaI ckrd,al%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk ;k;=r ±rE iqks,a chùr uy;d wud;HdxYfhka bj;aùu;a iu. tu Oqrh i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ m%ùK fjd,sfnda,a l%Svlhl= fuka u u,,l%Svlhl= jQ Y%S ,xld W!j wOHdmk úµd mSGfha Wm mSGdêm;sjrhl= f,i l%shdl< rxð;a ch;s,l uy;d YdÍßl wOHdmk wOHlaI ;k;=rg m;a úh' Tyqf.ald,iSudj ;=< o fmr meje;s wdldrhg u cd;sl mdi,a l%Svd ;r. jev igyk"iuia; ,xld ;r.dj,sh" mdi,a l%Svd mqyqKq jev igyka fuka u l%Svd mdi,a

411

jHdmD;s lghq;= ;jÿrg;a bÈßhg f.k hk ,§' úfYaIfhka mdi,a i|yd ðïkdiaálaWmlrK" l%Svd WmlrK fnod yeÍug wjYH lghq;= lrk ,§' tfuka u mdi,aj,olaI;d fmkakqï lrk isiqkag j¾K m%odkh" jd¾Isl .=re ;r. mj;ajd f.khdug wjeis l%shdud¾. ta whqßka u .ekSu meiish hq;= h'

mdi,a l%Svd iNdj i|yd ks,OdÍka f,i f;dard .ekSu i|yd ta olajdmeje;s jHjia:dj fuu jljdkqfõ fjkilg ,la úh' mdi,a l%Svd iNdfõ;SrKh wkqj wOHdmk úµdmSGj, fiajh lrk .=re wOHdmk fiajfha kshq;=lÓldpd¾hjrekag mdi,a l%Svd ix.ïj, ks,;, ±ßug újD; j ;snQ wjia:dj ysñúh' Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,aj, lghq;= lrk l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;auuy;aóka" úÿy,am;sjreka" fjk;a úIh W.kajk .=rejreka" wOHdmk mßmd,kfiajfha ks,OdÍka i|yd muKla mdi,a l%Svd ix.ïj, ks,;, ±Íug yels jkmßÈ meje;s jHjia:dj ixfYdaOkh úh'

flfia jqj o fmr § fuka úµdmSG YdÍßl wOHdmk lÓldpd¾hjrekaf.aodhl;ajh" Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a l%Svdj yd YdÍßl wOHdmkh kxjd,Sug fkduiqrej ,nd fok ,§' 2000 j¾Ih wdrïNh;a iu. ksl=;a jQ m%d:ñl wOHdmkm%;sixialrK jd¾;dj wkqj m%d:ñl fY%aKsj, orejka ;=< wksjd¾hfhka mqyqKql< hq;= p,k" tfuka u l=vd wjêfha isg mj;ajd f.k hd hq;= yd m%.=K l<hq;= ksje/È bßhõ ms<sn| j jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrk ,§' tys ks¾foaYhkagwkqj i;shlg ñks;a;= ;syl ^30& ld,hla mdi,aj, Ñ;%" kegqï" ix.S;h W.kajk.=rejrekaf.a iydh we;s j úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï hgf;a fi!LH yd YdÍßlwOHdmk úIhh l%shd;aul lrk ,§' mia jk fY%aKsfha § wu;r ñks;a;= ;syl^30& ld,hla ta i|yd fjka lrk ,§' tu wu;r ld,fha YsIH wNsu;h" reÑl;ajhu; úúO jQ l%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùug isiqkg bv m%ia;dj i,id fok ,§'tuÕska m%d:ñl fY%AKsj, bf.kqu ,nk orejd ;=< wksjd¾hfhka mqyqKq l< hq;=p,k yd ksje/È bßhõ mj;ajd .ekSug wdOdr WmldÍ jk yqre lrùfï wNHdims<sn| j uÕ fmkaùula l%shdldrlïj,ska fkd,eîfï fya;=fjka tu m%;sixialrKuÕska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fjkiaùï mQ¾K jYfhka <Õd lr .ekSug fkdyels jQneõ lafIa;%fha nyq;rhlf.a woyi úh'

mYapd;a Wmê mdGud,d weröu

2000 j¾Ifha w.Nd.fha fmardfoKsh úYaj úµd,fha Wml=,m;s;=uka úiskajir 1 1$2 l YdÍßl wOHdmkh i|yd jQ mYapdoa Wmdê mdGud,djla wdrïNlsÍfï uQ,sl woyi we;s j ta i|yd lghq;= iQodkï lrk ,§' ta i|yd uQ,slwä;d,u ±óug tjlg wOHdmk wxYdêm;s j isà uydpd¾h wfYdald chfiakm%uqL lÓldpd¾h uKav,h odhl jQy' mdGud,dfõ úIh ks¾foaYh ieliSu"mdi,a wOHdmk lafIa;%fha w;a±lSï we;s" ta ms<sn| úIh ±kqula we;s lñgqjlafj; mjrk ,§' ta wkqj ,;d fiakdkdhl" pkaød fyïud;.u" tia' ã' iQßhl=udrhk whf.ka iukaú; jQ ;%Smqoa., lñgqj úiska tu ld¾hh bgqlsÍfuka wk;=rej mdGud,dj wdrïN lrk ,§' Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj, YdÍßl wOHdmk úIh

412

b.ekaùfuys ksr; jir 3-5 w;r m<mqreoaola we;s ´kE u lafIa;%hl Wmdêhlaysñ jhi wjqreÿ 50g wvq .=re uy;au uy;aóka m%dfhda.sl yd ,sÅs; mÍlaIKhlskaf;dard .ekSu tjlg ;snQ l%ufõoh úh'

fuu ld, jljdkqj jk úg YdÍßl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úµd mSGlÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh lr úfoaY.; j isá iafÜ%,shdkq úYaj úµd,hlskaYdÍßl wOHdmk úIh iys; j wdpd¾h Wmdêhla ,nd isá tï'ã' rKùrf.a wdmiqmeñKSu;a fuu mdGud,djg Tyqf.ka ,enqK odhl;ajh tu mYapdoa WmdêmdGud,dj id¾:l j bÈßhg f.k hdug fya;= mdol úh' fï wkqj ,dxlShmdi,aj, YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh bÈßhg f.k hdu i|yd fuu WmdêmdGud,dfjka jd¾Isl j mYapdoa WmdêOdÍka wOHdmk lafIa;%hg ìys lsÍu meiishhq;= h'

2008 § inr.uqj úYajúµd,fha m%:u j;djg jHjydßl úµd mSGh hgf;aYDÍßl wOHdmk úµdj ms<sn| m%:u Wmdêh (B Sc in PE) wrUk ,§' lS%vdl<ukdlrKh ms<sn| m%:u Wmdêh (B Sc in Sports Management) o wrUk ,§'fï jk úg fmardfoKsh úYajúµd,fha ffjµ mSGh u.ska Diploma in Sport

Science iy Certificate Course in Sport Science kñka mdGud,d wdrïN lr we;'

kj m%jK;d

2002 j¾Ifha § wud;HdxYfha by< ;k;=rej, isÿ jQ fjkiaùïj,g wkqjl%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk wOHlaI Oqrhg t,a' fla' chùr m;aúh' YdÍßl wOHdmklÓldpd¾hjrhl= fuka u wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajfha ks,Odßjrhl= jQ t;=ud omdi,a l%Svd jev igyka" ;r." mqyqKqùï yd l%Svd mdi,a jHdmD;s bÈßhg ta whqßkau mj;ajd f.k hdug lghq;= lrk ,§' fuu jljdkqfõ óg fmr YdÍßlwOHdmk wOHlaI Oqrh ±rE T,súhd .uf.a uy;añh wud;HdxYfha WmfoaYl;k;=rg m;a jQjd h' jir .Kkdjla .=re úÿy,a lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i;a"wud;HdxYfha ±,amkaÿ jHdmD;s ks,Odßksh f,i;a mßmd,k ks,Odßkshl f,i;alghq;= lsÍfuka l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ,;a w;a±lSï weiqßkawOHdmk wud;HdxYfha l%Svd wxYfha uQ,sl;ajfhka mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< úYd,ld¾hNdrhla bgq lrk ,È' mdi,a l%Svd lafIa;%fha l%ñl úldYh;a iu. foaYShl%Svd ix.ï iy cd;sl uÜgfï mqyqKqlrejkaf.a ix.ïj, l%shdldÍ idudðl;ajh,nd .ekSug l%Svd yd YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re Nj;=kag yels jQfha Tjqka m%dfhda.slj l%Svd mqyqKq jev igykaj, ksr;ùfï fya;=fjks' cd;sl uÜgfï uõ ix.ïj,;k;=re ±Íug wjia:dj ,o ,dxlSh YdÍßl wOHdmk .=re uy;au$uy;aókamdi,a l%Svdj muKla fkd j cd;sl uÜgfï l%Svl$l%Säldjka ks¾udKh lsÍug;a"cd;sl uÜgfï ;r.dj,s ixúOdkhg;a" tu ;r. úksYaph lsÍug;a odhl úh'

cd;sl uÜgñka úúO l%Svd i|yd mqyqKqlrejka mqyqKq lsÍug;a" úúOiïuka;%K meje;aùug;a" mqyqKq l|jqre Èjhsk mqrd meje;aùug;a úYd,odhl;ajhla YdÍßl wOHdmk lafIa;%fha isá m%ùKhkaf.ka ,enqKs' fuys §úfYaIfhka wd¾' ta' isßmd," ,d,a pkaøl=udr" n¾á fmf¾rd" mS' t,a' tia' ieïika"

413

n¾kdâ fmf¾rd" whs' wd¾' ;sfiard" Ydka;s Wkka;ekak" pïmd .=Kj¾Ok" ifrdackSr;akdhl" fla' iS' tia' ñ/kavd hk uy;au uy;aóka úiska ta ta l%Svdj ixj¾Okhi|yd l< fufyjr wkNsNjkSh fõ'

úfYaIfhka mdi,a isiqkaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka úYd, mßudKfha irU ixo¾Yk"ðïkdiaála ixo¾Yk Y%S ,xldfõ meje;ajQ cd;Hka;r ;r.j, § bÈßm;a lsÍfukamdi,a isiqka w;r iuQy irU ixo¾Yk ckm%sh úh' 2000 j¾Ifhys ueo Nd.fhaisg wjidkh olajd u mdi,a l%Svdfjys l%ñl ÈhqKqjla isÿ jqj o YdÍßl wOHdmkúIhh mdi,aj, ;jÿrg;a jHdma; lsÍug wjYH mshjr .ekSu iSudldÍ jQfhaúIhh i|yd olajk leue;a;" ta i|yd úIhud,dfõ ysñ ia:dkh ms<sn| jmj;skakd jQ .eg¨ fya;=fjks'

tfy;a l%Svdfõ ÈhqKqj" ;dlaIKsl ±kqu yd mqyqKq l%u ms<sn| kj ±kqumdi,a isiqka ;=<g iïfm%aIKh jQ w;r ta i|yd ndysr lafIa;%j,ska ,enqKq iydho w.h l< hq;= h' ;sia jirlg wdikak ld,hla Y%S ,xldj k;= j ;snQ l=ßre;%ia;jdofhka foaYh ch.%dyS j fírd .ekSfuka wk;=re j j¾;udkfha wfmalaIKhjkqfha läkï ixj¾Okh;a cd;Ska w;r wfkHdkH iqyo;ajh j¾Okh lsÍu;a"idufhka yd iudodkfhka ish¨ mqrjeishka rgla f,i l%shdlsÍu fõ' tuwruqKq bgq lr .ekSfï wNs,dIfhka wo úúO jev igyka ie,iqï lsÍugúoaj;=ka l%shd lrkq olakg ,efí' fï i|yd jvd;a u iqÿiq f;da;ekak jkqfhamdi,hs' mdi,a úIhud,dfõ l%shd;aul jk úIh w;=ßka by; ±lajQ wkd.;wfmalaId bgq lr .ekSu i|yd iqúfYaIS odhl;ajhla ,nd Èh yels úIhhla f,iYdÍßl wOHdmk ±laúh yels h'

iudf,dapkh

Y%S ,xld m%cd;dka;%sl iudcjd§ ckrc jHjia:dfjys VI jk mßÉfþofhysrdcH m%;sm;a;s fufyhùfï uQ,O¾u iy uQ,sl hq;=lï hgf;a jQ 27 jk j.ka;s13 Wmj.ka;sh flfrys wjOdkh fhduq lruq'

zz<uhska iy fh!jkhka ldhsl jYfhka" udkisl jYfhka" iodpdrd;auljYfhka" wd.ñl jYfhka yd idudðl jYfhka mQ¾K j¾Okhg m;ajknjg j.n,d .ekSug;a" Tjqka wd;aud¾:h msKsi fhdod .kq ,eîfuka iyfjkialïj,g md;% lrkq ,eîfuka wdrlaId lr .ekSug;a yelsjk mßÈTjqkaf.a iqnisoaêh rch úiska úfYaI mßY%uhlska hq;= j j¾Okh l<hq;af;a h'ZZ

by; j.ka;sh m%ldr jQ wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,aúIh ud,djg fi!LH yd YdÍßl wOHdmk úIhh we;=<;a lr" tu úIhhb.ekaùfuka YsIHhd foaYfha ld,Sk wjYH;djg yd wkd.; wjYH;djkg Wrfok Y%udNsudkfhka yd foaYdkqrd.fhka fyì Y%S ,dxlslhl= ìyslr,Sug wjeisl%shdud¾. wOHdmk l%shdj,sfhka f.k we;s neõ meyeÈ,s fõ' fuu úIhfhkaúIh m%ùKhka ìyslsÍug jvd iudc idrO¾u w.hk" foaY ysff;IS" úkh.rel"

414

iduh w.hk ore mrmqrla rgg odhl lsÍfï wjYH;dj j¾;udkfha o iudcfhaks¾udKh ù we;s iqúfYaIS wjYH;djls' ta i|yd orejkaf.a jhig wkqrEm úúOjQ YdÍßl l%shdldrlï o tu l%shdldrlïys ksr; ùfuka ;u YdÍßl fhda.H;dj/l .ekSug o W;aiql fõ' ;u Ôú; ld,h mqrd u jHdhdufhys ksr; ùug;a"iun, fmdaIHodhS wdydr mßfNdackfhka foaYfha ixj¾Okh i|yd ld¾hlaIuj" l%shdYS,S j lghq;= lsÍug;a" ukd fi!LH mqreÿj,ska fyì È.= Èúhla iy È.=wdhq ld,hla mj;ajd .ekSug;a Tjqka fm,Uùu fuu úIhfhka wfmalaId lrkiqúfYaIS ld¾h Ndrhla fõ'

tfuka u ksfrda.su;a Èú meje;aulg yqre mqreÿ isiq mrmqrla rgl wkd.;wd¾Ól yd iudÔh ixj¾Ok l%shdj,shg rel=,ls' hym;a udkisl;ajfhka hq;a"iudc idrO¾u w.hk" ks¾NS;" tä;r" ;reK mrmqrla rfgys bÈß .ukg ukdmsgqn,hls' úúO cd;Ska yd wkH wd.ï woyk whj¨ka w;r wfkHdkH iqyonfjkal%shdlrñka ;u Ôú;h mj;ajd f.k hk ck iuQyhla" wkd.; ore mrmqrlawe;s lsÍu Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,aj, by; wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu i|yd §¾>ld,SkjQ;a" ia:djr jQ;a YdÍßl wOHdmk jev igyka mdi,a isiqka w;r l%shd;aullsÍfï ld,Sk wjYH;djla wo ks¾udKh ù we;s neúka ta i|yd wjeis bvm%ia;dj wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha újD; lsÍu ldf,daÑ; fõ'

l%Svd i|yd cd;sl uÜgfï yd cd;Hka;r uÜgfï olaI;d ±lajQjka" l%Svdiy YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejreka f,i n|jd .ekSu;a iu. Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,aj,l%Svd iy YdÍßl wOHdmk l%shdldrlïj, m%n, fjkila we;s úh' kd.ßlmdi,aj, fuka u .%dóh mdi,a l%Svdx.kj, WoEik iy ijia ld,fha isiqorejka l%Svd mqyqKqùïj, fh§u iq,N oiqkla úh' kd.ßl mdi,aj,g fndfydaúg iSud jQ YdÍßl wOHdmk .=rejrekaf.a fiajh kj m;aùï,dNSka iu. .%dóhmdi,a uÜgu olajd fuu kjl .=rejrekaf.a fiajh ,nd .ekSug yels ùu thgm%Odk;u fya;= idOlh úh' tneúka l%Svdfõ kj ;dlaIKh" l%ufõo ms<sn|mq¿,a wjfndaOhla ,nd .ekSug Y%S ,dxlSh mdi,a ore ±ßhkg wjia:dj ysñ úh'

fuu l%Svd .=re m;aùïj,g iu.dó j ,xldfõ mdi,aj, fjk;a úIhW.kajk l%Svdjg <eÈ .=re uy;au uy;aóka i|yd o úúO l%Svd mqyqKq mdGud,djd¾Isl j" cd;sl" m<d;a yd l,dm uÜgñka wdrïN lrk ,o uq;a th §¾>ld,Skj mj;ajd f.k hdug fkd yels úh' fiajfha kshe<S isák l%Svd YdÍßl wOHdmk.=rejreka yg kj ±kqu ,nd §fï l|jqre jd¾Isl j meje;aùfï § cd;sl uÜgfïmqyqKqlrejka jQ iqks,a .=Kj¾Ok" Nød .=Kj¾Ok" m%ùK f,aLlhl= jQ ,,s;a.=Kj¾Okf.a fiajh o wud;HdxYhg ,nd .ekSug yels úh'

l%Svd wud;HdxYh" cd;sl l%Svd ix.ï" T,sïmsla lñgqj wkq.%yfhka mj;ajkfoaYSh fuka u úfoaYSh mdGud,d i|yd iyNd.s ùfï wjia:dj YdÍßl wOHdmk.=rejrekag o ysñ úh' th YdÍßl wOHdmk wxYfha m%.ukhg o fya;= úh' wiQjoYlfha ueo Nd.fha mdi,a l%Svd lafIa;%fha isÿjQ úYd, fjkialï iu. we;s jQm%fndaOh;a iu. mdi,a l%Svdfõ bÈß .uk i|yd úYd, fufyjrla uqøs; udOHfuka u úµq;a udOH o bgqlrk ,§' l%Svd úpdrlhka" jd¾;dlrejka" udOHlrejka

415

fï i|yd iqúfYaIS odhl;ajhla ,nd fok ,§' iqis,a fma%u,d,a" lreKdodiiQßhwdrÉÑ" wfYdal .=K;s,l" fÊ' tÉ' ú,aika" kdu,am;srf.a" iqks,a wfíj¾Ok"ir;a fm%au;s,l" ksu,a ã' .uf.a fuka u udOH lafIa;%fha fndfyda udOHlrejkaf.alemùu wOHdmkfha fuu bÈß .ukg w;aje,la úh' ;u jD;a;shg jvd ,dxlShl%Svdfõ Wkak;sh Wfoid Tjqka bÈßm;a l< úfõpk ieneúka u kj ±laulgfodrmshkam;a újr ùula úh' cd;sl uÜgñka mej;s wOHdmkfha ish¨ l%Svdlghq;= i|yd udOH ñ;=rka yd tla j udOH i;aldr jev igyka jir .Kkdjla;siafia fufyhjQ tia' fikr;a iy pkaøodi uQK.uhkaf.a odhl;ajh o fuys,digyka lsßu jeo.;a fõ' .=jka úÿ,sfha iy rEmjdysksfha iuia; l%Svd jevigyka" ;r.dj,sj, § úia;r m%pdr bÈßm;a l< wOHdmkfha ohdùrisxyhka" fÊ'wd¾' ùrisxy iy tia' mS' fla' úfÊisxyhka l< fiajdj kjl .=re uy;au"uy;aóka udOH fj; jvd;a fhduq lsÍug;a" l%Svd jev igykaj, ksfõok lghq;=i|yd úIh m%ùKhka tlaùug mQ¾jdo¾Yhla úh'

wdfY%ah .%ka:

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' wOHdmkfha kju.' fld<U( rcfha uqøKfomd¾;fïka;=j'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' f,alïf.a 2/SECA/278-9 yd 1987'08'02 orK pl%f,aLh'

tx.,ka; wOHdmk uKav,h ^1933&' mdGYd,Sh YdÍßl wNHdi ks¾foaY .%ka:h',xld wdKavqfõ uqøKd,h'

Èidkdhl" ã' tï' mS' î' f,alïf.a wxl 30$6$298 yd 1977'11'22 orK pl%f,aLh'

fukaäia" fÊ' ^1981&' l=vd mdi,a ixj¾Ok jev igyk iy ,xldfõ wOHdmkh'

rKùr" tï' ã' ^2003&' ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ YdÍßl wOHdmkh' o¾YkiQßksnkaOh'

¨;skka l¾k,a iQßhl=udr" tia' ã' zzcd;sl YsIHNg n<ld Èk ieureu wohs˜'2003 wfma%,a 29 Èk ,laìu mqj;am;a ,smsh'

jkakswdrÉÑ" fÊ' mS' ^2007&' lkakka.r Ñka;kh iy ksoyia wOHdmkmqrdKh'

úfÊudkak B' t,a' f,alïf.a wxl 2$mdi$2$271 yd 1986'11'10 orK pl%f,aLh'

iQßhl=udr" tia' ã' wdishdkq u,, l%Svdj ;=<ska foaYSh msì§ula' 2002 wf.daia;=08 Èk Èjhsk ,smsh'

General Education Reforms (1997).

Ministy of Education (1984/56). Administrative reports, 1948-56.

416

Narampanawe, R. B. (1969). Physical education In Education in Ceylon: A

centenary volume. Colombo: Ministry of Education and cultural Affairs.

Prospectus and syllabous of the Government Training College - Colombo

(1968). Maharagama: Ceylon Government Press.

Sheter, B. F. (1908). Ceylon mamaral. Government Press.

Staff Appraisal Report (1996).

Sumathipala, K. H. M. (1993). History of Education in Ceylon. (Sinhala ver-

sion).

417

11

jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh

ta' fla' fifkúr;ak

úfYaI mqyqKq ^jdKsc úµd&" idudkH Ydia;%fõ§ Wmdê" mYapd;a

Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud' .=rejrhl=" úÿy,am;sjrhl= f,i fiajh

lr we;'

1'1 ye¢kaùu

jdKsc úµd úIhh ms<sn| j wo mj;sk wjYH;dj yd WfoHda.h oYllSmhlg muKla iSud jQjla fkd fõ' tod isxy, ixialD;sh yd iNH;ajhg wod<j wOHdmkh kÕd isgqùug uQ,sl j lghq;= l< merKs msßfjka wOHdmkfha §mjd iudÔh wjYH;d imqrd,k úIhhla jYfhka jdKsc úµd úIh mej; ;sfí'Bg idlaIs f,i mqrd;k fi,a,sms yd ft;sydisl .%ka: idlaIs orhs' fo jk mE;siarc;=ud Y%S ,xldfõ wmQre wOHdmk l%uhla ìys l< nj o wkqrdOmqr hq.fha mej;suyd úydrh tjlg ìys jQ wOHdmk mSGhla jQ nj o ms<s.efka'1 tjlg w¾:Ydia;% úIhh b.ekajQ nj m%lg h'

fldaÜfÜ hq.fha ,shk ,o ikafoaY ldjH w;r .srd ixfoaYh .%ka:fhai|yka"

zzukyr fmd;a /f.k mrisÿ fmr mgk

tys more;a lshk f,i fkd yer ±k f.k

iqr.=rej;a W;=ï foïyhs jk fmd;sk

iuyre w;a i;r msrej;s fkdfhl ;ekZZ2

fuys zzw;ai;rZZ hkq w¾: Ydia;%h hs' jdKsc úµd úIhh wo mj;sk;;a;ajhg úldYh jQfha w¾:Ydia;% úIhfhks'

jhs' fla' uqo,sf.a

úfYaI mqyqKq ^jdKsc úµd&" jdKscfõ§ Wmdê ^jHdmdr mßmd,k&"

mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud ^iïudk&" wOHdmkm;s' wOHdmk

wud;HdxYfha jdKsc úµd úIhh Ndr j isá Y%S ,xld wOHdmk mßmd,k

fiajfha I mka;sfha ks,Odßkshls'

418

wo wd¾Ól úµdfõ uQ,O¾uhla jYfhka ms<s.efkk" Wmhk iïm;aNdú; lsÍu ms<sn| meyeÈ,s lsÍu" nqÿ oyfuys tk isÕdf,dajdo iQ;%fha ±lafõ'3

fï wkqj uyd úydrh wd¾Ól úµdj ms<sn| ±kqu YsIHhkag ,nd § we;s njmeyeÈ,s h'

wo iudc úµdjla f,i ms<s.kakd wd¾Ól úµdj" tod nqÿ oyñka ieriqKqiudcfha" wd¾Ól yev.eiaùug WmldÍ jQ nj" ñyska;,d fi,a ,smsh o idlaIsorhs' ñyska;,d fi,a ,smsh wkqj .kqfokq jd¾;d lsÍu ^fmd;a ;eîu&" whjehjd¾;d iïmdokh" l<ukdlrKh" fiajl mßmd,kh jdKsc úIhhg wod< jkmßÈ .Ks; l%u" Y%S ,xld wOHdmkfha mej;s njg idOl we;'

4

fï úIhh todfmdÿ wOHdmkfha l=uk kulska ye¢kajqj o jdKsc úIh ixl,amh mej;s njgiel ke;'

uyd mrdl%undyq iufha wka;¾cd;sl fjf<|du mej;sfha h' wka;¾cd;sliudc wjYH;d bgq lsÍfï § iudc úµdj wjYH fõ' ta ksid fmdÿ wOHdmkfhaiudc úµdfõ wx.hla jYfhka jdKsc úµdj o wjYH úIhdx.hla f,i we;=<;aù ;snqKd hhs ms<s.ekSug isÿ fõ'5 flfia fj;;a jdKsc úIhh mdi,a moaO;shgwka;¾.; jQfha" bx.%Sis cd;slhka furg wdl%uKh lsÍfuka miq j h'

2'0 hg;a úð; iuh yd jdKsc úIh

hqfrdamSh cd;Ska w;=ßka jdKsc úµd úIhj,g l%udkql+, nj ,nd ÿkafkabx.%Sis cd;slhka h' úfYaIfhka tod tx.,ka;fha mej;s fjf<| mdi,aj,gwkqj" ,xldfõ o mdi,aj, jdKscHh úIh wdrïN lrk ,o nj;a tu úIh bx.%SisNdIdfjka muKla b.ekajQ nj;a i|yka fõ'6 1823 cQ,s ui m<uqfjka ujvqlafldfvhs uOH mdi,a welvñfha § ^fikag%,a ial+,a fldñifï& my;i|yka úIh wdrïN lrk ,§'7

1' idudkH N+f.da, úµdj iy b;sydih

2' fjf<| .Ks;h

3' fmd;a ;eîu

4' iajdNdúl o¾Yk úµdj iy ;drld Ydia;%h

5' Wiia .Ks;h

1823 § ld¾ñl úµd, wdrïN flßKs' jeú,s l¾udka;h" l¾udka;Yd,diy fjf<|du o ÈhqKq ùu ksid wNHka;r md,k lghq;= rdYshla i|ydl<ukdlrejka wjYH úh' fïjdg wjYH wOHdmkh bx.%Sis W.;=kag muKlawjYH m%udKfhka ,nd ÿka w;r idudkH ck;djg jdKsc úµd úIh bf.kSfïwjia:dj fkd ,eìKs' ta i|yd rcfha ueÈy;aùu b;d u u| jYfhka mej;=Ks'jHdmdr wxY i|yd wjYH l<ukdlrejka" fiajd fhdaclhka mqyqKq lr §u fïjk úg ld¾ñl úµd,j,ska isÿ úh' tfy;a fuu ld¾ñl úµd,j,ska jHdmdri|yd by; ±lajQ mßÈ wjYH iïm;a odhlhka ìys lr Èh fkd yels njgmqj;am;aj,ska fhdackd jYfhka o fkdfhla Woaf>daIKj,ska o fmkajd fokq,eî h'

419

fï jljdkqfjka miq j jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh .ek f;dr;=re i|ykajkafka 1890 § h' ta wkqj ,xldfõ m%:u jrg foaYSh úNd.hla jYfhka flaïì%ÊúNd.hg jdKsc úIhh i|yd mka;s wdrïN flrsKs' fuu ft;sydisl lghq;a;gmka;s wdrïN lrk ,oafoa fldgfyak idka; fnkälaÜ úµd,fha h'8 1910rdclSh úµd,fha isiqka 13 fokl=g Wiia fm< jdKsc úµd úIhh b.ekaùui|yd mka;s wdrïN flßKs' ta yd iuÕ u .,alsiai idka; f;dauia úµd,fhao jdKsc úµd úIhh i|yd Wiia fm<g mka;s wdrïN flrsKs'

flfia fj;;a jdKsc úIh ngysr ixialD;sh mej;s mdi,a w;f<diailgmuKla iSud lr .ekSug W;aidy ±rE njg idlaIs we;' WodyrK jYfhka idka;fcdaIma úÿyf,a úÿy,am;s msh;=ud úiska zziudc ;;a;ajh Wiia jQ ;rug mdi,;amßirh;a" w;r mr;rh jeä úh hq;= njZZ fmkajd foñka iajNdId mdi,aj,fmdÿ wOHdmkh;a bx.%Sis mdi,aj, muKla jdKsc wOHdmkhla mej;sh hq;= nj1910 Tlaf;dan¾ 05 jeks Èk mej;s mdi,a ;Hd. m%odfkda;aijfha § ta nj m%ldYlrk ,§'9

1911 § Y%Su;a uel,ï wdKavqldrhdf.a b,a,Su mßÈ tx.,ka; wOHdmkuKav,fha fÊ' fÊ' wd¾' ì%Ê uy;d furg wOHdmkh .ek jd¾;d lsÍug tjkq,eî h' ta wkqj ì%Ê uy;d" jdKsc úIhh nqoaêfhka wvq" mdif,a r|jd .; hq;=fjk;a úfYaI olaI;d we;s wh" mdif,a r|jd .ekSug fhdod f.k we;s nj;a"m%dfhda.sl úIhj,g mdif,a ksis ;ekla fkd ,efnk njg;a jd¾;d mj;S'10 miqj" 1922 jHjia:d ix.%yfhka jdKsc úIhh uqo,a f.ùu lrk mdi,aj,g muKlafkd j uqo,a wh fkdlrk mdi,aj, wOHdmk mámdáhla o wkqu; lr we;=<;aflßKs' flfia jqj;a fuu jljdkqfõ§;a jdKsc úIhh Ydia;%Sh úIhj,ska wiu;ajQjkag muKla iSud úh'

3'0 lkakka.r hq.h

1943 bÈßm;a lrk ,o ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdfõjd¾;dj wkqj mdi,a j¾. lsÍu hgf;a jdKsc wOHdmkh wh;a jQfha fcHIaGmdGYd,dj,ghs' fcHIaG mdGYd,dfõ jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh yeoEÍfuka iu;ajQjkag jeäÿr wOHdmkh i|yd fmd,sfglaksla ^nyq Ys,amdh;k& yd ld¾ñlmdi,a fhdackd lrk ,§'11

1940ka wdrïN jk hq.h uOH úµd, wdrïN jQ hq.hhs' tjlg uOHúµd, Ndr wOHdmk wOHlaI ;=ud úiska zzuOH uyd úµd,j, ixialD;sl ydm%dfhda.sl úIhhka .ek o mqyqKqjla fokq we;ZZ hs i|yka lr we;' fuysm%dfhda.sl úIh hkqfjka i|yka lr we;af;a Ñ;%" ix.S;h" lDIsl¾uh" w;alï1

yd jdKscHh h' fï wkqj 1945 § m<uqfjka u u;=.u uOH uyd úµd,fha jdKscúµd úIh b.ekaùu wdrïN l< w;r 1940 oYlh wjika jk úg ish¨ u uOHúµd,hkays jdKsc úIh ls%hd;aul úh'

wixúê; ;;a;ajhlska uOH úµd,j, mej;s jdKsc úIh 1950 oYlhw. Nd.h jk úg úIh yhlska ^6& yd wksjd¾h úIh jk wd.u yd isxy, we;=¿

420

j úIhhka wglska ^8& ixúê; úIh Odrdjla f,i mdi,aj, ia:dmkh úh' jdKscúIhOdrdjg .KldêlrKh" jdKsc wxl .Ks;h" jdKsc úµdj" ,>qf,aLkh"h;=re ,sùu yd w¾: Ydia;%h hk úIh we;=<;a úh' tfy;a jdKsc úµd Wmdêhla,nd .ekSug kï ta i|yd tl u ud¾.h jQfha ,kavka úYaj úµd,hhs' ,kavkaúYajúµd, úNd.j,g hg;a úð; rdcHhkag ;u rfÜ § u tx.,ka; úNd.j,gfmkS isàug mka;s" ,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fha mej;aúKs' î fldï (B. Com)

úNd.hg iy pd¾gâ ^Charted& iy isá wekaâ .s,aâ ^City & Guild& úNd.j,g old¾ñl úµd, isiqkag fmkS isàug wjia:dj ie,iqKs'

4'0 1960ka miq jdKsc úµd úIh

1961 cQ,s ui wdrïN jQ ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñIu jdKsc wOHdmkh.ek woyia olajd ;sìKs'

tkï zzwd¾Ól ÈhqKqj we;sùfuka o" fjf<| lghq;= ,dxlslhka w;gmeñKùug jeä jeäfhka wjia:d we;sùfuka o wkd.;fhys jdKsc lghq;=w;ska rlaId we;sùfï wjia:d fndfyda fihska jeä úh yels h' ±kg mj;skjdKsc wdh;kj, jeä jeäfhka jdKsc mdGud,d we;s lsÍfuka mqyqKqj ,nd§ug ±kg jvd wjldY ,nd fok kj wdh;khla msysgqùfuka úYaj úµd,hkayskj jdKsc úIh wOHhkhg kshñ; ;ek ,nd §fuka o ±kg jdKsc wOHdmkhi|yd we;s myiqlï ÈhqKq lsÍu w;HjYHfhka u l< hq;= h'ZZ12

fuu hq.fha jdKsc úµd úIh bf.k .kakd YsIH ixLHdj l%ufhka jeäúh' jeäùug fya;=jla jQfha ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñifuka tjlg ;snQ m%dfhda.slúIh fkdmj;ajkq ,enQ B j¾.fha mdi,aj, o jdKsc úµd mka;s wdrïN lsÍugfhdackd ùuhs'

4'1 jdKsc úµd úIh i|yd mdi,aj, mka;s wdrïN ùu

1963$64 wOHdmk wOHlaI;=udf.a mßmd,k jd¾;dfõ jdKsc úµd úIh.ek i|yka j ;sìKs' ta wkqj jdKsc wOHdmkh i|yd b,a,Sï jeä hq.hla nj;a"uqo,a ysÕlfï fya;=fjka mka;s wdrïN lsÍu wvq jQ nj;a" my; i|yka lreKqwkqj fuu hq.fha jdKsc wOHdmkh ÈhqKqjg fya;= jQ nj;a ±laúKs'13

1' jdKsc úµd úIhh wdrïN lsÍug mdi,aj,ska mej;s wêl b,a¨u'

2' jdKsc úµd .=rejreka wêl m%udKhla n|jd .ekSu'

3' .=re úµd,j, jdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKqj wdrïN lsÍu ^fuys § .=remqyqKqjg wod< úIhh .=re úµd,fha o jdKsc úµd úIh ±kqu ld¾ñlúµd,fha o ,nd fok ,§'&

4' rcfha úÿy,aj, jdKsc úµd Wiia fm< mka;s wdrïN lsÍu'

5' jdKsc úµd Wmdê mdGud,d úYaj úµd,j, wdrïN lsÍu'

6' ld¾ñl úµd,j, jdKsc úµd ämaf,daud mdGud,djla weröu'

421

7' jdKsc úµd úIh i|yd f.dvke.s,s b¢lsÍu yd WmlrK ,nd .ekSui|yd uqo,a m%;smdok we;s lsÍu'

8' jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh i|yd udKav,sl wOHdmk ks,OdÍka ûd' w'ks'& m;a lsÍu'

9' jdKsc úµd úIh i|yd fuf;la fkd ;snQ úia;rd;aul mdGud,dieliSu'

10' jdKsc úµd wxYfhka wOHdmkh ,nk isiq msßi YS>%fhka by< hdu ydúIhh ms<sn| fouõmsh wdl,am m%;sckkd;aul f,i fjkia ùu' fuulreKqj, n,mEu u; 1960 oYlh jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkfha m%n,fjkila we;s úh'

4'2 1960 oYlfha jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh

1960 oYlh jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkfha kj hq.hlg uq, msß jljdkqjls'14 jdKsc wOHdmkh m%udKd;aul f,iska fuka u .=Kd;aul f,iska o fï hq.fhaÈhqKq úh' 1961 ud¾;= udifha 15 jeks Èk uydpd¾h fÊ' B' chiQßh uy;diNdm;s;ajh ork ,o cd;sl wOHdmk fldñifuka yd tlS j¾Ifha u cQ,sudifha î' Ô' tia' uqKisxy uy;d iNdm;s;ajh ork ,o ld¾ñl wOHdmkfldñifuka o jdKsc wOHdmkh ms<sn| ±ä ie,ls,a,la fhduq lr we;' fïlreKq ish,af,a u m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1960 j¾Ifha mdi,a 50l muKla mej;sjdKsc úµd mka;s 1964 j¾Ifha § muKla mdi,a 272l wdrïN jQ nj wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha jd¾;dj, i|yka h' 1965 j¾Ih we;=<; ;j;a úÿy,a 80l jdKscúIhh b.ekaùu wdrïN úh'

4'3 w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& jdKsc úµd mka;s wdrïN lsÍu iSud lsÍu

fuf,i iS.% ixj¾Okhlg Ndckh jQ jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh 1966 kamiq j rcfha iSudlsÍïj,g o ,la úKs' ta wkqj 1966 jk úg b,a¨ï l< mdi,aish,a,g u jdKsc úIhhka wdrïN lsÍug wjia:dj i,id §ug ;rï uqo,am%;smdok fkd ;snqKq fyhska wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wxl ld'w' 7$44 iy 1967fkdjeïn¾ 15 fjks Èk ksl=;a l< pl%f,aLfhka mka;s wdrïN lsÍu iSudflßKs' ta wkqj

w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& jdKsc úµd mka;s wdrïN lsÍu i|yd ks¾foaY lsÍfï§ my; i|yka wdldrfhka j¾. lr .; hq;= úh'

1' w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& mka;sj, ±kg jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekaùu fkdflfrk mdi,aj, tjeks mka;s wdrïN fkd lsÍu'

2' w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& mka;sj, jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekafjk úµd,j,tu úIh b.ekaùu i|yd Wiia fm< mka;s wdrïN lsÍu'

3' kj m%;sixúOdk l%uh hgf;a jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekaùu i|yd f;aÍ

422

ke;s úµd,hlg ±kg tu mka;s wdrïN lr we;akï tu mka;s fuuúIhhka b.ekaùug f;aÍ we;s úµd,hlg udre lsÍu'

fuu wjêfha fujeks pl%f,aL uÕska YS>%fhka mdi,aj, mka;s wdrïNlsÍu wvq lsÍug n,mEï lr we;'

4'4 jdKsc úµd .=rejreka n|jd .ekSu yd jdKsc úµd .=re m%fndaOh

1960 .=re mqyqKqj ^jdKsc& wdrïN lsÍu;a iu. u jdKsc úµd wOHdmkfhaYS>% ÈhqKqjla we;s úh'

fï hq.h jk úg mdi,aj, jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekajQfha bx.%Sis udOHfhkawOHdmkh ,enQ .=re msßils' 1959 Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u jrg isxy, udOHfhka b.ekaúhyels .=re mrmqrla ìys lsÍug l< jEhul m%;sM,hla jYfhka jdKsc úµd .=remqyqKqj wdrïN lrk ,§' fï ;dla jdKsc úµd .=rejrekag ;snqfKa ,kavkajdKsc úµd .=re iy;slh muKs' tu msßi o b;d iq¿ ixLHdjla úh'

fuu hq.fha § jdKsc úµd .=rejreka f,i rcfha fiajhg ne£ug .=rejreka;=< úYd, m%fndaOhla olakg ,enqKs' thg n,mE lreKq kï"

• jdKsc úµd .=re jD;a;shg we;=<;a ùug w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& jdKscúIhj,ska iu;a ùu muKla iqÿiqlula f,i ie,lSu'

• .=re jD;a;shg ne£ ;=ka uila b.ekajQ miq úNd.hlska .=re mqyqKqjgwe;=<;a lr f.k iïmQ¾K jegqma iys; j mqyqKqj ,nd §u'

• 1963 isg mdi,aj, b.ekajQ jdKsc úoHd .=rejrekag ld¾ñl úµd,huÕska mj;ajk ,o jdKsc úµd Wiia iy;slj,g ndysr wfmalaIlhkaf,i fmkS isàfï wjia:dj ,nd §u ^fï uÕska ld¾ñl úµd,hkaysjdKsc úµd Wiia iy;slhg kshu ù ;snQ Wiia jegqm myiqfjka mdi,aj,gjdKsc úIh b.ekajQ .=rejrekag o ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ,eìKs'&

• Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska o ld¾ñl úµd, wjidk úNd.hgiudk mÍlaIKhla mj;ajd thska iu;a jQjkag ld¾ñl úµd, wjidkmÍlaIKh iu;a .=rejrekag ysñ jegqma ,nd § jdKsc úµd .=re m;aùï,nd §u ^fuu úNd.h jdKsc úµd iy;sl m;%h 1 - .sKqïlrKh 2 -,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu&

YsIH .=rejreka jYfhka w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& iu;a wh 1965 § n|jd .kakd,§' fuhska 149l msßilska jdKsc úµd .=re ixLHdj jeä úh' 1967 pl%f,aL wxl61 iy 1967'05'19 Èk ork ,smsfhka o jdKsc úµd .=rejrekaf.a wOHdmk ;;a;ajhfuka u wd¾Ól ;;a;ajh o kxjd,Sug rch ueÈy;a úh' fuu pl% f,aLfhka,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fha jdKsc úµd ämaf,daud isõ wjqreÿ mdGud,dj iïmQ¾Kl< msßi jdKsc úµd WmdêOrhka f,i ms<sf.k tu msßig Wmdê jegqmmsßkuk ,§' tfuka u jdKsc úµd .=rejrekag fuu mdGud,dj yeoEÍugwOHhk ksjdvq o ,nd fok ,§'

423

úfµdaoh úYajúµd,h o ^j¾;udkfha YS% chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h&1960 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha jHdmdr mßmd,k úµd Wmdê mdGud,dj weröu jdKscúoHd wOHdmkhg ,enqKq uyÕ= jrm%idohls' jdKsc úµd mqyqKq .=rejreka m%fõYúNd.hlska f;dr j fuu Wmdêfha wka;¾ uOH úNd.h i|yd fmkS isàug bv§fuka jdKsc úµd .=rejrekag úYajúµd, wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSug" úYaj úµd,iy rch wkq.%yh ±laù h' fï bv §u ksid 1960 oYlfha wjidkfha fuu Wmdê,nd .;a jdKsc úµd .=rejre jdKsc úµd wOHdmk wïnrh nen¿Ey' tu msßijdKsc úµd wOHdmk wxYhg §ma;shla ,nd ÿka msßila jQy' thg fya;=j jQfhajdKsc úµd wxYhg WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka fkd isàu h' jdKsc úIh b.ekaùugmdi,aj, WmdêOdÍ .=rejreka ìys jQfha fuu wjia:dj ,nd §fuka miq j ksidh' fuu ,smsfha fï lreKq i|yka lrkqfha tfia jdKsc úµd wOHdmk wxYhgwjia:dj i,id §ug fjfyi jQ msßig lD;.=K ±laùula jYfhks'

úfYaIfhka fuu ld,fha wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha jdKsc úµd úIh Ndrj isá tl u wOHdmk ks,Odßhd jYfhka iS' ta' tï' lel=,dj, uy;d l<fufyh kej;;a lD;.=K mQ¾jl j i|yka l< hq;= u h'

4'5 jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh i|yd mdi,aj,g myiqlï ie,iSu

jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkfha ixj¾Okh Wfoid rcfhka fN!;sl yd udkjiïm;a iïmdokh flßKs'

4'5'1 f.dvke.s,s yd WmlrK ,nd §u

1960 .Kkaj, mdi,a uÜgfï § fuka u úYaj úµd, uÜgfï § o jdKscúµd Wmdêh ms<s.kq ,enqfõ l,d lafIa;%fha Wmdêhla jYfhks' tfy;a.KldêlrKh" jHdmdr mßmd,kh hk úIh W.;a WmdêOrhl=" jD;a;ShmdGud,d yeoErE WmdêOrhl= f,i ms<s.ekSu ;¾ldkql+, h'

1950 jk ;=re mdi,aj, ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu b.ekajQfha bx.%SisudOHfhka muKs' mdif,a ixúê; jdKsc wxYhla fkd ;snqKq ksid fuh l,dúIhhla f,i o ie,lsKs' ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu W.;a msßi l,d úIhyeoErEjka fkd j jD;a;Sh úIh yeoErEjka nj meyeÈ,s h' h;=re ,sùu yd,>qf,aLkh úIh yeoEÍu i|yd 1965 § jk ;=re iqÿiq mßÈ ie,iqï l<f.dvke.s,a,la fyda WmlrK fkd ù h'15 tfy;a 1966 isg jdKsc úµd wxYhgo wjYH mßÈ f.dvke.s,s" ,S nvq WmlrK iy wfkl=;a iïm;a ,nd ÿKs' jdKscwxYfha m%Odk úIhhla jQ .KldêlrKh b.ekaùu i|yd o wjYH jQ úfYaIl¿,E,a,la iys; j by; lS tallh ie,iqï iy.; tlla úh'

4'5'2 jdKsc úµd wxYhg mÍlaIljreka n|jd .ekSu

jdKsc úµd wOHdmk ks,OdÍ ta' tï' lel=,dj, uy;d wOHdmk

424

wud;HdxYhg m;a jQ m%:u jdKsc úµd wOHdmk ks,OdÍjrhd jQ w;r Tyq 1968

§ jdKsc úµd m%Odk wOHdmk ks,OdÍ jYfhka Wiiaùï ,eî h' bka miqj

jdKsc úµd wOHdmk wxYhg w¨;ska jdKsc úµd udKav,sl ks,OdÍyq wg

fofkla m;aùï ,oy' fuu msßfika tla whl= fou< udOH jdKsc úµd ks,Odßhl=

jQ w;r tl u ldka;djl we;=<;a j isxy, wxYh i|yd udKav,sl wOHdmk

ks,OdÍka ^ud' w' ks'& 7 fofkla wh;a jQy' fuu msßi 1972 jk úg 17 fokl=

olajd jeä úKs' 1990 jk úg jdKsc úµd ud' w' ks' jreka 36 olajd jeä úKs'16

fï lreKq wkqj jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh iuia;hla jYfhka ixúOdkh

ù ÈhqKq uÕg ms<smkafka by; ±lajQ mßÈ 1970ka wjidk jQ oYlfha h'

4'5'3 jdKsc úµd .=re WmfoaYl fiajdj

Y%S ,xld wOHdmk moaO;sfha jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhhg yer wfkl=;a

úIhj,g .=re WmfoaYljreka m;a lr isáh;a 1987 j¾Ih f;la fuu úIhhg

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& i|yd .=re WmfoaYljre fkd jQy' tjlg jdKsc úµd m%Odk

wOHdmk ks,OdßkS j isáfha jhs' fla' uqo,sf.a uy;añhhs' weh 21$11$87 Èk

lrk ,o b,a,Su wkqj ^tjlg ;dlaIK úIh Ndr j lghq;= l< hQ' tia' mS'

fiakdr;ak uy;df.a ks¾foaYh iys; j& m%Odk WmfoaYl jYfhka lghq;= l<

ã' ta' fmf¾rd uy;d jdKsc úµd .=re WmfoaYljreka m%:u jrg m;alsÍu wkqu;

lrk ,§' jdKsc úµd .=re WmfoaYljreka m;a lsÍu $ldw úw$jd7 iy 88 ckjdß

27 Èk wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka ksl=;a flreKq pl%f,aLh wkqj isÿ flßKs'

fuu .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a ld¾h Ndrh jQfha ;udg mejfrk mdi,aj,

jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekaùï lghq;= ixj¾Okh lsÍuhs' úIh ixj¾Okfha §

w'fmd'i' id'fm<& jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhhg úfYaI WmfoaYljrhl= o ,>qf,aLkh

yd h;=re ,sùu úIhh i|yd fjk u .=re WmfoaYljrhl= o jYfhka foj¾.hls'

tfy;a fuu .=re WmfoaYl msßif.a úfYaI lemùu u; mdi,aj, fulS úIh

ckm%sh jQjd muKla fkd j tu úIhj,g wod< j mdGud,d ,sùu" úIh ks¾foaY

ieliSu" ;u m%foaYfha jdKsc úµd .=rejrekag fiajdia: ieis meje;aùfï §

jdKsc úµd iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaIjrekag iydh ùu hk Wmldr fiajdjka

o lrk ,§ .=re WmfoaYljreka o Tjqkaf.a wkkH iqyo;dj i|yd m%dfoaYSh"

Èia;%slal" m<d;a yd iuia; ,xld uÜgfï iyfhda.S ixúOdk we;s lr f.k

;sìKs'

5'0 1972 mdi,a úIhud,dfõ m%;sixialrK

wd¾Ól jYfhka by< mka;sfha fouõmshkaf.a orejkag muKla iSud ù

;snqKq úYaj úµd, wOHdmkh wvq wdodhï we;s mjq,aj, orejkag ,nd .ekSug

Nd.H Wod jQfha 1946 Tlaf;dan¾ 01 od isg h' fuÈk iEu wdikhl u fkdñf,a

wOHdmkh ,nd fok uOH úµd,h ne.ska msysgqùug rch úiska ;SrKh lrk

425

,§' 1947 wOHdmk wOHlaIjrhdf.a jd¾;dj wkqj ,xldfõ fkdfhl=;a m%foaYj,

uOH úµd, 51 msysg jQ w;r olaI tfy;a wvq wdodhï,dNS YsIHhka uOH uyd

úµd,j,g we;=<;a lr úYaj úµd, olajd YsIH;aj msßkud wOHdmkh ,nd ÿKs'

oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh rg mqrd l%shd;aul jQfha Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhla jYfhka

muKls' thg fya;=j lkakka.r jd¾;dfõ fojk mshjr jk YsIHhkaf.a iyc

olaIlï wkqj j¾. lr b.ekaùug ;snQ fhdackdj tf,i l%shd;aul fkd ùu h'

fï jk úg úYaj úµd, ;=klska l,d WmdêOdÍka muKla msgùu ksid /lS rlaId

úrys; WmdêOdÍyq msßila rfgys we;s jQy' fï ksid .e<fmk wOHdmk ud¾.hla

l%shdfõ fhoúh hq;= njg 1967 § wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%pdrl wxYh fmkajd

§ we;'

1970 kj rchla n,hg m;a jQfha fuu miqìu hgf;a h' 1971 Y%S ,xldfõ

we;s jQ le/,a,g m%Odk;u fya;=j jQfha /lshd ke;s msßi nj ms<s.;a fyhska

wOHdmkhg t,a, jQfha n,j;a wNsfhda.hls' ;¾ldkql+, j is;kakg yels msßila

iudchg ìyslr §u Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk lafIa;%hg Ndr úh' fï wkqj oaú;Shsl

úIhud,dj blaukska fjkia l< hq;= úh' 1972 jk úg wOHdmk wOHlaI

fckrd,a j isá fm%auodi Wv.u uy;d zzrgl wOHdmk l%uhlska isÿúh hq;=

ld¾h jkafka j¾;udkhg fuka u wkd.;hg;a ld¾hlaIu j yd id¾:l j

uqyqKÈh yels mqrjeishka ìys lsÍuZZ nj m%ldY lrk ,§'17 rfÜ ish¨ u wjYH;d

imqrd,k mßoafoka wOHdmk l%uh iïmQ¾K;ajhg m;alr we;s lsisu rgla f,dalfha

fkd ue;s nj ms<s.; hq;= j we;s kuqÿ j¾;udkfha fuka u wkd.;fha§;a wm

rfÜ ixialD;sl" idudðl" wd¾Ól yd wfkl=;a wjYH;d yels ;rï ÿrg fyda

imqrd,Sug iu;a jk wOHdmk l%uhla ilia lsÍug W;aidy ord we;ZZhkqfjka

1972 úIh m%;sixialrKfha § fm%auodi Wv.u uy;d m%ldYhg m;alrk ,§' fï

wkqj mej;s mdi,a úIhud,djg jvd fjkia mdi,a úIhud,djla hgf;a m%d:ñl

wOHdmkh ixúOdkh úh'18

m%d:ñl úIhud,dj mq¿,a mokula hgf;a .eUqrg l%shd;aul lsÍu ksid

1972 lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj wdrïN jQfha fujeks .eUqre mokul wOHdmkh

,o isiqka msßila fjkqfjks' 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKh hgf;a lksIaG oaú;Shsl

úIhud,djg tkï w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg úIhh 10la we;=<;a úh' fuu

úNd.fhka ,o iy;slh w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& fkd j cd;sl wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl

m;%h ^cd' w' fmd' i'& kñka ye£kaúKs' tfy;a fuu úIh 10 ;=< jdKsc úµd

úIhh wka;¾.; fkd ù h' 1972 m%;sixúOdkhg fmr ;snQ b;sydih" N+f.da,h"

m%cdpdrh wdÈ úIh iudc wOHhkh kñka o" Ñ;%" kegqï" ix.S;h wdÈ úIh

fi!kao¾hh kñka o" lDIs úµdj" ueá Ys,amh" jvq Ys,amh" .Dy úoHdj wdÈ úIh

m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh jYfhka o we;=<;a úh' tfy;a 1972 f;la lksIaG oaú;Shsl

wxYhla f,i .ekqKq jdKsc úIhh lskï uÜgulska fyda fuu ie,eiafï we;=<;a

fkdúKs'

426

5'1 m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhhla f,i jdKsc úIhh

wêl b,aüla mej;s jdKsc úoHd úIhh fufia wOHdmk ie,eiafï

wka;¾.; fkd ùu ksid we;s jQ fkd ikaiqka;dfõ m%;sM,hla jYfhka" kshñ;

úIh we;=<;a lsÍug iqÿiq ia:dkhla fiùu n,OdÍkag uqyqKmdkakg jQ .eg¨jla

úh' tfyhska jdKsc úµd úIhh m%d.ajD;a;Sh hk kñka ±lajqKq úIh ldKavhg

we;=<;a lrk ,§' wOHd f,a$wxl 235 pl%f,aLfhka zzjdKsc úµdjZZ kñka m%d.a

jD;a;Sh úIh ,ehsia;=jg fuu úIhh we;=<;a lrk ,§' jdKsc úµdj úIhh

w'fmd'i' îd'fm'& Bg fmr b.ekajQ úIh ks¾foaaYhg úkd kj m%d.a jD;a;Sh

úIhhg iqÿiq mßÈ ilia jQ úIh ks¾foaYhla fkd ù h' i;s lSmhlska úIh

ks¾foaY ilid bÈßm;a lsÍug isÿ jQfha tys m%;sM,hla jYfhks' jdKsc úµdj

hk úIhfhys wfkl=;a m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhys ;snQ yiqre fl!Y,H uekSfï

l%uhla fkd ;sìKs'19 tfuka u th m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhfhys uqyqKqjrg fjkia

j" 1972 g fmr ;snQ w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh" 6" 7" 8" 9 mka;s jYfhka

fldgia lr b.eka jQfha h' thg fya;= jQfha m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhhla jYfhka

jdKsc úµd úIhfha ;snQ wvqmdvqjla fkd j flá l,l § läkñka ilia l<

úIh ks¾foaYfha wvqmdvqjhs' fï ms<sn| j kej; wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha

fufyhùfuka úIhNdr ud' w' ks' jrekaf.a yd .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a

iyNd.s;ajfhka wfkl=;a m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh mej;s wkaoug 6" 7" 8" 9 hk mka;sj,

§ tl u ud;Dldj .=Kd;aul j ÈhqKq jk wkaoñka zzjHdmdr wOHhkhZZ hk

kñka kj m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhh b;d id¾:l j ilia lr wOHd f,a wxl 6$255 yd

1975 pl%f,aLfhka mdi,aj,g ksl=;a flßKs' fï ksid wOHdmk moaO;sfha ;snQ

wksl=;a m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhj,g jvd jeä b,aüla mdi,aj, jHdmdr wOHhkh

úIhhg mej;=Ks' ta wkqj zjHdmdr wOHhkhZ úIhh hgf;a mdGud,d ^14la&

ody;rla ilia ù l%shd;aul úh'

kj zjHdmdr wOHhkhZ m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhhla f,i ckm%sh ùu ksidfndfyda lksIaG mdGYd,dj, mjd fï úIhh wdrïN lrk ,§' fï ksid jdKscúµd úIhhg .=rejrekaf.a ysÕhla we;s jQ neúka wd¾Ól úµd WmdêOdÍ .=rejrekal,dm yd Èia;%sla uÜgñka úfYaIs; j mqyqKq lsÍug isÿ úh' wud;HdxYfha ixLHdf,aLkj,g wkqj tu j¾Okh 1 jk j.=fõ fia ±laúh yels h'

mdi,a ixLHdj jeä jQ muKska u jdKsc úµd .=rejreka n|jd fkd .kakd,§' jeä jQ mdi,a ixLHdfõ úIhh b.ekaùug W'fm< wd¾Ól úµd .=rejrekamqyqKq lr fhdojd .kakd ,§'

5'2 1972 m%;sixúOdkh hgf;a fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

,xld wOHdmk b;sydifha jdKsc úµd úIhg fcHIaG oaú;ShslwOHdmkfha § m%uqL ia:dkh ,enqK m%:u wjia:dj fuhhs'

427

1 jk j.=j ( jHdmdr wOHhkh b.ekajQ mdi,a ixLHdfõ jeä ùu

1972 m%;sixúOdkhg m%;sixúOdkfhka

fmr j¾Ihla .; jQ miq

fydaud.u 29 72

.ïmy 40 138

fld<U ol=K 35 68

l¿;r 26 67

r;akmqr 29 81

lE.,a, 33 68

uykqjr 40 85

.d,a, 23 58

ud;r 20 42

wkqrdOmqr 22 36 20

1975 uehs 10 Èk wxl 13$75 ork pl%f,aLh wkqj my; ±lafjk whqrew'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& g úIhOdrd fjka lr we;'

úIh Odrd (- 1 úµd úIh Odrdj

2' jdKsc yd jHdmdr wOHhk úIh Odrdj3' iudc úµd úIh Odrdj4' NdIdj udkj Ydia;% yd fi!kao¾h wOHdmk

úIhOdrdj

fuhska jdKsc úµd úIh wxYhg n,mdk jdKsc úIh Odrdj f;dard .;aisiqka úiska yeoEßh hq;= úIh my; ±lafjk mßÈ kshu flßKs' fuu úIhOdrdfõ wksjd¾h úIhh jQfha zzjdKscHh yd .sKqï hZZ wksjd¾h úIhhg wu;rjYfhka f;dard .; hq;= úIh my; ±lafõ'

1' w¾: Ydia;%h

2' iudc úµdfõ yd ufkda úµdfõ uQ,sldx.

3' N+f.da, úµdj

4' ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu

fuu wOHdmk m%;sixúOdkfha § ffjl,amsl úIh Odrdjla f,i bÈßm;a jQjHdmdr wOHhk úIh Odrdjg wu;r jYfhka ;j;a wkaoulska jdKsc wxYhg.efkk úIh m%Odk ;ekla ,enqKs'

1' iudc úµd úIh Odrdj f;dard .kakd isiqkag fmdÿ wksjd¾h úIhhjQfha w¾: Ydia;%hhs'

20

428

2' úYaj úµd,fha jdKsc úµd wxYhg wh;a Wmdê jk jHdmdr mßmd,kh"rdcH mßmd,kh" jdKscfõ§ wdÈ Wmdêj, úIhhla jk ixLHdkh ydl<ukdlrKh úIhh fmdÿ wksjd¾h úIh fldgig wh;a ùu'

fï wkqj ,xld wOHdmk b;sydifha jdKsc yd jHdmdr l<ukdlrKhjeks úIh i|yd b;d jeo.;a ia:dkhla ysñ lr ÿka pl%f,aLhla yeáhg fuupl%f,aLh ye¢kaúh yels h' ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu Wiia fm< úIhhlayeáhg bÈßm;a ùu Y%S ,xld wOHdmk b;sydifha we;s jQ fmr<shls' fuu úIhhw'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIhhla yeáhg bÈßm;a ùu ms<sn| j mlaI j fuka uúmlaI j o lreKq bÈßm;a l< yels h'

w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIh f;dard .ekSu isÿjkafka úYaj úµd, mdGud,dmokï lr f.k h' úYaj úµd,fha m¾fhaIKd;aul j b.ekaúh yels úIhmuKla yeoEÍu ksid ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu jeks jD;a;Sh mokulska hq;ayh udihla jeks flá ld,hlska iïmQ¾Kfhka b.ekaúh yels úIhj,g tyswjia:djla ke;' fuu úIhh ld¾ñl úµd,j, b;d id¾:l j b.ekaúh yels h'

fuu úIhh w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< mka;sj,g ks¾foaY l< whf.a u;hjQfha Wiia fm< yodrk ish¨ u isiqka úYaj úµd,j,g fkd hk neúkafuh /lshdNsuqL úIhhla yeáhg w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<g b.ekaùu iqÿiq nj h'

fuhg wu;r j by; ±lajQ 1975 uehs 10 ksl=;a l< wxl 13$75 orkpl%f,aLfhka w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< jdKsc úIh Odrdj wOHhkh lsÍug wjYHiqÿiqlï o ,sys,a lr ;snqKs' tkï fuu pl%f,aLh wkqj my; i|yka úIhhj,skatllg 'A' fyda 'B' idu¾:Hhla we;s whl=g jdKsc úIh Odrdj f;dard .;yels h'

1' m<uq ni 2' fojk ni 3' .Ks;h

4' úµdj 5' iudc wOHhkh 6' m%d.ajD;a;Sh

wo flfia fj;;a 1970 .Kkaj, jdKsc úµd mdGud,dj f;darkq ,nkfouõmshka yd fndfyda isiqkaf.a wdl,amh jQfha jdKsc úµd úIh Odrdj úµdúIhg fo jeks jQjla jYfhks' fï ksid úµdj yd .Ks;h 'A' idu¾:Hhla fyda'B' idu¾:Hhla we;s isiqjl= tjlg ;snQ wdl,am wkqj f;darkq ,nkafka úµdjúIh Odrdjhs'

ta ksid jdKsc úµd úIh Odrdj f;darkq ,nkafka m<uq ni" fo jk ni"iudc wOHhkhg yd m%d.a jD;a;Shg A fyda B idu¾:Hhla we;s isiqjl= muKs'fujeks lsisjl= jdKsc úIh Odrdjg wh;a .sKqï úIhh lr f.k hdugwfmdfydi;a ùu mqÿuhla fkd fõ' jeä jYfhka u jdKsc úoHd úIh Odrdjf;dard .kafka iudc wOHhkhg A idu¾:Hhla fyda B idu¾:Hhla ,o YsIHhskah' tfia ke; fyd;a m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhhg A fyda B idu¾:Hhla ,o msßi fõ'fï lreKq wkqj mdi,a wOHdmkfha iudc úµd wOHdmk wxYhg we;=<;a jQfhab;d u wvq iqÿiqlï ,o isiqyq h' fuu pl% f,aLfhka jdKsc úµd wOHdmkhg

429

muKla fkd j iudc wOHhk wxYhg o widOdrKhla isÿ úh' fï wkqj iudcwOHhk úIh Odrdj mdi,aj, ;nd .ekSug yels jQfha jdKsc úIh Odrdjglsisfia;a u myiqlï fkd ue;s úÿy,aj, muKs'

6'0 jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh - 1977 ka miq hq.h

1977 n,hg meñKs rch úiska wOHdmk m%;sixúOdk lSmhla lrk ,§'jhi wjqreÿ 5ka mdi,a hdu wdrïN lsÍu' cd;sl wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%úNd.h fjkqjg wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< úNd.h wdrïN lsÍuw'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úNd.fha úIhdx. ixfYdaOkh lsÍu fuhska jeo.;a ;ekla.kakd ,o ixfYdaOkhka h'

6'1 m%d.ajD;a;Sh idudkH fm< wksjd¾h úIh ud,dfjka bj;a ùu

1977 fkdjeïn¾ ui ksl=;a lrk ,o wOHdmk f,alïf.a wxl 8$298 pl%f,aLfhka" fuf;la mdi,a úIhud,dfõ wksjd¾h úIhhla j ;snQ m%d.ajD;a;ShúIhh tu wksjd¾h ;;a;ajfhka ñÿKs' tfia u 10 jk fY%aKshg m%d.ajD;a;ShúIh folla yeoEßh hq;= h hk fldkafoaish o bj;a úh' th tl úIhlgmuKla iSud úh' fï ksid wl%uj;a j mej;s m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh mdi,aj,ska bj;aúh' tfy;a jdKsc úIhh jk jHdmdr wOHhk úIhh ;j ;j;a m%p,s; úh' 1977ixfYdaOkh wkqj w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h kej; we;s lsÍu ksid cd' w' fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& úNd.hg 1975 mej;s wkaoug u 9 fY%aKsfha jdKsc úIhhwe;=<;a úh' tu úIhh idudkH fm< úIhhla o úh'

wOH$f,a f.a 9$06 ork 1978'07'06 Èk ork pl%f,aLfhka w'fmd'i' id'fm<g&ffjl,amsl úIhhla jYfhka jdKsc úIhh bÈßm;a lr we;' ,>qf,aLkh ydh;=re ,sùu;a" jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhh;a tu úIh úh' tfy;a fuys wreuh jQfhajdKscH yd .sKqï úIhh fi!kao¾h úIhh fjkqjg;a" ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re,sùu ;dlaIKsl úIhh fjkqjg;a b.ekaúh yels nj fuu pl%f,aLfhka ±laùuhs'

jdKscH yd .sKqï

by; i|yka pl% f,aLfha ^w' fo' wd' 14 iy wOHd f,af.a wxl mdi$9$6 iy1978'07'06&3 zzfuu úIh hgf;a jdKscH yd .sKqï hk úIh fol u b.ekaúh hq;=h' jdKscH yd .sKqï b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiqlï we;s .=rejreka yd tu úIhyeoEÍug leu;s isiqka 9 fjks fYa%Ksfha isá;a kï lksIaG oaú;Shsl jev ud,djhgf;a ±lafjk fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh úIhla fjkqjg ffjl,amsl úIhhlajYfhka jdKscH yd .sKqï úIh bf.k .; yels úh' ta i|yd i;shlg fi!kao¾húIhh i|yd fjka lr we;s ld,Éfþo ;=k fhdod .; yels h' ta wkqj 9 jkfY%aKsfha § jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhh f;dard .kq ,nk isiqkag fi!kao¾h úIhhkayeoEÍug wjia:dj fkd ,enqKs'

430

,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu

fuu úIhh hgf;a z,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùuZ b.ekaúh hq;= h' fuuúIh b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiqlï ,;a .=rejreka yd tu úIh yeoEÍug leue;s isiqkamdi,aj, 9 fY%aKsfha isá;a kï lksIaG oaú;Sl jevud,dj hgf;a ±lafjk ;dlaIKslúIh fjkqjg ffjl,amsl úIhhla jYfhka ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu b.ekaúhyels h' ta i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIh fjkqfjka fjka lr we;s ld,Éfþo ;=k fhÈhyels h' fï wkqj 9 fY%aKsfha ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu f;dard.kq ,nk isiqka;dlaIKsl úIh yeoEÍu wjYH fkd fõ' h;=re,shk hka;% iEfyk ixLHdjlawe;s mdi,aj, muKla 1979 isg fï úIh b.ekaùu l< hq;= h'ZZ

fufia zzfjkqjgZZ b.ekaùug fhdackd lrk ,oafoa fuu pl%f,aLfhkaiïmQ¾K jdKsc úIh lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIh lafIa;%fhka bj;a lr ;snqK ksid tafjkqfjka mek keÕ=K Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhks' fï jk úg w;ayer;snQ jdKsc úIhh fld;eklg fyda tl;= lsÍu úkd iqÿiq ;ekla fidhd n,dfh§u fkd fõ isÿ lrk ,oafoa' úIhud,dj ie,iqï l< msßilf.a fuu wvqmdvqjksid jdKsc úIhhka bf.k .kakd YsIHhkag fi!kao¾h úIhhka bf.kSugwjia:djla fkd ù h' úIhud,djla ie,iqï lr bÈßm;a lsÍfï § m%cdkk"úkaok" ufkdapd,l hk lafIa;% ;=k u ixj¾Okh jk wkaoñka ie,iqï l< hq;=jqj;a jdKsc úIhhla yodrk isiqkag úkaok lafIa;% ÈhqKqjg wod< jk fi!kao¾húIhhla bf.kSug wjia:djla fkd ù h'

wOHd$w(fo'wd$14 pl%f,aLfhka fufia fm!reI j¾Okh hï;ñka fydafkdi,ld yer ;sîu ksid YsIHhka fi!kao¾h úIhh w;yer jdKscH yd .sKqïúIhhla f;aÍu ksid jdKscH yd .sKqï bf.k .;a YsIHhkag iunr wOHdmkhlafkd ,efnk njg wOHdmk{hka fmkajd ÿka kuq;a th tfia u mej;=Ks'

6'2 1977 isg fcHIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dj

1978 ckjdß 17 fjks Èk wOH$f,a f.a wxl 6$298 ork pl% f,aLfhkal< ixfYdaOkh hgf;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úIhOdrd" folla njg mßj¾;khúh' tu úIhOdrd kï"

1' úµd úIh Odrdj - fN!;sl yd ffcùh úoHd

2' l,d úIh Odrdj - iudc úµdj" jdKsc yd jHdmdr wOHhk" udkjYdia;% fõ'

fï hgf;a isÿ jQ ;j;a fjkialï lsysmhls' 1975 § ksl=;a jQ úIh ks¾foaYhgf;a w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&g ;snQ wksjd¾h ^yr úIh& ish,a, wfydais ùug;a"jdKsc úµd" fi!kao¾h yd iudc úµd hgf;a ;snQ ish¨ u úIh l,d úIh f,ikï lsÍu;a" jdKsc úIh Odrdj hgf;a ;snQ jdKsc yd .sKqï úIhh w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& § úIh folla ùu;a h' ta wkqj w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<g .KldêlrKh"jdKscH yd uqo,a jYfhka úIh folla we;=<;a úh' cd' w' fmd' i' ^W'fm'&úNd.fha úIhhla j ;snQ ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùfï úIhh Wiia fm<

431

úIhud,dfjka bj;a lrk ,§'

1978 ixfYdaOk hgf;a" úIh 4la w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& g f;dard .ekSugWmfoia Èh hq;= wjia:dfõ §" úYaj úµd, Wmdê mdGud,dj,g kshñ; úIh .eklsis;a fkd i,ld" iuyr úÿy,am;sjre je/È wjfndaOhlska hq;= j isiqkafufyhjQy' iuyr úµd,j, fi!kao¾h úIhhka yd jdKsc úµd úIhh o";j;a wh iudc úµd úIhhla yd jdKscH úµd úIhhla o jYfhka úYajúµd,j,g we;=¿ ùug iqÿiqlï fkd ,efnk mßÈ Wiia fm< úIh f;dard f.k;snqKs' fumuKla fkd j wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka l,d úIhOdrdj ^W'fm<&mj;ajd f.k hdug iqÿiqlï ,;a ish¨ mdi,a mdfya jdKsc úµd úIh Wiiafm<g o wdrïN lrk ,§' fuu úIh Wiia fm<g b.ekajQfha Wiia fm< iu;a.=rejrhl= fyda jdKsc úµd mqyqKq .=rejrhl= ksid YsIHhkag wjYH ±kqu fkd,enqKs' .; hq;= ;SrKh i|yd úÿy,aj,g wjYH Wmfoia fkd ,eîfï wvqj ksidYsIHhka wmyiqjg m;a jQ nj fmfka'

7'0 1981 Oj, m;%sldj

j¾Ifha § tjlg isá wOHdmk weue;s;=ud wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldjmd¾,sfïka;=jg bÈßm;a lf<a h' Oj, m;%sldjg wkql+, j w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&iu;a jQ isiqkag úYaj úµd, m%fõYhg wu;r úNd.hlg fmkS isáh hq;= njfhdackd lr ;snQ w;r" jdKsc úµd úIh lksIaG oaú;Shsl fyda fcHIaG oaú;ShslúIhud,djg wh;a fkd ù h' jdKsc úIhhka we;=¿ jQfha úYaj úµd, m%fõYuÜgfï § muKs' th o jdKscH hkqfjka úIhlg muKla iSud ù mej;=Ks' Oj,m;%sldfjka jdKscH úIhh iïmQ¾Kfhka u ld¾ñl úµd,j,g mjrd ;snqKs'fmdÿ wOHdmkfha o fuu úIhh w;yer ;snqKs' mdi,a wjêfha YsIHhl= ,eìhhq;= wdl,am l=i,;d jeäysáhl= ù ,eîug kï jeäysá wOHdmkh ieug wksjd¾húh hq;= h' tfia;a ke;skï mdi,a wOHdmkfhka" wOHdmkh w;yer hkakkagfï ms<sn| j lsisÿ ±kSula" ke;s ù hdfuka mqrjeishl= jYfhka tÈfkod we;swd¾Ól yd iudc .eg¨jlg hï wkaoulska is;d ne,Sug j;a fkdyels msßilaìysjkq fkd wkqudk h'

flfia fj;;a wOHdmk lafIa;%fha mdi,a moaO;sfha uy;a wdkafoda,khlawe;s l< fuu Oj, m;%sldj ksid mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<;a fmdÿ ckhd w;r;a fkdikaiqka njla we;sùu fya;=fjka th l%shd;aul ùu kej;=Ks'

8'0 Y%S ,xldfõ ;D;Sh uÜgfï wOHdmkh

flá ld,hl § YS>% j¾Okhla yd ckm%sh;djla we;s jQ úIhdx.hla jkqfhaajdKsc wOHdmk wxYhhhs' tu úIh i|yd we;s b,a¨u i;=gqodhl wkaoñkaúi£u wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg o m%Yakhla j mej;=K ksid mka;s wdrïN lsÍu"isiqka ixLHdj iSud lsÍu jeks fkdfhl=;a l%u uÕska fuu úIhfhys jHdma;shmd,kh lsÍug o wOHdmk wud;HdxYh lghq;= fkd l<d fkdfõ'

432

Y%S ,xldfõ uOH uyd úµd,j, fuka u uyd úµd,j, o jdKsc úµdúIh úµd úIh ;rug u ckm%sh j mj;S' ta yereKq úg jdKsc úIh ms<sn| jwOHdmkh ,nd fok wdh;k rdYshla Y%S ,xld rch úiska u mj;ajd f.k hkq,efí' m%isoaO úNd. i|yd jdKsc úIh W.kajk wdh;k w;=frka m%uqLia:dkfha,d ie,flk wdh;k lsysmhls'

1' úYaj úµd,

2' nyq ;dlaIK wdh;k yd lksIaG ld¾ñl wdh;k

3' ld¾ñl úµd,

4' .=re úµd,

5' újD; úYaj úµd,h

6' jr,;a .KldêldÍ wdh;kh

7' .sKqïlrK Ys,amSh wdh;kh

fuhg wu;r j wdh;k uÜgfï úNd. i|yd wdh;k /lshdjkag mqyqKqj,nd §u i|yd o jdKsc úIh W.kajk wdh;k o fõ' tajd kï"

1' iuQmldr fomd¾;fïka;=j - iuQmldr úIhh wdÈh

2' nexl= ix.uh

wdÈhhs'

8'1 ld¾ñl úµd,hkays jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh

ft;sydisl miqìu

ld¾ñl úµd,hkays jdKsc úIh wdrïN lsÍu j¾I 1908 muK hq.fha isgb;sydihg tla fõ' fuu j¾Ifha ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu úIh ikaOHd ld,mdGud,d f,i werôKs' rcfha wOHlaIf.a jd¾;dj wkqj ful, jdKsc úIhhyeoEÍug fhduq jQfKa wOHdmkhg ÿ¾j, isiqyq fj;s' ld¾ñl úµd, jdKscúIhh uy;a ÿ¾j, ;;a;ajhlska werUqj o úêu;a mdif,a jdKsc úIhhkawdrïN lsÍug fmr úIhh mK .ekajQ m%Odk wdh;kh l¾ñl úµd,hs'

lkakka.r jd¾;dj wkqj fld<U ld¾ñl úµd,h

j¾I 1931 iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r ue;s;=ud wOHdmk weue;s jk úgld¾ñl úµd,hkays wxY 3la úh' bxðfkare wxYh" jdKsc wxYh iy Ñ;% wxYhjYfhks' fuhska jdKsc wxYfha idudkH jdKsc úµdj" ,>qf,aLkh iy Wiia.KldêlrKh o bx.%Sis udOHfhka b.ekaúh'

lkakka.r ue;s;=ud 1943 § wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;djbÈßm;a lrñka ld¾ñl úµd,h wxY y;rlg fjka lrk ,§' bxðfkare wxYh"jdKsc wxYh" yia; l¾udka; wxYh" iy l¾udka; wxYh jYfhks'

433

fuu jd¾;dfjka ,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fha wdrïN lsÍug ks¾foaY l<jHdmdr mßmd,k ämaf,daudj" jdKsc úµd ämaf,daudj" .KldêlrK ämaf,daudjiy h;=re,shk yd ,>qf,aLkh' mdGud,dj wo olajd u ld¾ñl úµd,hkaystfia u mj;ajd f.k hkq ,efí' fuu mdGud,djkays fjkialula jQfha kïúIh ks¾foaYfha iq¿ iq¿ fjkiaùula muKla úkd kduhkays fjkia ùula fkdfõ'21

,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fha md,kh 1942 wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fjka fjkafldg fjk u fomd¾;fïka;=jla jYfhka ia:dms; lrkq ,eî h' tu bj;a lsÍfï§ úOdhl ldrl iNdj úiska bÈßm;a lrk ,o fhdackd w;ßka jdKsc úµd úIh.ek fufia i|yka fjhs'

zzfmd;a ;eîfuys;a ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re,shkfhys;a iqÿiqlïfuka u" f,alï .KldêldÍ iy .Kka mÍlaIl wdh;kj,gWiia iqÿiqlï ,nd .ekSug yels jk fia ld¾ñl úµd,hkaysuQ,sl yd Wiia jdKsc úµd mdGud,djka werfUkq we;'ZZ

tfia u lkakka.r jd¾;dfõ u jdKsc úµdj l,d iy l¾udka; hkúIhhkays Wiia fmf<a iy;slh ,eîu tlS úIhhkays .=re ;k;=rej,g iqÿiqlulaf,i ms<s.eksK' fï wkqj fuu iy;slj,g 1963 jk f;la .=re m;aùï ,ndfok ,§' tfuka u jdKsc úµd .=re m;aùï ,nd§fï § wfkl=;a wdh;kj,ska,nd .;a iy;slj,g jvd ld¾ñl úµd,j, iy;slj,g m%uqLia:dkhla ,ndfok ,§' 1964 § jdKsc úµdj ms<sn| j Wmdê uÜgfï mdGud,d werôKs'tmuKla fkd j Wmdê uÜgfï .KldêlrKh yd jD;a;Sh uÜgfï mdGud,do fuu jljdkqfjys werôKs' tfy;a tajd /lS rlaIdj, kshq;= jQ msßig ikaOHdld, mdGud,d f,i muKla werôKs'

1963 ld¾ñl úµd, wOHdmk fldñIula m;alr ld¾ñl wOHdmkhúuis,a,g m;a flßKs' fuu fldñIfï mrud¾:h jQfha ,xldfõ ixj¾OkwjYH;d i|yd m%udKj;a mßÈ mqyqKq ld¾ñl msßia ,nd §u h' fuu fldñIuuÕska mqyqKq ld¾ñl msßia ,nd §ug yels jk fia jHdma; taldnoaO

1' Ys,amSh 2' ld¾ñl

3' lDIsld¾ñl 4' jD;a;Sh

hkqfjka mqyqKq lsÍfï l%uhla ms<sfh, lsÍu msKsi ks¾foaY we;=<;a lr1963 § m%isoaêhg m;a lrk ,§'

ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñifï fhdackd w;r jdKsc úµd wOHdmkhgn,mdk fhdackd ksid jdKsc úµd wxYh mq¿,a úh'

1' jdKsc úIh i|yd b.ekaúh hq;= mdGud,d my; i|yka wkaoñka fldñIufhdackd lr ;sfí'

1' jdKsc úµdj

2' jHdmdr mßmd,kh

434

3' ñ, .Kka ;eîu we;=¿ j .Kka ;eîu

4' rlaIKh yd Ôú; ixLHd ;lafiarej

5' nexl= jHdmdr yd uqo,a

6' cd;sl ld¾ñl wOHdmk yd wNHdi uKav,h ;SrKh lrk wfkl=;ajdKsc úµd wx.

fuu fhdackd fufia jqj o urodk ,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fha muKla by;mdGud,d wdrïN flreKs' fuu mdGud,d ämaf,daud iy;sl msßkuk mdGud,djQfha h' tu mdGud,dj, j,x.=;dj i,lk úg zzfuu ämaf,daud iy;slhWmdêhg iudk nj rdcH fiajd fldñIu uÕska ms<s.;af;a h'22

nyq ;dlaIKdh;k yd lksIaG ld¾ñl wdh;k

1952 wgfjks fY%aKsh i|yd (J. S. C.) mdi,a moaO;sfha mj;ajk ,o lksIaGmdGYd,d iy;slh wiu;a jkakkag Wiia wOHdmkh wysñ úh' tjekakka i|ydld¾ñl wOHdmkhla ,nd §fï wjYH;dj tjlg isá wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhaiaÓr f,alï;=ud bÈßm;a lrk ,o fhdackd jd¾;djla f,i bÈßm;a flßKs' tufhdackd w;r uykqjr" .d,a," hdmkh hk ia:dkj, yels blaukska lksIaGld¾ñl úµd, meje;aúh hq;= nj fhdackd úh' fï i|yd Wmfoia fokq ,enqfõ1953 § fld<U l%ufha WmfoaYlhl= jk kjiS,ka;fhka meñKs W. J. B. ykag¾uy;d h' lksIaG ld¾ñl úµd, yd nyq ;dlaIK wdh;k msysgqùfï jevms<sfj<ykag¾ uy;d fj;ska ,enqKq Wiia u WmfoaYhls' tuksid tajd msysgqùfï f.!rjhykag¾ uy;dg ysñ úh hq;= h' tfia u 1956 § lksIaG ld¾ñl úµd,j,mßmd,kh wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka bj;a fldg ld¾ñl úµd, fomd¾;fïka;=fõwOHlaIlg mejreKs'

urodk ld¾ñl úµd,h yereKq fldg ,xldfõ we;s ld¾ñl úµd,fldgia follg fjka flreKs' tajd kï"

1' nyq ;dlaIKsl wdh;k

2' lksIaG ld¾ñl úµd, hkqfjks'

fïjdfha fjkialï jQfha tajdfha meje;ajQ mdGud,dj, ;;a;ajh wkqj h'iy;sl m;% uÜgfï mdGud,d lksIaG ld¾ñl úµd,j,;a iy;sl uÜgñka by<mdGud,d nyq ;dlaIKsl wdh;kj,;a mej;=Ks'

8'2 .=re úµd,

jdKsc úµd úIh úêu;a wOHdmk udOHhla yeáhg mdi,g taug fmrd;=jukd j ia:dms; j meje;af;a ld¾ñl úµd,fha h' ld¾ñl úµd,fha jdKscúIhh W.;a msßfika jeäfokd wdrïNfha jHdmdßl yd fm!oa.,sl wxYfha fydardcH fiajd wxYj, /lshdfõ kshqla; jQy' ful, fm!oa.,sl wxYfha mdi,aj,jdKsc .=rejreka w;f<diaila isáh o 1950 jk ;=re fulS .=rejrekag mqyqKqjla§fï jev ms<sfj<la fkd ùh'

435

wkshï l%uhlska jdKsc úIh iïnkaO wOHdmkhla ,eîug 1948 fld<U.=re úµd,h kñka mej;s .=re mqyqKq wdh;kfhys wjia:dj Wod lr we;' tawkqj 1948 mqyqKqj ,;a .=rejrekaf.ka leu;s msßilg ^bx.%Sis udOHfhka& fld<Uld¾ñl úµd,hg iïnkaO ù .=re úµd,fha yr úIhhkag wu;r j jdKsc úIhwOHhkh lsÍug wjia:dj ,nd § we;' miqj fuu msßi rcfha mdi,aj, jdKscúIh b.ekaùfï § iydhg fhdojd f.k we;' 1950-51 j¾Ifha § isxy, udOH.=rejreka 50la f;dard f.k jdKsc úIh mqyqKq lrk ,§' fuu msßi f;dard f.kwe;af;a l,d wxYfhka mqyqKq ùug f;dard .;a .=re YsIHhka w;=ßks' fuu msßio mqyqKqfjka miqj Èjhsfka uOH uyd úµd,j,g m;alr hejQ kuq;a Tjqkaf.kao n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ fiajh fkd ,eìKs' thg uQ,sl fya;=j jQfha tu .=rejrekajdKsc úIh b.ekaùu flf¾ t;rï we,aula fkd ±laùu;a" uQ,sl ±kqu t;rïmq¿,a fkd ùu;a ksid h'

jdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKq jev ms<sfj< yd tys wkd.;h

úfYaI jQ úNd.hla mj;ajd jdKsc .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu 1959 f;la isÿfkd ù h' hï hï wkaofï jdKsc úIh ms<sn| mqyqKqj ,nd §ug jEhï .;a kuq;atajd o wid¾:l jQ nj by;ska ±lafõ' fï ksid 1959 j¾Ifha § jdKsc úIhj,skaw'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& iu;a wh .=re úµd,j,g n|jd .ekSfï ;r. úNd.hla m<uqjrg mj;ajk ,§'23 fuhska .=rejreka 33 fokl= f;dard f.k uyr.u .=reúµd,hg we;=<;a fldg f.k jdKsc úµd úIh l%uj;a j wdrïN flreKs' fuumsßig jqj o .=re úµd,fhka l%uj;a mqyqKqjla ,enqfKa .=re mqyqKqj wjYH yrúIhhkag muKs' lÓldpd¾hjreka ysÕùu ksid jdKsc úIh ms<sn| mqyqKqj,eîug fï msßig urodk ld¾ñl úµd,hg meñKSug isÿ úh' fuu ÿIalr;dj1963 § uÕ yereKs' tu j¾Ifha uyr.u .=re úµd,hg jdKsc úIhhka i|ydiaÓr lÓldpd¾hjreka n|jd .kakd ,§' 1963 jdKsc úµd .=rejreka ,o fïjrm%idoh mej;=fKa 1975 jk ;=re muKs' jdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKqfõ b;d id¾:lhq.h o fï jljdkqj nj i|yka lsÍu ksje/È h' b;d l%uj;a .=re mqyqKqjla iyiEu wxYhl u .=re mqyqKqjg wjYH myiqlï fï iu. ,enqKs' tfy;a jdKscúµd .=re mqyqKqj uyr.u .=re úÿy,ska bj;a lsÍu 1975 § wdrïN úh' uyr.ñkabj;a l< jdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKq jevms<sfj< fydaud.u .=re úµd,hg o^fydaud.u .=re úµd,h tjlg ld¾ñl úµd,hla ùu ksid& thska miq j óß.u.=re úµd,hg o kej; ksÜgUqj .=re úµd,hg o jYfhka udre ù hdu ksidjdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKqj wvd< úh' tfia u lÓldpd¾hjreka fjk;a /lshdj,gudre ù hdu isÿ úh' jdKsc úµd .=re YsIHhkag óß.u .=re úµd,fha mqyqKqj,enqfKa 1978 j¾Ifha muKs' kej; ksÜgUqj .=re úµd,hg tjlg mqyqKqj ,enQ.=re msßi udre lr hjd mqyqKqj ,nd § we;s w;r 1979 ka miqj jdKsc úµd .=remqyqKqj iïmQ¾Kfhka u kj;d ±uQy' Bg fya;=j jQfha jdKsc úµd .=re w;sßla;hlawe;s nj wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhka m%ldY ùu h'

fï jk úg;a fndfyda mdi,aj, w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< fyda Wiia fm<fyda Bg iudk iqÿiqlula we;s .=re mqyqKqj fkd ,enQ .=re msßila lafIa;%fha

436

isáhy' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha uÕ fmkaùu wkqj fuu msßi mqyqKq l< hq;= njn,OdÍkag jegyqKq neúka kej; fiajfha fh§ isák kqmqyqKq jdKsc úµd.=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd uyr.u .=re úµd,fha mqyqKq mdGud,dj werUqKs^1 ld w $jdú 31 1991 fmnrjdß 8 pl%f,aLh&' fuu .=re msßi mqyqKq lsÍu o 2008§ wjika úh' j¾;udkfha jdKsc úµd .=re mqyqKqjla Y%S ,xldfõ fkd ue;' ±kgjdKsc úµd .=rejreka jYfhka n|jd .kq ,nkafka WmdêOrhka muKls' fuumsßi o idudkH fm< mka;sj, yd Wiia fm< mka;sj, jdKsc úµd úIhW.kajkq ,efí' tfy;a idudkH fm< uÜgfï isiq orejkag wjYH ±kqu" l=i,;d"wdl,am ,nd §fï § tu wxYfha Wiia wOHdmkh ,o WmdêOdÍkag jvd .=reúµd,hlska mqyqKqj ,enQ mqyqKq .=rejrekaf.a ksmqK;dj ld¾hlaIu jQ nj meyeÈ,sh' jdKsc úµd úIh ms<sn| j .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu by; ±lafjk wkaoñkakj;d,Su idudkH fm< úIh yodrk YsIH YsIHdjka fjkqfjka iqÿiq fkd jknj úfYaIfhka i|yka l< yels h' ±kg úµdmSGj, fyda jdKsc úIhh mqyqKqlsÍula fkd jk neúka idudkH fm< jdKsc úµd úIh b.ekaùug mdi,aj,isák kqmqyqKq .=rejreka fjkqfjka yh udihl fyda fkajdisl mqyqKqjla ,ndfokafka kï jvd M,odhS fõ' mdi,a wOHdmkh ;=, jdKsc úIhh b.ekaùu isÿflfrk;dla jdKsc úoHd .=remqyqKqj o mej;sh hq;= h'

8'3 úYaj úµd,fha jdKsc úµd úIh lafIa;%hg wod< úIh wdrïN lsÍu

1921 § úYaj úµd, fld,Sðh;a" 1870 jk úg wdrïN fldg mejf;ñka ;snQffjµ úµd,h;a taldnoaO fldg 1942 § uq,a u úYaj úµd,h újD; lrk ,§'úYaj úµd fld,Sðfha mej;=fKa l,d yd úµd úIh muKls'

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYaj úµd,h msysgqùu yd jdKsc úµd úIh m%.;sh

Wiia wOHdmkh wfmalaIdfjka isá YsIH ixLHdj wêl ùu ksid úYajúµd,wjYH;dj fmkajd foñka Y%S ,xld úYajúµd,h msysgqùfuka miqj;a È.ska È.g uWoaf>daIK mej;=Ks' fuu Woaf>daIKj, m%;sM,hla jYfhka msrefjka jYfhkamej;s úfµdaoh yd úµd,xldr hk wdh;k úYajúµd, njg mßj¾;kh lsÍui|yd 1958 wxl 45 ork úfµdaoh yd úµd,xldr úYajúµd, mk; bÈßm;a úh'bka wk;=re j 1959 ckjdß 01 Èk fulS wdh;k fol úYaj úµd, njgmßj¾;kh úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ úYaj úµd, w;=ßka jdKsc úµd wxYfha wOHdmkh iïnkaOfhkam%:u ia:dkfha kula ysñlr f.k we;af;a Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,hhs ^fuhwdrïNfha úfµdaoh úYaj úµd,h&' wm rfÜ úYajúµd, lafIa;%fhka jdKscúµd úIh i|yd mSGhla we;af;a chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,fhys muKs' 1960 oYlfha;dhs,ka;h" úhÜkduh" isx.mamQrej wdÈ rgj, jdKsc úµd Wmdê msßkeóu isÿjQ w;r" fuu wjfndaOh wkqj u Y%S ,xldfõ wksl=;a úYajúµd,j, o jdKsc úµdWmdê msßkeñKs' tfuka u 1967 fmardfoKsh úYajúµd,fha o jdKsc mdGud,dwdrïN lrk ,o w;r 1980 oYlfha § le,Ksh úYajúµd,h" fld<U úYajúµd,h" hdmkh úYaj úµd,h" ÿïnr úYajúµd,h hk fïjdfha o fï wxYfhka

437

mdGud,d wdrïN flreKs' wo Y%S ,xldfõ úYajúµd, ish,af,a u mdfya jdKscúµd mdGud,d meje;afjk w;r chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,h m%uqLia:dkhla f.k;sfí' tfy;a úfµdaoh ^chj¾Okmqr& wdrïN lrk ,oafoa jdKsc úµd úIhi|yd fkd j l,d wxYfha úIh i|yd h' 1960 § fmdÿ mßmd,k yd jHdmdrmßmd,kh hk mdGud,d tl;=ùfuka wd¾Ól úµd wxYh mq¿,a úh' tfia uwOHhk wxYhkaf.a ckm%sh;dj wkqj jHdmdr mßmd,k yd fmdÿ ^rdcH& mßmd,kwxY b;d ckm%sh ;;a;ajhla bis,S h'

úYajúµd,j, j¾;udkfha meje;afjk mdGud,d rdYshls' w'fmd'i' Wiiafm< yeoErE YsIHhkag wjYH iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾K lr we;akï" fld<U úYajúµd,h"chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,h" le,Ksh úYajúµd,h" hdmkh úYajúµd,h" inr.uqjúYajúµd,h" fmardfoKsh úYajúµd,h" reyqKq úYajúµd,h" kef.kysrúYajúµd,h" Y%S ,xld w.aksÈ. úYajúµd,h" Y%S ,xld rcrg úYajúµd,h" Y%S ,xldjhU úYajúµd,h hk úYajúµd,hkays mdGud,d rdYshla we;' WodyrKhlajYfhka fulS ish¨ u úYajúµd,j," jHdmdr mßmd,kfõ§ mdGud,d 2la iyúµdfõ§ mdGud,d 8la mj;shs' fuhska 3la jdKscfõ§ wxYj,g .efka' mdGud,drdYshla iqÿiqlï u; f;dard .ekSug we;'

ÿria: wOHdmk wdh;k yd újD; úYaj úµd,h

Y%S ,xld újD; úYaj úµd,h wdrïN jQfha 1980 cQ,s 22 Èk § h' thixúOdkh jQfha"

1' Y%S ,xld ¥ria: wOHdmk wdh;kh yd

2' Y%S ,xld úYaj úµd,fha ndysr uKav,h hk fïjd taldnoaO ùfuks'

¥ria: wOHdmk wdh;kfha wdrïN jQ ish¨ u mdGud,d újD; úYajúµd,fha § Ydia;%Sh yd jD;a;Sh jYfhka ldKav follg fnÿKs' j¾;udkfha¥ria: wOHdmk wdh;kh zzl<ukdlrK úµdj yd ;dlaIK wxYhZZ hkqfjka oY%S ,xld úYajúµd,h ndysr fiajd uKav,h udkj Ydia;% wOHdmkh hkqfjka oilia ù we;' j¾;udkfha ;D;Sh wOHdmkfha wxYhla yeáhg újD; úYajúµd,h mj;ajd f.k hk w;r fuys iEu úIhdx.hlg u wod< Wmdê ydämaf,daud mdGud,d meje;afõ'

Y%S ,xld jr,;a .KldêldÍ wdh;kh

1959 jk f;la fuu wdh;kh ye¢kajQfha .sKqï uKav,h hk kñks' 1959wxl 23 ork md¾,sfïka;= mk; hgf;a rdcHdh;khla f,i jHjia:dms; úh'tfia rdcHdh;khla njg m;a jQ .sKqï uKav,h Y%S ,xldfõ jr,;a .KldêldÍwdh;kh kñka wo ye¢kafõ' Y%S ,xldfõ § u .KldêlrKh ms<sn| j cd;Hka;rj ms<s.kakd iy;slhla yd jD;a;Shuh iy;slhla ,nd §ug ,dxlslhkg we;stl u wdh;kh fuhhs' tfia u wkd.;h ms<sn| j ±ä úYajdihlska hq;= j.KldêlrK úIhh yeoEÍu i|yd fuu wdh;kh b;d ckm%sh ;;a;ajhlmj;S'24 w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIh 3lska iu;a jQjkag fuu wdh;kfha ,shdmÈxÑ

438

úh yels h' tfy;a tu iqÿiqlï ke;s whl=g o fuu wdh;kfha wOHdmkhyeoEÍu i|yd we;=<;a úh yels h' tkï w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< .Ks;h$wxl.Ks;h$jdKsc wxl .Ks;h hk úIh ms<sn| iïudk idu¾:Hhla we;s .sKqïlrk Ys,amSh wdh;kh jeks jD;a;Sh wOHdmk wdh;khl iy;sl ,dNSkag o.KldêldÍjrhl= ùug wOHmkh ,eîug fï wdh;kfhka ms<sjk' fuuwdh;khg ±kg wv ishjila iïmQ¾K j ;sfí' fï jk úg isiq isiqúhka ^20000&úis oyilg wêl ixLHdjla .sKqï Ys,amh yodrñka isá;s' fuys wOHdmkhkHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl hk wxY folska u mßmQ¾K .KldêldÍjrfhla ìyslrhs' mdi,a jdKsc wOHdmk úIh Odrdj yd iïnkaO .=rejrekag yd isiqkagiïuka;%K o fuu wdh;kh uÕska mj;ajkq ,efí' fuys iy;slh wka;¾ cd;sljYfhka ms<s.kakd iy;slhla neúka ±kg Y%S ,xldfõ fuu wdh;kfha ,shdmÈxÑ.KldêldÍ 4000ka 1$3 lg wdikak msßila ´iafÜ%,shdj" weußldj" ueofmrÈ."ì%;dkHfha by< jegqma ,nñka fiajh lr;s'

iy;sl ,;a l<ukdlrK .KldêldÍ wdh;kh

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% Wiia fm< úNd.fhka iu;a isiqkag l<ukdlrK".KldêlrK lafIa;%fha jeämqr wOHdmkh ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ,nd fokwdh;khls' wÈhr 4lska iukaú; fõ' fuu wÈhr i;r iïmQ¾K lsÍfuka miqjfyda m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj ,nd .ekSug wjia:dj ;sfí' I fjks yd II fjks wÈhrisxy, fyda bx.%Sis udOHfhka o III jeks IV jeks wÈhr bx.%Sis udOHfhka omeje;afõ' tx.,ka;fha CIMA iy;slh wka;¾cd;sl jYfhka ms<s.efkk w;riy;sl ,;a l<ukdldr .KldêldÍ wdh;k iy;slh foaYSh jYfhka .sKqïlrKl<ukdlrK jD;a;Ska i|yd ms<s.ekSula olajhs'

.sKqïlrK Ys,amSh wdh;kh A.A.T. wdh;kh&

wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% idudkH fm< iu;a j iqÿiqlï ,;a whg.sKqïlrK wxYfhka bÈßhg hdug u. fy<s l< wdh;khla f,i .sKqïlrKYs,amSh wdh;kh ye¢kaúh yels h' tfy;a jdKsc úµd lafIa;%fha bÈßhg hdui|yd Wiia fm< jdKsc úµd úIh yodrk whg fuu ud¾.h jr,;a .KldêldÍwdh;kfha úNd.j,g fmr iqÿiqlula f,i ilia ù we;' mokï" wka;¾uOHu"wjidk jYfhka fuys wÈhr ;=klska úNd. iu;aùug we;' jdKsc úµd úIhWiia fm< iu;a isiqkag m<uq wÈhr ksoyia h' flfia fj;;a yh udifhka yhudihg fuu úNd.h meje;afjk ksid j¾I 1 1$2 lska muK fuu wdh;kfha;=ka jk wÈhr iu;a úh yels h' ;=ka jk wÈhr iu;a msßi" jr,;a .KldêldÍwdh;kfha mokï wÈhßka iu;a jQ f,i ie,fla' .sKqïlrK Ys,amSh wdh;kfhaúNd. jD;a;Sh wNsuqL m%dfhda.sl uÜgula ,nd fok ksid fuys wjidk úNd.hiu;a msßig o j¾;udkfha .sKqïlrK /lshd lafIa;%fha újD; j we;'

by; i|yka wdh;kj,g wu;r jYfhka úfYaIfhka jdKsc wOHdmkh ydiïnkaO Wiia úNd. i|yd j¾;udkfha my; i|yka wdh;k o kï l< yels h'

439

A C C A UK Association of Chartered Accountants

C I M A UK Chartered Institute Management Accountant

C I M UK Chartered Institute of Marketing

S L M SL Sri Lanka Institute of Marketing

9'0 Y%S ,xld jdKsc úµd lafIa;%fha úIh ks¾foaY

,xldfõ jdKsc úµd úIh ks¾foaY uq¿ukska u mdfya tx.,ka; wdNdih,;a tajd miqìï lr f.k ieliqK njg idlaIs tug h'25 1919 tx.,ka;fha.KldêlrKh fmd;la jYfhka m%:u uqøKfha ìys jQ Carter's Advanced Accounts&ldg¾f.a Wiia .KldêlrK fmd; tx.,ka;fha w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< ydWiia fm< i|yd úfYaIfhka Ndú;hg iqÿiq nj l;=jrhd tu fmdf;a fmrjofkkaolajhs' Y%S ,xldfõ 1981 wjika jQ w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< úNd.fha ks¾foaY fuufmdf;a 1-13 olajd mßÉfþoj,ska ieliS we;'

1' fYaI msßlaiqu olajd fmd;a ;eîu'

2' ksIamdok ,dNd,dN .sKqu yd fYaI m;%h

3' jerÈ ksje/È lsÍu

4' ;ks igyka" oaú;aj igyka njg mßj¾;kh lsÍu

5' laIh ùu yd ksoka wruqo,a

6' úksuh ì,am;a fmdfrdkaÿ fkdaÜgq yd fplam;a

7' ksfhdack yd noaO .sKqï

8' cx.u .sKqï

9' iajhx;=,k f,c¾ l%uh

10' m%d.aOk yd whNdr úhoï

11' fomd¾;fïka;= .sKqï

12' yjq,a jHdmdr .sKqï

13' yjq,a jHdmdr úiqrejd yeÍu

ldg¾f.a Wiia .KldêlrKh fmdf;ys 1 fjks mßÉfþofha isg 24fjks mßÉfþoh .; fyd;a thska Y%S ,xldfõ Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh ±lafõ'tmuKla fkd j ,xldfõ jdKscH yd uqo,a úIh b.ekaùu i|yd isxyf,ka ;snQfmd;a folla jk kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl jdKscHh ^Theory & Practise& iyjdKsc úµd m%fõYh hk fmd;a fol ,kavka fpïn¾ T*a fldu¾ia iyfrdah,a fidihsá T*a wdÜia úNd.j,g Ndú; úh' by; olajk lreKqj,skawm fmkaùug W;aidy lf<a ,xldfõ jdKsc úµd úIh ks¾foaY tx.,ka;fhaks¾foaYj, wdNdih ,nd we;s nj muKla fkd j" wo wm rfÜ fjf<| kS;sÍ;sj,g mjd wkq.ukh lrkafka;a ielfikafka;a tx.,ka;fha kS;s Í;sj,gwod< j nj h'

440

YS% ,xldfõ mdi,aj, jdKsc úIhh b.ekaùu iïnkaO j n,k l, 1972olajd jdKsc úIh mdi,a uÜgñka W.kajkq ,enQfha w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& ydw'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& hk fY%aKs muKls' 1972 m%;sixúOdkfha § m%d.ajD;a;ShúIhhka jYfhka jHdmdr wOHhkh úIh we;=<;a ùu ksid jdKsc úIhh Y%S,xldfõ m%:u jrg lksIaG oaú;Shsl wxYhg o iïnkaO úh' fï wkqj jdKscHks¾foaY ldKav ;=klg fnod fjka l< yels h'

1' lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIh ks¾foaYh ^6 - 8 fY%aKs&

2' w'fmd'i' îdudkH fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

3' w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úIh ks¾foaYh

úIh ikaOdrh f;aÍu (-

úIh ikaOdrh f;aÍfï l%u folls'

1' wjYH;d mokï l%uh

2' úIh mokï l%uh

fcdaka fußÜ we;=¿ wOHdmk úfYaI{hka wjYH;d mokï jQ úIh ks¾foaY.ek yqjd olajd we;;a th YsIHhkaf.a wjYH;dj Wv ielish hq;= hehs olajkfyhska th úfõpkhg ,laj we;' wo fndfyda rgj, mj;skafka úIh mokï jQúIh ks¾foaYhs' úIh mokï jQ úIh ks¾foaY .ek ufkdaúµd{hska mjikafkath ±kqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d" idrO¾u hk wxYhkaf.ka YsIH ixj¾Okh isÿ jkúIh ks¾foaYhla úh hq;= njhs' fï wkqj ,xldfõ Ndú; lrk jdKsc úµd úIhks¾foaY úIh mokï jQ úIh ud,djlska bgqúh hq;= wx. iïmQ¾K jk wkaoñkaieliS we;s nj ±laúh yels h'

9'1 1972 fmr w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úIh ks¾foaY

1972 g fmr YsIHhl=g w'fmd'i' îd'fm<g& meñKs miq l,d" jdKsc" úµdhk wxY ;=fkka tla wxYhla f;dard .; yels úh' jdKsc wxYh f;dard .;a isiqyqw'fmd'i' idudkH fm< iy;slh i|yd isxy, NdIdj" wd.u" fofjks niwksjd¾hfhka u f;dard .; hq;= jQ w;r jdKsc úIh myla wOHhkh lrw'fmd'i' idudkH fm< iy;slh ,nd .kakd ,§' fuu úIh jQfha"

1' .KldêlrKh

2' jdKsc úµdj

3' jdKsc wxl .Ks;h

4' w¾: Ydia;%h

5' ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu h'

i;H jYfhka fuu úIh wd¾Ól f,dalfha ´kE u mqoa.,hl=g u" wjYH

441

±kqu" wdl,am" l=i,;d fuka u jD;a;Sh keUqrejlg fhduq jQ id¾:l úIhks¾foaYhls' fuu úIh ks¾foaY yeoErE YsIHhka iudcfha w;rux jQfjda fkd jQy'

9'2 1977ka miq îd'fm<& úIh ks¾foaY

1977'12'12 wOH$f,a úiska ksl=;a l< 6$298 ork pl%f,aLfhka idudkHfm< úIh ks¾foaY kej; ixfYdaOkh úh' fuys § m%d.a jD;a;Sh f,i w'fmd'i'îd'fm<& úIh ud,dfõ úIh iuyrla ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk fldgig wh;a jQw;r iuyrla ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk ldKavhg we;=<;a fkd úKs' tfia we;=<;afkd jQ úIhh w;r jdKsc úIhh ^jHdmdr wOHhk& o we;=<;a h' fufia jdKscúIhh w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& úIhh f,i w;ayeÍu ksid we;s jQ Woaf>daIKj,m%;sM,hla jYfhka 1978'07'06 Èk ksl=;a l< wOHd$f,a$wxl md'i'$916 pl% f,aLwxl w' fo' w' 14ka w'fmd'i' îd'fm<&g kej; úIh folla we;=<;a flreKs'

1' jdKscH yd .sKqï

2' ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re,shkh

tfy;a fï úIhhkaf.ka jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhh yeoEßh yels j;snqfKa fi!kao¾h úIhh fjkqjg h' fi!kao¾h úIhh lrk isiqjl=g jdKscúIhh fyda jdKsc úIhh lrk flkl=g fi!kao¾h úIhh l< fkd yels úh',>qf,aLkh yd h;=re,shkh" ;dlaIKsl úIh ldKavhg we;=<;a úh'

jdKscH yd .sKqï úIhh b.ekaùug w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< ld, igyfka;snqfKa ld,mßÉfþo ;=kla muKs' fuu ld,Éfþo ;=fkka jdKscH yd .sKqïhk úIh fol u b.ekaùug isÿ úh' w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& g fuu úIhh we;=¿lsÍfuka jeo.;a mrud¾:hla bgq lr .ekSug n,dfmdfrd;a;= jQ njla fkdfmfka' wvq u jYfhka w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIhhka lsÍug fuh wksjd¾h fkdù h' .sKqïj,ska fjf<| jHdmdrhl fmd;a mka;sh mj;ajd f.k m%;sM, .KkhlsÍu;a jdKscHfhka iq¿ ir, ±kSula ,nd §u;a isÿúKs'

j¾I 2000 § 2007 jk ;=re l%shd;aul jQ mßÈ jdKscH yd .sKqï hkqfjkaid'fm<g b.ekajQ úIhh" zzjHdmdr yd .sKqïlrKZZ wOHhkh kñka fjkialrk ,§'

jHdmdr yd .sKqïlrK wOHhkh úIh ks¾foaYh" jdKscH yd .sKqïlrKhúIhh ks¾foaYh ;rï mq¿,a fkd ù h' tl u ud;Dld hgf;a mdvï úys§ .shkuq;a jHdmdr wOHhkh úIhh b;d flá ±kqï iïNdrhlg iSud úh' jHdmdryd .sKqïlrKh b;d ir, uÜgulska we.ehSug ,la lr ;snqKs' fjkilg;snqfKa zzjHdmdr i|yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhZZ yd zzjHdmdr l<ukdlrK lghq;=ZZhkqfjka mdvï folla úIh ks¾foaYhg tl;= lr ;sîuhs' flfia fj;;a tl;=lr ;snQ úIh fol jdKsc úIhh yodrkakkag w;HjYH ±kqï fldgila we;=<;al< úIh ldKavhla nj i|yka l< yels h'

442

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2006'03'07 yd Bã$01$12$06$15$01 pl%f,aLfhka2007 isg oaú;Shsl fY%aKs i|yd úIhud,dj ld,Sk wjYH;d wkqj fjkia úh hq;=nj fmkajd foñka 6 - 11 úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh lrk ,§' 2007 isg mdi,aj,l%shd;aul l< fuu úIhud,dj wksjd¾h yr úIh yhlska iy ldKav jYfhkaúIh ldKav ;=klska f;dard .;a úIh ;=klska o iukaú; úh' fuys § jdKscúIhh folla m<uq ldKavfha iy tlla ;=ka jk ldKavfha o wka;¾.; jqj;afmr fuka .sKqïlrKhg uq,a;ekla ÿka jdKsc úIhhla fkd ù h' tys § y÷kajdÿka jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh hk úIhh fï ;dla l,a ;snQ jdKsc úIhhkaf.aúIhh ikaOdrhg fjkia ksid;a" fmr ;snQ jdKscH yd .sKqï úIh iïmQ¾Kfhkau bj;a lr ;sîu ksid;a .=re isiq fomsßi w;r Woaf>daIK u;= úh' fuuWoaf>daIKhg wOHdmk weue;s ;=udf.a kshuh mßÈ idudkH ixfYdaOk iys; jjHdmdr yd .sKqïlrK wOHhkh úIhh fyda zjHjidhl;aj wOHhkh úIhhZfyda f;dard .ekSug bv ie,eiaúKs' tfy;a fï úIh folska mdi,aj, jvd;ackm%sh fjñka mj;skafka zjHdmdr yd .sKqï úIhhZ fõ'

wOHd' f,a' f.a wxl Bã$01$12$06$15$01 iy 2006'03'07 Èk ork pl%f,aLfhkawkqu; ù we;s mßÈ jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh úIhh o fuf;la ;snQ jHdmdr yd.sKqïlrK wOHhkh úIh wka;¾.;hg fjkia lr ta i|yd o ks¾foaY m;% ydfm< fmd;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska ksl=;a lr we;' kj úIh ks¾foaYwkqj m%:u jrg w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h meje;afjkafka 2009 foieïn¾udifha h'

9'3 w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& jdKscH .sKqï úIh ks¾foaYh

jdKsc úIh w'fmd'i' Wiia fm<g we;=<;a jQfha 1959 j¾Ifha § h' úIhks¾foaYh ilid ;snqfKa úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fjks' fuh iy;slhla ksl=;alsÍu i|yd ±kqu mÍlaId lsÍug muKla iSud úh' úIh jQfha"

1' jdKsc Ydia;%h 2' w¾: Ydia;%h

hk úIh folhs' jdKsc Ydia;%h úIh ks¾foaYh hgf;a .KldêlrKh meh 3l m%Yak m;%hla o" jdKscH yd uqo,a ms<sn| j ±kqu mÍlaId lsÍug meh 3 m%Yakm;%hla o we;=<;a úh'

wo mj;sk wkaoug jdKsc úIh Wiia fm<g we;=<;a lr úYaj úµd,hghdug iqÿiqlula fia i,lkq ,enQfha 1963 j¾Ifha § h' tfy;a fuu úIh ms<sn|j Wmdê mdGud,d úYaj úµd,fha mej;sfha ikaOHd mdGud,djla jYfhks' 1963j¾Ifha §

1' .KldêlrKh ^meh 3 m%Yak m;% 2 hs&

2' jdKscH yd uqo,a ^meh 3 m%Yak m;% 2 hs&

3' w¾: Ydia;%h ^meh 3 m%Yak m;% 2 hs&

jYfhka Wiia fm< úIhud,djg we;=<;a úh' fuu isiqkag iriú jrï ,enqfKa1965 § h'

443

9'4 1972 olajd w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh

1972 olajd .sKqïlrKh" jdKscH yd uQ,H hk úIh fol u i|yd ;snQúIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh úh' fï úIh b.ekaùug i;shlg ld,mßÉfþo wgla^8& úh' fuu úIh ks¾foaYh mq¿,a jQj;a w'fmd'i' idudkH fm<ska Wiia fm<gmeñKsfha jdKsc úIh bf.k .;a isiqka ùu ksid .=rejrhdg b.ekaùug;a"YsIHhkag bf.k .ekSug;a .eg¨jla fkd ù h' ful, YsIHhka we.ehSug ,lalf<a úfYaIfhka m%dfhda.sl yelshdjkag nr jQ kHdhd;aul fkd jQ m%Yak m;%j,sks'

9'4'1 1972 miqj Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh

fuu ixfYdaOkh wkqj" 1972 yh jk fY%aKshg we;=<;a jQ YsIHfhla 1975§ cd' w' fmd' iy;sl m;% úNd.hg fmkS isáfha h' fuh 1976 isg 10 jk fY%aKsfha§ meje;ajQ úNd.hla njg m;a úh' fuu isiqka i|yd Wiia fm<g bÈßm;a l<úIh ud,dfjys jdKscH yd .KldêlrKh hk úIh fol tlla jYfhka ilialr ;snqKs' tfy;a th mej;sfha o tla j¾Ihla muKs' kej; o cd' w' fmd' i' ^W'fm<& úNd.fha jdKsc úIhhka jYfhka .KldêlrKh" jdKscH yd uQ,H iywd¾Ól úµdj hk úIhhj,g udre úh' fuu úIh ;=fka úIh ikaOdrh 1972g fmr ;snQ úIhud,djg o jvd jeä úh' 1976ka miq jdKscH úIhh yeoErEisiqkag b.ekajQ .=rejre o wmyiq;djg m;a jQy' thg fya;= lSmhls'

1' w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<g& jdKsc úIh fkd l< fndfyda isiqka isàu' TjqkagWiia fm<g muKla jdKsc úIh f;dard .ekSug yels ùu'

2' úIh ks¾foaY fmrg jvd mq¿,a ùu'

1977 g fmr w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& yd w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& hk mka;s foflys§ u bf.k .ekSug yd W.ekaùug ;snQ úIh ikaOdrh u 1977ka miq Wiia fm<j¾I foflys § muKla YsIHhl=g bf.k .ekSug;a .=rejrhl=g b.ekaùug;a isÿjQ ksid fï ;;a;ajh tlS fomsßig u wmyiq ld¾hhla úh' tfia fyhska tu úIhikaOdrh Ndú;hg iqÿiq ke;s nj i|yka l< hq;= h'

ld,Sk wjYH;d mokï lr f.k jeä u ixfYdaOkhg m;ajQ úIh ks¾foaYhyeáhg w'fmd'i' id'fm<& yd w'fmd'i' W'fm<& .sKqïlrKh yd jHdmdr wOHhkhúIhh ±laúh yels h'

1994" 1998" 2000 hk j¾Ij, o 2007 j¾Ifha § úIh ikaOdrh o fjkiaúh' flfia fj;;a ÈhqKq jk yd fjkia jk wd¾Ól f,dalhg fuu úIh i|ydwe;s úIh ks¾foaY fjkia ùu je<elaúh fkd yels h' tu ksid jdKscH i|ydwe;s úIh ks¾foaY yd úIh ikaOdrh blaukska M,odhS f,i fjkia ùugNdckh úh hq;= h'

444

10'0 Y%S ,xld jdKsc wOHdmkh ms<sn| j ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= foa

iy ks.uk

Y%S ,xldfõ uE; Nd.fha jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh ms<sn| úu¾Ykfhkaks.ukh jkafka jdKsc wOHdmkfha ienE ;;a;ajhhs' fiiq úIhOdrd bÈßhgmeñK we;s wdldrhg Y%S ,xldfõ jdKsc wOHdmkfha bÈßhg meñKSula isÿ ù o@miq nEula isÿ ù we;a o@ hkak ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh úh hq;= h' we;eï lreKq ydia:djrhka ;=< fï ms<sn| j l=l=ila mek kefÕa' Y%S ,xldfõ zziuia; wOHdmkhflfrys u m%;sixialrKh úh hq;= wxY rdYshla ;sfíZZ h hkak wmf.a woyi h'.ïno mdi,a" kd.ßl mdi,a" iqmsß mdi,a ms<sn| .egqu m%udKd;aul yd .=Kd;aulM,odhS;dj u; úIu j ;sfí' fï mdi,aj, bf.kqu ,nkakkag;a" bf.kqu ,ndfokakkag;a" ta yd iïnkaO jQ ish¨ mqrjeishkag;a fuu .egqu n,md we;' m<d;aiNd mdi,a" rcfha mdi,a" fm!oa.,sl foaYSh yd úfoaYSh mdi,a jHQyfha § mj;skúIu;d yd úúO;ajh n,md we;' ;D;Sh uÜgfï wOHdmk wdh;kj,;a iuia;wOHdmk fufyhqï l%shdj,sh ;=<;a úh hq;= m%;sixialrK ;sfí' úIhud,djms<sn| j o yr úIh wksjd¾h úIh f;aÍfï § úfYaIfhka jdKsc úµd wOHdmkúIh lafIa;%hg lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï § úh hq;= m%;sixialrK we;ehs wmsúYajdi lruq'

fuf;la Y%S ,xldfõ fndfyda wOHdmk m%;sixialrK isÿ jQ wjia:dj,"uQ,sl úIh ldKav f.dkq lsÍfï § jdKsc úµd wOHdmk wxYh wu;l lr ;snQwjia:d fõ' tfy;a ta iu. u we;s jQ iudc b,a,Sï" Woaf>daIK ksid lsishï;ekl úIh /|ùug W;aidy .;a wjia:d o ;snqKs' tfia úIh ia:dk.; úh hq;=ksis ;ekg tu úIh fkd /£u ksid lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï § úIhg ydks we;súh' .=re w;sßla; jd¾;d úh' iïm;a wmf;a hdï isÿ úh' wfmalaIs; j isá tfy;aúIh bf.kSug fkd ,enqKq YsIHhkag mdvq isÿ úh' wjYH uÜgug W.;a;= ìysfkd jQy' jdKsc wOHdmkh ms<sn| j jevms<sfj< úlD;s úh' fï ksid rgg"cd;shg isÿ jQ mdvqj fndfyda úh' jdKsc wOHdmkfha wruqK úh hq;af;a mqrjeishka;=< fiiq .=Kd;aul Ndjhka iu. rgg nrla fkd jk mqrjeis msßila we;s ùuh' tfuka u rgl ÈhqKqj trg wd¾Ólh iu. w;aje,a ne|.ekSfï iajNdjhlamj;S' rg wd¾Ól jYfhka ÈhqKq ùug iyfhda.h ,nd fok rfÜ wd¾Ólhms<sn| j wjfndaOfhka lghq;= lrk" rfÜ wd¾Ól iqn isoaêh i|yd lemùulawe;s" wd¾Ól ÈhqKqj we;s lsÍug wod< m%;sm;a;s f;areï .; yels" wd¾Ól ydiudÔh m%;sm;a;s ms<sn| idudkH wjfndaOhlaj;a we;s mqrjeishka isàu b;d uw.fka h' mqrjeishd rgg .e<fmkakl= jkafka tfia jqj fyd;a muKs' rfÜmd,lhskag;a" md,k m%;sm;a;s ilikakkag;a" m%;sm;a;s fufyhqï l%shd;aullrjkakkag;a" mdßfNda.slhdg;a wd¾Ólh ms<sn| wjfndaOh jeo.;a h' tfiafkd jQj fyd;a yqÿ úfõplhska" j¾ck" .¾ck we;s mqyq ñksiqka fuka u úreoaOjd§lvdlmam,aldÍ wdl,am we;s mqrjeishka we;s ùug bv ;sfí' fï ksid jdKscwOHdmkh ,eîfuka hym;a mdßfNda.slhl= ùug;a" hym;a ksIamdolhl= ùug;amqrjeishl=g wjfndaOh" wdl,am" l=i,;d ilia ùu we;s jk mßÈ wOHdmk

445

m%;sixialrKj, § jdKsc wOHdmkh fjkqfjka ysñúh hq;= wjYH jeo.;a ia:dkh,nd Èh hq;= h'

1970 f,dal lïlre ksfhdað; msßfia kdhl tx.,ka;fha ifila úYajúµd,fha wd¾Ól úµd uydpd¾h vâ,s ishria jd¾;dfõ fmkajd ÿka mßÈ 1970-80 oYlj, § ;reK wiykh ksid jQ ;reK ke.sàug fya;= jQfha wOHdmkhg.e<fmk /lshdjla fkdue;s ùu fndfyda fihska uQ,sl jQ nj ms<s.; hq;= j we;'Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh yd /lshd úhqla;sh w;r ±ä in|;djla ;sfí' wjYH;djg.e<fmk /lshd fkdue;s ùu /lshdjg iqÿiq wOHdmkh fkd .e<mSu" iajhx/lshd wdÈh i|yd wOHdmkh;a" m%d.aOkh;a" fufyhqï Ys,amh;a fkd ue;s ùuúYd, .eg¨jls' m%:u fY%aKshg we;=<;a jk YsIH msßfika 98]la u úúO lafIa;%hkays/lshdj, kshqla; ùu;a" úúO Ôjk rgd yev.id .ekSu;a ;u wdodhï úhoïl%udkql+, lr .ekSu;a i|yd jdKsc úIh ;=<ska wjfndaOh ,nd fohs' tneúkaúIhh m%;sixúOdkj, § jdKsc úIh wksjd¾h úIh w;rg wka;¾.%yKh úhhq;= j we;s nj woyia lruq' f,dalfha iEu wfhla u ksIamdolhl= fkd jQj;a"mdßfNda.slfhla fjhs' Ôjk rgdj ilia lr .ekSfï § hym;a mdßfNda.slhl=ùug ;rï yd jHdmdßlhl= fkdjQj;a jHdmdßlhl= f;areï .ekSug fuka ujHdmdßl kS;s Í;s wjfndaO lr .ekSugj;a" fjf<|fmd< yd jHdmdßl jxpdf;areï .ekSug yels ;rïj;a ±kqu" wjfndaOh ,nd .; yelafla jdKsc úµdwOHdmkh ;=<sks'

rgla wd¾Ól jYfhka ÈhqKq ùfï § ksIamdokh" fjf<|du yd nexl= .nvd"m%jdyk" rlaIK" ;dlaIK" ikaksfõok wdÈ fiajdjkays ÈhqKqj w;sYhska u uQ,slfjhs' rgjeishka Wfoid fïjd .ek wjfndaOh ,nd Èh yelafla o jdKsc úµdúIh lafIa;% yeoEÍfuks'

wju jYfhka fplam;a .kqfokq lsÍu ms<sn| j jqj o wOHdmkh ,eîu;a"kQ;k wd¾Ólh ;=< Ndú; jk úúO bf,lafg%dksla uqo,a iy wfkl=;a hdka;%sll%shdldrlï .ek ±kqu ,nd .ekSug;a rgrgj,a w;r wfkHdkH jYfhka isÿjkúfoaY .kqfokq yd yqjudrej, § jdKsc wOHdmkh uÕska ,nk ±kqu" wjfndaOhRcq j u n,mdhs' tfuka u flkl=f.a Ôú;fha tÈfkod wjYH .kqfokq jákdlïjd¾;d lr .ekSu" l<ukdlrK ;SrK .ekSug yels rgjeishl= ùu ;=<ska il%Shmqoa.,hl= ìys fõ' úfoaYSh /lshd wdÈhg hdug;a Wmhk Okh ksis mßÈl<ukdlrKh lsÍug;a" w;sßla;h wdfhdackh lsÍug;a" rgl l%shd;aul flfrknÿ m%;sm;a;s wdÈh f;areï .ekSug yd wkql+, j lghq;= lsÍug;a cd;sl yeÕSïiys; hym;a mdßfNda.slhl=" hym;a mqrjeishl= ùfï Nd.Hh jdKsc wOHdmkfhka,eìh yels nj f;areï f.k Y%S ,xldfõ bÈß wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § jdKscwOHdmkh lmamdÿ fkd ùu;a" bj; fkd ±óu;a isÿúh hq;= h' úIhud,djwka;¾.; lsÍfï § .=Kd;aul yd m%udKd;aul j .<mñka rfÜ wd¾Ólixj¾Okhg;a iïm;a wmf;a fkd hdug;a" rel=,la jk mßÈ cd;sh f.dvke.Sug;awod< j lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï isg ;D;Shsl uÜgu f;la wLKav M,odhSieliqula jdKsc wOHdmkh ;=< isÿ úh hq;= j we;ehs úYajdi lruq' tu m%;sM,rfÜ ck;djg ,efnk ;rug iudc yd wd¾Ól ixj¾Okh rgg ,efnkq we;'

446

úIhud,d ieliSfï§;a" úIh ks¾foaY ms<sfh, lsÍfï§;a fm<fmd;a we;=¿iïm;a fhoùfï§;a" bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha§;a iqÿiq ksmqK;d msß m<mqreÿWmfoaYl;ajfha fufyhqï M, ,nñka jdKsc úµd wOHdmkh kÕd isgqùugfjr ork ieug ffO¾hhla foñka f,djg u wdo¾Yj;a úh hq;= h' tfuka uiudÔh jYfhka i,ld n,k úg Y%S ,xldfõ rch uÕska yd fm!oa.,sl wxYhuÕska mj;ajd f.k hk wOHdmk wdh;kj, jD;a;Sh" ;dlaIKsl yd Ys,amShuÜgï .;a l, jdKsc úµd wOHdmkhg we;af;a mq¿,a lafIa;%hls'

tfy;a mdi,a uÜgï wjidkfha § fuu úIh ms<sn| j uQ,sl ±kqula j;ake;s msßila Y%S ,xldfõ mqrjeishka w;rg jd¾Isl j tla fj;s' tu ;;a;ajh bj;al< hq;= w;r mdi,a uÜgfï § iEu orejl=g u fuu úIhhka ms<sn| j idudkH±kqula fyda ,nd § Tjqka rgg uqodyßkafka kï Ôj;a ùug wjYH hym;amdßfNda.slhl=f.a ;;a;ajh j;a Tjqkg ysñjkq we;'

mdol igyka

1' l=udr;=x." tka' 1959&' wOHdmk fmr<sh' 111 mßÉfþoh" 5 jk msgqj' fld<U( .=Kfiak iy iud.u

2' .srd ixfoaYh - f;dg.uq ysñ jekqu

3' isÕdf,dajdo iq;%fhys iy wd¾h wIaGdx.sl ud¾.fhys tk hym;aÈjemeje;afuys wvx.= h'

4' l=udr;=x." tka' ^1959&' wOHdmk fmr<sh' 111 mßÉfþoh' fld<U ( .=Kfiakiy iud.u'

5' ùrfialr" Ô' ^1960&' uyd jxYh'

6' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh ^1969&' 33 jk mßÉfþoh'flda,anDDla fldñiu iy wOHdmk m%;sixialrK' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh(ls%'mQ' ijeks ishji isg wo olajd&' ishji m%ldYkh" 2 jk ldKavh

7' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh ^1969&' 34 jk mßÉfþoh",xldfõ wOHdmkh ( ls%'mQ i jeks ishji isg wo olajd&' ishji m%ldYkh"2 jk ldKavh" 337 jk msgqj'

8' Jayasooriya, J.E. (not mentioned). Education policies and progress during

British rule in Ceylon 1796. Accociated Education Publishers, P. 430

9' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh 1969&' chùr" tia' úIhud,ixfYdaOkh' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh( ls%'mQ' i jeks ishjfia isg wo olajd&'isjhi m%ldYkh" 2 jk ldKavh

10' uqo,sf.a" jhs'fla' ^1981&' jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh' wm%ldYs; wOHmkm;sksnkaOh" wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h" ^o isf,daka iÕrdfõ l¾;Dg^ta'mS' chj¾Ok hejQ ,smsh tys i|yka h'&

447

11' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj ( xxiv jeks ieisjd¾;dj ^1943&' rdc.sßh ( l=re¨ fmd;a'

12' ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñiu ^1961&' 1961 cQ,s 12 à'Ô' o tia' uqKisxy uy;df.aiNdm;s;ajfhka hq;a ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñIfï w;=re jd¾;dj'

13' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha jdKsc úoHd wxYfha wOHdmk wOHlaI ;=udf.ald¾hd,fhka ,nd .;a w;S; ,smsf.dkq wdY%fhks'

14' - tu -

15' - tu -

16' wOHdmk wOHlaI ckrd,af.a ld'w$44 wxl orK 1967 fkdjeïn¾ 15 Èke;spl%f,aLh'

17' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' jdKsc úoHd wOHdmk wxYfha mßmd,k lghq;=i|yd ilia jQ ^1987-11-21& ,sms f.dkqj wdY%fhks'

18' Wv.u" mS' ^1976&' 1972 bÈßm;a l< lKsIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmk jev ud,djye¢kaùu i|yd ksl=;a fldg ;snQ m%ldYkh'

19' m%d.ajD;a;sh - jHdmdr wOHhkh - úfYaI mrud¾:' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh^1972&'

20' uqo,sf.a" jhs'fla' ^1981&' jdKsc úoHd wOHdmkh' wm%ldYs; wOHdmkm;sksnkaOh" wOHdmk mSGh" fld<U úYajúoHd,h'

21' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNdfõ jd¾;dj( (xxiv jeksjd¾;dj ^1943&' rdc.sßh" l=re¨ fmd;a'

22' ld¾ñl úoHd, wOHdmk fldñiu ^1963&' 1963 ld¾ñl úoHd, wOHdmkfldñiu úiska ks¾foaY l< fhdackd'

23' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh jdKsc úoHd wOHdmk wxYfha ,sms f.dkq w;=ßka tuwxYfha wOHdmk wOHlaIl f.ka ,nd .;a f;dr;=re wdY%fhka'

24' YS% ,xld jr,;a .KldêldÍ wdh;kfha tjlg f,alï úiska 1980 j¾Ifha§ wdh;kfha jd¾Isl jd¾;djg imhk ,o f;dr;=re wdY%fhka'

25' ldg¾ f.a Wiia .KldêlrK ^Carter's Adânced Accounts& fmd; iytjlg Ndú; jQ úIh ks¾foaY ixikaokfhks'

448

12

mß.Kl wOHdmkh

miqìu

mß.Klh wo f,dalfha fndfyda fokdg w;HjYH fuj,ula njg m;aj

we;' tfyhska u mß.Kl Ndú;h ms<sn| ±kqu idlaIr;dfõ wx.hla fia ie,lSugmgka f.k we;' uq, § mß.Klh Ndú; lrk ,oafoa l¾udka; Yd,dj, lghq;=

úêu;a lr .ekSu yd hqo f;dr;=re úYaf,aIKh hk ld¾h i|yd h' tfy;a wo,sms ieliSu jeks ir, lghq;=j, isg ikaksfõokh yd wNHjldY .uka jeks

fnfyúka ixlS¾K l%shdj,s olajd iEu lafIa;%hl u mdfya fndfyda ld¾h i|ydfhdod .efka'

uq, § ksmojk ,o mß.Kl jE,aõ oyia .Kklska iukaú;" úYd, n,Yla;sm%udKhla mßfNdackh l< jeä ld¾hlaIu;djla ke;s b;d úYd, hka;% jqj o

fuu fuj,fï we;s jeo.;alu ksid u jvd ld¾hlaIu hka;% ksmoùu i|ydÈ.ska È.g u m¾fhaIK isÿ úh' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka w¨;a w¨;a udÈ,sfha

mß.Kl ksmoùfï ;r.hla we;s úh' fufia YS>% mßKduhlg Ndck fjñkamej;s mß.Kl ;dlaIKhg 1950 oYlfha ueo Nd.fha § g%dkaiaisiag¾ ks¾udKh

lsÍu uy;a wdYs¾jdohla úh' t;eka isg fïih u; ;nd mdúÉÑ l< yels l=vdmß.Kl (Desktop) fyj;a laIqø mß.Kl (Micro computer) ksIamdokh wdrïN

úh' fï ksid mß.Kl ;dlaIKfha úYd, bÈß msïula we;s jQ w;r idudkHck;djg o ñ, § .; yels uÜgug mß.Klfha ñ, my; jegqKs' ta wkqj furg

tia' u,a,jdrÉÑ

Ydia;%fõ§ Y%S chj¾Okmqr" 1967&' mYApd;a Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud^le,Ksh" 1972& Wiia ie,iqïlrK wOHdmk ämaf,daud ^,kavka"1984&' ie,iqï yd ie,iqï iudf,dapk wxYfha wOHlaI f,i fiajhlr we;'

à' î' talkdhl

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s ks,Odßhl= f,i fiajh lr

we;' úfoaY mqyqKq ,dNsfhls' mß.Kl mqyqKq jevigyka

iïmdolfhls'

449

o mß.Kl Ndú;h l%ufhka jHdma; jkakg jQ w;r ld¾hd," jHdmdßl ia:dkyd we;eï ksfjiaj, o fïi mß.Kl mdúÉÑ jkakg úh' fï ksid mß.Kl

Ndú;h ms<sn| uQ,sl fyda ±kqula ;reK mrmqrg ,nd §fï wjYH;dj u;=jkakgúh'

cd;sl mß.Kl m%;sm;a;shla (National Computer Policy-COMPOL) uq,ska

u we;s jQfha 1983 § h'

Y%S ,xldfõ uq,a u mß.Kl

tla oyia kjish mky oYlh wjidk jk úg mß.Kl ;dlaIKh uy;am%.;shla ,nd ;snqK o furgg uq,a u mß.Klh f.kajk ,oafoa 1960 oYlfha §

h' Y%S ,xld bxðfkare ixia:dj úiska f.kajk ,o th merKs ;dlaIKh wkqjksmojQ úYd, m%udKfha hka;%hla úh' bka u| l,lg miqj úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j

úiska w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& yd ^W'fm<& úNd. lghq;= i|yd IBM j¾.fha m%Odk(Main Frame) mß.Klhla ia:dms; lrk ,È' fuu.ska o;a; ieliqï lghq;=

lsÍu i|yd wjYH uDÿldx. úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska u ilia lr .; hq;=úh' wOHdmk wud;HdxYh i|yd uq,a u l=vd (Desk Top) fïi mß.Kl hka;%

fol 1983 j¾Ifha § ñ, § .;a w;r tajdfha oDV ;eá fkd ù h' wyUq m%fõYu;lh ^Random Access Memory- RAM& lsf,da nhsÜ 128la jQ fuu hka;% l%shd

lrùu i|yd wjYH uDÿldx. ;uka úiska u ilia lr .; hq;= úh'

mdi,a orejkag mß.Kl ;dlaIKh

mdi,a orejkg mß.Kl wOHdmkh ,nd §u ms<sn| woyia uq,ska u bÈßm;a

jQfha 1982 j¾Ifha § h' uq,ska u mß.Kl wOHdmkh ,eîug Nd.Hh ,oafodaWiia fm< úµd úIh yodrk YsIHfhda jQy' fï i|yd Wiia fm< úµd mka;s

iys; (1AB j¾.fha& mdi,a 12 lska f;dard .;a .=rejreka 12 fokl=g mß.Klwf,úldr iud.ula jQ DMS mß.Kl niska uDÿldx. ksmoùu ms<sn| mqyqKqjlska

miq Tjqkg Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kfha § jeämqr mqyqKqjla o ,nd fok ,È' 1984j¾Ifha § 1AB mdi,a myl mß.Kl wOHdmk tall wdrïN flreKq w;r tu

tallj,g Sinclair j¾.fha laIqø mß.Kl (Micro Computer) imhk ,È' fïjdfhawyUq m%fõY u;lh lsf,da nhsÜ 16 muKla jQ uDÿ ;eá Odjlhla mjd fkdue;s

b;d m%d:ñl uÜgfï hka;% úh' uq,ska u mß.Kl wOHdmk tall wdrïN l<mdi,a kï (

i. fld<U rdclSh úµd,h

ii. fld<U foaú nd,sld úµd,h

iii. fld<U wdkkao úµd,h

iv. kqf.af.dv wkq,d nd,sld úµd,h yd

v. imq.ialkao uyd úµd,h h'

jHdmD;sh ms<sn| j mdi,a ±kqj;a lrk ,oafoa zzw'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& isiqka

450

mß.Kl ms<sn| ±kqj;a lsÍfï mdGud,dZZ hk ueh hgf;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYhúiska ksl=;a lrk ,o wxl 1/PC/R/5.4/2 yd 1984.04.11 Èke;s pl%f,aLh u.sks'

mß.Kl wOHdmk tallj,g imhk ,o laIqø mß.Klj, wyUq m%fõY u;lhjirlg miq lsf,da nhsÜ 64 olajd jeä ÈhqKq lrk ,È' l%ufhka msg m<d;aj,g

o fuu jHdmD;sh jHdma; lrk ,o w;r w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& l,d yd jdKsc úIhyodrk isiqkag o mß.Klh mßYS,kh lsÍfï wjia:dj i,ik ,È'

laIqø mß.Kl ;dlaIKh YS>% mßKduhlg Ndck fjñka mej;s w;r th

m%udKfhka l=vd fjñka tfy;a ld¾hlaIu;dfjka yd kj wxf.damdx.hkaf.kaikakoaO fjñka o ñ, úYd, jYfhka my; nisñka o ;snqKs' m%d:ñl uÜgfï

laIqø mß.Kl Ndú;fhka bj;a j hkakg úh' tfyhska wOHdmk wud;HdxYho PS 2 j¾.fha jvd kùk fïi mß.Kl mdi,aj,g iemhSu wrUk ,È' fïjd

lsf,da nhs; 256l wyUq m%fõY u;lh o uDÿ ;eá Odjlh yd oDV ;eá tallhlao iys; hka;% úh' fï w;r w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< mka;sj,g o mß.Kl

wOHdmkh jHdma; lsÍu i|yd tjlg wOHdmk wud;H Oqrh ±rE ,,s;a we;=,;auqo,suy;d úiska lrk ,o fhdackdjlg wud;H uKav,fha wkqu;sh ,eî ;snqKs' ta

wkqj w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< isiqkag o mß.Kl wOHdmkh ,nd Èh yels jkmßÈ mdi,a iEfyk m%udKhlg PS 2 j¾.fha fïi mß.Kl imhkq ,eî h'

tfy;a wjdikdjlg fuka 80 oYlfha w. Nd.h jk úg mdi,a mß.KlwOHdmkh nrm;< miqnEulg ,la j ;snqKs' fï ;;a;ajhg fya;= lSmhla

n,mEfõ h'

i. mß.Kl wOHdmkh ms<sn| mqyqKqjla ,;a .=rejreka ysÕ ùu iy mqyqKqj,;a .=rejreka mß.Kl myiqlï fkdue;s mdi,aj,g udre ù hdu'

ii. .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd ksYaÑ; jev ms<sfj<la fkdue;s ùu'

iii. mß.Kl wOHdmkh mdi,a úIh ud,djg wh;a úIhhla fkd ùu ksidta i|yd mdi,a ld, igyfka bvlv i,id Èh fkdyels ùu' úfYaIfhka

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& isiqka Wmldrl mka;sj,g iyNd.S ùu jvd jeo.;af,i ie,l=K fyhska mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq j mß.Kl wOHdmk

lghq;= mj;ajd f.k hd fkdyels ùu'

iv. mß.Kl ;dlaIKh úNd. úIhhla fkdùu ksid isiqka ta .ek Wkkaÿjla

fkd±laùu'

v. mdi,aj,g imhk ,o mß.Kl hka;% Ndú; lsÍu ms<sn| j we;eïmdi,a m%OdkSka ;=< ±kqj;a njla fyda Wkkaÿjla fyda fkd ùu'

vi. tjlg mß.Kl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j.lSu ±rE cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ks,OdÍka ;=< mej;s WodiSk nj'

vii.wOHdmk wud;HdxYh fuu jevms<sfj< ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sug Wkkaÿ

fkd ùu'

we;eï mdi,aj,g imhd ;snqKq mß.Kl hka;% tajd wiqrd ;snQ fmÜáj,skamsg;g mjd f.k fkd ;snqKq w;r we;eï hka;%j,g óhka úiska ydks lr ;snqKs'

mß.Kl hka;% mdúÉÑhg .; fyd;a tajd leã ì£ hdu fyda wia:dk.; ùu fyda

451

ksid miq l,l § ;ukag j.lshkakg isÿfj;ehs hk wia:dk ielh ksid owe;eï úÿy,am;sjreka fuu hka;% mdúÉÑhg fkd f.k iq/ls j ;ekam;a lr

;snqKs' we;eï mdi,l mß.Kl ldur ;kd ksu fldg ;snqK o úÿ,sh iïnkaO;dj,nd fkd§u jeks b;d iq¿ lreKq uq,a fldg f.k mß.Kl wOHdmk lghq;=

wdrïN lsÍu w;miq fldg ;snqKs' fï w;r mdi,aj,g fnod yeÍu i|yd ñ, §.kakd ,o mß.Kl hka;% úYd, m%udKhla §¾> ld,hla ;siafia wud;HdxYfha

.nvdjl f.dv .id ;snqKq nj o fy<s úh' fïjd fnod yeÍfï j.lSu mejreKqcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mß.Kl wOHdmk YdLdj ;u ld¾h Ndrh ksis mßÈ

bgq fldg fkd ;sìKs'

mß.Kl wOHdmkh ms<sn| úu¾Yk lñgqj

fuu ;;a;ajh ms<sn| iúia;r jd¾;djla cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhamß.Kl wOHdmkh ms<sn| wOHlaIjrhd jYfhka w¨;ska m;aj wd ks,Odßhdúiska wOHdmk f,alï fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,È' tys m%;sM,hla f,i 1990 j¾Ifha§ fï ms<sn| j wOHhkhla fldg ks¾foaY bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd lñgqjla m;a lrk,È' fld<U úYaj úµd,fha mß.Kl wxYdêm;s uydpd¾h V.K. iurkdhl uy;df.a

iNdm;s;ajfhka hq;= jQ fuu lñgqfõ fiiq idudðlhka jQfha(

• wdpd¾h udhd is;a;ïm,ï f¾ka*¾â uy;añh

^Y%S ,xld újD; úYajúoHd,fha mß.Kl wxYdêm;s&

• U.S.P. fiakdr;ak uhd

^wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%;sm;a;s ie,iqï yd iudf,dapk wxYdêm;s&

• S. u,a,jdrÉÑ uhd

^wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ie,iqï wOHlaI&

• K. A. V. lreKdkdhl uhd

^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mß.Kl wOHdmk wxYfha wOHlaI& hk

wh h' mdi,a mß.Kl wOHdmkfha tjlg mej;s ;;a;ajh" tys wvqmdvqlï ydtajdg fya;= idOl jQ lreKq ms<sn| j fidhd ne,Sfuka miq lñgqj úiska my;

i|yka fhdackd bÈßm;a lrk ,È'

1' tla tla mdi, i|yd mß.Kl hka;% lSmhla ne.ska iemhSu fjkqjgmdi,a 10la 15la muK m%udKhla b,lal fldg f.k flakaø.;

mdi,l zzmß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkZZ (Computer Resource Centres -

CRC) msysgqúh hq;= h'

2' fuu uOHia:dkj, uq, § w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg bÈßm;a jm%;sM, wfmalaIdfjka isák isiqka i|yd i;s wka;j, yd

mdi,a fõ,dfjka miq j mdGud,d meje;aúh hq;= h' miq j fuh w'fmd'i'^W'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isá isiqka i|yd o mq¿,a l< yels h'

3' mdGud,djl ld,h udi ;=kla úh hq;= w;r tla mdGud,djla

meh 180la muK úh hq;= h'

452

4' iïm;a uOHia:dkhg wkqnoaO ish¨ mdi,aj, isiqkag mdGud,d újD;úh hq;= w;r ta i|yd j¾Ifha wjidk jdrh ksu ùug fmr whÿïm;a

Ndr .; hq;= h'

5' iEu uOHia:dkhlg u tu uOHia:dkh msysá mdif,a úÿy,am;sf.am%Odk;ajfhka WmfoaYl lñgqjla msysgqúh hq;= w;r th uOHia:dkhgwkqnoaO mdi,aj, úÿy,am;sjrekaf.ka iukaú; úh hq;= h'

6' mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkj, mßmd,kh yd l<ukdlrKhuOHia:dkh msysá mdi,a úÿy,am;sg mejßh hq;= w;r ta i|yd Tyqg$wehg§ukdjla f.úh hq;= h'

7' iEu uOHia:dkhlg u mßmd,ljrhl= yd WmfoaYljreka fofokl=ne.ska m%foaYfha .=rejreka w;ßka f;dard m;a l< hq;= w;r TjqkamQ¾Kld,Sk j uOHia:dkj,g wkqhqla; l< hq;= h' Tjqkg §ukdjlaf.úh hq;= h'

8' mdGud,d yodrk YsIHhl=f.ka ta i|yd re' 500l uqo,la wh l< hq;=w;r th fldgia follska f.ùug bv Èh hq;= h' uOHia:dkh msysáúÿyf,aa úÿy,am;sg yd WmfoaYljrekag §ukd f.ùug;a uOHia:dkhkv;a;= lsÍug;a fï uqo,a fhdod .; hq;= h'

9' iEu uOHia:dkhlg u cd,.; lrk ,o mß.Kl hka;% 10la" uqÿKhka;%hla we;=¿ WmlrK iemhsh hq;= w;r jdhqiólrKh lrk ,of.dvke.s,a,la ta i|yd fhdod .; hq;= h'

fuu fhdackdj,sh we;=<;a jd¾;djg mdGud,dj, úIhud,dj" f.dvke.s,sie,eiau yd úia;r iys; NdKav f,aLkhla o tl;= lrk ,È' wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd fuu fhdackdj,sh ms<s.;a w;r mß.Kl iïm;auOHia:dk msysgqjd jHdmD;sh l%shd;aul lsÍfï j.lSu cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfhamß.Kl wOHdmk tallfha wOHlaI K.A.V. lreKdkdhl yd wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha ie,iqï wOHlaI S. u,a,jdrÉÑ hk ks,OdÍkag mjrk ,È' ógwu;r j jHdmD;sfha m%.;sh iudf,dapkh lsÍu yd wjYH m%;sm;a;s ;SrK .ekSui|yd wud;HdxY uÜgfï WmfoaYl lñgqjla o m;a lrk ,È' WmfoaYl lñgqjmy; i|yka ks,OdÍkaf.ka iukaú; úh'

1' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alï M.D.D. mSßia uy;d - iNdm;s

2' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñifï iNdm;s - uydpd¾h ,laIauka ch;s,luy;d'

3' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a wdpd¾h ;sf,dal iqkaoÍldßhjiï uy;añh'

4' fld<U úYaj úµd,fha mß.Kl wxYdêm;s uydpd¾h V. K. iurkdhluy;d'

5' le,Ksh úYaj úµd,fha .Ks; yd ;dlaIK wxYdêm;s uydpd¾h G.D.

;s,lr;ak uy;d'

6' fudrgqj úYaj úµd,fha mß.Kl wxYdêm;s wdpd¾h A.S. b÷rej uy;d'

453

7' Y%S ,xld újD; úYaj úµd,fha mß.Kl wxYdêm;s wdpd¾h udhdis;a;ïm,ï f¾ka*¾â uy;añh'

8' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ie,iqï yd iudf,dapk wxYfha ksfhdacHwOHdmk wOHlaI ckrd,a U.S.P. fiakdr;ak uy;d'

9' niakdysr m<d;a wOHdmk wOHlaI'

10'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mß.Kl wOHdmk tallfha wOHlaI K.

A.V. lreKdkdhl uy;d iy

11'wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ie,iqï wOHlaI S. u,a,jdrÉÑ uy;d'

mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk jHdmD;sh

kj jHdmD;sfha m%:u mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkh 1994'05'05 Èk .ïmy.,ysáhdj uOH uyd úµd,fha wdrïN lrk ,È' b;d blaukska rejkaje,a, u'

u' ú'" wkqrdOmqr u' u' ú'" kqjrt<sh .dñKs u' ú'" ;x.,a, nd,sld ú' ìx.sßh u'u' ú'" ly.,a, u' ú' wd§ ia:dkj, mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk wdrïN lrk

,È' jirla we;=<; uOHia:dk ixLHdj 75la olajd j¾Okh úh'

mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkj, WmfoaYljreka fld<U úYaj úµd,fha

mß.Kl ;dlaIK wOHhk wdh;kh (ICTA) u.ska mqyqKq lrk ,§' mß.KlmdGud,d i|yd isiqkaf.ka úYd, b,a¨ula mej;s w;r fndfyda uOHia:dkj,

isiqka 40 lKavdhï lSmhlg tl jr mqyqKqj ,nd fokq ,eî h' cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kh úiska mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkj, mdGud,d meje;aùu" idudkH

mßmd,kh yd uQ,H mßmd,kh ms<sn| iúia;r ld¾h mámdá iys; Wmfoiaud,djla ksl=;a l< w;r" ks;r ks;r uOHia:dk fj; f.dia m%.;s iudf,dapk

lghq;= bgq lf<a h' wud;HdxY WmfoaYl lñgqj o uilg jrla /ia ù jHdmD;sfham%.;sh wfmalaIKh fldg wjYH m%;sm;a;s ;SrK .;ay' mß.Kl iïm;a

uOHia:dkj, mdGud,d yodrk isiqka i|yd uÜgï ;=klg mÍlaIK úNd.fomd¾;fïka;= u.ska meje;aúh hq;= nj WmfoaYl lñgqj ;SrKh lf<a h' úNd.

iu;ajkakka fld<U úYaj úµd,fha ICT wdh;kfha úNd.j, wod< fldgiaj,skaksoyia lsÍug tlÕ;dj we;s úh' wjdikdjlg fuu úNd. È.gu meje;ajQfha

ke;' uQ,sl mÍlaIKh tla jrla muKla mj;ajk ,È'

mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk jHdmD;sh wdrïNfha isg u b;d id¾:l jevms<sfj<la úh' tl, mß.Kl wOHdmkh ms<sn| myiqlï úr, jQ wE; msáir

m<d;aj, isiqkag th uy;a wdYs¾jdohla jQ w;r tl mß.Kl meflachla ms<sn|mßphla ,eîu i|yd remsh,a mkaoyil muK uqo,la jeh l< hq;= jQ ld,hl re'

500la jeks uqo,lg wx. iïmQ¾K mß.Kl mdGud,djla yeoEÍug yels ùuúfYaIfhka È<s÷ orejkg úfYaI msájy,la úh' mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dkj,g

mdGud,d .dia;= jYfhka ie,lsh hq;= wdodhula ,enqKq w;r tu uqo,a WmfoaYlhkawd§kag f.ùfuka miq tu uOHia:dkj, úÿ,sh ì, f.ùug;a wjYH Wmdx.

wdÈh ñ,g .ekSug;a miq lf,l § w¨;a mß.Kl hka;% ñ,g .ekSug;a m%udKj;a

454

úh' fuu jev ms<sfj< id¾:l ùug m%Odk u idOlh jQfha jHdmD;sh l%shd;aullsÍfï j.lSu Ndr j lghq;= l< cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mß.Kl wOHdmk

tallfha wOHlaI Oqrh ±rE K. A. V. lreKdkdhl uy;df.a lemùu yd ixúOdkYla;shhs' t;=ud ;u fiajdj rdcldßhg muKla iSud fkd fldg uOHia:dkfhka

uOHia:dkhg f.dia wjYH Wmfoia yd Èß.ekaùï ,nd foñka úYd, ld¾hNdrhlabgq lf<a h' WmfoaYljrekaf.a ld¾h idM,Hh j¾Okh lrkq msKsi ta yeu

fokdg u mdfya mß.Kl ;dlaIKh ms<sn| MSc. Wmdêh ,nd .ekSug ux ie,iQw;r uOHia:dk w;r iyfhda.h we;s lsÍu i|yd jev igyka /ila l%shd;aul

lrk ,È' ta uy;d úY%du ,eîfuka miq jHdmD;sfhys hï ;rul miqnEula we;s

jqj o uOHia:dk 100la wo olajd u l%shd;aul fjñka mj;S'

mdi,a mß.Kl úµd.dr jHdmD;sh

úis tla jk Y;j¾Ih wdrïNhg wdikak jk úg mß.Kl wOHdmkh

mdi,g f.k hdfï wjYH;dj ;jÿrg;a wjOdrKh jkakg úh' fï ld,h jkúg" f,dal nexl= uQ,H m%;smdok u; l%shd;aul jQ "fojk idudkH wOHdmk

jHdmD;sh" úiska Wiia fm< úµd mka;s meje;afjk oaú;Shsl (1AB) mdi,a 400lgmß.Kl úµd.dr imhd ;snqKs' fuu úµd.drj,g mß.Kl hka;% 20 ne.ska

imhk ,È' fïjd mdúÉÑ lrk ,oafoa mdi,a orejkag mdi,a ld,h ;=< mß.KlNdú;h ms<sn| m<mqreoaola ,nd §u;a" mß.Klh b.ekaùfï wdOdrlhla f,i

Ndú; fldg fjk;a úIh b.ekaùu;a i|yd h' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=fjkauQ,HdOdr iemhqKq "m<uq jk oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK jHdmD;sh (Secondary

Education Modernization Project -SEMP)" u.ska 2000 jir jk úg Wiia fm<mka;s meje;afjk mdi,a 1006lg mß.Kl úµd.dr imhk ,È' bka miq j l%shd;aul

jQ fo jk oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK jHdmD;sh u.ska Wiia fm< mka;s iys;;j;a mdi,a 354l o mß.Kl úµd.dr msysgqjk ,È' ta ta mdif,a YsIH ixLHdj

wkqj fuu úµd.drj,g mß.Kl hka;% 10 isg 20 olajd m%udKhla imhk ,ow;r Wiia fm< mka;sj, we;eï úIh i|yd iajhx wOHhk meflac ms<sfh,

lrjd fnod yßk ,§' 2002 j¾Ih jk úg Wiia fm< mka;sj, isiqka i|ydzzidudkH f;dr;=re ;dlaIKhZZ (General Information Technology-GIT) kï

ffjl,amsl úIhhla y÷kajd fok ,È' fuh úNd. úIhhla fkd ù h'

wud;HdxYfha mß.Kl wOHdmk YdLdjla msysgqùu

mdi,aj, mß.Kl wOHdmk lghq;= jvd ld¾hlaIu f,i ixj¾Okh

lsÍfï wruqK we;s j 2002 j¾Ifha § wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhys mß.Kl wOHdmkYdLdj msysgqjk ,È' fuys lghq;= fufyhùu i|yd úYaj úµd, lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

mQ¾K ld,Sk j wkqhqla; lrk ,È'

mdi,aj, mß.Kl úµd.dr Wmfhda.s lr .; hq;= wdldrh ms<sn| Wmfoia

iys; wxl 2004$23 ork pl%f,aLh 2004'07'12 jk Èk wOHdmk wud;HdxYhúiska ksl=;a lrk ,È' fuu pl%f,aLhg wkqj mdi,a fõ,dj ;=<;a mdi,a fõ,dfjka

455

miqj;a tu mdif,a isiqkaf.a idudkH bf.kqï-b.ekaùï lghq;= i|yd mß.KlNdú; lsÍu fjkqfjka uqo,a wh lsÍula fkd l< hq;= h' tfy;a mdi,a fõ,dfjka

miq j yd i;s wka;j, § tu mdif,a u isiqkag fyda fjk;a whg mß.Klmeflac ms<sn| mdGud,d wdÈh meje;aùu i|yd uqo,a wh l< hq;= h' mß.Kl

úµd.dr kv;a;= lsÍfï § ±Íug isÿ jk ^úÿ,sh ì,& jeks tÈfkod úhoï i|ydm%;smdok imhd .; hq;af;a fuu uqo,aj,sks'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska 2005'09'30 jk Èk zzf;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIKhZZ hk uefhka wxl 2005$29 hk kj pl%f,aLhla ksl=;a lrk ,È' wxl2004$23 ork pl%f,aLh fuu.ska wj,x.= lrkq ,eî h' f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIKh mdi,a wOHdmkhg iïnkaO lr .ekSu msKsi l%fudamdh ud¾. 4lawkqj m%;sm;a;s rduqjla fuu pl%f,aLfhka bÈßm;a lr ;sìKs' tajd kï(

1' úIh ud,d ixj¾Okh

2' udkj iïm;a ixj¾Okh

3' fN!;sl yd há;, myiqlï ixj¾Okh

4' ks¾udKYS,S mßir iemhSu

fuu m%;sm;a;s rduqj hgf;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh"

i. wOHdmkfha bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg noaO lr .ekSu yd

ii. wOHdmk mßmd,khg fhdod .ekSu

u.ska Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk moaO;sh kùlrKh lsÍug ie,iqï lrk ,§' f;dr;=re

yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh bf.kqï$b.ekaùï l%shdj,shg noaO lr .ekSfï §"

i. úúO úIh bf.k .ekSfï yd úIh wdYs%; f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKfha

fuj,ula f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh Ndú;h yd

ii. úIhhla f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh yeoEÍuhk m%fõY fol fhdod .ekSug woyia lr ;snqKs' ta hgf;a

i. m%d:ñl fY%aKsj, isg Wiia fm< olajd úúO úIh bf.kSfï§;a tuúIh ;=< f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh wdY%s; l%shdldrlïj, §;a f;dr;=re

yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fuj,ula f,i fhdod .ekSu'

ii. w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& 12 jk fY%aKsfha isiqka i|yd idudkH f;dr;=re;dlaIKh (GIT) úIhh y÷kajd §u'

iii. w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< i|yd f;dr; =re yd ikak sfõok;dlaIKh$f;dr;=re ;dlaIKh" ;dlaIK úIhhla f,i y÷kajd

§u yd

iv. w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< m%Odk úIhhla f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKh y÷kajd §u'

hk mshjr fhdackd fldg ;snqKs' fï w;ßka i. yd ii hk mshjr ta jk úg;a

456

l%shd;aul j mej;s w;r w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& mka;shg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKh y÷kajd §u 2006$7 jirj, § isÿ úh' j¾I 2007 § w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<&

úNd.fha úIhhla f,i fuu úIhh we;=<;a úh' fuhg wdOdr msKsi wdishdkqixj¾Ok nexl=fõ uQ,HdOdr u; l%shd;aul "±kque;s iudchla i|yd wOHdmk

jHdmD;sh" (EKSP) u.ska II j¾.fha ^w'fmd'i' id'fm< olajd mka;s iys;& mdi,a2125la i|yd mß.Kl tall iemhSu wrUd ;snqKs' w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.hi|yd f;dr;=re ikaksfõok úIhh we;=<;a jkqfha 2011 jif¾ isg h'

wxl 2005$29 pl%f,aLh ksl=;a jk ld,h jk úg mdi,a orejkaf.a f;dr;=reyd ikaksfõok wOHdmkh fjkqfjka lem jQ uOHia:dk ;=ka j¾.hla úh' tajdkï"

i. mdi,a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmk uOHia:dk fyj;amdi,a mß.Kl úµd.dr

ii. l,dm uÜgfï mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk (CRC) iy

iii. m<d;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmk uOHia:dk úh'

tajd msysgqùu i|yd uQ,HdOdr iemhSu wkqj fuu uOHia:dk fldgia y;rlgj¾. l< yels úh'

i. úfoaY jHdmD;s u.ska msysgqjk ,o uOHia:dk

ii. m<d;a iNd wruqo,aj,ska ,nd fok ,o uOHia:dk

iii. wdÈ YsIHhska" .=re fo.=reka" rdcH fkd jk ixúOdk fyda mß;Hd.YS,Skaúiska bÈlrk ,o uOHia:dk

iv. uOHu rcfhka imhk ,o uOHia:dk

by; i|yka ish¨ j¾.hka u wh;a uOHia:dkj, wruqKq" ld¾hNdrh" mdGud,dyd uQ,H mßmd,kh wdÈh ms<sn| j 2005$29 wxl ork pl%f,aLfhys fjfiidolajd we;' pl%f,aLfhys ±lafjk mßÈ ta ta j¾.fha uOHia:dkj, wruqKq fufiah'

1' mdi,a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmk uOHia:dk

^w& bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh i|ydl%ufõohla f,i f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh fhdod.ekSu'

^wd& f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh úIhhla f,i bf.kSui|yd myiqlï iemhSu'

^we& wka;¾cd,h weiqßka f;dr;=re fidhd hdu yd wka;¾ iïnkaO;d

f.dv k.d .ekSfï l=i,;d j¾Okh lsÍu'

^b& f;dr;=re l<ukdlrKh i|yd isiqka ;=< l=i,;d j¾OkhlsÍu'

457

^B& wkd.;hg uqyqK §u i|yd wjYH f;dr;=re ;dlaIK l=i,;disiqkag ,nd §u'

^W& mdi,a m%cdj ;=< f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK l=i,;d

j¾Okhg odhl ùu'

2' mß.Kl iïm;a uOHia:dk (CRC)

^w& w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg yd w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS

isá isiqka i|yd f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK mdGud,dmeje;aùu'

^wd& l,dmfha f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmkh i|ydiy úúO úIhj, f;dr;=re ;dlaIK úIhh i|yd .=re mqyqKqj

^we& wjYH uDÿldx. ksmoùu yd mdi,a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIK uOHia:dkj, ixj¾Okh yd kv;a;= lghq;= i|ydiydh ùu'

^b& l,dmfha mdi,aj,g yd m%cdjg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõokidlaIr;dj ,nd §u i|yd iydh ùu'

3' m<d;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK uOHia:dk

^w& m<d;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmkh ixj¾Okh

^wd& m<df;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmkh hgf;a.=re mqyqKqj

^we& wjYH uDÿldx. yd .=re wdo¾Yk ksmoùu

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha mssysgqjd ;snqKq f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKwOHdmk tallhg (ICT Education Unit) ^uq, § y÷kajk ,oafoa mß.Kl wOHdmk

YdLdj kñks& wu;r j zzf;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK iïm;a l<ukdlrKtallhla" (ICT Resource Management Unit) o" f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK

wOHdmk WmfoaYl lñgqjla (ICT Education Advisory Committee) o msysgqjk ,È'm<d;a uÜgñka fuu lghq;= iïnkaëlrKh i|yd m<d;a f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok

;dlaIK wOHdmk fufyhqï lñgq (Provincial ICT Steering Committees) msysgqjkq,eî h' óg wu;r j iEu m<d;l u f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmk

tallh ne.ska ia:dmkh lrk ,È' tfuka u l,dm uÜgñka o wud;HdxY ydm<d;a uÜgñka o msysgqjk ,o tall yd lñgqj,g wkqrEm j wdh;k msysgqùug

Wmfoia ksl=;a lr ;snqKs' fuu jHQyhkaf.ka wfmalaId lrk ,oafoa jvd;aixúOkd;aul yd ld¾hlaIu wkaoñka f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIK wOHdmkh

mj;ajd f.k hduhs'

mdi,a mß.Kl cd, (School Net) jev igyk

mdi,a orejkag wOHdmk lghq;= i|yd wka;¾cd,hg msúiSfï myiqlï

ie,iSfï wruqKska wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska 2007 j¾Ifha § mdi, mß.Klcd, jev igyk (School Net) wrUk ,È' wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl=j fuu

458

jHdmD;sh i|yd uQ,HdOdr iemhQ w;r fï jk úg mdi,a 2000la fuu.skawka;¾cd,hg iïnkaO lr we;' óg wu;r j Y%S ,xld fg,sfldï iud.u iy

vhf,d.a Y%S ,xld iud.u úiska mdi,a 500la i|yd /yeka iys; yd /yeka rys;;dlaIKh fhdod .ksñka wka;¾cd, myiqlï imhd we;' mdi,a mß.Kl cd,h

yryd fï jk úg Èklg wka;¾cd, msúiqï ñ,shk 3'5la muK isÿ fjhs' tfiau mdi,a yd l,dm ld¾hd, 700 lg wdikak m%udKhla fï jk úg mdi,a

mß.Kl cd,h yryd ;u fjí msgq mj;ajd f.k hkq ,efí'

459

13

;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh

B' tÉ' à' t,a' wd¾' *%ekaisiaflda

.=re mqyqKqj ^uyr.u&" lDIsl¾u ämaf,daud ^ydä fcHIaG ld¾ñl

wdh;kh&' .=rejrhl=" .=re WmfoaYljrhl= iy cd;sl wOHdmk

wdh;kfha jHdmD;s ks,Odßhl= jYfhka fiajh lr we;' fm<fmd;a

rpkd lsÍfï f,aLl uKav,fha iNdm;s jYfhka o hqfkiaflda wOHdmk

jHdmD;s lKavdhfï idudðlhl= f,i o lghq;= lr we;'

ta' weï' l=,isxy

Wiia ld¾ñl úµd, ämaf,daud isú,a&' ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaIjfhl=

jYfhka fiajh lr we;s w;r iudc úµd lafIa;%fha m¾fhaIK lD;s

rpkd lr we;'

mS' ta' î' fmf¾rd

úµd mqyqKq" wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdêh. .=rejrhl=" .=re WmfoaYljrhl="

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s ks,OdÍjrhl= f,i fiajh lr

we;' ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh fmd;a fmf<ys f,aLl uKav,fha

idudðlhl= f,i o" fm<fmd;a iïmdokh lsÍfï WmfoaYl uKav,fha

idudðlhl= f,i o lghq;= lr we;'

mQ¾j ld, mrdih ^1965 olajd&

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkfha úldYkhg we;af;a §¾> b;sydihls' Bg mdi,hk ixl,amh miq j tlajqj o" w;S;fha fuys ;ekqKq ia;+m jdms l¾udka;" we<fõ,s yd .Dy ks¾udKj, we;s bxðfkare ;dlaIKh yd l,d ks¾udK" mrmqfrkamrmqrg wd b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha uyÕ= M,hla fia fmkS hkafka h' tmuKla fkdj úúO udOH Tiafia ,shd we;s igyka" we| fldgd we;s Ñ;% leghï fuka utÈfkod mßyrKhg .;a yekao" j<|" jÜá fmÜá" le;a; W±,a, wdÈ ish,a,la

460

u tjl meje;s Ys,am Ydia;% {dkfha uyÕ= M, fia ±laúh yels h' ta wfma w;S;wOHdmkhhs'

mshdf.ka mq;dg fyda mkai," .=re f.or" f.dúm<" lïu, wdY%fhka Ys,amYdia;% W.;af;da ixhuh" bjis,su;a nj" wdpdrYS,S;ajh" .=re .re;ajh jeksmqoa.,dNsjDê .=Kdx.hkaf.ka o fmdfydi;a jQfjda h' j;auk wOHdmkh ks¾jpkhlrk mßÈ th ,nkakd ;=< fmdaIKh úh hq;= jQ ±kqu" l=Y,;d" wdl,am ixj¾Okhta w;S; wOHdmkfha fkdu| j meje;s nj meyeÈ,s h' tu ksid tod b.ekaùïl%shdj,sfhka o mßmQ¾K ñksil= ìys úh' fï .ek jeo.;a jQ úu¾Ykhla lrk,o wdpd¾h wdkkao l=udriajdñ iQÍka ;ud úiska ,shk ,o zzuOH ld,Sk isxy,l,dZZ kï lD;shg ,shd we;s àldj leá fldg fufia ±laúh yels h'

zzw;S; mdrïmßl Ys,am wOHdmkh ;=<ska YsIHhd Ys,am" idrO¾uyd udkisl O¾u Ydia;% ixl,kh jQ bf.kqula ;ud ;=<gwjfYdaIKh lr .;af;a h' tu.ska .=rejrhd YsIHhd w;r ;snQ<ne¢hdj;a" Nla;sh iys; iïnkaO;dj;a wka ljr wOHdmkl%uhlska jqj o msßuid .ekSu l< fkd yels h˜ ^63" 64 jk msgq&

fuh ,xldfõ w;S; wOHdmkh ms<sn| j lrk ,o úoaj;a we.ehSula fia±laúh yels h' 16 jk ishjfia isg l%ufhka Y%S ,xldj hqfrdamSh md,khgk;=ùu;a iu." úáka úg we;s jQ mdi,a l%u" yqfola u ,sùu" lshùu" .Kka iE§ujeks mgq wruqKq wrNhd l%shdjg keÕ=Kq kuqÿ wOHdmkh kï jQ idr.¾Njpkfha w¾:h mßÈ cd;sl Ñka;khla i|yd th fmdfydi;a fkd jQ nj meyeÈ,sh' tu ksid Tjqkaf.a k.rno j msysgqjQ fld,Sð (Colleges) j,ska W.;af;da onyq;rhla iqÿ lrmá /lshd (White collar jobs) ,nd wfma md,lfhda jQy' bx.%SisNdIdj bf.kSu;a" bx.%Sis ixialD;shg wkq.; ùu;a" W.;alu yd jeo.;alu fiaie,l+y' cd;sl ixj¾Okhlg WrÈh yels mßmQ¾AK ñksil= ìys lsÍu hk W;=ïixl,amh tys fkd ù h' tfy;a th jgyd .;a msßila o ta iu. fkd isáhd fkdfõ' tneúka mj;sk wOHdmk l%ufha fjkila úh hq;= h hk woyi Tjqka w;ru;= jkakg mgka .;af;a h' Woaf>daIK o wod< ;ekaj, we;s úh' 1867 § meje;swdKavqj úiska ,xldfõ wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j (Deparment of Education)

ia:dmkh lrk ,oafoa h' Bg iydh jkq msKsi 1920 § wOHdmk uKav,hla(Board of Education) m;a l< o rfÜ wjYH;dj thska bgq jqfKa ke;' miq j 1931j¾Ifha § wOHdmk úOdhl lñgqj m;a fldg rfÜ fmr .ukg .e<fmkwOHdmk jev ms<sfj<la ieliSu i|yd n,;, mejÍug fvdkfuda¾ wdKavqjmshjr .;af;a wOHdmk l%ufha fjkil wjYH;dj jgyd .;a ksid h' tjlgrfÜ meje;s wOHdmk l%uh .ek;a" rfÜ wd¾Ól yd iudc mßirh ms<sn|j;a"wjfndaOhla we;s msßila Bg m;aùu;a ^cd;sl Ñka;khla ;snq tjl& rdcH uka;%KiNdfõ wOHdmk úIhh Ndr .re wud;Hjrhd jQ iS' ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.rue;s;=ud tys iNdm;s;ajhg m;aùu;a" tu lñgqjg M,odhS jQ hula lsÍug ;rïYla;shla ,efnkakg fya;= jkakg we;'

tfia fyhska rfÜ mdi,a moaO;sfha meje;s W!k;d yd ÿ¾j,;d" fN!;slyd iudc mßirfha wjYH;d" flfrys úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lrñka zykafoiaiZ

461

.%dóh wOHdmk jev igyk iy tjeks m¾fhaIKj, w;a±lSï Wmfhda.S lr

.ksñka" cd;sl yd c.;a úoaj;a woyia .re lrñka" .;a;d jQ ks.ukhla u; 1943j¾Ifha § Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u ksoyia wOHdmk fhdackdj,sh bÈßm;a lrk ,oafoa h'th cd;sfha Nd.Hhg isÿ jQjla nj ldf.a;a úYajdih úh'

1929 § ,xldjg meñKs wefußldkq cd;sl wOHdmk{hl= jQ wdpd¾h ls,ameá%la(Dr. Kilpatrik) uy;df.a m%ldYhla jQ"

zzYS>%fhka ÈhqKqj lrd msh kÕk iudchla úiska we;s lrkq,nk yd úúO jQ;a ixlS¾K jQ;a" m%Yakj,g úi÷ï fiùug ukdfm!reIh;a" pß; ,laIKh;a" mQ¾K yelshdjkaf.kq;a" mßmQ¾Krg jeishl= ìys lsÍu mdi,aj, m%Odk ld¾hh úh hq;= h'ZZ

fujeks m%ldYkhka fmrÈ. uyd wOHdmk{hl= jQ uy;aud .dkaê ;=udf.aysi" w;" yo (Head, Hand and Heart - 3H) ixj¾Okh lsÍu hk wOHdmko¾Ykh" ;u jeo.;a jQ cd;sl fufyjr i|yd wOHdmk úOdhl lñgqj úiskaWmfhda.s lr f.k we;s nj meyeÈ,s fõ' mdif,a b.ekafjk Ydia;%Sh úIhhkagfuka u m%dfhda.sl úIhj,g o w.hhla foñka lDIsl¾uh" w;alï jeks ld¾ñlúIhhka ksYaÑ; úIh ks¾foaY hgf;a úIhud,dj ;=< b.ekaùug mshjr .ekSfukath ikd: jkafka h'

tys m%:u mshjr f,i 1940 oYlfha werUqKq uOH úµd,j, 6-10 mka;si|yd mej;ss j;= jev" w;ajev fjkqjg lDIsl¾uh" yia; l¾udka; hk úIhb.ekaùu wdrïN lrk ,§' tfia u tjl meje;s fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;%úNd.hg o tu úIh ks¾foaY úh' fufia ks¾foaYs; ld¾ñl úIh w;r lDIsl¾uhiu. yia; l¾udka; úIh tfld<yla jQ nj 1952 j¾Ifha § wOHdmkwOHlaIjrhdf.a jd¾;djla jQ "Syllabuses and Basic Equipment for Handicraft in

Schools and Colleges" ys m%ldY ù ;sfí' tu úIh ish,a, u iEu mdi,lub.ekaúh fkd yels jqj o myiqlï Èh yels mdi,aj, muKla l%shdjg kÕk ,§'tfy;a lDIsl¾uh i|yd jeä mdi,a .Kkl myiqlï ;snqKs' uq,a wjia:dfõld¾ñl úIh b.ekaùu i|yd ia:dk" WmlrK" .=re .eg¨j o n,mEfõ h'

tjeks mshjrla .ekSug fya;= mdol lreKq iy wruqKq jYfhka 1943úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dfõ fufia i|yka lr ;sfí' thska meyeÈ,s jQfha"

• cd;sl ixj¾Okhg bjy,a jk wOHdmk l%uhla i|yd

• kùk ld¾ñl f,dalfha wjYH;djkag .e<fmk yd W!k;d uÕ yrjd.ekSu i|yd

• ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am hk mqoa.,dNsjDoaëka ixj¾Okh lrkq i|yd

• jD;a;Sh f,dalh y÷kd f.k ta ms<sn| j iudcfha mj;akd wY=Njd§wdl,amh fjkia lsÍu i|yd

• wd;au wNsudkhla we;s mßmQ¾K mqrjeishl= ìys lrkq i|yd

tu fhdackdj,sh bÈßm;a lrk njhs'

462

t;eka isg 1965 olajd ld, mrdih ;=< mdi,a ld¾ñl wOHdmkfha ÈhqKqji|yd mshjr .kakd ,§' tajd w;r my; i|yka mshjr m%Odk ;ekla .;af;a h'

• ld¾ñl úIh b.ekaùu i|yd mdi,aj, meje;s .=re ysÕh uÕyrjd .kqmsKsi' ld¾ñl úµd," o l=Kavidf,a" .kafkdrej jeks lDIsl¾u úµd,j,o mqyqKqj ,;a whf.ka iqÿiaika f;dard .ekSu iy ueá Ys,amh" ,dlaIdl¾udka;h" iï jev jeks úIh i|yd úIh m%ùKhka m;a lr .ekSu'

• uyr.u" m,d,s .=re wNHdi úµd,j, w;alï úIh i|yd .=re mqyqKqmdGud,d we;s lsÍu'

• fld<U l%uh hgf;a ld¾ñl úIh i|yd jev tall (Workshops) yd"WmlrK lÜg, (Tools and equipment) ,nd §u.

• wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha úfYaI úIh tall msysgqjd ta i|yd m%OdkmÍlaIljreka yd m%dfoaYSh úIh mÍlaIljreka m;a lsÍu'

fï wkqj 1965 jk úg uOH uyd úµd,j, iy myiqlï iys; uydúµd,j, o b.ekajQ ld¾ñl úIh fufia ±laúh yels h'

lDIsl¾uh yia; l¾udka; .Dy l¾udka;

lDIsl¾uh ,S jev" f,day jev .Dy l¾uh

frÈ úùu" ueá Ys,amh ueyqï jev

,dlaId l¾udka;h

ms;a;, jev" iï jev" fldyq l¾udka;h

fudag¾ ld¾ñl Ys,amh" úÿ,s /yeka we§u

fï wkqj 1963 j¾Ifha § .Dyúµd úIhh iy ueyqï jev hk úIhh old¾ñl úIhud,djg tla jQ w;r lDIsúµdj Wiia fm< úIhhla f,i W.kajk,§'

1965 isg 1972 olajd

1965 § wOHdmk ishji jev igyk wdrïN úh' tys tla wx.hla f,imdi,a ld¾ñl wOHdmkfha kfjdaohla Wod lrñka y÷kajd fok ,o zzmdi,a jevyqrejZZ úfYaI ;ekla .;af;a h' yqfola u m%dfhda.sl l%shdoduhla jQ th ;;ald,Skiudcdkqfhda.s jev ms<sfj<la o úh' tjl rcfha .re wOHdmk wud;Hjr whs'weï' wd¾' ta' Bßhf.d,a, ue;s;=udf.a ixl,amhlg wkqj wOHdmk wud;HdxYhúiska l%shdjg kÕk ,o jevyqrej jev igykg

zzm%cd;ka;%jd§ rgla wOHdmkh wdrïNfha isg u wjidkh olajdu iÔù l%shdldÍ w;a±lSula úh hq;= hZZ hk f;audj mokï úh'

463

zzlh fjfyid lrk jev iy nqoaêh fjfyid lrk jev w;r;a"w; ysi w;r;a" k.r msáir w;r;a" ÿmam;=ka fmdfydi;=ka w;r;aiïnkaOh we;s lsÍu jev yqrej ;=<ska l< yels hZZ hk woyiBg mrudod¾Y lr .;a nj o tjl m%Odk wOHdmk m%ldYkj,skao ^wOHdmk kfjdaoh& meyeÈ,s lrk ,§' tmuKla o fkd jmy; ±lafjk wOHdmk od¾Yksl woyia o Bg Wmfhda.S jQ j.tu m%ldYk fmkajd fokafka h'

zzTnf.a b.ekaùu yels;dla ÿrg m%dfhda.sl j l< hq;= h' tfialsÍug wmyiq wjia:dj, § muKla jpk iydh lr .kakZZ

rEfida

zzYsIHhd;a" iudch;a" wOHdmkfha idM,Hh uq÷ka muqKqjd .ekSugkï yeuúg u w;a±lSï" tkï Ôjk w;a±lSï mokï fldg f.ku wOHdmkh ilia úh hq;= h'ZZ - fcdaka vqù

iïu; idïm%odhsl Ydia;%Sh wOHdmkhg uq,a;ek foñka l%shdldÍ m%dfhda.slwxYh fo jk ;ekl ;nd b.ekaùu flfrk hq.hl jev yqrej jeks m%dfhda.sljev igykla y÷kajd §u wNsfhda.d;aul úoaj;a u;h úh' th yqÿ úNd.hla fydaiy;slhla wruqKq lr .;a tlla jQfõ o ke;' mdi,a lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIhud,dfõ b.ekajQ lDIsl¾uh" .Dy úµdj yd yia; l¾udka; hk úIh ks¾foaYld, igyfka mßÈ b.ekaùug ndOdjla we;s fkd jk mßÈ Bg w;sf¾l j olsishï úIhhlg iSud fkd jk whqßka o" mdi,a ld, igykg w;sf¾l j ijiald,fha iy ksjdvq Èkj, § l%shdjg keÕ=K fuh hï fya;+ka u; miqjfjkiaùïj,g o fhduq úh'

zzudf.a fï jHdhduh uf.a wOHdmkfha ÈhqKqj msKsi fuka u udf.a ud;DN+ñfha iuDoaêh msKsi fõjdæZZ hk m%d¾:kh iys; m%;s{dj foñka mdi,a orejkafmdÿ yeÕSulska hq;= j iyNd.s lr .kakd ,o fuu jev igyk ;=< iduQysl;ajh"wd;audNsudkh" Y%u ixialD;sh hk .=Kdx. j¾Okh o .eí j ;snqKs' orejdg ;udÔj;a jk iudcfha iudc wd¾Ól yd fN!;sl mßirh yd ine¢ jev f,dalhms<sn| j wjfndaOhla ,nd §u iy ta ;=< mj;sk iqL ÿlaL;d" wej;=ï mej;=ï"fmdÿ Yla;Ska ms<sn| j w;a±lSfuka wjfndaOh ,nd §u jeks ishqï wruqKq o ;snqKs'

mdi,a jev yqrej" bUq,af.dv fj,ahdfha meje;s mdi,a isiqkaf.a j,a me<fk<Sfï Y%uodk jev igykska" 1965 § wdrïN úh' tjlg mdif,a b.ekajQld¾ñl úIhud,dj úúO úIh iSudjkg ,la j ;sîu;a" tu.ska fmdÿ wOHdmkfha§ orejd úiska mqyqKq l< hq;= ir, jQ;a fmdÿ jQ;a Ôjk l=i,;d ieug fkd ,eîhdu;a" y÷kd .;a ksid tu wvqj imqrd,kq msKsi fuh úIh fNaohlska yd ia;%SmqreI fNaohlska f;dr j ksoyia l%shdldrlï u.ska b.ekaùug .;a ;SrKh ob;d jeo.;a úh' fndfyda úg fY%aKs mr;rhla o tys fkd ù h' tu jev igykl%shdjg kÕk ,oafoa fufia h'

• .fï f.dúfmdf<a jev lrk f.dúhdg iydh msKsi Tyq iu. tla ùflf;a j,a me< fk<Su" me< isgqùu ta i|yd jk Y%uodk l|jqrej,g .=reNj;=ka iu. isiqka iyNd.S lrùu'

464

• .fï lïuf,a" jev fmdf<a" fjf<| ief,a l%shdldÍ;ajhkag Tjqka iu.isiqka o iïnkaO lrùu iy l¾udka;" l,d Ys,am b.ekaùu i|yd zzjevyqrej mdi,ZZ meje;aùu'

fuu zzjev yqrejZZ mdi, úfYaI jQjls' th m%:ufhka mj;ajk ,oafoaf;dard .;a mdi,a ixLHdjlhs' i;sfha Èk lSmhl mdi,a ld,fhka miqj;a fmrfmdah $ fmdah Èkj,§;a th l%shd;aul úh' fuu fmr fmdah$fmdah hkq tod i;swka; mdi,a ksjdvq Èk folhs' isiqkg n,mE wúfõlh" oyï mdi, iy Wmldrlmka;sj,g hdug fkd yelsùu wd§ m%Yak u;= jQ neúka miqj mdi,a jdrh ;=<f;dard .;a Èk .Kkl § mdi, ;=< th l%shd;aul lsÍug mshjr .kakd ,§'úIh m%ùK .=rejreka yd ndysr m%ùKhka o WmfoaYl;ajh ÿka tys úúO foaYShl¾udka; b.ekaùu" l,d Ys,am b.ekaùu" mdi,a ,S nvq w¨;ajeähd lr .ekSï"mka;s ldur ms<silr lsÍu jeks fndfyda w¾:j;a m%dfhda.sl wx. l%shdjg k.k,oafoa h'

fuh yqfola u mdi,g fyda jev ldurhg ke; fyd;a mdi,a f.j;a;giSud jQ l=i,;d ixj¾Ok jev igykla fkd ù h' bka Tíng o .sh ixlS¾Kl%shdoduhla úh' .ïno k.rno mdi,a orejka tla l< YsIH wjfndaO iy iqyo;dj¾Ok jev igyka" l|jqre" ixpdr" jevuq¿" iïuka;%K wd§ fndfyda foa Bgtlalr ;snqKs' tu ksid th mdi,a isiqka w;r o ckm%sh jev igyka jQ w;r tajdg.re wOHdmk wud;H;=ud fuka u wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha by< u ;,fhaks,OdÍka tlaùu ;j;a jeo.;a jQjls' tu jev igyk flf;la ÿrg ls%hd;auljQfõ o h;a" .re wOHdmk wud;H;=ud úiska u rpkd lrk ,o zzf,daflka W;=ïrg ,xldjhsZZ hk jev yqrej .S;h ks;r ks;r mdi, ;=<ska m%;srdj k.kakg o úh'

fuhg wu;r j mdi,a yer.sh isiqka i|yd úfYaI jD;a;Sh mdGud,d mdi,;=< l%shdjg kÕk ,§' m%foaYfha we;s l¾udka;j,ska tllj;a uQ,sl wjfndaOhla,nd §fuka Tjqka jD;a;Sh lafIa;%j,g keUqre lsÍu tys wruqK ù ;sìKs' th ohï;dla ÿrg l%shdjg k.k ,§'

tfia u ;reK orejka úêu;a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkhlg fhduq lrkq i|ydl%shdjg keÕ=K lksIaG ld¾ñl úµd,h yd lksIaG úYaj úµd, ixl,amh o fï;=<ska bÈßhg wd nj lsj yels h' kQ,a leàu" frÈ úùu" fmÜá meÿre úùu"f.j;= j.dj" jvq jev" f¾kao f.;Su" n;sla jev" cEï" pÜks ksIamdokh" ueyqïjev jeks foaYSh l¾udka; Bg ks¾foaY j ;snqKs'

fï wd§ jYfhka n,k l, 1965 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,skal%shdjg kÕk ,o zzmdi,a jev yqrejZZ jev igyk yqfola mdi,g muKla iSudjQjla fkd ù h' hq.hl wjYH;dj y÷kd f.k meyeÈ,s wruqKla Tiafia l%shdjgkeÕSu ksid úfYaIfhka mdi,a ;dlaIK wOHdmkh kj uÕlg fhduq lsÍugfnfyúka iu;a úh' tu jev igyk jvd;a id¾:l lr .ekSug wd¾' ;=frhsisxyïuy;d jeks wOHdmk wOHlaIjrhl= m;a lsÍu o úfYaI jQjls'

mdi,a isiq orejkg wkd.; ux fm;a fy<s lrk .=re Nj;=ka Wfoid oúfYaI fiajdia: mqyqKq ieis mj;ajk ,oafoa h' th úplaIK Ndjh" mßl,amkh"

465

foaYjd;ai,Hh jeks .=Kdx. j¾Okh msKsi foaYk iïuka;%K yd jev uq¿l%shdjg kÕk ,§' jev yqrej jev igyka u.ska mdi,a isiqyq ksIamdok l%shdj,shlgtla jQy' tu.ska ksmojk NdKav ñ, l< yels tajd jQ neúka tajd ñ, lr isiqkagwdodhï Wmhd .ekSug o yels úh'

;j o mdi,aj, by< fY%aKsj, wOHdmkh ,nk fh!jk isiqka i|ydúfYaI zzckmo ixj¾OkZZ jev igykla o fhdackd úh' tys m<uq jekak ;%sl=Kduf,am%foaYfha § l%shdjg keÕ=Ks' tys § isiqka tla j f.dv kÕk ,o wvq úhoï ksjdi17la ÿmam;a mjq,a 17lg m%odkh l< yels ùu Wodr ld¾hhls' fuh Ndr;fhauy;aud .dkaê ;=udf.a j¾Od l%uhg o iudk nj úoaj;a u;hhs

wm rfÜ wOHdmkh muKla fkd j fndfyda jev igyka ixl,am jYfhka.;a úg b;d Wiia w.hla .kafka h' tajd l%shdjg keÕSfï § we;s jk ÿ¾j,;dksid wvq jeä jYfhka úfõpkj,g muKla fkd j fodaI o¾Ykhg o ,lajkafka h' mq¿,a ld¾hdj,shla l%shdjg keÕSfï § wvq mdvq we;sùï o je<elaúhfkd yels h' 1970 oYlh wdrïN jk úg fuu jev igyka o tu iqmqreÿ oidj,nd ;snqKs' fuh ixl,amuh w.hfhka hqla; jqj o ish,a, ieu ;ek u taldldrj l%shdjg keÕ=fKa o ke;' fpdaokd" fhdackd fndfyda úh' tneúka 1972 kjwOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,shg o tys hï n,mEula isÿ jQ nj lsj yels h'

1972 isg 1977 olajd

jev yqrej jevigyk .ek úfYaI jYfhka o meje;s wOHdmk l%uh ydúIh ud,dj ms<sn| j o úúO u;jdo úfõpk mejf;oa§ 1970 ue;sjrKfhkardcH mßj¾;khla o isÿ úh' n,hg m;a jQ rcfha wOHdmk úIhh Ndr .rewud;H moúhg m;a jQfha m%ùK úÿy,am;sjrhl= jQ wdpd¾h noahqoa§ka uyuqoauy;d h' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd jQ wdpd¾h fma%uodi Wv.u uy;do lD;yia; wOHdmk{fhla úh' tys w;sf¾l f,alïjrhd jQ fla' tÉ' weï'iqu;smd, uy;d o m%ùK wOHdmk{fhls' tu iqixfhda.h Y%S ,xldfõ mq¿,awOHdmk m%;sixialrKhlg mdol úh' tu.ska kj wOHdmk udj;la fy<s úh'

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd wyUq f,i yÈisfha ìys jQjla fkd jmQ¾j iQodkula iys; tlla úh' tys úµdj" .Ks;h" iudc wOHhkh hk úIht<s ±lafla iïnkaê; úIh iuQyhla fyj;a ifudaOdks; úIh f,isks' NdIdj ydidys;Hh o úIhh tlla úh' ta 6-9 fY%aKs i|ydhs' meje;s ld¾ñl úIh o^m%dfhda.sl& kj uÕlg fhduq lrkq i|yd m%d.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh y÷kajd fok,§' th m%dfhda.sl úIhhla úh' tf;la meje;s ld¾ñl wOHdmkfha wvqmdvq ydwkd.; jev f,dalh iy iudc yd fN!;sl mßirh úuis,a,g .ksñka tu m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh ixl,amh bÈßm;a lr ;snqKs'

tf;la b.ekajQ mdi,a ld¾ñl úIhj,ska foaYSh iïm;a wdY%s; j kjksmehqï ìys fkd ùu" tu.ska YsIHhd ;=< m%.=K úh hq;= ir, l=i,;d hï hïúIh iSudjkag k;= ùu" orejd ;=< isÿ úh hq;= fmdÿ m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d ixj¾Okh

466

fkd ùu jeks ÿ¾j,;d uÕyrjd .ekSu uQ,sl f;audj lr .ksñka" rfÜ wd¾Ólyd iudc ixj¾Okh flfrys mdif,ka úh hq;= msájy, wjOdkhg .ksñka ydkj Y%u ixialD;shlg uÕ fy<s lrñka y÷kajd fok ,o fuu úIhh i|yd u;=±lafjk fmdÿ wruqKq mdol jQ nj tjl wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska m%ldYs;zzkj uÕZZ m%ldYkfhka meyeÈ,s úh'

• mdi,a wOHdmkfhka miq orejd ljr wdldrhl /lshdjla f;dard .;a;o" mdif,ka W.;a foa Bg m%fhdackj;a ùu'

• Tyq ,nd .;a wOHdmkh tÈfkod Ôú;hg m%fhdackj;a ùu'

• mqoa.,hd i;= yiqre l=i,;d mdi,a wOHdmkh u.ska ixj¾Okh lsÍu'

• ir, l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsÍfuka wkd.; jD;a;Sh mokula we;s ùu'

• ir, Ys,am l%u Ndú;h yd WmlrK Ndú;h bf.kSu'

• Y%u ixialD;sh;a" fm!reI j¾Okh;a" wd;audNsudkh;a we;s w¾:dkaú;mqoa.,hl= ìys ùug Wmldr lsÍu'

fhdað; m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh" m%d.ajD;a;Sh 1 iy 11 jYfhka ldKav follskahqla; úh' tu ldKav fol u 6-9 fY%aKsj, iEu YsIHhl=" YsIHdjl úiska ubf.k .; hq;= jQ w;r Bg rfÜ iïm;a yd cHdñ;sl yd hdka;s%l we£u hk WmúIh fol o wksjd¾h lr ;snqKs' rfÜ wd¾Ólhg yd iudc wjYH;djkag fhdod.; yels jQ foaYSh iïm;a ms<sn| j wjfndaOhla yd .; yels m%fhdack ms<sn| j±kqula we;s lsÍu i|yd rfÜ iïm;a úIhh;a" ks¾udKlrKh" m%udKd;aulw.h" ie,iqï ks¾udKh wd§ olaI;d Tmakxjd .ekSug iydh ùu i|yd cHdñ;slyd hdka;%sl we£u úIhh;a tla lsÍu tys iqúfYaI ,laIKhla úh'

1972 kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a ks¾foaYs; cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmkiy;sl m;% úNd.hg ^cd'fmdw'i& isiqka fmkS isáh hq;= jQfha 9 jk fY%aKshwjidkfha § h' th m%:u jrg meje;ajQfha 1975 j¾Ifha h' ta i|yd wksjd¾h jQm%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh m%Odk úIh ldKav 2la jQ nj óg fmr fmkajd fok ,§'thska m%d.a jD;a;Sh 1 úIhh hg;g .ekqfKa tf;la mdi,a úIhud,dfõ 6-10i|yd b.ekajQ ld¾ñl úIh lafIa;%hg wh;a jQ úIh ixLHdjls' tajd kï lDIsl¾uh",S jev" f,day jev" fmaI l¾udka;h" ueá Ys,amh" .Dy úµdj" frÈ ms<s yd we÷ïieliSu iy jHdmdr wOHhkh hk tajd h' tu úIh jdr 12 úIh ldKavhgwh;a jQ ksid ksYaÑ; ixfYdaê; ks¾foaYhla hgf;a Bg myiqlï we;s mdi,aj,l%shdjg keÕ=Ks' tfia wfkl=;a úIh b.ekaùug myiqlï fkdue;s mdi,aj,lDIsl¾u úIhh muKla f;dard f.k ;snqKs'

lDIsl¾u úIhhg ffjl,amsl jevud,d y;rla y÷kajd § ;snqKq w;rthska folla wksjd¾hfhka u Bg tla lr .; hq;= j ;snqKs' tajd mdif,a ;snQiïm;a wkqj f;dard .eksKs' ta i|yd wdydr fnda." iq¿ wmkhk yd wd¾Ólfnda. m,;=re fnda." ù j.dj" u,a j.dj" j;= fnda. yd i;a;aj md,kh hkmdGud,d y÷kajd § ;snqKs' jHdmdr wOHhkh i|yd zlafIa;% fmd;Z wksjd¾h úh'm%dfhda.sl wNHdi ,l=Kq ,nd .ekSug th YsIHhd úiska iïmQ¾K l< hq;= h hkks.ukh úh' th 12 × 18 m%udKfhka yd msgq 40ka hqla; úh hq;= j ;snqKs'

467

m%d.a jD;a;Sh 11 hgf;a imqrd,sh hq;= jQ jdr 12 i|yd m%dfoaYSh iïm;awdY%fhka f.dv kÕk ,o mdGud,d jeä .Kkla y÷kajd § ;snqKq w;r tajd jdr12" 6" 3 jYfhka m%fNao lrk ,oafoa h' tajd w;ßka jdr 12 - 1 lska" jdr 6 - 2 ke;fyd;a jdr 3 - 4 f;dard .ekSug isÿ úh' fïjd o iïmQ¾Kfhka u m%dfhda.sl jQw;r mdGud,d wjika jk úg id¾:l ksuejqula-ksmehqula ,nd .kakg o yels úh'

tu jevigykg fldyq l¾udka;h" f.j;= j.dj" u,a j.dj" ;jdka md,kh"i;a;aj md,kh" ëjr l¾udka;h" Ydluh wdydr l,a ;nd .ekSï" cEï" pÜksksIamdokh" úis;=re w;alï jev wd§ fndfyda l¾udka; y÷kajd fok ,§' tfiau csmaiï l¾udka;h" iï l¾udka;h" Wla l¾udka;h" ;,a ksIamdok l¾udka;h"w;a lvodis l¾udka;h wdÈh o úh'

fuu úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd mdi,a lksIaG oaú;Shsl ld, igyfka ld,mßÉfþo 7la i;shlg fjka lr ;snqKs' tu ld, mßÉfþo 7 fufia fjka lrk ,§'

m%d.a jD;a;Sh 1 i|yd - 3

m%d.a jD;a;Sh 11 i|yd - 3

rfÜ iïm;a" cHdñ;sl we£u - 1

fï ms<sn| j meyeÈ,s j fmkajd fok tjl wOHdmk wud;HdxYfham%ldYkhla jQ zlksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmk jevud,djZ ^6 - 9 fY%aKs i|yd& 1972 kïjQ fmd; u.ska ish¨ Wmfoia imhd ;snQ w;r" by; lS m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh mdif,al%shdjg keÕsh hq;af;a flfia o hkak fmkajd fok ,§' th iïmQ¾Kfhka uyiqre l=i,;d ixj¾Okh jk mßÈ m%dfhda.sl j b.ekaúh hq;= nj;a ffioaOdka;sllreKq b.ekaùu i|yd wjYH jQ úg muKla idïm%odhsl mdvï fhdod .; yelsnj;a wod< fY%aKsj, iEu YsIH YsIHdjl u tu úIh bf.k .; hq;= njg;aWmfoia ,eî ;snqKs' mdi,a orejka iïu; mka;s ldurhg fldgq ù wei" lkfufyhjd ,nk bf.kqug jvd M,odhS hula fujeks m%dfhda.sl wNHdi u.skab.ekaúh yels nj fndfyda wOHdmk{hskaf.a u;h jQ neúka Bg jeä keUqrejlawe;s jk mßoafoka m%d.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh l%shdjg keÕSu wOHdmk wud;HdxYfham%Odk wruqK úh'

tfia iïm;a øjH y÷kd .ekSu yd Ndú;h" WmlrK y÷kd .ekSu ydNdú;h iy kv;a;=j" jev ie,iqï lsÍu" ld¾h iQodku" øjH yeisrùu" Ys,am l%uNdú;hg bf.kSu fujka M,odhS ksñ NdKav ksmoùu hk wOHdmksl wruqKqiM, lr .ekSu;a" wd;au ;Dma;sh" wd;au úYajdih" w.h lsÍu hk .=Kdx. iu.ksje/È Y%u ixialD;shlg yev .ekaùu o fuys jeo.;a wruqKq w;r úh' fïi|yd rfÜ iïm;a yd cHdñ;sl iy hdka;%sl we£u bf.kSfuka isiqjdg ,efnkmsájy, y÷kd f.k ;sîu o jeo.;a úh'

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK iu. meje;s úNd. l%ufha iy we.hSï l%ufõofha o fjkila fmkajd ;snqKs' tkï wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h ^10fY%aKs& fjkqjg 9 jeks fY%aKsh wjidkfha meje;aùug fhdackd l< cd;sl fmdÿwOHdmk iy;sl m;% úNd.h (National Certificate of General Education) y÷kajd

468

§ ;sîuhs' th ks¾foaYs; úIh kjhla i|yd jQ w;r 9 jeks úIhh jQ m%d.a jD;a;Sh1" 11 jYfhka ldKav follska hqla; ùu ksid úIh .Kk oyhla úh' m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIhh i|yd m%dfhda.sl ,l=Kq Bg we;=<;a jQ neúka tu ,l=Kq ,nd.kafka mdi,a m%dfhda.sl wNHdi we.ehSfï § fok ,o ,l=Kq fyda fY%aKs uÕsks'th isiqkaf.a olaI;d we.ehSu i|yd .=rejrhd flfrys ;snQ úYajdih ;yjqrelrkakla o úh'

;j o m%dfhda.sl ld¾h wjidkfha .=rejrhdf.a we.ehSu iu. YsIHhdf.azziajhx we.hSïZZ yd Bg YsIHhd fhduq lrùu iu. ;udf.a jev ;ud úiska u;lafiarejlg (Assessment) ,la lsÍug isiqka mqyqKq lsÍu úfYaI wjia:djla fiaolakg ,enqKs' fuys .=rejrhdf.a m%dfhda.sl ,l=K wkqj YsIHhdg A, B, C, D, E,

ixfla;hla ysñ jQ w;r th cd' fmd' w' i' úNd. m%;sM, i|yd ,l=Kla njgmßj¾;kh lr .kakd ,§' cd' fmd' w' i' úNd. idu¾:Hh i|yd m%d.a jD;a;ShúIh ldKav foflys u idu¾:Hh n,mE w;r fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhg hdui|yd bka tllg fyda iïudk idu¾:Hhla ;sîu wksjd¾h lr ;snqKs' tfy;afuh oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh i|yd úIhhla jQfha ke;'

tfy;a fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkhg hdu i|yd iqÿiqlï ,nd fyda fkd,nd ;u leue;a; mßÈ hï flkl=g Bg iudk ;,hl ;dlaIK" ,,s; l,d fydajdKsc oE wjqreÿ mdGud,djla yeoEÍug yels ux fm;a Wla; wOHdmk jevie,eiau u.ska fmkajd § ;snqK w;r ta i|yd wdh;ksl myiqlï i,id ;snqKs'tfia;a fkd ue;s kï Rcq jD;a;Sh miqìula iys; Ys,amSh mdGud,d i|yd m%dfhda.slwNHdi wdh;k y÷kajd fok ,§' Bg zzcd;sl fiajdjZZ ms<s.;a jD;a;Sh wdh;khlgiïnkaO ù jev f,dalh ms<sn| j ,nk mqyqKqjla& kï jQ mQ¾j jD;a;Sh wdOqkslld,hla jQ wksjd¾h ld, mrdihla o úh' th o kj y÷kajd §ula fuka 10" 11fY%aKs fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh i|yd l%shd;aul úh' th úµd" l,d" jdKscWiia wOHdmkh i|yd jQ w;r th wjidkfha meje;s Wiia cd;sl wOHdmkiy;sl m;% úNd.fhka miqj iqÿiqlï ,oafoda úYaj úµd, wOHdmkh i|ydf;dard .kakd ,§' tfia úYaj úµd,h wysñ jQ whg o ;u olaI;d u; iudk;dlaIK fyda jdKsc fyda l,d Odrd Tiafia ämaf,daud mdGud,djla fyda yeoEÍugwjldY y÷kajd § ;snqKq w;r tu.ska fyda fjk;a wúêu;a wLKav wOHdmkl%uhla Tiafia o Wmdê fyda mYapdoa Wmdê olajd wOHdmkhla ,eîug wjia:dy÷kajd § ;sîu b;d jeo.;a ,laIKhla úh' tu.ska ld¾ñl úµd,h" ,,s;l,dh;kh yd iudk wOHdmk wdh;k yqol,d fkd lsÍu o ;j;a jeo.;a,laIKhls'

tfia u m%d.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh úêu;a j l%shdjg kÕkq i|yd wOHdmkwud;HdxYh úiska mq¿,a jQ cd;sl jev igykla fufyhjk ,oafoa h' 1972wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd msysgqjk ,o úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkfha úfYaI tallhla msysgqjd tys kdhl;ajh fcHIaG wOHdmkwOHlaIjrhl= jQ ã' ta' fmf¾rd uy;dg mjrk ,§' ;j o

• wod< úIh ks¾foaY yd mdGud,d ieliSu

469

• úêu;a w;ayod ne,Sï yd m¾fhaIK meje;aùu

• úIh m%ùK .=re WmfoaYK fiajdjla weröu yd Tjqka fiajdNsuqL lsÍu

yd mqyqKq lsÍu

• m%dfoaYSh uÜgñka .=re WmfoaYl jev igyka l%shdjg keÕSu

• .=re Nj;=ka i|yd fiajdia: mqyqKq meje;aùu yd

• .=re isiq we.hSï l%shdjg keÕSutys m%Odk ld¾hNdrh úh' tu fiajdj m%dfoaYSh mdi,a ;,hg f.k hdu i|yd

m%dfoaYSh .=re WmfoaYl lñgq msysgqjk ,§' tu m%dfoaYSh .=re WmfoaYl lñgqjgm%ùK lDIsl¾u .=re Nj;l= we;=<;a lrk ,oafoa h' úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhu.ska Tjqkag mqyqKqjla ,nd ÿka w;r idudkH mdi,a ld,igykska ksoyia lrmQ¾Kld,Sk .=re WmfoaYl fiajdj i|yd tu lñgqj m%dfoaYSh wOHdmk ld¾hd,hgwkqhqla; lrk ,§' m%:ufhka u tu lñgq m;a lr .kakd ,oafoa lE.,a,"nKavdrfj, yd fydaud.u hk wOHdmk m%foaY i|ydhs' ta 1973 § h' 1974 jk úg

th §m jHdma; lrk ,§' fuu lñgqj,g mejÍ ;snQ ld¾hNdrh fufia úh'

• m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh b.ekaùu mdi,aj, l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd wod<úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=re Nj;=ka ±kqj;a lsÍu'

• .=rejreka i|yd úIhnoaO fiajdia: mqyqKq ieis meje;aùu'

• mdi,aj, úIhh b.ekaùfï ld¾hhg .=re Nj;=kag iydh ùu'

• m%dfoaYSh wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" mdi, iy úIh ks,OdÍka ydúIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dk w;r iïnkaëlrKh'

• úIh m%ùKhka iïm;a wdh;k" mqoa.,hska y÷kd .ekSu yd Tjqkaf.afyda tu wdh;kj, iydh mdi,g ,nd .ekSug wjYH lghq;= i,id§u'

• mdif,a wfkl=;a úIh w;r mej;sh hq;= in|;d y÷kd f.k .=reNj;=ka w;r iïnkaëldrhl= ùu'

m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhh mdif,a lksIaG oaú;Shsl ;,fha úµdj" iudc wOHhkh

jeks úIh iu. mej;sfha ±ä in|;djls' tu ksid úIhdka;r ±kqu ;yjqre lr.ekSug o thska ukd msájy,la ,eìKs' tfia u fuu úúO úIh lafIa;% y÷kdf.k tajd wdY%s; mdGud,d ilia fldg mdi,aj, b.ekaùug úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkfha wkque;sh ,nd .ekSug wjldY § ;snqKs' y,dj; ðmaiï l¾udka;h"y,aÿïuq,af,a Wla j.dj" W;=f¾ ;,a l¾udka;h ksoiqka f,i ±laúh yels h'

fuh wjidkfha id¾:l ksñ NdKav mdol úIhhla jQ fyhska thskaksmojk ,o NdKav ñ, lsÍug o yels úh' tu.ska isiqkag wdodhï ud¾.hla oWod lr .ekSug yels jQ fyhska Tjqka jvd;a id¾:l ksñ NdKav ieliSugWkkaÿ ùu o olakg ,enqKs' tu uqo,a mßyrKh ms<sn| j tjl mdi,a ixj¾Ok

uKav, pl%f,aLh u.ska Wmfoia fok ,§'

470

1972 - 1977 w;r ld, mrdifha ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jQ m%d.ajD;a;Sh jev igyk ;dlaIK wOHdmkfha ;j;a kj u.la .;a w¾:dkaú;m%dfhda.sl jev igykla úh' Bg mdi,a isiq orejkaf.a fuka u .=re Nj;=kaf.ao hym;a m%;spdrhla ,enqKs' isiqka kj w;a±lSï ,nñka kjH jev f,dalhlai|yd iyka t<shla ,enqjd muKs' tys wjika M,h ,eîug ;rï wjldYhla fkd,enqfKa h' thg o iudcfhka u,a fuka u .,a uq,a jÈkakg o mgka .;af;a h'th ld,Sk j wd n,fõ.hla jQ fyhska 1977 j¾Ifha § n,hg m;a rchg ta i|ydúl,am ud¾.hla .kakg isÿ jQfha h' fuu úIhh h<s jevjiï hq.hlg iudchf.k hEula fia yqjd olajkakg jQ we;euqkag zfcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh i|ydm%d.a jD;a;Sh úIhhlg iïudk idu¾:Hhla ;sìh hq;= hZ hk ;SrKh o ysirohla úh'

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK u.ska cd' fmd' w' i' (NCGE) y÷kajd fokf;la u meje;s fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% (Senior School Certificate-SSC) ydwOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% ^idudkH fm<& General Certificate of Education

(Ordinary Level- GCE (OL) úNd. i|yd jQ ld¾ñl úIhhka i|yd úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska úêu;a j mj;ajk ,o m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh wksjd¾húh' thska ,nd .kakd ,l=Kq úIh m%;sM, m%ldY lsÍug Wmfhda.S jQ neúka tjltlS úIh bf.k .;a isiqyq m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj i|yd úfYaI Wkkaÿjla ±lajQy' thwruqKq wfmalaIs; hym;a m%jK;djla jQ nj lsj hq;= h'

1978 isg 1987 olajd

iuia; mdi,a wOHdmkh kj uÕlg fhduq lrñka" 1972 § l%shd;aul jQwOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| iudcfhka mek keÕ=Kq ±ä úfõpk fya;=fldgf.k fjkialï lsysmhla we;s lsÍug rchg isÿ úh' fï hgf;a mdi,amoaO;shg y÷kajd ÿka m%d.a jD;a;Sh wOHdmkh úIhud,dfjka bj;a fldg tafjkqjg fmr meje;s ;dlaaIKsl úIhhka 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 10 jk fY%aKsholajd lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgug we;=<;a lrk ,§' by; ±lajQ m%Odk;u lreKgwod< j úúO iudc ia;rj, wOHdmkh ms<sn| meje;s wdl,am yd wfmalaIK uq,aúh' úfYaIfhka u fouõmshka fuka u rdcH" wd.ñl yd ixialD;sl wxY"l¾udka; yd /lshd f,dalh hk iudc ixia:d ms<sn| j meje;s wfmalaIKj,wiudk;d ksid wOHdmkfha uQ,sl wruqKq yd mrud¾: w;r úúO u; .egqïmej;sKs' fï ms<sn| j tjl isá wOHdmk weue;sjrhdg ksjerÈ wjfndaOhla ,nd.ekSfï wruqK we;s j lñgqjla m;a lrkq ,eî h' ta wkqj 1979 § zwOHdmkfhawod<;dj lrdZ kï jQ fndf.dav fm%aur;ak m%uqL lñgq jd¾;dfõ by; ldrKhiïnkaOfhka ;jÿrg;a iúia;r j i|yka ù we;' fï jljdkqj ;=< isÿ l<by; i|yka fjkialï hgf;a 1975 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul jQ cd;sl fmdÿ iy;slm;% úNd.h ^cd' fmd' w' i'& fjkqjg kej;;a wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% úNd.h^w'fmd'i' - idudkH fm<& meje;aùug rch ;SrKh lrk ,§' fï i|yd úIhud,djm%;sfYdaOkhg ,la úh' fï wkqj 1977'12'12 Èk wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.skaksl=;a l< wxl SO 6/298 ork pl%f,aLh hgf;a" jir 1978 §" my; i|yka;dlaIKsl úIh i|yd" úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh úIh ks¾foaY ilia lrmdi,aj,g hjkq ,eî h'

471

;dlaIKsl úIh

6 isg 8 jk fY%aKs 9 yd 10 jk fY%aKs

1' lDIsl¾uh 1' lDIsl¾uh

2' ueá NdKav ;ekSu" ms,siaiSu

yd Èiak ±óu 2' f.j;= j.dj

3' ueyqï 3' .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj

4' fïika jev 4' ueyqï

5' ,S jev 5' ,S jev

6' f,day jev 6' f,day jev

7' fmaI l¾udka;h 7' fmaI l¾udka;h

8' .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj 8' ueá NdKav ;ekSu" ms,siaiSu yd Èiak±óu

9' f.j;= j.dj 9' fudag¾ ld¾ñl Ys,amsh

10' f¾äfhda ld¾ñl Ys,amh

11' fïika jev

12' ëjr l¾udka;h ^iuqø&

13' ëjr l¾udka;h ^wNHka;r c,dY&

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 10 jk fY%aKsh olajd isiqkag ;dlaIKsl úIh wLKavj bf.kSug fï wkqj wjia:dj ie,iS ;snqK o" 6 jk fYa%Ksfha isg 8 jk fY%aKsholajd bf.kSug bv lv ;snQ ;dlaIKsl úIh kjhlg iSud jQ w;r 9 yd 10 jkfY%aKsj, § bf.kSug bÈßm;a lr ;snQ úIhhkaf.a .Kk 13la úh' miq l,l §tu ldKavh 15la olajd jeä úh' fï wkqj jdKscHh hk úIhh o" ,>q f,aLkhyd h;=re ,shkh hk úIhh o ;dlaIKsl úIh hgf;a yodrd 1981 jif¾ meje;sw'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg isiqkag fmkS isáh yels úh' 1987 jk úg jdKscHhhk úIhh ;jÿrg;a ixfYdaOkh ù jdKscHh yd .sKqï hk úIhh y÷kajdfokq ,eî h' by; i|yka jQ ;dlaIKsl úIh w;ßka w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<&uÜgñka yeoEÍug isiqkag wjia:dj ,enqfKa lDIsl¾uh" .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj ydjdKscHh i|yd muKs'

1977 § rgg y÷kajd ÿka fjf<| wd¾Ólh fyj;a újD; wd¾Ólh ksid we;sjQ iudÔh yd wd¾Ól fjkialï bÈßfha rfÜ cd;sl wOHdmkfha .uka uÕms<sn| j iudcfha l;d nyg kej; ,la úh' óg fmr jljdkqj,g jvd th ±äf,i ±fkkakg jQfha rfÜ wd¾Ól m%jdyhg iu.dó j wOHdmkfha hï ie,lshhq;= fjkila we;s lsÍfï wfmalaIdj fmr±ß lr f.k ksid úh yels h' óg fmri|yka l< zzwOHdmkfha wod<;dj lrdZZ kï jQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK lñgq

472

jd¾;dfõ ^1979& b;d mq¿,a f,i ú.%yhg n÷ka jQ b;d jeo.;a yd M,odhS ks¾foaYyd fhdackd /ila úh' ta wkqj wOHdmkh yd /lshd kshqla;sh ms<sn| we;sú.%yfha fufia i|yka úh' isiqkag wjYH ;dlaIKsl yd jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj mdif,a§ ,nd .ekSfï yelshdj we;af;a wju uÜgul jqj o" uQ,sl l=i,;d yd ys;lrfm!reI j¾Okhlska hq;a úkh .rel mqoa.,hl= iudchg odhl lsÍfï fufyjrmdi, i;= j mj;sk j.lSula nj wjOdrKh lr we;' ñka woyia jkafka isiqka.Ks;uh yd NdIduh idlaIr;d ,nd .ksñka o hym;a fm!reI" pß; yd mqrjeis.=Kdx. w;am;a lr .ksñka o Okd;aul wdl,am yd <eÈhd iys; rfÜ ixj¾Okhgodhl fjñka o cd;sl Y%u n<ldhg tl;= ùu h'

wOHdmkfha wd¾Ól wxYh .ek idlÉPd lrñka" tjlg rfÜ o< cd;slwdodhñka ie,lsh hq;= fldgila wOHdmkh i|yd fjka lsÍu" rfÜ wjYH;djlafuka u by< m%uqL;djla ,nd foñka lghq;= lr we;s nj lsj hq;= h' kso¾YkhlajYfhka" yefÜ oYlfha w. Nd.h jk úg rcfha úhoïj,ska wOHdmkh i|yd18] - 20] jeh lr ;snQ w;r fuu m%udKh 1984 jk úg 5'5] muK olajd wvq ùwe;s nj;a bka miq fï olajd tu m%udKh b;d YS>% f,i wvq fjñka mj;sk nj;afmkajd Èh hq;= h' tjlg wOHdmk wud;Hjrhd jYfhka lghq;= l< ,,s;awe;=,;auqo,s uy;d 1990 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § leìkÜ ixfoaYhla bÈßm;alrñka" cd;sl wdodhñka 4]la wOHdmkh i|yd fjka l< hq;= nj b,a,d isáfhah' 1986 jif¾ wOHdmkh i|yd cd;sl wdodhñka fjka jQfha 2'86] ls' fï wkqjwOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul mlaIh j¾Okh lrñka rfÜ ixj¾Okh i|yd w;sYhskajevodhl m%;sodk M,hla wOHdmk moaO;sfhka ks¾udKh lsÍu ck;d wfmalaIdjnj fmkajd § we;' fï w;r 1980 j¾Ifha § l%shd;aul lrk ,o wOHdmk jevigyka i|yd jQ mqkrdj¾;k úhoïj,ska 80]la mdGYd,Sh wOHdmk l%uh i|ydjeh jQ nj" 1981 § bÈßm;a l< Oj, m;%sldfõ i|yka ù ;sìKs'

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd úysfok lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï

bf.kSu ir, tfy;a m%n, f,i ia:djr j bÈßhg f.k hd hq;= bf.kqïmokula jYfhka y÷kd f.k we;' mdi,a uÜgñka ;jÿrg;a wOHdmk lghq;=j,ksr; ùug fkd yels jk" mdi,a yer hk isiqkag fuu bf.kqï moku u.ska;u Ôú;h id¾:l j bÈßhg f.k hdug w;aje,la úh hq;= nj fmkajd § we;'

tjlg 9 yd 10 jk fY%aKs we;=<;a fcHIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï" wOHdmksl

M,h jYfhka wfmalaIdj jQfha" isiqkag yrj;a fmdÿ idudkH wOHdmkhla ,nd§u yd tu uÜgñka wOHdmkh wjika lrk isiqka ´kE u /lshdjlg wkqj¾;khúh yels jQ;a mqyqKq l< yels jQ;a msßila njg m;a lsÍu h' fuu wruqK idlaId;alsÍfï woyiska my; i|yka wjYH;d .ek wjOdkh fhduq lr ;sìKs'

• isiq <eÈhd wjÈ l< yels whqßka Tjqka jev f,dalhg ksrdjrKh lsÍu'

• /lshd fjf<| wjYH;djkag .e<fmk mßÈ mqoa., .=Kdx. yd wdl,amixj¾Okh lsÍu'

• ´kE u jD;a;shlg .e<fmk fmdÿ j¾.Sh& l=i,;d" olaI;d yd ksmqK;dj¾Okh lsÍu'

473

• wfmalaIs; uÜgñka b.ekaùfï yelshdj yd úIh ksis mßÈ mßyrKhl< yels .=re msßila iQodkï lsÍu'

• wjYH mßÈ WmlrK" øjH ,nd §u yd ld¾h ia:dk ms<sfh, lsÍu'

1979 § bÈßm;a l< fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak lñgq jd¾;dfõ wka;¾.; oEmokï lr .ksñka jir 1981 wf.daia;= udifha § rch" wOHdmk m%;sixialrKfhdackd we;=<;a Oj, m;%sldjla bÈßm;a lrk ,§' fï hgf;a my; ±lafjkks¾foaY y;r" mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd fokq ,eî h'

• lksIaG oaú;Shsl úIh ud,djg zzjHjydßl l=i,;dZZ kï jQ w¨;a úIhhlay÷kajd fok ,§' fuys uQ,sl wruqK jQfha zzorejd l¾udka; f,dalhgl%ufhka fhduq lrkq msKsi jD;a;Ska rdYshlg u wod< j mj;sk ir,yelshdjka ,nd .ekSfï moku o fï wjia:dfõ i,lkq ,efíZZ hkak h'6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd fï jk úg b.ekajQ ;dlaIKslúIhhka lsysmh fjkqjg zzjHjydßl l=i,;d˜ b.ekaùug fhdackd lr;sìKs'

• mdi,a moaO;sfha fcHIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgu wjqreÿ ;=kla njg m;a lsÍufhdackdfõ i|yka úh' tkï 9" 10 yd 11 hk fY%aKs Bg we;=<;a h' fuuwjêfha § ;dlaIKsl úIhhka b.ekaùu hï ;rul úfYaI{;d ,laIKiys; j bÈßm;a lsÍug i|yka ù ;sìKs' fï hgf;a ,S jev" f,day jev"lDIsl¾uh" .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj wd§ úl,am ;dlaIKsl úIhhka rdYshlaw'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& uÜgñka b.ekaùug wfmalaId úh'

• fhdackdj,sfha jeä wjOdkhlg fhduq lrñka ks¾foaY lr ;snqfKa w'fmd'i'^idudkH fm<& úNd.hg iudka;r j ;=ka wjqreÿ ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdjlay÷kajd §u h' th úIhhka wgla hgf;a b.ekafjk w;r" fmdÿ úIhhkay;rla we;=¿ j"

- hdka;%sl ;dlaIKh

- úµq;a hdka;%sl úµdj

- bÈlsÍï ;dlaIKh

- fudag¾ r: hdka;%sl úµdj

- .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj

- lDIsl¾uh

- ëjr l¾udka;h

- jdKscHh

- jD;a;Sh bx.%Sis

hk jD;a;Sh LKavj,ska y;rla f;dard f.k bf.kSu wfmalaIdj úh' fï wkqj;ks úIh lafIa;%hla fjkqjg jD;a;Sh lreKq mrdihl ±kqu yd l=i,;d ,nd.ekSu ms<sn| j fhdackdfõ i|yka úh'

474

• 12 yd 13 hk fY%aKs we;=<;a w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& uÜgfï §" úµdj úIhOdrdj hgf;a o lDIs úµdj o l,d Odrdj hgf;a o jdKscHh o hkúIhhka yeoEÍug wjia:d ie,iS ;sìKs' miq l,l § .Dy wd¾Ól úµdjo fuu uÜgfï bf.kSug wjia:dj ,nd § ;sìKs'

by; ±lajQ ks¾foaY yd fhdackd w;ßka ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj l%shd;aul fkdù h' ta i|yd wêl m%d.aOk úhoula ±Íug isÿ jk neúka th miqjg l,a ±ó h'

1979 fndaf.dv fm%aur;ak lñgq jd¾;dfõ m%;sm;a;shla jYfhka i|yka jQmsßmqka idudkH wOHdmkh yryd /lshdjkag wkqj¾;kh ùu iïnkaOfhkafuu fhdackdfjka jeo.;a W!k mQrKhla bÈßm;a lr we;' tkï ;dlaIKslúIhh" mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ yd idudkH wOHdmkfha u fldgila jYfhkaie,lSu yd l¾udka; yd jev f,dalhg isiqkaf.a wjOdkh fhduq lsÍu" wOHdmkslwjYH;djla jYfhka y÷kajd .ekSu h'

flfia fj;;a jeä wjOdkhla fhduq lrñka miq l,l § jHjydßll=i,;d f,iska y÷kajd ÿka w¨;a úIhh" mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul lsÍugish¨ W;aidy ork ,§' fï jk úg mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jQ ;dlaIKsl úIhrdYshla fjkqjg fhdackd jQ zzjHjydßl l=i,;dZZ úIhh b.ekaùfï m%OdkwNsu;d¾: ms<sn| tu fhdackdj, i|yka jQfha fufia h'

- l¾udka; f,dalhg orejd l%ufhka msúijd ta flfrys iqn wdl,amhlaorejdf.a isf;a we;s lsÍu'

- f.or fodf¾ jevg wjYH jk yqrelï tla tla jhig iqÿiq mßÈwkql%ufhka .<md f.k b.ekaùug ie,iSu iy tu.ska fmdÿfõ jevg.efkk WmlrK yd fuj,ï ms<sn| ±k ye÷kqïlï yd tajd mßyrKhlsÍfï yelshd we;s lsÍu'

- we;eï m%d.a jD;a;Sh l=i,;d o jD;a;Ska iuQyhlg wod< j W.; yelsir, l=i,;d o m%.=K lsÍu'

- Ydia;%Sh me;a;g nr fkd jk isiqkag Tjqkaf.a úYsIag;ajh m%o¾Ykhl< yels w¾:j;a bf.kqï jevl fh§u msKsi o jev yd ne¢ úIhhlabÈßm;a lsÍu'

idudkH wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh i|yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a ixj¾Okjev igyk (UNDP) yd tlai;a cd;Skaf.a wOHdmksl iudÔh yd ixialD;slixúOdkh (UNESCO) tla j uQ,H m%odkhla hgf;a jQ úfYaI jHdmD;shla u.skafuu úIhfha ^jHjydßl l=i,;d& ixj¾Ok lghq;= 1982 uehs udifha § wrUk,§'

fuu jHdmD;sh i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha iyfhda.h we;s j fufyhqïlñgqjla o msysgqjd .kq ,eî h' jHdmD;sfha m%Odk úOdhl jYfhka tjlgwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha f,alïjrhd jQ tßla fÊa' o is,ajd uy;d m%Odk ;dlaIKslWmfoaYl jYfhka lghq;= l< w;r" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ks,OdÍka" .=reúÿy,a lÓldpd¾hjreka" .=re WmfoaYljreka yd .=rejrekaf.ka iukaú; l=vd

475

jHdmD;s lKavdhula u.ska úIh ixj¾Ok lghq;= ie,iqï lr fufyhjkq ,eîh' cd;sl fuka u cd;Hka;r WmfoaYljreka u.ska jßkajr jHdmD;shg wjYHu. fmkaùï ,nd .kakd ,§' zjHjydßl l=i,;dZ kñka y÷kajd fokq ,enQixl,amh zÔjk l=i,;dZ kñka kï lrkq ,eî h' fuys È cd;sl WmfoaYljrhl=jYfhka lghq;= l< uydpd¾h fÊ' B' chiQßh uy;d l< mq¿,a wOHhkh Ôjkl=i,;d úIhfha moku ilia lr .ekSug fnfyúka WmldÍ úh' fuu wOHhkhu.ska tjlg Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj, b.ekajQ ish¨ u ;dlaIKsl úIh ms<sn| lreKqwkdjrKh lr .ekSug iu;a úh' fï iïnkaOfhka moaO;sfha mj;sk ienE;;a;ajh" mdi,a mßirh" wOHdmk ks,OdÍkaf.a wdl,am" úIh ks¾foaYj, mj;skwvq mdvq" iïm;a mßyrKh we;=¿ f;dr;=re idOl yd o;a; /ila .fõIKh lr.kq ,eî h' ;dlaIKsl úIhh iïnkaOfhka uE; hq.fha l< id¾:l yd iajdh;a;m¾fhaIKhla jYfhka fuu wOHhkh y÷kd .ekSu jvd;a iqÿiq hehs yefÕa' miqld,fha jqj o fuu úIh lafIa;%h ixj¾Okh lr .ekSfï § fuu wOHhkh b;djákd uQ,dY%hla njg m;a úh' Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh ks¾udKh lsÍfï § ksji"úfõlh" m%cdj" jev f,dalh" jD;a;Ska" ;dlaIKh yd jeäÿr wOHdmkh hkmqq¿,a lafIa;% ie,ls,a,g .kq ,eî h' fuys § orejka ;=< m%.=K lsßug wfmalaIdl< l=i,;d w;r úu¾Yk" ikaksfõok yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d m%Odk úh'l%shdldrlï u; mokï jQ ir, m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï rdYshla ks¾udKh lrñkafmdÿ úIhud,d wdlD;shla hgf;a tajd bf.kqï isoaê jYfhka y÷kajd fokq ,eîh'

mdi,a moaO;sfha Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh l%shd;aul jQfha wÈhr lsysmhlahgf;a h' m%:u Nd.fha § ilia lrkq ,enQ bf.kqï isoaê kshdul jev igyklajYfhka m¾fhaIKhg Ndckh lrñka miqj hï ixfYdaOk yd fjkialï iys;j wÈhr lsysmhla hgf;a mi,aj,g bÈßm;a lrk ,§' u;= ±lafjkafka wÈhrlsysmhla hgf;a Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd ÿka wdldrhhs'

wÈhr mdi,a ls%hdjg wdjrKh l< wOHdmk m%foaY.Kk kexjQ jir

mQ¾j kshdul 15 1983 fld<U" .ïmy" l¿;r

kshdul 300 1984 fld<U" .ïmy" l¿;r" uykqjr"kqjrt<sh" .d,a," ud;r" ;x.,a,"hdmkh" uvl,mqj" wïmdr"l=reKE.," y,dj;" wkqrdOmqr"fmdf<dkakrej" nKavdrfj,"r;akmqr yd lE.,a,

fojk kshdul 371 1986-1987 y,dj;" ksljeráh yd mq;a;,u

cd;sl uÜgu jirlg 1988 isg l%ufhka ish¨ u wOHdmk m%foaY

mdi,a 1000 1991 olajd wdjrKh ùu'

ne.ska

476

Ôjk l=i,;d jev igykg wod< úIhud,d ilia lsÍfï isg kshdulwÈhr lsysmhla hgf;a l%shdjg kexùu olajd we;=<;a jk ish¨ u Ydia;%Sh ydl<ukdlrK ld¾hhka b;d uekúka ixúsOdkh lr fufyhjQ wOHdmk ld¾hhlajYfhka ye¢kaúh yels h' Bg m%Odk fya;=j fuu ld¾hh i|yd ish¨ iïm;a ydmyiqlï ,nd ;sîu nj iuyr Woúhf.a u;h úh' Bg we;=<;a úh hq;= ;j;aidOlhla jkafka jHdmD;s lKavdhfï lemùu yd fkd miqng ffO¾hh" m%dfoaYShuÜgïj,ska ,nd .; yels jQ fkd uiqre iydh o fõ' flfia fj;;a cd;sl ydwka;¾cd;sl jYfhka fuu jHdmD;sh yd iïnkaO lr .; yels jQ fkd uiqreiydh o úIhud,d ixj¾Okh yd bf.kqï l%ufõoh o meiiqug ,la úh'

flfia fj;;a Ôjk l=i,;d úIhhg wod< bf.kqï isoaê bf.kSfuka"mdif,a isiqúhkag muKla iSud ù ;snQ wdydr ilia lsÍu yd iïnkaO l=i,;dyd msßñ isiqkag muKla iSud ù ;snQ ;dlaIKsl WmlrK yd fuj,ï mßyrKhyd ta yd iïnkaO l=i,;d ,sx. fNaohlska f;dr j ish¨ u mdi,a ore ±ßhkagtl yd iudk j by; ±lajQ l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSfï wjia:dj ,nd §ugiu;a úh' tfuka u m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKj, § ksñ NdKavh muKla mokï lr.ksñka isiqkag ,l=Kla fyda fY%aKshla m%odkh lsÍfï ld¾hh fjkqjg NdKavh;ekSfï iuia; l%shdj,sfha úúO mshjr .ek ie,ls,su;a fjñka ,l=Kq m%odkhlsÍug uq, msÍ h' fï iïnkaOfhka m%d.a jD;a;Sh úIh ;=< hï fjkila we;s jqjo th ;jÿrg;a ixj¾Okh lsÍug iu;a jQ nj lsj hq;= h'

1987 jir wjidkfha § Ôjk l=i,;d úfYaI jHdmD;shla jYfhka lghq;=lsÍfï ld¾h wjika ù ta ish¨ ld¾h wOHdmk wud;HdxYh fj; mejßKs' fïi|yd fjk u tallhla ia:dms; lrñka m<mqreÿ yd fcHIaG wOHdmkwOHlaIjrhl= hgf;a bÈß lghq;= cd;sl uÜgñka l%shd;aul lsÍug ie,iqïlrk ,§' fï hgf;a .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu yd úÿy,am;sjreka ±kqj;a lsÍu"WmlrK iemhSu" mdßfNdacH øjH ñ, § .ekSug m%;smdok fjka lsÍu wd§mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhjk ,§' flfia fj;;a jHdmD;s uÜgfï § fufyhjQwdldrhg by; ld¾h bgq lr .ekSug fkd yels jQfha" mdi,a ixLHdj m%udKfhkaúYd, ùu muKla u fkd fõ' fï jk úg mdi,aj,g mßfNdacH øjH iemhSfïúúO ÿ¾j,;d yd W!k;d u;= ù ;snqKs' fï ms<sn| j wOHdmk f,alïjrhd 1987wf.daia;= 10 Èk ork ,smsh u.ska by; ±la jQ ÿ¾j,;d wOHhkh lr tajdu.yrjd .ekSu i|yd iqÿiq l%shdud¾. ks¾foaY lr bÈßm;a lsÍug úfYaI lñgqjlao m;a lrkq ,eî h' fï iïnkaOfhka m;a lrk ,o lñgqj" 1988 uq,a Nd.fha §úia;rd;aul fhdackd we;=<;a l<ukdlrK mámdáhla ilia lr" f,alïjrhdfj; ndr fok ,§' tjlg mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jQ zzmdi,a jirZZ kï jQixl,amh hgf;a" mdi,a jir 7 yd 8 i|yd Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh wÈhr uÜgfuka1988 isg l%shd;aul jQ w;r" 1991 jif¾ isg 6 jk mdi,a jir wdjrKh jk mßÈl%shd;aul úh' 1986 foieïn¾ 19 Èk yd 1986$14 ork pl%f,aLh wkqj 1988meje;afjk w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg úIh ixfYdaOkh ilia lsÍu werôKs'fï wkqj 9 jk mdi,a jir i|yd ixfYdaê; ;dlaIKsl úIh ks¾foaY m;%hlamy; i|yka úIh oyh i|yd ilia lrk ,§' fuu ixfYdaOkh 7 yd 8 hk

477

jirj, Ôjk l=i,;d yeoErE isiqka i|yd muKla j,x.= úh'

01' lDIsl¾uh


03' ueyqï

04' ueá NdKav ;ekSu" ms,siaiSu yd Èiak ±óu'

05' fmaI l¾udka;h

06' ,S jev

07' f,day jev

08' .=jka úÿ,s ld¾ñl Ys,amh

09' fïika jev

10' f.j;= j.dj

1988 isg 1990 olajd

1985 jif¾ § wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkhu.ska l%shd;aul jQ mdi,a uÜgfï ;dlaIK wOHdmkh yd iïnkaO ixj¾Okl%shdj,sh" jir 1985 § wxl 28 ork wOHdmk mk; hgf;a msysgjkq ,enQ cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska l%shd;aul lrkq ,eî h'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh hgf;a ;dlaIKsl úIh iïnkaO úIhud,dixj¾Ok lghq;= l%shd;aul jQ w;r fuu wdh;kh hgf;a tjlg msysgqjQ ;dlaIKwOHdmk jHdmD;shg ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrd ixj¾Okh lsÍu Ndr úh' fuysuQ,sl;ajh f.k lghq;= lf<a ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk jHdmD;sfha m%:u wOHlaIOqrh ±rE hQ'weia'mS' fiakdr;ak uy;d h' fuu jHdmD;sh hgf;a lDIsl¾uh" .Dywd¾Ól úµdj" Ôjk l=i,;d" ;dlaIK l=i,;d iy jdKscHh hk tall mylawe;=<;a jQ w;r m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ" iyldr jHdmD;s ks,OdÍhk whf.ka tu wxY iukaú; úh'

fuu wjia:dj jk úg 1986 Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh" kshdul uÜgñkay,dj;" ksljeráh yd mq;a;,u hk wOHdmk m%foaYj, mdi,a 372l l%shd;aulúh' 1988 ,xldfõ f;dard .;a mdi,a 600l o" 1989 § mdi,a 900l o Ôjk l=i,;dúIh wÈhr lSmhla hgf;a l%shd;aul flßKs'

fï jk úg Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh isiqkaf.a is;a .;a úIhhla njg m;afjñka;snqKs' fï nj UNDP/UNESCO idudkH wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul j¾Okh we.hSïjd¾;dfjka ikd: fõ'

1978 § lrk ,o wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj bÈßm;a lrk ,o;dlaIKsl úIh yd tu úIh l%shd;aul lsÍfï § we;s jQ ÿ¾j,;d uydpd¾h fÊ'B' chiQßh uy;df.a jd¾;dfjka fmkajd § ;snqKs' tajdhska iuyrla kï"

478

1' ;dlaIKsl úIh 13la úIhud,djg we;=¿ lr ;snqK o" fndfyda úgmdi,a moaO;sfha § f;dard .ekSug yels jQfha lDIsl¾uh" .Dy wd¾Ólúµdj yd jdKscHh hk úIhhka muKs'

2' fuu úIh b.ekaùu i|yd m%udKj;a .=rejreka fkd isàu;a" fuuúIh ms<sn| mqyqKqj fkd ,;a .=rejreka b.ekaùfuys fh§u;a fmkajd§ ;snqKs'

3' iuyr mdi,aj, ;dlaIKsl mqyqKq .=rejreka isáh;a tu úIh i|ydmyiqlï fkd ;snqKs'

4' fndfyda mdi,aj, úIh ks¾foaY fkd ù h' thg by; § ksl=;a l< m%d.ajD;a;Sh úIh ks¾foaY Ndú; lrk ,§'

5' úIh ks¾foaY l%udkql+, fkd ù h' fkd meyeÈ,s h' .=re Wmfoia ud,do fkd ù h'

6' úIh b.ekaùu i|yd fndfyda mdi,aj, WmlrK yd øjH fkd ;snqKs'

fujeks ÿ¾j,;d .Kkdjla fÊ' B' chiQßh jd¾;dfjka fmkajd § ;snqKs'

fuu ;;a;ajh u.yrjd ;dlaIK úIh ixfYdaOkh lr mdi,a moaO;shgbÈßm;a lsÍug cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ;dlaIKsl wOHdmk jHdmD;shgmejßKs'

lksIaG yd lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,a wOHdmkh ,;a isiqka ;=< iajhx /lshdjlafyda ld¾ñl wxYhl /lshdjla i|yd wjYH ±kqu" l=i,;d yd wdl,am fkd;snqKs' fï fya;=fjka rfÜ ixj¾Okhg iy wd¾Ólhg odhl ùfï yelshdfudjqkaf.ka fkd ,enqKs' fuu ÿ¾j,;d u.yrjd .ekSu i|yd" cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ;dlaIK wOHdmk jHdmD;sh u.ska" wOHlaI ckrd,a ;=udf.a wkq±kquwe;s j" jevuq¿ lSmhla mj;ajd" ;dlaIK úIhhg iïnkaO ks,OdÍka" .=rejreka".=re WmfoaYljreka" úoaj;=kaf.ka woyia úuid" jD;a;Sh yd m%dfhda.sl keUqrejlawe;s j idudkH wOHdmkfha me;slvla jYfhka f.k" ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,amj¾Okh jk wdldrhg;a" rfÜ ixj¾Okhg odhl jk msßila ìys lsÍu i|yd;akj ixfYdaê; ;dlaIKsl úIhhla bÈßm;a lsÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka zzffjl,amsl;dlaIK úIhhZZ ^Technical options& kj úIhhla jYfhka fhdackd úh' fuujev ms<sfj< we;=<;a jd¾;dj zz;dlaIK ffjl,amsl jev igyk i|yd fhdackdZZkñka 1989 ckjdß 06 jk Èk t<solajk ,§' fuu úIhfha uQ,sl wruqKq kï"

1' isiqka uQ,sl l=i,;d iy ksmqK;dj,ska ikakoaO lsÍu wdjqo iy WmlrKNdú;h ;=<ska ksIamdok l%shdoduhg odhl ùu&

2' m%fhdackj;a iyÔjkhla we;s jk mßÈ mdi, yd jev f,dalh w;riïnkaO;djla f.dv keÕSu'

3' w¾:j;a ksIamdok l%shdj, fhfoñka yd fiajd l%shdldrlï ;=<ska fyd|jev mqreÿ yd idrO¾u j¾Okh we;s lsÍu'

479

4' jev f,dalh flfrys isiqka ;=< iqn wdl,am we;s lsÍu'

5' úµdj" .Ks;h jeks úIhhka ;=<ska ,nd .kakd kj;u ±kqu m%dfhda.sll%shdldrlï i|yd o fhdod .ekSfï yelshdj j¾Okh lsÍu'

6' ;u m<df;a iy Èjhsfkys wkd.; /lshd ±laula isiqka ;=< we;s lsÍu'

fuu ffjl,amsl ;dlaIKsl úIhh ms<sn| j my; i|yka lreKq wjOdkhlr ;snqKs'

1' ffjl,amsl ;dlaIK úIhh" tla wjqreÿ mdGud,djla jYfhka ilialsÍu yd lDIsl¾uh" .Dy úµdj" jdKsc úµdj" ;dlaIK l=i,;d jeksúIh wÈhr 3lska l%shd;aul lsÍu'

2' isiqkg úIh lSmhla jqj o bf.kSug wjia:dj ,nd §u'

3' fmdl=re ixl,amh u.ska wvq myiqlï we;s mdi,aj, fuu úIhhls%hd;aul lsÍug Wmldr ùu'

4' mqyqKq .=rejreka mdi,a lSmhl b.ekaùug fhoùu'

5' ;dlaIK uOHia:dk we;s lr isiqka tu ia:dkj,g fhduq lr bf.k.ekSug ie,eiaùu'

6' wjika M,hla fyda w¾:j;a l%shdldrlulska bf.kqu ksu lsÍu'

7' wjika M,h ±l=ïl¨ ksudjlska hqla; ùu yd th fjf<|fmd<gbÈßm;a lr wdodhula ,eìh yels ùu'

8' isiqkag leue;a;la" Wkkaÿjla we;s jk wdldrhg úIhud,dj ilialsÍu;a tu.ska ±kqu" l=i,;d" wdl,am j¾Okh;a rfÜ ixj¾OkhgWrÈh yels mqoa.,hka ìys lssÍu;a fuu.ska bgq lr .ekSu'

Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh lksIaG oaú;Shsl" tkï 6" 7" 8 mka;sj," wksjd¾hfhkab.ekaùug;a" ffjl,amsl ;dlaIK úIh fcHIaG oaú;Shsl" tkï 9" 10" 11 hkmka;sj," wksjd¾hfhka b.ekaùug;a fhdackd lr ;snqKs'

ffjl,amsl ;dlaIK úIhh mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍu i|ydwjYH ish¨ Wmfoia ffjl,amsl ;dlaIK úIh jd¾;dfjka fmkajd È ;snqKs'

1990 jif¾ § ñkqjkaf.dv m%foaYfha mdi,a 29l fuu úIhh kshduluÜgñka l%shd;aul úh' isiqkag;a" rgg;a m%fhdackj;a jeo.;a fhdackdjla jQj;a"lksIaG oaú;Shsl ;dlaIKsl mdGud,dj mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aul lsÍug fkdyels úh' 10-11 fY%aKs i|yd tjlg meje;s yia; l¾udka; úIhh fjkqjg;dlaIKsl l=i,;d úIhh i|yd" 1989 j¾Ifha § úIh ks¾foaYh" cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha ;dlaIK wOHhk jHdmD;sh u.ska ilia lrkq ,eî h' fuu úIhks¾foaYh ;=< ,S jev" f,day jev" f.dvke.s,s" jD;a;Sh yd hdka;%sl we£u hkúIh .ek o úIh lreKq ixúOdkh ù ;snqKs'

fuu úIh ks¾foaYh ieliSu i|yd Èjhsfka úúO ;dlaIKsl wdh;kj,m%OdkSyq" úYaj úµd, lÓldpd¾hjre" wOHdmk wud;HdxY ks,OdÍyq" úoy,am;sjre"

480

.=re WmfoaYljre yd .=rejre o iyNd.s jQy' úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re w;afmd;aieliSu;a wk;=re j .ïmy yd ñkqjkaf.dv" fld<U" fydaud.u hk wOHdmkm%foaYj, f;dard .;a mdi,a 42l fuu úIhh w;ayod ne,Su;a kshdul mokñkal%shd;aul lrk ,§'

l%shd;aul lsÍfï § kshduk mdi,aj,ska f;dard .;a .=rejrekag jßka jrwjYH kHdhsl yd m%dfhda.sl mqyqKqj yd m%dfhda.sl jev i|yd wjYH wuqøjH ocd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska imhk ,§'

fuu kshdul jev igyk l%shd;aul jQ jir ;=k wjidkfha § tkï 1991j¾Ifha foieïn¾ ui meje;ajQ w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg fuu jev igykl%shd;aul jQ f;dard .;a mdi,aj, isiqka fmkS isá w;r tu úNd.fha m%;sM,wkqj 71]la úNd.fhka iu;a jQy' fuu jev igyk m%p,s; lsÍfï wruqKskacd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" fuu jev igykg wod< uQ,sl l%shdldrlï má.;fldg zzmdi,ska jev f,djgZZ kï ùäfhda mgh o ilia lrk ,§'

Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh" 90 oYlfha wLKav j mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aulfjñka mej;sKs' .=re mqyqKqj khsj, Ôjk l=i,;d uOHia:dkfha isÿ jQ w;r.=re WmfoaYl mqyqKqj cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska isÿ úh' .=re WmfoaYlmqyqKqj, § fuka u mdi,a wëlaIKj, § fuu úIhfhys we;s m%n,;d yd ÿn,;dfidhd ne,Sfï § ÿ¾j,;d jYfhka ks¾uKlrKhg iy ;SrK .ekSfï wjia:djlaisiqkg fkd ,eîu lemS fmfkk ,laIKhla úh' fï ms<sn| iólaIKj, § ofuu lreK t<s úh' Ôjk l=i,;d bf.kqï isoaê ^.=re w;afmd;a& ieliSfï §fuu lreK bgq lr .ekSu i|yd bf.kqï isoaê wjidkfha § zzmka;s ldurfhkandysr l%shdldrlïZZ iy zzwkqidÍ l%shdldrlïZZ jYfhka m%Odk f;aud follai|yka lr ;snqKs' tkuq;a th úIh ndysr ld¾hhla jYfhka i,ld .=re Nj;=kaúiska meyer yeÍfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ks¾udKlrKhg fyda ;SrK .ekSfïyelshdjg fyda wjia:djla isiqkag fkd ,enqKs'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh" fï ms<sn| j fidhd n,d bf.kqï isoaêj,fjkila we;s lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,§' ksñ NdKavh isiqkg bÈßm;a lr mdvumgka .kakd l%uh fjkia lr isiqkag is;kakg i,iajk" bf.kqï ms<sn| fidhdn,d ;SrK f.k bf.kSug msúiSu isÿ jk wdldrfhka bf.kqï isoaê ilia lsÍui|yd jevuq¿ lSmhla mj;ajd Ôjk l=i,;d bf.kqï isoaêj, jHQyh ;rulafjkia lsÍug yels úh' ta wkqj kj bf.kqï isoaê 35la ilia lr ishkEwOHdmk mSGfha § wOHdmk ks,OdÍ yd .=re WmfoaYljrekaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhkaw;ayod n,k ,§' Èjhsk mqrd fuu bf.kqï isoaê w;ayod ne,Sug lghq;= l<w;r tu jev ms<sfj< kj;d zzks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKhZZ kï jQ kjúIhhla mdi,a moaO;shg tla lsÍug lghq;= lrk f,i" 1994 j¾Ifha § m;a jQkj wOHlaI ckrd,a wdpd¾h fm%auodi Wvq.u uy;d ;dlaIK wOHdmk jHdmD;shg±kqï fok ,§' zzks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõohZZ kï jQ fuu úIhh m%d:ñlwxYfha isg fcHIaG mka;sj, l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd" 1992 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNd jd¾;dfjka fhdackd lr ;snqKs'

481

fï wkqj ls%hd;aul jQ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha ;dlaIK wOHdmkjHdmD;sh zzks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõohZZ hk kj úIhh mdi,a moaO;shgtla lsÍu i|yd l%shd;aul ù" úYaj úµd, wdpd¾hjreka we;=¿ wOHdmk lafIa;%hgwod< iEu whl= u ksfhdackh jk mßÈ le|jd" ta whf.a woyia ,nd f.k fuuúIhud,dj ilia lsÍu wdrïN lrk ,§' jirla muK ld,hla fï i|yd fhojQw;r fndfyda ÿrg úIhud,d ieliSfï uQ,sl lghq;= ksufjñka mej;sKs'

fuu úIhfha m%Odk;u wruqK jQfha ;dlaIK úIh Ydia;%Sh jYfhkawolaI whg hk YS¾I mdGh bj;a lr wksjd¾h fmdÿ úIhhla njg th m;a lrwfkla úIhhlg ,efnk ms<s.ekSug iudk fyda thg;a jeä ia:dkhla ;dlaIKúIhhg ,nd §uhs' fuu wjia:dj jk úg f,dalfha m%n, rgj,a lSmhlg fuuisoaOdka;h wkqj hñka ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh" kj úIhud,djg tlalr ;snqKs' jdikdjlg fyda wjdikdjlg fuu úIhfha ixj¾Ok lghq;= 1996j¾Ih jk úg w;aysgqùug isÿ úh'

Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh" lksIaG mdGYd,d ;dlaIK iy;sl m;% mdGud,djiy ;dlaIK l=i,;d hk úIh 90 oYlfha uq,a Nd.fha § mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<l%shd;aul jQ w;r" lDIsl¾u úIhhg wod< j pl%f,aL wxl 1993$24 u.ska 1994jir mdi,a lDIsl¾u wOHdmk jev ms<sfj< y÷kajd ;snqKs'

iEu mdi,a j;a;lg fidaod md¿fjka wdrlaId jk mßÈ N+ñ w,xlrKh ydmßyrK jev igyka ukd j ie,iqï lr ta wkqj lghq;= lsÍug Wmfoia § ;snqKs'm%dfhda.sl lghq;= i|yd mdi,a isiqkaf.a Wkkaÿj jeä lsÍu msKsi lDIsl¾uh"f.j;= j.dj wd§ úIh fjkqfjka mdif,a mj;ajk úNd. i|yd m%dfhda.slwxYhg ,l=Kq 50]la §u ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs'

fuu jev igykska mdi,;a iudch;a w;r iyiïnkaO;djla f.dv keÕSuwruqKq lr ks¾foaYs; kj fNda. m%fNao mdi,a j;af;a fnda lr m%cdjg jHdma;lsÍug jev igyk l%shd;aul l< yels nj fmkajd § ;snqKs' ldnksl fmdfydrksIamdokh" ó ueis md,kh" t<j¿ j.dj" w, fnda. ksIamdokh" n÷ka m<yd ìïu,a j.dj" úis;=re Ydl ksIamdokh wd§ jHdmD;s wdrïN lsÍfï yelshdj fmkajd§ ;snqKs' fïjdg wu;r j m<d;a jYfhka ol=Kq m<df;a mdi,aj, wmkhk fnda.o" niakdysr m<df;a ñßia j.dj jeks jHdmD;s .ek o ±kqj;a flßKs' mdi,a j;=j.dfõ § yels ;dla ÿrg ldnksl fmdfydr Ndú; lrk f,i;a Wmfoia § ;snqKs'fuu pl%f,aLh hgf;a lDIsl¾u wOHdmk Èk o¾Ykhla ilid ;snqKs' Èko¾Ykfhka lDIs j.d ;r." f.j;= j.dj" mßir ixrlaIK lghq;=" rela frdamK";reK f.dú iudc W;aij" fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% ;r. tla tla udihlg fjka lry÷kajd § ;snqKs'

fuu jev igyk id¾:l lr .ekSu i|yd wOHdmk lafIa;%fha ish¨fokdf.a;a" lDIsl¾u ixj¾Ok wêldßfha;a" mdi,a ixj¾Ok uKav,j,;a iydhn,dfmdfrd;a;= úh'

zzcd;sl fmdaIK jev igykg mdi,a iyNd.S lsÍuZZ hk f;audj hgf;apl%f,aL wxl 94$09 ksl=;a úh' tys § o id.skafkaka yd ukaofmdaIKfhka f;dr

482

j Ôj;a ùu ms<sn| j mdi,a moaO;sh ;=<ska lDIsl¾u lafIa;%hg wod< j l< hq;=ld¾h i|yka ù ;snqKs' mdi,a j;= yd YsIH f.j;= j.dj ;=<ska fmdaIH mod¾:wvx.= fnda. j.dj" mdi,a rpkd ;r." fmdaiag¾ Ñ;% ;r." fmdaIKh ms<sn|±kqj;a lsÍï" wdydr ixrlaIK yd l,a ;nd .ekSu" fi!LH ms<sn| lreKq jgyd§u" i;a;aj md,kh hkdÈh l%shd;aul lsÍug fhdackd lr ;snqKs'

1991 isg 1995 olajd

1990 jif¾ § ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkfha fjkila we;s lsÍu i|yd fhdackdbÈßm;a úh' lksIaG oaú;Shsl mka;sj,g ^6" 7" 8& Ôjk l=i,;d úIh fmr fia ul%shd;aul ùug bv yßñka 9 jir i|yd l%shd;aul jQ merKs ;dlaIK l=i,;dfjkqjg kj ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdjla bÈßm;a lsÍug tjlg wOHdmk yd WiiawOHdmk weu;s OQrh ±rE .re ,,s;a we;=,;auqo,s uy;d úiska fhdackd lrk ,§'

rcfha mq¿,a wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh jQ iudc idOdrK;ajh iy;sl lsÍu"iudk wjia:d ieug iemhSu yd ;reK wiykhg ;=vq fok fya;= u.yrjd,SuhkdÈh mokï lr wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska wkql%ñl;dlaIK wOHdmk jev ms<sfj<la Èh;a lsÍug ie,iqï lrk ,§'

fuu úIhud,dj ieliSu i|yd wOHdmk úfYaI{hka" wOHdmk ks,OdÍka".=re WmfoaYlhka" .=rejreka" id¾:l jHdmdßlhka we;=¿ úYd, msßila le|jdTjqkaf.a woyia úuid n,k ,§' fuu ld¾h bgq lsÍu wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg ydcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khg mejreKs'

fï jevms<sfjf<ys wruqKq fowdldr úh'

1' jD;a;Sh yd ld¾ñl wOHdmkh my;a fm<a úl,amhla jYfhka ms<s.ekSfïfya;=fjka Woa.; j we;s wdl,amh ;=rka lsÍu'

2' úYaj úµd, ;D;Sh wOHdmkh olajd hdug wfmdfydi;a jk isiqkagke; fyd;a .s,sfyk isiqkag wdrlaIs; ±,la f,i (Safty net) m%fhdackj;aùu'

fhdað; mdGud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd my; i|yka uQ,O¾u wkq.ukhlrk ,§'

1' mj;sk mdi,a jev igyk wju ndOdjla we;s jk whqßka myiqfjkal%shd;aul lsÍu'

2' mdi,aj,g w¨;ska .=rejreka m;a lsÍu yd WmlrK iemhSu wjYH fkdjk mßÈ mj;sk .=re iïm;a yd øjH iïm;a fhdod .ekSu'

3' mdGud,dj yd úNd.h m%dfhda.sl keUqrejlska hq;= j mj;ajd f.khdu'

4' mdi,l mj;sk myiqlïj,g iß,k fia mdGud,dj kuH ùu'

5' we.hSï mámdáh yels;dla ÿrg jdia;úl lr .ekSu yd iy;slh

483

msßkeófï úYajdih /l .ekSu'

lDIsl¾uh" .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj" ;dlaIK l=i,;d iy jdKsc úµdj hkm%Odk ;dlaIK úIh lafIa;%j,g wh;a úIh wkqj ilia lr we;s mdGud,df,aLk lSmhla my; ±lafõ'

lDIsl¾uh hgf;a mdGud,d 20ls'

1' m,d t<j¿ j.dj

2' t<j¿ j.dj

3' w, fNda. ksIamdokh

4' úis;=re Ydl

.Dy wd¾Ól úµdj hgf;a - mdGud,d 6ls'

1' fNdackd.dr fiajh

2' wdydr ixrlaIK

3' .DySh frÈ ms<s ksujqï

4' .Dy wdY%s; w,xlrKh

;dlaIK l=i,;d hgf;a - mdGud,d 17ls'

1' .Dy NdKav ksIamdokh

2' ,S leghï

3' ms<s uqøKh

4' úis;=re wdNrK

5' uQ,sl hdka;%sl we£ï

6' fudag¾ nhsisl,a w¨;ajeähdj

jdKsc úµdj hgf;a - mdGud,d 9ls'

1' h;=re ,shkh

2' weiqreïlrKh

1990 fkdjeïn¾ 26 Èk ork pl%f,aL wxl 1990$51 u.ska fuu mdGud,djlksIaG mdGYd,d ;dlaIKsl iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj jYfhka y÷kajkq ,eìKs'fuu mdGud,dj wdrïN lsÍfï uq,a mshjr jYfhka 1991 j¾Ifha isg Èjhsfkaish¨ mdi,aj, 9 jir mka;s i|yd lksIaG mdGYd,d ;dlaIK úIhh b.ekaùuid¾:l j yodrk YsIHhkag lksIaG mdGYd,d ;dlaIKsl iy;slh m%odkh flrKs'by< oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wxYj,g fuka u ld¾ñl úµd,j,g msúiSug fuu

484

iy;slh wksjd¾h úh' fuu úIhh i|yd ld,Éfþo 4la mdi,a ld, igyfkysfjka lr ;snqKs' fuu mdGud,dj i|yd .=re mqyqKqj" Ôjk l=i,;d iy ;dlaIKmqyqKq jev ms<sfj< hgf;a;a" rEmjdysksh" .=jka úÿ,sh yd mqj;am;a ,sms u.skq;al%shd;aul lsÍug isÿ úh'

;dlaIKsl iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj bÈßm;a lsÍug m%Odk;u fya;=j jYfhka±laúh yelafla 9 jifrka mdi,a yer hk isiqkag iajhx /lshdjla i|yd m%dfhda.slw;a±lSula ,nd §uhs' tfia u by< wOHdmkhg msúfik isiqkag jev f,dalhms<sn| j iqn wdl,am we;slsÍfuka ld¾ñl úµd,j,g msúiSu i|yd uQ,slwdrïNhla ,nd §uhs'

1991 foieïn¾ 31 Èk ork wxl 1991$41 pl%f,aL wxl 1991$41 ;=<ska 9jir lksIaG ;dlaIKsl iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj yeoErE YsIHhkg 10" 11 jirj,;dlaIKsl úIhh b.ekaùu ms<sn| j fufia i|yka lr ;snqKs'

1991 jif¾ § 9 jir lksIaG ;dlaIKsl iy;sl m;% mdGud,dj yeoEre"wod< úNd.hg fmkS isg 1991 j¾Ifha § 10 jir mka;sj,g we;=¿ jk YsIHhkg10" 11 mka;sj, § ±kg l%shd;aul jk ;dlaIK úIh 15 w;=frka hï úIhhlayodrd w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isàug wjia:dj ,nd fok ,§'

fuu ;dlaIK úIh ks¾foaYj, 9 jir i|yd we;=<;a lr ;snQ úIh fldgia10 - 11 fY%aKsj,g we;=<;a lr tys § mdGud,dj, we;s jQ wvqmdvq ilia lrk ,§'10" 11 fY% aKsj, ;dlaIK úIhh b.ekaùfï § l=vd lKavdhï jYfhkal%shdldrlïj, fhoùug ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs' fmd;g iSud fkd ù m%dfhda.sl júIh b.ekaùu fuys wruqK úh'

m%dfhda.sl øjH ,nd .ekSu i|yd wud;HdxYfhka yd m<d;a wOHdmkwud;HdxYfhka m%;smdok ,nd .ekSug fhdackd flßKs' úIh W.kajk .=reNj;=ka" jev ldur" WmlrK øjHj,ska Wmßu m%fhdack .ekSug Wmfoia §;snqKs' 1995 olajd fuu wdldrhg ;dlaIK úIhh mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< l%shd;aul úh'

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl fY%aKs i|yd tjlg mdi,aj, my; ±lafjk ;dlaIKúIh 15 W.kajk ,§'

1' lDIsl¾uh

2' f.j;= j.dj


4' ueyqï jev

5' ,S jev

6' f,day jev

7' fmaI l¾udka;h

8' ueá NdKav ;ekSu yd Èiak ±óu

9' fudag¾ ld¾ñl Ys,amh

485

10' f¾äfhda ld¾ñl Ys,amh

11' fïika jev

12' ëjr l¾udka;h - iuqø

13' ëjr l¾udka;h - wNHka;r c,dY

14' jdKscHh

15' ,>q f,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu

1996 isg 1999 olajd

1996 § ;dlaIK wOHdmkfha kj ixfYdaOkhla isÿ úh' Ôjk l=i,;dúIhh 6" 7" 8 jirj, fmr fia u l%shd;aul ùug i,iajd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl fY%aKsi|yd tjlg mdi,aj, W.kajk ,o by; ±lajQ ;dlaIKsl úIh 15 fjkqjg"mdif,a ;sfnk iïm;a .ek o i,ld n,d kj ifudaOdksl ;dlaIKsl úIh 13lay÷kajd fokq ,eî h' ish¨ ;dlaIK úIh i|yd m%dfhda.sl jev fuka u m%dfhda.slmÍlaIK o w;HjYh úh' fuu kj úIh i|yd fmr fia u ld,Éfþo 4la fjkalr ;snqKs'

mdi,aj, isák ;dlaIK .=re Nj;=ka ;sfnk WmlrK" jev ldur yd lDIstall hkdÈfhka Wmßu m%fhdack ,nd .kakd mßÈ kj ;dlaIKsl úIhh f;dard.ekSu isÿ úh hq;= nj 1995 foieïn¾ ui 14 fjks Èk ork 1995$36 pl%f,aLfhkawjOdrKh lr ;snqKs' tla tla lafIa;%hkag wh;a kj ;dlaIKsl úIh my;olajd we;'

lDIsl¾u lafIa;%h

1' lDIsl¾uh

2' Wµdk md,kh

3' i;a;aj md,kh

4' f.dv;r c,dY Ôj iïm;a ;dlaIKh

5' iuqø Ôj iïm;a ;dlaIKh

6' wdydr úµdj yd ;dlaIKh

lDIsl¾uh lafIa;%hg wod< úIh i|yd úIh ks¾foaY" .=re w;afmd;a" .=reNj;=ka i|yd m%dfhda.sl WmfoaYl l%shdldrlï we;=<;a fmd;la o isiqka i|ydm%dfhda.sl jev fmd;la o cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha" lDIsl¾u wOHdmkfomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lrk ,§' fuu úIh l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd .=reWmfoaYl mqyqKq ld¾h ieis mj;ajk ,o w;r" f;dard .;a úIh i|yd .=re mqyqKqld¾h ieis mj;ajd we;'

486

lDIsl¾uh úIh lafIa;%h hgf;a l%shd;aul jQ f.dv;r c,dY Ôj ;dlaIKhyd iuqø Ôj iïm;a ;dlaIKh hk úIh mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< wid¾:l nj 2003foieïn¾ ui ksl=;a jQ Y%S ,xldfõ idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;srduqjla i|yd fhdackd hk m%ldYkfhka fmkajd § ;snqKs'

12 iy 13 jir i|yd ilia lrk ,o kj lDIs úµdj úIh ks¾foaYh j¾I1996 § 12 jif¾ o 1997 § 13 jif¾ o l%shd;aul úh' wOHhk fmdÿ iy;sl m;%^Wiia fm<& lDIs úµdj úIhfhka wNsu;d¾: lSmhla bgq lr .ekSugn,dfmdfrd;a;= úh' Y%S ,xld wd¾Ólfhka lDIsl¾uhg ysñ ;ek y÷kd .ekSuúµd;aul yd kj ;dlaIK wdNdih lDIsl¾uh ;=<ska m%dfhda.sl j ,nd .ekSu"i;a;aj md,kh yd fNda. j.d uQ,O¾u wjfndaO lr .ekSu" lDIsl¾uh flfryswe,aula we;s lsßu" mßir ixrlaIKhg wod< whqßka lDIsl¾u ixj¾Okh iyÔjk rgdjla f.dv kÕd .ekSu i|yd lDIsl¾uh iydh lr .ekSug mqreÿ ùutajdhska lSmhls'

yia; l¾udka; yd ;dlaIK l=i,;d lafIa;%h

fuu lafIa;%hg wod< j úIh 4la fcHIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,aj, b.ekaùugkshñ; j ;snqKs' tajd kï"

1' bÈlsÍï ;dlaIKh

2' hdka;%sl ;dlaIKh

3' l,d Ys,am

4' úÿ,sh yd bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh

fuu kj úIh ks¾foaY y÷kajd §u cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska 1989-1991 jir ;=< § 10" 11 fY%aKs i|yd l%shd;aul lrk ,o ;dlaIKsl l=i,;dkshdul jev igyfka m%;sM,hls' tu ish¨ úIh lafIa;% ;=<g cHdñ;sl ydhdka;%sl we£u ixrplh wod< mßÈ we;=<;a lr ;sîu;a" mdGud,dj wjidkfha§ isiqka cd;sl uÜgfuka l%shd;aul lrkq ,nk m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKhla iys;úêu;a we.hSï l%shdj,shlg fhduq lsÍu;a úfYaI ,laIKhla jYfhka ±laúhyels h'

fuu mdGud,d w;r;=r § .eg¨ úi£u uq,a lr .;a kj ixl,amhlajYfhka ye¢kaúh yels zzie,iqï yd ksmhqï ld¾hZZ i|yd ksr;=re j isiqka fhduqlsÍug o lKavdhï jYfhka jHdmD;sj, fhoùug o fhdackd lr ;snqKs'

fuu úIh i|yd úIh ks¾foaY" .=re w;afmd;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khu.ska ilid ;snqKs' ;j o m%:u jrg ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d úIhh i|yd tkïhdka;%sl ;dlaIKh" bÈlsÍï ;dlaIKh" úÿ,sh" bf,lafg%dksl ;dlaIKh ydl,d Ys,am hk úIhj,g wod< fm<fmd;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska ilial< w;r wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska uqøKh lr mdi,aj,g fnodfok ,§' ;dlaIK l=i,;d hgf;a y÷kajd ÿka úIh lafIa;%j, úfYaI ,laIKhla

487

jYfhka olakg ,efnkafka .eg¨ úi£u ;=<ska m%dfhda.sl fuka u ks¾udKd;aull=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug bvm%ia;d ,eîu;a" wNsfhda.j,g uqyqK §ug yelsùu;a h' tfuka u jeäÿr wOHdmkhg msúiSug;a" jD;a;Sj,g msúiSfï uQ,sll=i,;d ,eîu;a fuu úIhfhka bv i,iajd we;' tkuq;a úYaj úµd,j,g msúiSui|yd w;aje,a mdGud,djla 12" 13 jirj, olakg fkd ,efí' fuu wvqmdvqj u.yer,Su i|yd 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,sh hgf;a ks¾foaYs; Wiiafm< i|yd ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdjla ilia lsÍug wjYH uQ,sl idlÉPd cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska mj;ajkq ,eî h' ta i|yd úYaj úµd, lÓldpd¾hjreuOHu uÜgfï ;dlaIKsl wdh;kj, ks,OdÍyq yd ;dlaIKsl lafIa;%j,g wod<fm!oa.,sl wdh;kj, ks,OdÍyq o iydh jQy' tu idlÉPd tjlg cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;kfha wOHlaI ckrd,a uydpd¾h ,laIauka ch;s,l uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhkamej;s w;r ;dlaIKsl úIh Odrdj fjkqjg ;dlaIKsl úIhud,djla (Technol-

ogy curriculum) ilia lsÍug ;SrKh lrk ,§' ta wkqj fhdað; úIhud,djm%Odk ixrpl follska iukaú; úh' tajd kï oDV ;dlaIKfõoh yd uDÿ;dlaIKfõoh hkqfjks' fuu ixrplj, 12 jk fY%aKsh i|yd fmdÿ yr úIhks¾foaYhla wvx.= jQ w;r 13 jk fY%aKsh i|yd úl,am úIh ;=k ne.ska wka;¾.;ù ;snqKs' fï wkqj oDV ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd hdka;%sl yd ;dlaIKfõoh" isú,a;dlaIKfõoh" úÿ,sh" bf,lafg%dksl yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfõoh hk úIhwh;a úh'

tf,i u uDÿ ;dlaIKfõoh i|yd lDIs ;dlaIKfõoh" wdydr;dlaIKfõoh yd ffcj iïm;a ;dlaIKfõoh hkqfjka úIh ;=kla wka;¾.;úh' flfia fj;;a oDV ;dlaIKfõohg wod< fmdÿ yr úIh ks¾foaYh o úl,amúIh ks¾foaY ;=k o m%:ufhka ilia l< w;r fï i|yd fmardfoKsh" fudrgqj"reyqK yd újD; úYaj úµd,j,ska lÓldpd¾hjre iyNd.s jQy' Bg wu;r j úúO;dlaIKsl wdh;kj,ska" ld¾ñl úµd,j,ska yd fm!oa.,sl wxYj,ska ksfhdað;fhda/ila o iyNd.s jQy' 12 jk fY%aKsfha úIh ks¾foaY ixialrKh" ish¨ u úYajúµd, ksfhdackh jk mßÈ ilia jQ lñgqj u.ska lrk ,§' tf,i u úl,am úIhks¾foaY ixialrKh" Y%S ,xld bxðfkare wdh;kh u.ska m;a lrk ,o lñgq;=klska yd úYajúoHd, wdpd¾hjrekaf.ka iukaú; lñgq ;=klska isÿ lrk ,§'tfia ilia lrkq ,enQ úIh ks¾foaY ms<sn| úYaj úµd, wdpd¾hjrekaf.a woyia;jÿrg;a úuiSu i|yd 1999 fkdjeïn¾ ui cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha § cd;sliuq¿jla o mj;ajk ,§'

wd¾Ól úµd lafIa;%h

fuu lafIa;%h hgf;a zz.Dy wd¾Ól úµdjZZ kñka kj úIhhla bÈßm;a jQw;r tys wka;¾.;h jQfha .Dy md,kh" wdydr yd fmdaIKh" frÈms<s iy we÷ï;ekSu iy nd,l ixj¾Okhhs' ueyqï jYfhka fjk u u úIh olakg fkd,enqKs' ueyqï úIhh we÷ï lemSu hk f;audj hgf;a wka;¾.; lr ;snqKs'

fuu úIhh i|yd úIhh ks¾foaY .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj ms<sn| úfYaI{hska"

488

ta ms<sn| m<mqreoao" .=re WmfoaYl iy .=rejrekaf.a iydh o we;sj cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kfha .Dy úµd tallh u.ska ilia flrsKs'

fuu úIhfha fmdÿ wNsu;d¾: jYfhka fmkajd È we;af;a f.or mßirhfhda.H f,i ilia lsÍfuka fm!oa.,sl fuka u mjq,a Ôú; .=Kd;aul nfjkajeä ÈhqKq lsÍu" mjqf,a whg f.!rj lsÍu iy mjqf,a wh w;r wfkHdkHiyfhda.s;dj j¾Okh lsÍu" úúO Ôjk rgd w.h lsÍu" m%dfhda.sl iïm;am%fhdackhg .ekSu iy iajhx /lshdjlg u. mE§u hkdÈhhs'

.Dy wd¾Ól úµdj úIhh i|yd .=re w;afmd; ilia lsÍu;a" .=re WmfoaYlmqyqKq jevuq¿ meje;aùu;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska isÿ l< w;r wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha wëlaIKh hgf;a fuu úIhh l%shd;aul úh'

.Dy wd¾Ól úµdj yeoErE 10" 11 jirj, isiqka i|yd 12" 13 jirj, .Dywd¾Ól úµdj yeoEÍug bvlv mdi,a moaO;sh ;=< ;sìKs' tkuq;a úYaj úµd,wOHdmkhg msúiSug ud¾.hla fkd ù h'

jdKsc úoHd lafIa;%h

fuu úIhh hgf;a jdKscHh yd .sKqï" ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,sùu hkúIh ixfYdaOkh lr fkd ;snqKs' miqj fuu úIh ixfYdaOkh lr úIh ks¾foaYilia l< w;r jHdmdr wOHhk úIhh o fuhg tla úh'

2000 isg 2008 olajd

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj 1997 § bÈßm;a l< wOHdmk m%;sixialrKyd m%;sjHQy.; lsÍug wod< jQ m%;sm;a;s yd jev igyka hgf;a 6 jk fY%aKsfhaisg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ úIhud,dj m%;sfYdaOkhg Ndckh lrkq ,eî h' fïjk úg mdi,aj, mka;s ye¢kaùu i|yd tjlg jHjydr l< jir fjkqjgfY%aKsh hk jpkh Ndú; lsÍu" wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 1998 ckjdß 26 Èk ydpl%f,aL wxl 1998$05 hgf;a Wmfoia fok ,§' fï w;r cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIkaiNdj u.ska ks¾foaY l< úIhud,d m%;sfYdaOk" 1999 jif¾ isg l%sdh;aul lsÍugwjYH mshjr .ekSug wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska pl%f,aLhla ksl=;a lrk ,§'fï jk úg 7 yd 8 hk fY%aKsj, Ôjk l=i,;d kï jQ ;dlaIKsl úIhh mdi,aj,l%shd;aul úh' kj úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh hgf;a 1999 § 7 yd 8 hk fY%aKs i|ydo" 2000 jif¾ § 8 jk fY%aKsh i|yd Ôjk l=i,;d úIhh fmr mßÈ u b.ekaúhhq;= njg Wla; pl%f,aLfhka Wmfoia § ;sìKs' fï wkqj 2001 jif¾ isg lksIaGoaú;Shsl fY%aKsj, ^6 isg 9 fY%aKs olajd& ;dlaIK úIh b.ekaùug kjixfYdaOkfhka bv m%ia;d i,id ;snqfKa ke;' 10 yd 11 fY%aKsj, ;dlaIKslúIhh b.ekaùu i|yd i;shlg ld,fþo y;r ne.ska fjka lr ;sìKs' tfy;acd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ydcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh yd tla j taldnoaO j ksl=;a l< m%ldYfha i|yka jQfhafufia h'

489

zztfia u j¾;udk wOHdmk l%uh ;=<ska ìys jk fndfyda fokd;=< m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d ukdj ixj¾Okh jQ njla fkdfmfka'j¾;udk wOHdmk rgdj o úIh lreKq lg mdvï lr úNd.m%Yak m;%j,g hdka;%sl j ms<s;=re ,sùug isiqyq yqre lrj;s' fïksid rfÜ wd¾Ól yd iudÔh wjYH;dj,g iqÿiq f,i kj ±kqufhdod .ekSfï ks¾udKYS,S l=i,;djka we;s mqrjeishka wOHdmkmoaO;sh ;=<ska ìys ùfï wvqj olakg ,efí' cd;sh f.dv kexùfïld¾hhg Wr§fï § wem lem ù wjxl fiajhla rg fjkqfjka bgqlsÍug bjy,a jk ±kqu" wdl,am yd l=i,;d wOHdmk moaO;sh;=<;a isiqka ;=<;a we;s l< hq;= h' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKfhduq ù we;af;a fuu wruqK fj; <Õd ùug h'ZZ

ta mßÈ u cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ ;j;a jeo.;a m%f,aLkhli|yka jQ mßÈ idudkH wOHdmkh i|yd jQ iuia; m%;sixialrK fhdackdj,shu leá fldg olajd ;snQ wdldrhg" tys y;r jk LKavh jYfhka i|yka lr;snqfKa ;dlaIKsl yd m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d kï jQ lafIa;%h h' fï iïnkaOfhkalr we;s ú.%yfha § jev f,dalh yd ;dlaIKfha mj;sk iuld,Sk mßirfhab,aüg .e<fmk mßÈ ±kg mj;sk w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& uÜgfï ;dlaIKsl úIhkej; m%;sfYdaOkh lrk nj i|yka ù ;snqKs'

wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ms<sn| jQ ;j;a m%ldYkhl i|yka ù ;snqfKa fufia h'

- lksIaG oaú;Shsl wjêh i|yd ir, jHdmD;s mokï lr .;a m%dfhda.sljev w;HjYH uQ,sldx.hla jYfhka bÈßm;a lsÍu'

- l%shdldrlï ldur iEu lksIaG oaú;Shsl mdi,lg u ,nd §u' fuys §isiqka ir, fuj,ï yd WmlrK mßyrKh lsÍu yd Ys,amSh l%u Ndú;hl%shdfjka bf.kSu'

- ixfYdaê; yd úlrKh lrk ,o úIh ks¾foaYhla hgf;a úµdj yd;dlaIKfõoh w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& uÜgñka b.ekaùu'

- lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka;" jdKscHh fiajd wxY yd jD;a;Sh lafIa;% weiqfrkaw'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úIh Odrdjla y÷kajd §u'

- ;dlaIKsl yelshd ixj¾Okh lr .ekSfï § m%dfhda.sl jev yd jHdmD;sy÷kajd §u'

fï wkqj by; i|yka mßÈ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK .ek meyeÈ,s lrñkaksl=;a lrk ,o m%ldYk lsysmh lÈu m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï ne¢ úúO ld¾hhkams<sn| úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq lr ;snqk o mdif,a th l%shdjg kexùug wjYHld,h yd úIh ud,dfõ bv m%ia;d weysÍ ;sîu .ek ldf.;a l;dnyg ,la úh'flfia fj;;a 1999 isg l%shd;aul ùug kshñ; j ;snQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrKhgf;a 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ l%shdldrlï by; ±lajQ mßÈm%;sm;a;s rduqjla ;=< igyka lr ;sìKs' fï ms<sn| j mdi,a moaO;shg w;aje,lajYfhka ksl=;a l< m%ldYkfha fhdað; l%shdldrlï ldur ixl,amh .ek i|ykajQfha fufia h'

490

- isiqkaf.a ieÕjqKq olaI;d" yelshd u;= lr .ekSu i|yd ire bf.kqïmßirhla ilia lsÍu'

- YsIH flakaøSh bf.kqula ;=<ska rfÜ ixj¾Ok ld¾hhg myiqfjkaodhl lr .; yels m%dfhda.sl jákdlula we;s úúO w;a±lSï ydl%shdldrlïj, ksr; ùu'

- b.ekaùug jvd bf.kSu uQ,sl lr .ekSu'

- ;dlaIKfõofha uQ,sl miqìu ieliSu yd fjk;a úIh m%dfhda.slkeUqre;djla lrd f.k hdu'

- ±ä wdlD;shlg hg;a jQ úIh ks¾foaYhlska f;dr ksoyia yd újD;bf.kSulg isiqka fhduq lsÍu'

fï wkqj l%shdldrlï ldurh yd iïnkaO uQ,sldx. weiqre lr f.kixl,am .; lrñka mdi,a jev igyka jYfhka bÈßhg f.k hdfï mq¿,a jevms<sfj<l wdrïNhla jYfhka cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s lKavdhulam;a lr .kakd ,§' fuu jev igyk bÈßhg f.k hdu iïnkaOfhka cd;slwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha wOHlaI ckrd,a uydpd¾h ,laIuka ch;s,l uy;df.aúfYaI wjOdkh yd ud¾f.damfoaYl;ajh ,nd fok ,§' fuu ud¾f.damfoaYwdY%fhka l%shdldrlï ldurfha ixhq;sh my; i|yka mq¿,a lafIa;% my wdjrKhjk mßÈ uq,a Nd.fha § ilia lr .kakd ,§'

1' wdydr yd lDIsl¾uh2' f;dr;=re ixúOdkh yd jHdmdr lghq;=3' ksmoùu yd ;ekSu4' rEmK yd oDYH l,d

5' m%didx.sl l,d

fï iïnkaOfhka w;ayod ne,Sfï yd kshdul jev igyka lsysmhla 1999jk úg l% shdjg kxjd ;sìKs' fï hgf;a m%:u l% shdldrlï ldurhlanm$Y%Sch$uyr.u uOH uyd úµd,fha ;ekQ w;r Y%S ,xldfõ ish¨ u m<d;aksfhdackh jk mßÈ l%shdldrlï ldur 200la jir 2000$2001 jk úg ;kd ksulrk ,§' m%:ufhka uyr.u uOH uyd úµd,fha wdrïN lr" miq j ;j;a mdi,a15l fuu jev igyk w;ayod n,d m<d;a wOHdmk n,OdÍkaf.a ks¾foaY u;by; i|yka jQ l%shdldrlï ldur iys; mdi,a 200l kshdul jev igyklajYfhka l%shd;aul lrk ,§' tjlg 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajdmdi,a ld, igyfka fï i|yd ld,h fjka fkd lr ;snQ ksid" lKavdhïl%shdldrlï i|yd 6 jk fY%aKsfha § fjka lr ;snQ ld,Éfþo ;=k fuu jevigyk fjkqfjka fjka lr .kakd ,§' ;j o" 1998 foieïn¾ 10 Èke;s pl% f,aLwxl 1998$45^1& g wkql+, j 7 fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ lKavdhïl%shdldrlï i|yd ld,h fjka lr .ekSfï Wmfoia wkqj tu ld,Éfþo"l%shdldrlï ldur jev igyk i|yd miqj fhdod .kakd ,§' uQ,sl w;ayodne,Sïj, § fuh 6 jk fY%aKs i|yd muKla l%shd;aul jQ w;r wka kshdulwÈhf¾ § 9 jk fY%aKs olajd jHdma; lsÍug wfmalaId úh'

491

iuia; wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdj,sh" úfYaI lñgq lsysmhla u.skackdêm;s úfYaI ld¾h idOl n<ldhla hgf;a m%.;s iudf,dapkhg fhduq jQw;r" l%shdldrlï ldur ixl,amh yd th l%shdjg kexùu .ek úfYaI wjOdkhgfhduq ù ;snqKs' fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka" jir 2000 isg Èjhsfka 6 jk fY%aKsfhaisg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ ish¨ u mdi,aj," hï ixfYdaOk iys; j" fuu jevigyk úIhud,djg we;=<;a fldg l%shd;aul lsÍug ;SrKh úh' l%shdldrlïldur f.dvke.s,s ;ekSu ;djld,sl j k;r fldg mdif,a mj;sk fN!;sliïm;a Wmfhda.S lr .ksñka zl%shdldrlï ldurhZ kñka fuf;la l,a y÷kajdÿka jev igyk ñka bÈßhg zm%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;dZ ^m%d';d'l='& kïjQ úIhhla jYfhka úIh ud,djg y÷kajd §ug m%.;s yd iudf,dapk lñgqjwOHdmk wud;HdxYhg ksfhda. lrk ,§' fï wkqj 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jkfY%aKsh olajd i;shlg ld,Éfþo folla fjka lrñka jir 2000 isg 6" 7 yd 9hk fY%aKsj, § o 2001 isg 8 jk fY%aKsh we;=¿ j 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jkfY%aKsh olajd ish¨ u mdi,aj, cd;sl uÜgñka b.ekaùug mshjr .kq ,eî h'fuu ixfYdaOk we;=<;a lrñka 1999 fkdjeïn¾ 30 Èke;s pl%f,aL wxl 99$45"wOHdmk wud;HdxYh úiska mdi,a fj; hjk ,§' fuu fjkia ùu hgf;a jir2000 isg 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd jQ lksIaG oaú;Shsl uÜgfï §kej; jrla ;dlaIKsl úIh b.ekaùu m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka mdi,a moaO;sfham%;sIaGdmkh úh' fï wkqj fuu wjêfha § iEu isiqjl=g u m%dfhda.sl yd;dlaIKsl l=i,;d fmdÿ yd wksjd¾h úIhhla njg m;a úh' m%d';d'l= úIhhks¾udKh lsÍfï § l%shdldrlï ldur ixl,amfha .eí j meje;s b.ekaùug jvdbf.kSu hk uQ,sldx. ;jÿrg;a mj;ajd f.k hdug W;aidy f.k ;snqKs' 6 isg9 jk fY%aKsh olajd .=rejrekag wjYH ud¾f.damfoaY we;=<;a kuHYS,S Wmfoiaix.%yhla ilia lr mdi,aj,g ksl=;a lrk ,§' .=rejrekag fuka u isiqkag okj ks¾udK yd wjYH mßÈ l%shdldrlï ie,iqï lr .ekSu i|yd th iydh lr.ekSug wfmalaId úh' tfy;a m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d úIhhla jYfhkaúIhud,djg tl;= ùfuka fmr meje;s kuHYS,S yd újD; nj ke;s úh' fï wkqjisiqka ;=< ieÕù we;s úúO olaI;d u;= lr .ekSug wjia:d i,ik mokula yd±laula iys; jeo.;a wOHdmksl ld¾hhla bgq lr .ekSug mdi, wfmdfydi;ajQ nj lsj hq;= h' Bg fya;= jQ ldrKd w;r fuu ixl,amh mdi, ixcdkkh l<wdldrh m%Odk ;ekla .ekSug iu;a úh' mj;sk mdi,a ixialD;shg w;sYhska.e<fmk yd úIhhl mej;sh hq;= úêu;a nj yd yevrej mdi,a m%cdjf.ams<s.ekSug fya;= ldrKd úh' jev igyk fld;rï jeo.;a jqj;a th ld,SkwjYH;d bgq lr .ekSug iu;a m%n, tlla jqj;a tjeks jev igyka wdh;k.;lr .ekSug wjYH iïm;a yd myiqlï ,nd .ekSug wjYH mßmd,k iydh ,nd.ekSu t;rï myiq ld¾hhla fkd ù h' mj;sk yd .;dkq.;sl f,i mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk mßmd,k yd wdh;ksl wKmk;a ne¢ rduqj iEySulg m;a jkwdldrhg jev igyka fyda úIhud,dj yiqrejd .ekSug isÿ ùu wNd.Hhla f,iwms olsuq' mßmd,kh muKla fkd j úIhh yd iïnkaO fufyhùï lghq;=j,ksr; úIh m%OdkSka" wëlaIljrekaf.a wdl,am o ta yd iudk h'

492

´kE u úIhud,d ixfYdaOkhl § yd wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdjgkexùfï § mdi, we;=¿ moaO;sh ksfhdackh lrk iEu wxYhlska u mdfya ks;rwikakg yd olskakg ,efnk ueisú,s yd fjkila bÈßfha olajk m%;sfYaOd;aulwdl,am yuqfõ mdi,a m%OdkSkaf.a uQ,sl .eg¨j jQfha l%shdldlrï ldur iys;f.dvke.s,s fkdue;s j fuu ld¾hfha id¾:l;ajh wfmalaId l< fkdyels njh' tfy;a ta jk úg ;kd ;snQ l%shdldrlï ldur f.dvke.s,s 200 ms<sn| l<úu¾Ykhl § fy<s jQfha we;eï úÿy,am;sjreka fuu ld¾h i|yd ;kd ;snQf.dvke.s,s Ndú; fkd lr mqia;ld," we;eï mka;s ldur i|yd fuuf.dvke.s,a, fhdod .ekSu" .=re úfõld.dr yd .=re ksjdi i|yd fhdod f.kwe;s nj h' fuu ÿIalr;d uOHfha úIhfha ia:djr;ajh yd wruqKq ms<sn|ksje/È wjfndaOhla ,nd §u uq,a lr .ksñka úIhh ms<sn| cd;sl fufyhqïlñgqjla wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%Odk;ajfhka jir 2001 § msysgqjd .kq ,eî h'tfy;a wfmalaId l< mßÈ lñgqfõ l%shdldÍ;ajh iEySulg m;a úh fkd yels úh'

2001 § mdi, mokï lr .;a we.hSï jev ms<sfj< hgf;a we.hSï WmlrKy;rla o" m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d úIhhg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKh ifudaOdkh l< yels whqßka .=re ud¾f.damfoaYhla o mdi,aj,gy÷kajd fokq ,eî h' cd;sl wOHdmk úµdmSG i|yd m%d' ;d' l=i,;d úIh ms<sn|úIh ks¾foaYhla o ilia lr ;snqK o th o l%shd;aul fkd ù h' úêu;a úIhhlaf,i úIhud,djg m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajdfokq ,enQj o wfmalaIs; wOHdmksl wruqKq idlaId;a lr .ekSu w;sYhska ÿIalrld¾hhla úh' mq¿,a mrdihl jQ ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d yd Ôú;hg jeo.;a fmdÿ ydyr l=i,;d iuQyhla w;am;a lr §ug bv m%ia;d ie,iSug úIhud,d ks¾udKhiu;a jqj;a" th moaO;sfha l%shd;aul lsÍfï .eg¨j,g uqyqK §ug isÿ úh'

fuu ld,h ;=< 10 yd 11 jk fY%aKsj, b.ekajQ ;dlaIKsl úIh ms<sn|ie,lsh hq;= m%;sfYdaOkhla isÿ fkd ù h' tfy;a w'fmd'i' îd'fm<& uÜgfïúIhhla jYfhka we;=<;a jQ jdKscHh" 2000 jif¾ isg kj úIh ks¾foaYhlahgf;a jHdmdr yd .sKqïlrKh hkqfjka b.ekajQ w;r" ta i|yd m%:u úNd.h2001 § mj;ajk ,§' fuu ld,fha fiiq ;dlaIKsl úIh jQfh lDIsl¾uh"Wµdk md,kh" i;a;aj md,kh" iuqø Ôj iïm;a ;dlaIKh" f.dv;r c,dY Ôjiïm;a ;dlaIKh" wdydr úµdj yd ;dlaIKh h' .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj" ,>qf,aLkh yd h;=re ,shkh îsxy,$fou<$bx.%Sis&" bÈlsÍï ;dlaIKh" úÿ,sh ydbf,lafg%dksla ;dlaIKh" l,d Ys,am yd hdka;%sl ;dlaIKh' w'fmd'i îd'fm<&uÜgfï ;dlaIKsl úIh hgf;a ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh kï jQ w¨;aúIhhla ks¾udKh lr" 2002 jk úg" ta ms<sn| úIhud,d flgqï m;la ilia lrwkqu; lrkq ,eî h' th mdi,a lsysmhl w;ayod ne,Sug wfmalaId flßK'

bka miq w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'& i|yd fhdað; uDÿ ;dlaIKfõoh úIh ks¾foaYflgqïm;a lsÍug lghq;= l< w;r jir 2000 § fuu úIh ks¾foaY wkque;shi|yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wdh;k iNdj fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,§' tys §fuu úIhh kej; ixfYdaOkh lr bÈßm;a lrk f,i w'fmd'i' ^W'fm'&;dlaIKfõoh jHdmD;s lñgqjg ±kajQ w;r fuu ixfYdaOk i|yd" md,l iNdj

493

úiska wdpd¾h úch ch;s,l uy;df.a iNdm;s;ajfhka hq;= úfYaI lñgqjla om;a lrk ,§' fuu lñgqj Y%S ,xld mokï wdh;kfha § /ia jQ w;r úIh ks¾foaYiudf,dapkh fldg kej; cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha wdh;k iNdjg bÈßm;alrk ,ÿ j 2001 j¾Ifha § wkqu; úh'

cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd 2003 foieïn¾ udifha bÈßm;a lr ;snQfhdackd we;=<;a wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dfõ" my; i|yka ks¾foaY ydfhdackd w;r" ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh i|yd úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lr ;sìKs'

fhdað; ;dlaIKfõoh úIh yh" mdi,aj, b.ekaùu wdrïN lsÍui|yd úYajúoHd, mdGud,d yeoÍug úYajúoHd,hl ,shdmÈxÑ ùu i|yd"w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& úIh f.dkqjg we;=<;a lsÍug wkque;sh ,nd .ekSui|yd 2001 j¾Ifha fkdjeïn¾ ui fuu ks¾foaY úYajúoHd, m%;smdokfldñIka iNdj fj; bÈßm;a lrk ,ÿj" l,d Wmdê mdGud,dj muKlayeoEÍug iqÿiq úIh f,i" úYajúoHd, m%;smdok fldñIka iNdj wjir ,ndfok ,oafoa 2004 j¾Ifha wf.daia;= udifha § h'

bka wk;=re j wOHdmk f,alïf.a ED$01/12/03/10/01 pl%f,aLh u.skakshdul mokñka fuu úIhh yh mdi,aj, ls%hd;aul lsÍug 2005 ud¾;= uiwjir ,enqKs' tu pl%f,aLhg wkqj f;dard .;a mdi,a 50l w'fmd'i' W'fm<&;dlaIKfõoh úIh yh mdi,aj, b.ekaùfï lghq;= wdrïN úh' fuujevigykg wod< .=re mqyqKq lghq;= cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha § ;a" fudrgqjúYajúoHd,fha §;a isÿ lrk ,§' .=re mqyqKq lghq;= i|yd wjYH uq,HdOdryd wjYH WmlrK ,nd fokq ,enqfõ wdishdkq ixj¾Ok nexl= wdOdr u;ls%hd;aul jQ oaú;Shsl wOHdmk kùlrK ^ADB - SEMP& jHdmD;sh u.sks'

• 6 isg 9 jk fY%aKs olajd ;dlaIKsl l=i,;d ^m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIKsll=i,;d& mj;ajd f.k hdu yd Yla;su;a lsÍu'

• ;dlaIKsl úIh f.dkqjg f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok ;dlaIKh tlalsÍu'

• ie,iqïlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh hkqfjka fmdÿ ixrplhla y÷kd.ksñka th ksIamdok yd fiajd wxYj,g we;=<;a lsÍug ks¾foaY lr;snqKs' fï hgf;a lDIsl¾uh" l¾udka; yd fiajd wxYj, we;s iqúfYaISl¾udka; yd wd¾Ólfha fiajd wxYj, we;s iqúfYaIS jD;a;Ska ms<sn|wdrïNlj ±kqj;a l< hq;= h' fuys § f;dr;=re yd ikaksfõok;dlaIKfõoh" lDIsl¾uh" wdydr ;dlaIKfõoh yd .Dy wd¾Ól úµdj"jHdmdr wOHhkh" l,d Ys,am" bÈlsÍï" úµq;a yd úÿ,sh" fudag¾ ld¾ñlhdka;%sl úµdj hk lafIa;%j,ska tlla f;dard .; hq;= h'

• w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< i|yd ;dlaIKfõoh kï jQ kj úIhhla úl,amyhlska bÈßm;a lrkq ,efí' isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh" hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh"úÿ,s bf,lafg%dksl yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfõoh" ffcj iïm;a ;dlaIK

494

fõoh" wdydr ;dlaIK fõoh" lDIs ;dlaIKfõoh jYfhks'

• fï jd¾;dj ksl=;a jk úg w'fmd'i' ^Wiia fm<& ;dlaIKfõoh úIhmdi,aj, kshdul mokñka wdrïN j we;'

by; fhdackd iudf,dapkh lrñka 2005 cqks udifha wOHdmkwud;HdxYfha f,alïjßh" uydpd¾h" w¾:kdhl uy;df.a m%Odk;ajfhka;dlaIKsl wOHdmk lñgqjla m;a fldg ta hgf;a 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 13 jkfYa%Ksh olajd jQ ish¨ ;dlaIKsl úIh ksfhdackh lrñka ;dlaIKsl wkqlñgq13la hgf;a mj;sk úIhud,d ixfYdaOk lrñka úIh kùlrKh lrk ,§' fuujd¾;dj 2005 Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § bÈßm;a l< w;r tu úIh my; i|ykawhqßka kï lrk ,§'

• m%dfhda.sl yd ;dlaIK l=i,;d - 6-9 fY%aKs

• lDIs yd wdydr ;dlaIKh - 10-11 fY%aKs

• ëjr yd wdydr ;dlaIKh - 10-11 fY%aKs

• ks¾udKlrK yd ;dlaIKfõoh - 10-11 fY%aKs

• f;dr;=re ikaksfõok ;dlaIKfõoh - 10-11 fY%aKs

• uDÿ ;dlaIKfõoh - 12 fY%aKsh

• øDV ;dlaIKfõoh - 12 fY%aKsh

• lDIs ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

• ffcj iïm;a ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

• wdydr ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

• isú,a ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

• úµq;a" úÿ,s yd f;dr;=re ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

• hdka;%sl ;dlaIKfõoh - 13 fY%aKsh

fuu lñgqjg wu;r j my; i|yka úIh i|yd ;j;a wkqlñgq lSmhlawOHdmk f,alï;=ñh yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úiska m;a lr wod< ixfYdaOklrk ,§'

• úµq;a f,aLklrKh - 10-11 fY%aKs• jHdmdr .sKqï yd jHjidhl;aj wOHhkh - 10-11 fY%aKs• Ys,am l,d - 10-11 fY%aKs• lDIs úoHdj - 12-13 fY%aKs• Ydßßl wOHdmk iy lS%vd - 10-11 fY%aKs

by; i|yka úIhud,d kùlrKh wkqj úúO úIh y÷kd .ekSu yd wod<wka;¾.; ;SrKh lsÍfï mq¿,a wOHhkfhka wk;=re j" úIhud,d ixj¾Okls%hjd,sh fufyhjkq ,enqfõ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úisks' kj úIhud,dj

495

2007 jif¾ isg l%shd;aul lsÍug ;SrKh lr" ta wkqj" 2007 jif¾ § 6 jk yd10 jk fY%aKsj, o 2010 jk úg 9 jk fY%aKsfha o 2008 jif¾ § kj úIh ks¾foaYhgf;a m%:u jrg isiqka w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.hg fmkS isàug wjYH mshjr.kakd ,§' fmr i|yka jQ ks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIKfõoh kï jQ kj úIhms<sn| kshdul jev igyka folla w;ayod neÆ w;r" jir 2004 § mdi,a 30l o"jir 2005 § ;j;a mdi,a 50l o l%shd;aul lrk ,§' ks¾udKlrKh yd;dlaIKfõoh hk ixl,amh .ek cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ ±ä ie,ls,a,gn÷ka fjñka fuu ixrplh iEu ;dlaIKsl úIhhlg u fmdÿ jk mßÈ we;=<;alr .ekSug ks¾foaY lr ;snqKs' tfy;a th ±kg kshdul uÜgfï w;ayod neÆks¾udKlrKh yd ;dlaIK fõoh hk úIhhg muKla iSud jQ w;r th kej;jrla 2007 § ixfYdaOkh ù mdi,a moaO;shg y÷kajd fokq ,eî h' 6 jk fY%aKsfhaisg 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd i;shlg fjka lr ;snq ld,Éfþo fol fjkqjg ld,Éfþo;=kla olajd jeä lsÍu ie,lsh hq;= fjkila jYfhka y÷kd .kq ,eî h' jHdmdrwOHhk wxYh i|yd y÷kajd fokq ,enQ jHjidhl wOHdmkhg ;ks úIhhlajYfhka bvlv ,nd §u iïnkaOfhka úfrdaO;d u;= ùu ksid" kej; jrlajHdmdr yd .sKqïlrKh kï jQ merKs úIhh b.ekaùug ;SrKh l< w;r" uq,ajrg jHjidhl wOHdmkh hgf;a" Bg w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd. úIhhla jYfhkaisiqka fmkS isáfha jir 2008 § h'

6 jk fY%aKsfha isg 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd ish¨ u ;dlaIKsl úIh i|ydfm< fmd;a uqøKh lr fnod §u fuu ld,fha ;=< isÿ jQ jeo.;a ixj¾Okd;aulmshjrls' fï hgf;a m%:u jrg 2007 jif¾ § 6 yd 10 hk fY%aKs i|yd fm<fmd;auqøKh lr isiqka w;g m;a úh' tfuka u mka;s ldurfha bf.kqï b.ekaùïl%shdj,sh ksis mßÈ l%shd;aul lsÍfï § wod< bf.kqï øjH yd mdßfNdack øjHimhd .ekSu buy;a ÿIalr;djla njg m;a ù ;snqKs' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrKl%shdjg kexùfï §" fï ms<sn| úfYaI wjOdkhg fhduq lrñka f,dal nexl=wdOdr hgf;a m<d;a wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;= yryd mdi,aj,g wjYH uQ,Hm%;smdok fjka lsÍug lghq;= lsÍu o meiish hq;= h'

2005 j¾Ifha kshdul mokñka wdrïN lrkq ,enQ w'fmd'i' W'fm<&;dlaIKfõoh úIh yh i|yd uq,ajrg w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.hg isiqkafmkS isák ,oafoa 2007 wf.daia;= udifha §h' fuu úNd.fha § ish¨ u úIhi|yd 95% lg jeä m%;sY;hlska isiqka iu;a ù ;sîu úfYaI ,laIKhla úh'bkamiq 2008" 2009 j¾Ij, § o isiqka fmkS isá w;r kshdul mdi,a ixLHdj200 olajd j¾Okh úh'

tfy;a mdi,a uÜgfï isg by< l<ukdlrKh olajd mj;sk ÿ¾j, moaO;sfya; = fldg f.k iEySulg m;a úh fkd yels wëlaIK l% shdj,sh"l<ukdlrejkaf.a wiqnjd§ wdl,am" .=re ixcdkkfha mj;sk wl%uj;a nj"iQodkulska yd ie,iqulska f;dr .=re mqyqKq jev igyka" iuia; wOHdmkmoaO;sh fjkilg olajk m%;sfrdaOh we;=¿ w¾nqo uOHfha ;dlaIK wOHdmkhmiq.sh wv ishjilg wdikak ld,h ;=< hï m%.;shla olakg ,enqK;a thwfmalaId l< uÜgug jvd wvq h' miq.sh jljdkqj uq¿,af,a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK

496

lsysmhla u l%shd;aul jQ w;r iEu wjia:djl § u ksis m%;sM, ,nd .ekSugwfmdfydi;a ùu iïnkaOfhka mdi,a moaO;sfha lkiai,a,g n÷ka jkafkaiïm;aj, W!k ;;a;ajh .ek h' tfy;a hym;a yd wfmalaIs; m%;sM, ,nd.ekSug fkd yels jk tl u fya;=j yd idOlh iïm;a W!k;dj muKla u fkdjQ nj wjfndaO lr .ekSu t;rï wmyiq fkd fõ'

miq.sh oYl lsysmh ;=< fhdackd jQ iEu wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdj,shlgfld÷ kdráh jQfha rfÜ wd¾Ól ixj¾Ok l%shdoduhg w;sYhska ys;lr ld,SkwjYH;djkag .e<fmk wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla ks¾udKh lr .ekSu h' fuys §ljo;a m%n,;u" ckm%sh u yd iqmqreÿ ud;Dldj jQfha mdi,ska weoyef<k isiqka.ek h' mdi,a uÜgfï isiqka bf.kSu ,nk ;dlaIKsl wOHdmkh ixj¾Okhl< hq;af;a flfia o hkak .ek h' tfy;a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK l%shdjgkeÕSfï§;a" wjika M,h .ek m%.;sh uek ne,Sfï§;a Wmfhda.s lr .;af;akej;;a merKs ks¾Kdhl u h' tajd kej; mK fmdjñka úNd.j,ska isiqkawiu;a ùu yd Bg fya;= idOl bÈßm;a flf¾' m%;sM, by< ±óu i|yd m%dfoaYShyd l,dmSh uÜgñka m%Yak m;% uqøKh lsßug ish¨ wOHdmk n,OdÍyq hqyqiq¿ jl%shd lr;s' ish¨ fm,Uùï lsÍug Tjqyq iu;a fj;s' wjidkfha § isiqka" fouõmshkaiy mdi,a m%cdjf.a ±ä wjOdkhg fhduq jkafka fï olajd u wjOdkhg n÷kajQ Ydia;%Sh úIh u h'

1965 isg 2008 olajd jQ oYl mylg wdikak jljdkqfõ jev ne¢ úIhms<sn| wOHdmk m%;sm;a;s iïmdolhskaf.a jeä wjOdkhka fhduq lrñka m%;sm;a;sm%ldYhg ,lalrñka wjYH ks¾foaY fhdackd lr ;sîu fuys § úfYaIfhka ui|yka l< hq;= h' m%;sm;a;s wOHdmksl yd úIhud,d jev igyka njg mßj¾;khlsÍfï l%shdj,sh o fkdu| j isÿ ù we;' tfy;a tajd l%shdjg kexùfï § mekkeÕ=Kq ÿIalr;d yd ÿ¾j,;d bÈßfha fouõmshka we;=¿ iuia; iudc ;,fhawdl,amj, iqnodhS fjkila we;s lsÍug iu;a fkd ù h' ienúka u hï fjkilamoaO;sfha we;s lsÍug wfmalaId lsÍfï § m%;sm;a;s iïmdokh lsÍfuka muKlaiEySulg m;a úh fkd yels w;r fjkila i|yd moaO;sfha jgmsgdj fuka uwjYH wju iïm;a imhd §u o wOHdmk wêldÍka we;=¿ .=rejrekaf.a wdl,amj,fjkila we;s lsÍu o w;sYhska jeo.;a nj lsj hq;= h'

wdfY%ah .%ka:

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1962&' 1961 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ w;=rejd¾;dj'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1969&' kfjdaoh( YsIH;aj m%ldYkh' 979 jk msgqj'

iy 986 jk msgqj

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1969&' fmr i|yka jk 979-986 jk msgqj'

497

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1969&' Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ishji m%ldYkh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1970&' wOHdmk wOHlaI ckrd,af.a md,k jd¾;dj-1969$1970'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' pl%f,aL wxl 322'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1972&' kj u. wOHdmk m%ldYkh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1973&' lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmk jevud,dj'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1974&' pl%f,aL wxl 430'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1975&' cd' fmd' w' i' úNd. úIh ks¾foaY 1975$pl%f,aLwxl 4'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1981&' idudkH úYaj úµd, yd ;D;Sh wOHdmk ;, i|ydjQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd' ^Oj, m;%sldj& 1-3 jk msgqj'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1990&' pl%f,aL wxl 1990$51'





wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1998&' pl%f,aL wxl 1998$45 yd 1998 foieïn¾ 04 Èk'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1999&' pl%f,aL wxl 99$45 yd 1999 fkdje' 30 Èk'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^2006&' pl%f,aL wxl 2006$09 yd 2006 ud¾;= 07 Èk'

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j ^1943&' ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úfYaI ldrliNd jd¾;dj'

wdkkao l=udriajdñ ^1962&' uOH ld,Sk isxy, l,d'

we;=,;auqo,s" t,a' ^1990&' kj wOHdmk fhdackd' 1990 foieïn¾ 06 yekaidâjd¾;dj' ;Srej 855" 6 jk msgqj'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1992&' m<uq jeks ieis jd¾;dj'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj ^1999&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK' 10 jk msgqj'

tu - cd;sl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;shla lrd - l%shd Wmk; l%ufõohls' iii jk msgqj'weuqKqu 3'

tu - idudkH wOHdmkfha m%;sixialrK ^msgqj 23&'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj" wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ydcd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1999&' kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK jev igyk'16 jk msgqj'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj 2003&' idudkH wOHdmkh ms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;srduqjla i|yd fhdackd'

refíre" wd¾' ^1962&' ,xldfõ wOHdmk mßKduh' fld<U: .=Kfiak'

498

fyÜáwdrÉÑ" fla' ^1999&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd cd;sl ixj¾Okh'

*%ekaisiaflda" wd¾' ^2003&' l%shdldrlï ldur ixl,amh úIhud,djg y÷kajd §u'31 jk msgqj'

Deparment of Education ^1952&' Syllabuses and basic equipment for handicraft

in schools and colleges.

Jayasuriya, J.E. ^1983&' The teaching technical subjects in scounday schools in

Sri Lanka.

Ministry of Education (1982). Report on the Education Reforms Committee- 1979:

Towards Relevance in Education. page 1.

Report on the Committee on the Revision of Curriculum in PTS and Technical

Subjects (2005).

Silva, E. J. de (1987). Introducing of life skills into the school curriculum.

UNDP/UNESCO (1984). Some notes on the financial implications of national

implementation of life skills curriculum (Annex vi).

499

14

Y%S ,xldfõ fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh

Ô' ví' chka; wrúkao

m%:u Wmdêh fmardfoKsh - 1961& mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud

^fld<U&" YDia;%m;s le,Ksh&" fmrÈ. ix.S;h ms<sn| úYdro" ix.S;

ksmqka" Nd;alKav 1970& kdgH" .S; kdgl uqød kdgH wOHCIKh lr

we;' ix.S;h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh .%ka: rpkd l< f,aLlfhls' oekg

fmardfoKsh úYaj úoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i lghq;= lrhs'

fid,uka fm%audkkao

fi!kao¾h mqyqKq" mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud' rcfha mdi,a

moaO;sfha yd cd'w'wdh;kfha fiajh lr we;s w;r .%ka: iïmdokfha

yd m%ldYkfhys kshef<hs'

uydpd¾h frda,kaâ wfímd,

fld<U úYaj úoHd,fha wOHdmk mSGfha uydpd¾hjrfhls' wOHdmk

ufkdaúoHd wxYdêm;s f,i lghq;= lrhs' kS;s{jrfhls" úúO úIh

i|yd ,shk ,o lD;s rdYshl u l;=jrfhls'

wdpd¾h Wmd,s rxð;a rKjl

.=rejrhl= ´udka rdcHfha cd;Hka;r mdi,l&" WmfoaYljrhl= ´udka

rdcHfha ì%;dkH ljqkai,fha& f,i fiajh lr we;' oekg iyldr

wOHdmk wOHCIjrhl= f,i fiajh lrhs' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha

iy Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ iïm;a mqoa.,fhl= f,i lghq;=

lr we;' Ñ;%l,dj ms<sn| Ydia;%sh lD;s rpkd lr ;sfí'

l=iqud fldauxf.dv

fi!kao¾h .=remqyqKq" mYapdoa Wmdê" m%ùK l,dYs,amSkshl" .=rejßhl

lÓldpd¾hjßhl f,i yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha jHdmD;s

ks,Odßkshl f,i fiajh lr we;' ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh fufyhjk

l,dh;khl l,dh;kdêm;sjßhl f,i o fiajh l<d h'

500

tia' tka' tï' nKavdr

úchr;ak m;srdc

.srd.u fi!kao¾h .=re úoHd,fha mqyqKq ^m<uq fm<& 1971 isg .=re

WmfoaYsldjls' jevn,k wOHCIsldjl jYfhka o fiajh lr ;sfí'

2002 isg w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< ngysr ix.S;h iïm;a uOHia:dk

iïnkaëldrl fõ' wOHdmk wdud;HdxYhg wkqhqla; j ngysr ix.S;h

jHdma;shg úmq, fufyhla lr we;' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha udOH

tallhg iïnkaO j ixhqla; ;eá 11la ksmojd we;' úNd.

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ngysr ix.S; úIhfhka W;a;r m;% mÍCIsldjls'

tys 2005-2010 f;la w'fmd'i' ^idudkH fm<& ngysr ix.S; úIhfha

m%dfhda.sl mÍCIK iïnkaO m%Odk md,sldj f,i o fiajh lr ;sfí'

ohd r;akfialr

ix.S; .=rejrhl=" ix.S; mÍlaIljrhl=" udKav,sl wOHdmk

ks,Odßhl= ix.S;&" m%Odk wOHdmk ks,Odßjrhl=" ix.S;&" wOHdmk

mßmd,k ks,Odßjrhl= f,i fiajh lr we;' .srd.u .=re úoHd,fha

lÓldpd¾hjrhl=" fi!kao¾h úYajúoHd,fha ndysr lÓldpd¾hjrhl=

f,i fiajh lr we;' ix.S;h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh lD;s rpkd lr we;'

rEmjdysks úfYaI ix.S; jevigyka iy .S; we;=<;a leiÜ mg t<so

lajd we;'

f.!rj WmdêOdÍ chj¾Okmqr úYajúoHd,h 1970" wOHdmkfõ§ fld<U

úYaj úoHd,h' úY%dñl m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,OdÍ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh

^kdgH yd rx. l,d wxY m%Odk& uydpd¾h tÈùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a

ukfï" isxyndyq kdgHj, fõÈld mßmd,k yd .dhlhl= jYfhka

l%shd lf<a h' ilaldhÈÜá" lekaoka f.org wdod kdgHj, rÕmd

we;' <ud kdgH ksIamdolfhls' cd;sl kdgH wkquKav,fha ysgmq

iNdm;sjrfhls' kdgH yd rx.l,d úIh mdi,a moaO;shl y÷kajd§fï

mqfrda.dñfhls' isxy, kdgH jxih" iïNdjH .%Sl kdgH l,dj .%ka:j,

l;=jrhd h' l,dN+IK iïudkfhka msÿï ,nd ;sfí'

udhd wfíúl%u

t,a' t,a' î' ^fld<U&" o¾Ykm;s ^le,Ksh&' ngysr ix.S;h ms<sn| j

ksfhdacH wOHdmk wOHlaIjßhl f,i fiajh lr we;' tu úIhhg

wod< úfYaI{jßhl jYfhka lghq;= lrhs' Y% S ,xld úNd.

fomd¾;fïka;=fõ yd cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha iïm;a odhsldjl

jYfhka lghq;= lrkakS h'

501

Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkh

Ñ;% l,dj yd ñksid w;r ne¢ in|;dj" ñksia mßKdufha w;aje,lanjg m;a úh' ;u w;a±lSï m%ldY lsÍug;a úfõlh w¾:j;a j .; lsÍug;aÑ;% l,dj ñksidg msájy,la ù we;' ñksidf.a ffoksl Ôjk rgdjg Ñ;%l,dj fld;rï ióm ù o hkak foaYSh ckl,d Ys,am l¾udka; weiqßkaf;areï .; yels h' w,xldrh" pu;aldrh" úkaokh" udkisl iqjh i|yd oñksid Ñ;% l,dj Wmfhda.s fldg .;af;a h'

wo Y%S ,xldjdiSkag ;u Wreuh .ek wNsudkfhka m%ldY l< yelaflacd;sh i;= fm!rdKsl l,d ks¾udK ksid h' ld,h flfuka f.ù hoa§ Y%S,xldfõ Ñ;% l,dj flfrys úfoaYSh n,mEï o t,a, jkakg úh' úfoaYwdêm;Hhg Y%S ,xldj hg;a ùu ksid Tjqkaf.a l,d wOHdmkh o wm iudchgtla úh' Ñ;% l,dfõ úfoaYSh idïm%odhsl úê kshuhka o wm l,dj yd uqiqúh' hg;a úð;jd§ wOHdmkh Y%S ,xldfõ meje;s iufha Ñ;% l,dj o wOHdmkúIhhla f,i ms<s.eksK' 1893 § m%:ufhka u Ñ;% l,dj urodk fglaksl,afld,Sðfha werö mdi,a úIh ud,djg tla ùu Ñ;% l,dfõ bÈß .ukgfmru. újr ùula n÷ úh'

Ñ;% l,dj jeks úIhhla fmdÿ wOHdmk wjYH;dj,ska ndysr jQ wd.ka;=lúIh lafIa;%hla yeáhg tod wOHdmk{fhda ie,l+ y' tu úIhh i|ydyqfola Ys,amSh m%ùK;ajh ,nd §u wruqKq lr .eksKs' Ñ;% l,dfõ uQ,slisoaOdka; yd úê kshuhka hdka;%sl j jd¾;d lsÍu muKla mokï jQ b.ekaùfïl%u ;=< hdka;%sl j fldms lsÍfï wNHdi o úh' ks¾udKYS,S orejl= ìyslr,Sfï wruqfKka wE;a jQ fuu úIh wOHhk rgdj <ud ukfia j¾Okhgyd l=i,;d fmdaIKhg ydkslr úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u jrg Ñ;% l,dj i|yd m%Odk mÍlaIljrhl= m;a jQfha1921 § h' iS' t*a' úkai¾ uy;d m%Odk Ñ;% l,d mÍlaIljrhd f,i m;a ùuÑ;% l,d wOHdmkfha j¾Okh i|yd ;nk ,o bÈß mshjrla úh' fuu ld,h;=< hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,dfõ fijKe,a, Y%S ,xldjg t,a, fjñka;sìKs' tfia u Ñ;% l,dfõ kj ixl,am l,d rislhka ;=< me;sr .sfha h',dxlsl ;reK Ys,amSka ;=< m%fndaOhla we;s lr,Sug th m%n, fya;=jla úh'

19 jk ishjfia we;s jQ fuu Ñ;% l,d m%fndaOh ishji wjika jk ;=reu mej;sK' úfoaYSh Ñ;% l,dfõ .%yKhg ,la jQ foaYSh rislfhda furgidïm%odhsl Ñ;% l%u my;a fldg ie,lSug fm,UqKy' tfia u we;eï hqfrdamShÑ;% iïm%odhhka .=refldg .kakg Tjqyq fm,UqKy'

úkai¾ uy;df.a wOHdmk l%u ;=< o isÿ jQfha úfoaYSh l%u Ys,amfurgg ldjeoa§ug ie,iaùuhs' we£fï l%u b.ekaùu i|yd w; iy wei yqre

502

lrùfï hdka;%sl l%u fï wOHdmk l%ufha olakg ,enqKq uQ,sl ,laIK h'PdhdrEm wkqidrfhka hdka;%sl oialï ,nd §u;a Ys,am O¾u b.ekaùu;a Ñ;%mdvfï uQ,sl mrud¾: úh' Ñ;% l,dj b.ekaùfï m%Odk;u l%shdldrlïf,i fhdod .kakd ,oafoa m¾hdf,dal Í;s we;=¿ isoaOdka; b.ekaùu i|ydøjH n,d we£u" j¾K wOHhkh i|yd j¾K ud,d wkqlrKh lsÍu yd w;yqre lsÍfï wNHdi lsÍu h'

fï w;r úúO rgj, wOHdmk úfYaI{fhda Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkh ms<sn|m¾fhaIKj, fhÿKy' <uhdf.a fm!oa.,sl;ajh yd iyc l=i,;d fmdaIKhlr,Sfï l%shdldrlï Ñ;% mdvug we;=¿ úh hq;= nj Tjqkaf.a ms<s.ekSu jQw;r tys m%;sM,hla f,i Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkh YsIH flakaøSh úIhhla f,io m%ldYhg m;a úh' <uhd ;=< ieÕù we;s iyc l=i,;d yd ks¾udK Yla;shfmdaIKh lr,Su wrNhd" mj;akd Ñ;% l,d wOHdmk l%u fjkqjg kQ;kl%fudamdhhkaf.a wjYH;d ±ä j m%ldY úh'

iS' t*a' úkai¾ uy;df.ka ysia jQ m%Odk Ñ;% l,d mÍlaIl Oqrhg 1945§ fÊ' Ô' î,ska uy;d m;a úh' Y%S ,xldfõ Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkfha úYd,fmr<shla we;s lrñka tu úIhh kj u.lg fhduq lsÍfï f.!rjh î,skauy;dg ysñ fõ' øjHhkaf.a;a" iajNdj O¾ufha;a h:d iajrEmh Ñ;%hg keÕSutod meje;s Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkfha ms<s.;a kHdhh jqj o" î,ska uy;d ksoyiais;eÕsj,ska hq;a orejkaf.a ixfla;uh wjHdc m%ldYk w.h lf<a h' <uhd;=< jQ iyc m%ldYk yelshd y÷kd f.k tajd j¾Okh lr,kq msKsi" ksoyiajd;djrKhlska yd fm,Uùulska Tjqkaf.a ieÕjqKq l=i,;d fmdaIKh lr,Sfïjeo.;alu wjOdrKh flßK'

î,ska uy;df.ka miq Ñ;% l,d m%Odk mÍlaIl OQrhg m;a jQfha î' tia'úfÊr;ak uy;d h' î,ska uy;d .sh .uka u. wkq.ukh l< úfÊr;akuy;df.ka o Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkhg isÿ jQ fufyh w.h l< hq;= h' Y%S,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;shg .e<fmk Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkhla y÷kajd §fï §úfÊr;ak uy;d l< fiajh Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkfha bÈß .ukg uy;a msájy,laúh'

Ñ;% l,d wOHdmk l%shdj,sh i|yd m%:u úIh ks¾foaYh bÈßm;a jQfhafï wjêfha h' .=rejrhd úiska b.ekaúh hq;= úIh m%foaYh meyeÈ,s j tysi|yka úh' wruqKq wNsu;d¾: mokï fkd jQ yqfola úIh lreKq ,ehsia;=jlgmuKla iSud jQ fuu úIh ks¾foaYh" b.ekaùï - bf.kqï l%shdj,sh ;rulaÿrg l%uj;a lsÍug bjy,a úh' î' tia' úfÊr;ak uy;df.a md,k wjêfha §m<d;a lsysmhl u Ñ;% l,d úIh fufyhùu i|yd mÍlaIljreka m;a lrkq,eìK' ta' fÊ' rKisxy" fla' tï' tï' wfíúl%u" t*a' tia' ld,sx." mskak¥j"î' tia' ù' fukaÈia hk wh wkqrdOmqr" uykqjr" ud;f,a" wïmdr" l=reKE.,".ïmy wd§ m%foaYj, ;u rdcldÍ lghq;=j, ksr; jQy' fï w;r hdmkh

503

m%foaYhg ta' ;ïìfodf¾ uy;d o uvl,mqjg tï' tia' tï' yqfiahska uy;do r;akmqrhg î' ã' tï' f,dl=,shk uy;d o wk;=rej m;a lrkq ,eìK'fudjqkaf.ka Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a moaO;sfha Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkhg wkqmfïhfufyjrla isÿ úK' úfYaIfhka <ud Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| Tjqkaf.a úfYaIwjOdkh fhduq úh' hqfrdamSh Ydia;%d,hSh Ñ;% l,d l%u Ys,am ms<sn| jorejka ±kqj;a lsÍfï W;aidyhl fhÿK o" ks¾jHdc <ud Ñ;% ks¾udKìyslr,Su wrNhd úúO jevigyka Èjhsk mqrd l%shd;aul lsÍug fuu ks,Odßu`vq,a, ±ä W;aidyhl fh§ we;'

Ñ;% l,d úIhh iïnkaO fufyhqï l%shdj,sh fï whqßka mdi,a moaO;sh;=< l%shd;aul fjoa§ Ñ;% l,d .=rejrekaf.a wjYH;dj ±ä f,i ±fkkakgúh' fï i|yd tjlg meje;s Ñ;% l,d .=re úNd.h ;=<ska lsishï m%udKhlÑ;% l,d .=re msßila mdi,a moaO;shg tla jQy' tfy;a 1957 § fuu úNd.hwfydais ùfuka .=rejreka f,i m;aùï ,eîug ;snQ bvlv fndfyda fokl=gwysñ jQjd muKla fkd j .=re ysÕhla o we;s ùug fya;= úh' fuhg ms<shulaf,i tjlg m%Odk Ñ;% l,d mÍlaIl j isá î' tia' úfÊr;ak uy;d úiska^1967 §& m%:u úfYaI{ .=re lKavdhu Y%S ,xld cd;sl l,dh;kfha ämaf,daudOdÍkaf.ka n|jd .ekSug lghq;= lsÍu" Ñ;% l,d .uka uf.a m%n, lvbulaúh' bka miq jir .Kkdjla mqrd Y%S ,xld cd;sl l,dh;kfhka wOHdmkh,enQ olaI;d msß msßila" Ñ;% l,d .=re WmfoaYljreka f,i" mdi,a moaO;shgtla jQy'

úáka úg l%shd;aul jQ m%;sm;a;suh ;SrK yd m%;sixialrK wkqj Ñ;%l,d úIhh mdi,a moaO;sfha úêu;a l%ufõohla wkqj ls%hd;aul úh' Ñ;%l,d úIhhg Rcq f,i n,mE jeo.;a m%;sixialrKhla wOHdmk .uka uf.ayuq jkqfha 1972 oS h' fi!kao¾h lafIa;%fha j¾Okhg kj u.la Wod jQwjia:djla f,i fuu m%;sixialrKh ye¢kaúh yels h' fï ksid fi!kao¾húIhhkag bÈß u.la" kj ±laula ,enqKd hhs lSu ksjerÈ h' fï ;=<skalksIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfjka miq fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wjia:dfõ § úIh Odrdlsysmhla y÷kajd § we;s w;r bka tlla Ñ;% úIhh o wka;¾.; jQ l,d úIhOdrdj úh' fuu úIh Odrdj ksud lsÍfuka wk;=re j /lshdjla fidhd hdugfyda Wiia fm< i|yd we;=<;a ùug yd bka wk;=re j úYaj úµd,hg m%fõYùfï jrï Wod lr .; yels úh' fï wkqj Èjhsfka mdi,a .Kkdjl Wiiafm< Ñ;% l,d úIhh bf.kqu wdrïN ùu jeo.;a isÿùuls'

fï wjêfha Ñ;% l,dj we;=¿ fi!kao¾h lafIa;%fha j¾Okfhys jeo.;aisÿùula f,i .srd.u .=re úÿy, wdrïN ùu ye¢kaúh yels h' 1972'01'31 ÈkwerUqKq .srd.u fi!kao¾h .=re úÿyf,ka mdi,a moaO;sfha isá kqmqyqKq Ñ;%.=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfï ld¾hh werôK' Ñ;% l,dfõ miqìu" <uhd ms<sn|ufkdaúµd;aul wjfndaOh" b.ekaùfï l%u yd b.ekaùfï mqyqKqj wdÈ m%dfhda.sl

504

l%ufõo ;=<ska hym;a .=rejrhl= ìyslr,Sfï ld¾hh bgq úh' Ñ;% l,d úIhfhafoia úfoia ft;sydisl miqìu mdi,a moaO;shg ldkaÿ lrùfï uyÕ= ld¾hh.srd.u .=re úÿy,ska isÿùu meiish hq;= lreKls' tys iïmQ¾K f.!rjh ysñúh hq;af;a tys Ñ;% l,d lÓldpd¾hjrhl= f,i fiajh l< isys,a tï'isßfiak uy;dg h'

fi!kao¾h úYajúµd,fhka 1978 § Ñ;% l,dj ms<sn| m%:u ,,s;l,dfõ§ WmdêOdÍka ìys ùu o Wiia wOHdmk lafIa;%fha jeo.;a isÿùuls'tlS WmdêOdÍyQ miq lf,l mdi,aj, .=rejreka f,i m;a j Ñ;%l,dj kÕdisgqúug lghq;= l<y'

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%shdj,sfha .uka u. yeisrùu ms<sn| j ;Skaÿ;SrK .ekSu iïnkaOfhka cd;sl uÜgfï ksoyia iajdëk wdh;khla jYfhka1986 jif¾ §" Y%S ,xldfõ cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh wdrïN ùu" wOHdmkb;sydifha jeo.;a isÿùuls'

wOHdmk lafIa;%fha tlsfkl úIhhkaf.ka ieÈ fomd¾;fïka;=.Kkdjlska hq;= j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ìys fjoa§ tys fi!kao¾h úIhwe;=¿ j fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j msysgqùu Ñ;% l,d wOHdmkhwe;=¿ fi!kao¾h wOHdmk lafIa;%fha Wkak;shg fya;= jQ jeo.;a isÿùuls'ófma ia:dmkh jQ fuu YdLd wdh;kh" Ñ;%" kegqï" ix.S;" kdgHlrKh hkfi!kao¾h úIhhkaf.a m¾fhaIK lghq;= i|yd ìys jQ tl u wdh;khhs'

fufia werUqKq ófma fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j Ñ;% l,dwOHdmk l%shdj,sfha Wkak;shg uyÕ= fiajdjla bgq lr,Sug fodr.=¿ újD;ùuls' fuu wdh;kh msysgqjd oil follg jeä ld,hla .; fjoa§ wOHdmkl%shdj,sfha j¾Okhg úYd, iïm;a m%udKhla uqod yeÍug fuu wdh;khgyels j we;' 1998 jif¾ § ófma fi!kao¾h wdh;kh tu ìfuka bj;a fldguyr.u cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;k mßY%hg f.k hkq ,eìK'

fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j" fi!kao¾h lafIa;%hg buy;aodhl;ajhla iemhQ wdh;khla úh' mdi,a mka;s ldurfha Ñ;% l,d úIhhÈhqKqjg" Ñ;% l,d wxYfhka bgq jQ fufyjr wmuK h' .=re WmfoaYljrekamqyqKq lsÍu" úIh ixj¾Ok ld¾h ieis meje;aùu" .=re wjYH;d fidhdne,Su" bf.kqï l%shdj,shg wjYH iïm;a iïmdokh wd§ bf.kqï b.ekaùïl%shdj,sfha ixj¾Okhg uyÕ= fiajhla bgq úh' fuys oS isÿ jQ jeo.;a uld¾hh jkqfha m%:u jrg wruqKq wNsu;d¾: mokï lr .;a úIh ks¾foaYhlaiïmdokh lsÍuhs' th mokï lr f.k .=re w;afmd;a iïmdokh lsÍu ksidbf.kqï b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha kj keïula" kj msì§ula we;s lr,Sug yelsùu bka woyia l< wruqKq yd wNsu;d¾: bgqùuls'

úIh ud,d ixj¾Ok ls%hdj,sfha úYd, fmr<shla we;s jQfha 2000 oYlfhaueo Nd.fha § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha werUqKq kj úIh ks¾foaY

505

ixfYdaOkh u.sks' 6-11 jir úIh ks¾foaY mokï lr f.k w'fmd'i' id'fm<&kj úIh ks¾foaY mokï lr .;a úNd.h 2008 jif¾ § meje;ajQ w;r" Wiiafm< kj ks¾foaY mokï lr f.k úNd.h 2011 § meje;aùug kshñ; úh'

2007 jif¾ § werUqKq 6-11 kj úIh ks¾foaYfhka kj bf.kqï b.ekaùïl%shdj,shla y÷kajd § we;' ksmqK;d mdol fldg .;a ksmqK;d uÜgï /ilahgf;a fm< .iajkq ,enQ úIh ikaOdrh" .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh u.skakj;u bf.kqï b.ekaùï l%ufõohla mokï lr f.k mj;ajd f.k hkwhqre y÷kajd § we;' 2009 § werUqKq Wiia fm< úIh ks¾foaYh o ksmqK;dmdol lr .;a l%ufõohla u; ieliS we;' fuys § isÿ ù we;s úfYaI;ufmr<sh jkqfha W.kajkjdg jvd bf.kSug wjia:dj ,nd §uhs'

2000 jif¾ uehs 02 Èk Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u jrg fi!kao¾h úIhhWfoid wOHdmk úµd mSGhla werôK' ta jhU cd;sl wOHdmk úµd mSGhhs'fï úoHdmSGfhka l%uj;a mqyqKqjla ,o hym;a .=re msßila jirla mdid mdi,amoaO;shg tla fj;s' úúO .=re l=i,;djkaf.ka msß tu .=re msßfika Ñ;%l,d wOHdmk l%shdj,shg ,efnk odhl;ajh w;suy;a h'

fï jk úg Èjhsfka l,dlrejka ìysslsÍfï jeo.;a u wdh;kh fiamej;sfha Y%S ,xld cd;sl l,dh;khhs' 1949 § werô §¾> b;sydihla we;sfuu wdh;kh 1974 uehs 01 jk Èk isg úYaj úoHd,hSh fi!kao¾h wdh;khnjg m;aùu l,d lafIa;%fha uyÕ= ch.%yKhls' fuys § isÿ jQ jeo.;a uisÿùu jkqfha l=i,;d mQ¾K l,d isiqka /ilg zz,,s; l,dfõ§ZZ Wmdêh,nd .ekSug wjia:dj Wod ùu h'

mdi,a moaO;sfha l%shd;aul jk úIhud,dfõ jvd;a u jeo.;a ld,mßÉfþoh jkqfha 6-11 oaú;Shsl wOHdmk wjia:djhs' mdi,a wOHdmkfham<uq lvbu jk w'fmd'i' id'fm<& úNd.fha fi!kao¾h úIhhka i|yd iEujirl u whÿïlrefjda 300000lg wêl ixLHdjla fmkS isá;s' fuhska yßwvla muK Ñ;% úIhh i|yd fmkS isàu úfYaI;ajhls'

id' fm< fi!kao¾h Ñ;% úIhhgúIhh fmkSisá msßi fmkS isá msßi

2007 288670 133767

2008 302453 139179

2009 314128 111699

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2007$06 yd 2007'03'07 Èke;s oaú;Shsl fY%aKs 6- 11 i|yd zzkj úIh ud,dj l%shd;aul lsÍuZZ hk pl%f,aLh wkqj" 2008jif¾ §" kj úIh ks¾foaY mokï fldg .;a w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h

506

meje;aùug kshñ; úh' fuys § 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, § fi!kao¾húIhhg ysñ j ;snQ ia:dkh wysñ ù we;' 1972 m%;sixialrK wkqj fi!kao¾húIh 4ka tla úIhhla wksjd¾hfhka f;dard .; hq;= jqj o fuys § th tla;rdúIh ldKavhla w;=ßka f;dard .; hq;= wksjd¾h fkd jk úIhhla njg m;aj we;' úIh j¾. lsÍu wkqj" fo jk ldKavhg wh;a úIh w;r fi!kao¾húIhkag wu;r j" idys;H ridiajdoh" isxy,$ fou<$ bx.%Sis$ wrdì wdÈ úIhtl;= ùfuka fi!kao¾h úIhhg ;snQ ms<s.ekSu wvq ù we;'

Wiia fm< úIh Odrd w;r o Ñ;% l,d úIh lafIa;%h úfYaI úIhhlanjg m;a j we;' fi!kao¾h úIh i|yd fjk u u úYajúµd,hla wo mj;skw;r ta i|yd l=i,;d mQ¾K isiqyq iSñ; ixLHdjla jirla mdid mdi,amoaO;sfhka úYaj úµd,hg we;=<;a fj;s' tmuKla fkd j lgqneoao úYajúµd,fha mdGud,d i|yd o Ñ;% isiqyq fndfyda fofkla we;=<;a fj;s'

Ñ;% l,d .=rejreka w;r 2000lg wêl ixLHdjla fi!kao¾h .=rejrekaf,i m;aùï ,oafoda jQy' ¥ria: wOHdmk .=re mqyqKq l%uh hgf;a fuu.=rejre mqyqKq lrkq ,enQ y'

kQ;k YS% ,xldfõ Ñ;% l,d úIhh hkq yqfol,d úIhhla fkdfõ' taiu. wksl=;a fi!kao¾h úIhhka o mdi,aj, W.ekafjhs' YsIHkag mdif,awe;s myiqlï wkqj Ñ;%l,dj fyda fjk;a úIhhla f;dard .; yels h'

* * *

ix.S; l,d wOHdmkh

^fmros. ix.S;h&

1945 g fmr wjêh

j¾;udkfha mgka jir foiShl muK ld, mrdihla wE;g ix.S;úIhh ms<sn| wúêu;a wOHdmk f;dr;=re Èfõ' ol=Kq bkaÈhdkq fidlß iyflda,ï kdv.ï jeks kdgH .S; mokï lr f.k tu wúêu;a wOHdmkld¾hh we/ö we;'

1880 § isg W;a;r Ndr;Sh ix.S;fha wdNdih iys; kQ¾;s .S; wka;¾.;jQ kQ¾;s kdgH ffY,sh Y%S ,xldfõ m%p,s; úKs' Y%S ,xldfõ l,d rislfhdatu .S; weiSfuka wukaodkkaohg m;ajQjdyq h tu .S; .ehSug uy;a reÑhla±lajQjdyq h' tjlg 1844-1920 kS;s{ fcdaka o is,ajd iy 1882-1944 kS;s{pd¾,aia vhia hk úoaj;a;= tu kQ¾;s kdgH ksIamdokh l<yh' tu kQ¾;s .S.dhkd ±k W.;a úÿy,am;sjreka iy .=re Nj;=ka úiska Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,aj,

507

o wkshñka ndysr l%shdldrlï jYfhka kq¾;s .S mqyqKq lrk ,§' kQ¾;s kdgHrÕ ±laùug o Tjqyq fm,UqKy'

fuu wjêfha mdi,aj, fmrÈ. fyda wmrÈ. ix.S; úIh ms<sn| úêu;awOHdmkhla l%shd;aul fkd ù h' ffoksl ld,igykg wh;a úIhhla f,iisoaOdka;sl fyda m%dfhda.sl jYfhka ix.S; b.ekaùula isÿ fkd ù h' ix.S;úIhhg wod< .=re m;aùï fkd ù h' fld<U" .d,a," uykqjr jeks m%Odkkd.ßl mdi,a lsysmhl wmrÈ. ix.S;hg wh;a <ud .Shla folla fndfydaúg .=rejßhl úiska mshdfkdaj jhñka m%d:ñl mdi,a isiqka fj; wx. p,kiu. (Eurythmics) W.kajk ,§' mdif,a W;aijhl § ms<s.ekSfï .Shla fydajdrdka; j¾Idka; úúO m%ix.hl § .Shla .ehSu yereKq fldg ix.S; wOHdmkhhkqfjka úIh lafIa;%hla l%shd;aul jQfha ke;'

lsishï ix.S;{fhla fld<U jeks kd.ßl m%foaYhl ix.S; mka;shlamqoa.,sl f,i mj;ajñka wdOqkslhskag lsishï .dhk jdok mqyqKqjla ,ndÿkafka h' fufia W.kajd Æ ix.S;h jQfha W;a;r Ndr;Sh rd.Odß ix.S;hhs'oñ< m%foaYj, l¾Kdg ix.S;h W.kajk ,§' tÉ' ví' rEmisxy" fÊ' idÈßiais,ajd" weï' Ô' fmf¾rd" fodka udksia mÜáwdrÉÑ" mS' î' b,x.isxy" úkaikaÜfidaumd, wd§ ix.S;{fhda fufia fmros. rd.Odß ix.S;h fm!oa.,sl jb.ekaùfï fhÿKq .=rejre jQy'

Èjhsfka úúO m<d;aj, ix.S;{hska lSm fofkla ix.S; wdh;k mj;ajdf.k .shy' fydrK Y%Smd,s l,dh;kh" urodfka ix.S; u[acßh" uq,a.ïm,weï' Ô' fmf¾rd l,dh;kh" ms<shkao, ir ñysr l,dh;kh" fudrgqfõúl%uYs,d l,dh;kh fufia mej;ajqKq wdh;khs' iuyr wdh;k ;eme,au.ska o b.ekaùï flf<a h'

fujl mej;=Kq .%euf*daka ix.S;h yd kQ¾;s kdv.ï ix.S; Y%jKfhkarislhkaf.a ix.S; ridiajdok Yla;sh j¾Okh jQfha h' .dhk jdok l=i,;do wkshï f,i fyda hï muKlska j¾Okh úh' fï ish,a,g moku jQfhaNdr;Sh rd.Odß ix.S;h h'

ú,auÜ fmf¾rd iqÍka úiska lrk ,o wdrdOkhla wkqj uyd lúrîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾ lsú÷ka iu. meñKs .dhk" jdok iy k¾;k lKavdhufurg bÈßm;a l< l,d ixo¾Yk" furg ix.S; f,da,Ska ix.S; kegqï iyÑ;% wd§ fi!kao¾h úIhhka úêu;a j wOHhk l< hq;= hehs hk ks.ukhgneiSug fya;= úh' tu b;sydi.; isÿùfuka wk;=re j ,xldfõ ;reK;reKsfhda l,algdfõ fnda,amQ¾ m%foaYfha rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾;=udf.a Ydka;sksfla;k wdY%uhg bf.kSu i|yd hdug mgka .;a;dyq h' Tjqka ;df.da¾;=udf.a o¾Ykhg wkql+, j olaI ix.S;{hska" kdgH wdpd¾hjreka iy Ñ;%Ys,amS .=re Nj;=kaf.a WmfoaYl;ajfhka ix.S;" kegqï iy Ñ;%l¾u úIhwOHhkh wdrïN l<dyq h' wdkkao iurfldaka" ,hk,a tosßisxy" iqks,aYdka;" ví,sõ' î' ul=f,d¨j" tï' ã' isßl=udr iy tâúka iurÈjdlr ix.S;

508

úIhh yod< y tia' mkSNdr;" Y%S jika; l=udr iy ksu,a fj,a.u k¾;khyod< y' il,iQßh iy uxcq Y%S Ñ;% l¾u úIhh wOHhkh l<y'

by; i|yka wdh;kj, wOHdmkh wjika l< ix.S;{fhda ish¨fokd u Y%S ,xldjg iïm%dma; jQjdyq h' ,hk,a tosßisxy jeks lSm fofklamiq j ix.S;h yodrkq msKsi W;a;r m%foaYfha ,lakõ k.rfha msysá iqm%isoaOix.S; wdh;khla jQ Nd;aLKav uyd úoHd,hg we;=¿ jQy'

wkx. ,d,a w;=fldar," iQßh Yxl¾ fud,a,sf.dv" iqks,a Ydka;" ksu,afj,a.u" ,hk,a tÈßisxy" wdkkao iurfldaka hkd§yq fufia jir .KkdjlaNdr;fhka ix.S;h Wf.k furgg weú;a ix.S;h b.ekaùfï fhÿKdy',hk,a tÈßisxy isiqkaf.ka ieÿKq jdµ jDkaohla wdrïN lf<a h'

1936 § muK wdrïN lrk ,o ,xld .dkaO¾j iNdj u.ska fld<U"kqjr jeks m%foaYj, .dhk jdok mka;s wdrïN fldg lsishï úêu;a ix.S;wOHhkhlg ux mdok ,§' weï' Ô' fmf¾rd" mS' î' b,x.isxy" úkaikaÜfidaumd," pd,aia vhia" jeks ix.S; úh;=ka lsysm fokl= úiska W;a;r Ndr;Shix.S;h ms<sn| Ydia;%Sh fmd; m; yd .S; ix.%y m< lrk ,§'

1938 jif¾ .dkaO¾j iNd úNd.h kñka ix.S; úIhh i|yd úNd.hlawdrïN lrk ,§' tu úNd. m%drïN" uOHu iy wjidk jYfhka wjia:d;=klska iukaú; úh' Y%S ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska tu úNd.mj;ajk ,§'

fuu jljdkqfõ fld<U k.rfha l%shd;aul jQ rcfha .=re wOHdmkúµd,fha ix.S; úIhh ffjl,amsl úIhhla jYfhka W.kajk ,§'

19 jk ishjfia ueo Nd.fha muK isg furg m;< jQ kdv.ï yd kQ¾;s.S; .ehSug k¿ ks<shka mqyqKq jQfha Ndr;fhka meñK tu kdgH i|ydix.S; ks¾udKh yd wOHlaIKh l< m%ùK ix.S;{hska yd fcHIaGk¿jkaf.ks' úfYaIfhka kQ¾;s ix.S; ks¾udKh i|yd fuys meñKs ix.S;{hskau.ska fm!oa.,sl uÜgñka furg wdOqkslfhda .=reyrelï ,oy' 1925 § muKwdrïN jQ .=jka úÿ,s fiajh u.ska m%pdrh jQ ix.S; jevigyka u.ska oidudkH ck;djf.a ix.S; risl;ajh yd ix.S; {dkh j¾Okh úh'

1941 § l=udr;=x. uqksodihka m< l< fy< óheish .%ka:h ¥ria:wOHdmk uQ,O¾u u; ilia jQjls' fy< jdµ NdKavhla f,i t;=ud ie,l+jh,Skh ^jeh¿j& jhk m%dfhda.sl Ys,am l%u yd isoaOdka; iu. th jhñka.ehSu i|yd ldjH rpkd iuQyhla bÈßm;a lsÍu;a" iajr ;d," ,h hkd§ úúOix.S; Ydia;%Sh lreKq újrKh lsÍu;a lú" meÈ .ehSu ;=<ska foaYSh ix.S;hlaf.dv ke.Su;a l=udr;=x.hkaf.a wruqK ù we;' fuu .%ka:h tjl m%lgix.S;{hl= j isá úkaikaÜ fidaumd,hska iu. tla j rpkd lrk ,oaola jQw;r ix.S;h Wf.kSu msKsi .=re úµd, lÓldpd¾hjreka yd mdi,a .=rejrekaúiska fnfyúka Ndú; lrk ,o .%ka:hla úh'

509

1945 isg 1960 muK olajd

1945 § tjl wOHdmk weu;sjrhd jQ .re iS'ví'ví' lkakka.rweu;s;=udf.a mqfrda.dó;ajfhka furg úúO m%foaYj, uOH úµd, wdrïNlrkq ,nQ w;r tajdfha ix.S;" k¾;k hk ,,s; l,d úIh b.ekaùu wdrïNlrk ,§' ta iu. fmdÿfõ ish¨ mdi,aj, ih jk fY%aKsfhka by< mka;sj,,,s; l,d wOHdmkh ,nd oSu m%;sm;a;suh jYfhka wkqu; úKs' ix.S;h,,s; l,d yd l,d Ys,am úIh Odrdjlg wh;a ffjl,amsl úIhhla jQ w;rtys wksl=;a úIh jQfha k¾;kh yd jvq l¾udka;hhs' miq ld,hl Ñ;% Ys,amh,,s; l,d úIh Odrdjg we;=<;a lrk ,ÿ j jvq l¾udka;h ld¾ñl úIhOdrdjg we;=¿ flßKs'

fufia oaú;Shsl mdi,a wOHdmk úIhhla jYfhka wOHdmkúIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha W;a;r Ndr;Sh rd.OdÍ ix.S;h h' fou< mdie,aj,olaIsK Ndr;Sh ix.S;h h' mdvïj, § jeä ;ek ,enqfKa .dhkhg jvdjdokhg h' jh,ska" tiardÊ" È,arend" ngk,d" is;d¾" ùKd hkdÈ iajrNdKavj,ska tla NdKavhla u.ska jdokh úfYaI l< isiqka w'fmd'i' idudkHúNd.hg bÈßm;a jQ w;r" fiiq isiqyq .dhk udOHfhka úNd.hg bÈßm;a jQy'fufia ix.S;h W.;a isiqyq miq l,l fmardfoKsh úYaj úµd,hg we;=¿ jix.S; kdgH jeks fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlïj, kshe¿Ky'

fndfyda úg ix.S; .=rejrhd mdi,a ld, fõ,dfjka miq isiqka r|jdf.k jdok l%shdldrlïj, yd ;r." ixo¾Ykd§ ndysr l%shdldrlïj, oisiqka fhdojdÆfha h' ndysr l%shdldrlïj, wOHdmksl jeo.;alu i,ldmiq ld,hl tajd úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlï f,i i,lk ,oS' w'fmd'i'idudkH fm< úNd.h ,sÅ; (Theory) yd m%dfhda.sl f,i fldgia follskamj;ajk ,oS'

wdrïNfha isg u ,,s; l,d wOHdmkh Ndr j l%shd lf<a ix.S; úYdro,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d h' m%Odk ix.S; mÍlaIl jQ ta uy;d hgf;a iyldrmÍlaIljre lSm fofkla fiajh l<y' tjl iyldr wOHdmk wOHlaI jQfhatia' t,a' î' lmqfldgqj uy;d h' 1970 oYlh muK olajd ix.S;h mdi,aúIhhla jYfhka kshñ; j mej;sfha w'fmd'i' idudkH fm< olajd muKs'tu úNd.h i|yd m<uqfjka isiqka bÈßm;a jQfha 1951 § muK úh hq;= h'

ix.S; .=rejrekag m;aùï ,enqfKa tjl meje;s bkaÈhdkq iy;sl fyda,xld .dkaO¾j iNd m%drïN uOHu wjidk úNd. iy;sl u; h' wdrïNfham%drïN uOHu iy;slOdÍka o m;aùï ,o w;r l%ufhka iqÿiqlï by<gkexúK' fuu úNd.h i|yd .dhkh" jdokh hk wx. folska tla wx.hlamuKla f;dard .; hq;= jQ w;r jdokh i|yd f;dard .; hq;= jQfha kshñ;NdKav w;ßka tla NdKavhls' kshñ; NdKav jQfha jh,ska" tiardÊ" È,arend"ngk,d" is;d¾" idrx.s" ifrdaoa yd ;í,d h'

510

Ndr;hg f.dia ix.S;h Wf.k meñKs ix.S; Ys,amSka o mdi,a .=rem;aùï ,nd b.ekaùfuys fhÿKq w;r iuyre fm!oa.,sl mka;s mj;ajñkab.ekaùfuys fhÿKdy' fufia mka;s meje;ajQ iuyfrlkï iqks,a Ydka;",hk,a tÈßisxy yd ví' î' ul=f,d¨j h' ul=f,d¨j uy;d 1954 § muKwOHdmk wud;HdxYfha m%Odk ix.S; mÍlaIl njg m;a jQ w;r tu moúh±rE ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d 1953 wdrïN lrk ,o rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfhaúÿy,am;s njg m;a úh'

ul=f,d¨j uy;d ix.S; .=reNj;=kaf.a iyNd.s;ajfhka ¨ïìKs uydúµd,h uOHia:dkh fldg f.k jdµ jDkaaohla wdrïN lrñka - fy<ñysrjeks ix.S; m%ix. osh;a flf<a h' ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d ;u jdµ jDkaohu.ska .=jka úÿ,s jev igyka Èh;a lf<a h' mdi,aj,g f.dia m%ix. meje;aùuwruqKq fldg .;a wmrÈ. ix.S;hg keUqre l=vd jdµ jDkaohla o ful,l%shd;aul úh'

Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u rdcH uka;%K iNdfõ .re wOHdmk wud;H iS'ví,sõ' ví,sõ' lkakka.r Y%Su;dKka' úiska 1943 iïu; lr .kakd ,oksoyia wOHdmk mkf;ys j¾;udkfha fi!kao¾h úIh jYfhka j¾.SlrKhg,la j we;s ix.S; kegqï iy Ñ;%l¾u úIh mdi,a úIh jYfhka úIhud,djgwka;¾.%yKh lrkakg fhÿKs' fuh wOHdmk lafIa;%fha we;s jQ jeo.;amshjrla jkafka h' fuu wjia:dj jk úg ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d Nd;aLKafâix.S; úµdmSGfhka úYdro Wmdêh ,nd isáfha h' fi!kao¾h úIh l%shd;aullrkq msKsi tia' t,a' î' lmqfldgqj uy;d wOHdmk wOHlaI jYfhka m;alrkq,en ;snqKs' wOHdmk wOHlaI;=ud úiska ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d m<uq fldgwOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=fõ ix.S; mÍlaIl ;k;=rg m;a lrk ,§' bkawk;=re j ix.S; úIhh ms<sn| úêu;a úIh ks¾foaYhla iïmdokh l< miqth l%shd;aul lrkakg ish¨ mshjr .kq ,eìKs'

fmros. ix.S;h kñka t<s±lajqKq m%:u úIh ks¾foaYh tod Ndú;fhamßÈ bx.%Sis niska bx.%Sis cd;sl bhka iekaäuka kue;s wOHdmk wOHlaIf.aw;aikska 1947 wf.daia;= 08 Èk iys; j ish¨ u úÿy,am;sjreka iy ks,OdÍkafj; ksl=;a lr we;' tu ks¾foaY m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï i|yd m%Odk ;eklaysñ lr ilid ;sîu b;d jeo.;a jkafka h'

1948 fcHIaG mdGYd,d iy;sl m;% úNd.h i|yd ix.S; úIhh m%Yakm;%hg yd m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKhg fmkS isá wfmalaIlhska lSm fokl= jQ njjd¾;d.; fõ'

fuu jljdkqj jk úg ix.S; úIhh ms<sn| iqÿiqlï ,;a .=re Nj;=kamdi,aj,g m;a lsÍfï oeä wjYH;dj ;snqKs' 1945 jk úg ix.S; .=rejrekajYfhka úêu;a m;aùï ,;a wh lSm fofkla jQy' jd¾;d.; j we;s wdldrfhkai|yka l< yels jkafka ksu,a fj,a.u" tï' B' fmf¾rd" úkaikaÜ mSsßia"nkaÿfiak .=Kfialr" ã' úfÊr;ak iy tï' ã' isßl=udr wd§ jYfhka lSmfokl= muKs'

511

1960 isg muK 1972 olajd jQ úfYaI fjkialï

1959 muK jk úg ix.S; wOHdmk úIhhfha úfYaI fjkila isÿ úh'tkï furg ck lú fkdfyd;a .eñ .S ms<sn| úIh m%foaYhla fmrÈ. ix.S;úIhhg we;=<;a lrkq ,eîuhs' tys mqfrda.dñ;ajh ±refõ tjl m%Odk ix.S;mÍlaIl jYfhka l%shd l< ví' î' ul=f,d¨j uy;d h'

ul=f,d¨j uy;df.a ld,fha ^1955-1972& ix.S; wOHdmkh úêu;alsÍfï mshjr lSmhla Èh;a úh' ful, ix.S; úIh ks¾foaY yd .=re w;afmd;ailia ùu werôK' kQ¾;s" kdv.ï .S; o m%dfhda.sl úIh fldgila f,i tlaúKs' ix.S; kegqï .=rejreka i|yd lgql=rekao .=re wNHdi úµd,h jekswdh;kj, fkajdisl iïuka;%K l%shd;aul úh' ix.S; NdKav fnod yeÍujvd mq¿,a úh' iyldr ix.S; mÍlaIl ;k;=re ixLHdj j¾Okh ù ÈjhsfkaúúO m<d;a Ndr j úIh Ndr ks,OdÍyq m;a jQy' wka;¾mdGYd,Sh ;r. ikao¾Ykjvd;a úêu;a f,i ixúOdkh úh' bÈßm;a jQ mdi,a ixLHdj wêl úh' 1972§ .srd.u wOHdmk .=re úµd,h wdrïN úh' ix.S; .=re m;aùï ixLHdj oj¾Okh úh'

ul=f,d¨j uy;d ck ix.S;h ms<sn| j oeä Wkkaÿfjka lghq;=lf<a h' th mdi,a ix.S; wOHdmkfha WmúIhhla njg m;a lr,Sfï ±äwêIaGdkfhka hq;= j l%shd lf<a h' furg úúO ck .S tl;= lrñka mdi,aj,W.ekaúh hq;= wdldrhg tajdfha ;kq m%ia;dr ilia lrñka úYd, ld¾hNdrhla bgq lf<a h' 1961 § zfy< .S u.Z kñka ck .S yd iajr m%ia;dr owe;=<;a lrñka foaYSh ck ix.S;hla f.dv ke.Sfï ,d Wmfoia yd .; hq;=uxfm;a meyeÈ,s lrñka ;d, isoaOdka;sl fldgia yd mdßNdIsl mo iys;.%ka:h m< lf<a h' fuu .%ka:h ck .S wOHdmkfha m%uqL w;a fmd; f,itod fuod;=r ix.S; .=rejre Ndú; lr;s'

;j o mdi,aj, 6 jk fY%aKsfha isg idudkH fm< olajd ix.S; úIhhgwkqnoaO fldg ck .S úIh ks¾foaYhla o ul=f,d¨j uy;d úiska bÈßm;alrk ,§' ck .S m%dfhda.sl jYfhka b.ekaùug wu;r j tu úIh ks¾foaYhg;d, ms<sn| mq¿,a isoaOdka;sl (Theory) fldgila o tla lrk ,§' ck .Sfha;d, isoaOdka; jvd;a myiqfjka yd ksrjq,a f,i myod oSu msKsi iq¿ ;s;"ue÷ï ;s;" uy ;s;" wdoS jYfhka isoaOdka;sl j¾.SlrKhla yd mßNdIsl moud,djla ilia lrñka fuys § ul=f,d¨j uy;d fj; iydh ,nd ÿkafkatjl iyldr ix.S; mÍlaIljrhl= jYfhka fiajh l< ix.S;{ úkaikaÜfidaumd, uy;d h'

flfia jqj o" mdi,a ck ix.S; úIh ks¾foaYh wOHdmksl jYfhkahï hï wys;lr m%;sM, o f.k §ug fya;= jQ nj lsj hq;= fõ'

úúO úIu ßoau yd moH wdlD;s wkqj tla /ia lr .kakd ,o ck .SúYd, iïNdrhla" ta iu. f.dv k.d .kakd ,o ;d, isoaOdka;" iajr yd mo

512

m%ia;dr" mdßNdIsl mo jeks úúO úIh fldgia iu. úIh ks¾foaY.; ùfuka"tf;la fmrÈ. rd.OdÍ ix.S;h Wf.kSug isiqkag meje;s ld, fõ,djúYd, f,i iSud úh' ix.S; wOHdmkh ;=< fuf;la biau;= ù meje;s jdµwxYh hgm;a ù .dhkh m%Odk ;ekg m;a úh' YsIHhdf.a N+f.da,Sh mßirfhkaneyer jQ fkdfyd;a wNdú; ck .S rdYshla bf.kSug isÿ úh' úfYaI .dhkjdok l=i,;d j¾Okhla fyda ridiajdok ld¾hhla bka isÿ fkd ù h' ck.S wOHdmkh fufia úoaj;=kaf.a ±ä úfõpkhg Ndckh úh'

fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jQfha tjl wOHdmk weu;s ;=uka úiska uydpd¾htÈßùr irÉpkaøhkaf.a iNdm;s;ajfhka mdi,a ix.S; úIh ks¾foaYixfYdaOkh i|yd WmfoaYl lñgqjla m;a lsÍuhs' fuu lñgqj uyck;djgidlaIs bÈßm;a lsÍu i|yd újD; jQ w;r" furg m%uqL ix.S;{fhda lSmfofkla tys idlaIs ÿkay' 1971 § irÉpkaø lñgq jd¾;dj ksl=;a úh'

fuu jd¾;dj wkqj" mdi,aj, ck ix.S;h W.ekaùfï jev ms<sfj<imqrd m%;sixialrKh l< hq;= ;;a;ajhl úh' ck ix.S; úIh ks¾foaYhilia ù ;sfnkafka Èjhsfka ix.S; úoaj;=kaf.a woyia úuiSfuka Tjqkaf.atlÕ;ajfhka fyda fkd j" wm%isoaêfha ryis.; j l%shd;aul jQ jev ms<sfj<laf,i h' fun÷ uqLH jev ms<sfj<la l%shd;aul ùug l,ska th úYaj úµd,hjeks Wiia wdh;khla u.ska ta ms<sn| j m¾fhaIKd;aul jev ms<sfj<laÈh;a l< hq;= j ;snqK;a" tfia isÿ ù fkdue;' ck ix.S; ks¾foaYh u.skafi!kao¾h wOHdmksl wruqKq bgq fkd fjkjd muKla fkd j l%shd;aulfjñka mj;akd W;a;r Ndr;Sh ix.S; wOHdmkhg ndOd meñK we;' isiqkaf.aix.S; reÑl;aj j¾Okh wvd< ù we;' wkjYH isoaOdka; fldgia we;=¿ ùwe;s w;r jdµ ix.S;h imqrd fkd i,ld yer we;'

fï wkqj by; lS WmfoaYl uKav,fha Wmfoia wkqj wOHdmkf,alï;=ud úiska m;a lrkq ,enQ wkqlñgqjla u.ska ix.S; úIh ks¾foaYhhdj;ald,Sk lsÍu wdrïN úh' uydpd¾h irÉpkaøf.a iNdm;s;ajfhkal%shd;aul jQ tu ks¾foaY ilia lsÍfï lñgqfõ f,alï jYfhka lghq;= lf<auy.u fialr uy;d h' fuu lñgqj u.ska yh jk fY%aKsfha isg by<g kjks¾foaY ilia jQ w;r 1973 § muK isg th mdi,aj, l%shd;aul úh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha ks, kdu ms<sn| mßj¾;khla o fuu jljdkqfõisÿ úh' mdGYd,d mÍlaIl hk kduh udKav,sl wOHdmk ks,OdÍ njg m;aúh' m%Odk mdGYd,d mÍlaIl ;k;=r m%Odk wOHdmk ks,OdÍ úKs' tawkqidrfhka ish¨ u ks, kdu mßj¾;khlg ,la úh'

1972 isg 1985 muK olajd

fï wjêfha isÿ jQ jeo.;a fi!kao¾h isÿùu 1972 § ix.S;" kegqï" Ñ;%.=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu i|yd wOHdmk .=re úµd,hla wdrïN ùuhs' .srd.ufi!kao¾h wOHdmk .=re úµd,h jYfhka wdrïN jQ fuu wdh;kh u.skajd¾Isl j ix.S;" kegqï" Ñ;% .=rejreka ixLHdjla we;=<;a fldg oEjqreÿ .=re

513

mqyqKqjla ,nd fok ,§' 1985 muK jk úg tjl fiajfha fhÿKq ish¨fi!kao¾h wOHdmk .=rejreka fuu .=re úµd,h u.ska mqyqKq lrkq ,en;sìKs'

oekg fuu .=re úÿy, Ñ;%" ix.S;" kegqï .=rejrekag wu;r j idys;HúIhh ms<sn| .=rejreka o mqyqKq lsÍfï fh§ isà' idys;H úIhh o fi!kao¾húIhOdrdjg tla fldg 1990 .Kkaj, isg i,lkq ,eîu óg fya;=j úh'1972 § muK ix.S;" Ñ;%" k¾;k hk úIh ;=k u fmdÿfõ mdi,a isiqkagW.kaùu i|yd úIh ks¾foaYj, ixfYdaOk we;s lrk ,§' kuq;a th ;djld,slmshjrla úh'

1974 § muK rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kh" le,Ksh úYaj úµd,hShfi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kh njg m;a úh' tys ix.S;" kegqï" Ñ;% úIhi|yd Wmdê mdGud,d wdrïN lrk ,§' 1979 muK jk úg fuu wdh;ku.ska msg jQ fi!kao¾h WmdêOdÍyq m%Odk jYfhka mdi,a .=rejreka jYfhkam;aùï ,oy' 1953 muK isg meje;s rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfhka ìys jQämaf,daud WmdêOdÍ .=rejrekaf.a tu iy;slh o Wmdê iy;slfha ;;a;ajhgiu lr iudk jegqma f.jk ,§'

1976 muK isg mdi,aj, Wiia fm< fi!kao¾h úIh b.ekaùu wdrïNjQfhka Wiia fm< ix.S; úIh ks¾foaY ilia lrk ,§' ix.S; úIh ks¾foaYlñgqfõ iNdm;s jQfha uydpd¾h je,kaghska niakdhl uy;d h' le,KsúYaj úoHd,hSh fi!kao¾h wdh;kfhka msg jk WmdêOdÍyq Wiia fm<ix.S; úIhh b.ekaùu i|yd m;a lrkq ,enQy'

1968 muK isg úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍu" ta ms<sn| m¾fhaIK lsÍu ydúIh ixj¾Ok lghq;= i|yd wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hgf;a úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh wdrïN úh'

1985 muK isg fï olajd

1986 § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh wdrïN ùu;a iu. tys fi!kao¾hwOHdmk wxYhla wdrïN úh' fuf;la wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hgf;a meje;súIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfhka isÿ jQ úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍfïl%shdj,sh cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh hg;g m;a úh' wdrïNfha § tys fi!kao¾hwOHdmk wOHlaIsldj jQfha ñ/kavd fyau,;d uy;añhhs'

úIh ks¾foaY ilia lsÍfï ld¾hhg wu;r j cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khu.ska .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfï mYapdoa Wmdê mdGud,d wdrïN lrk ,§' fïjdi;s wka; mdGud,d jYfhka wdrïN úh' ¥ria: wOHdmk .=re mdGud,d owdrïN úh' ix.S; .=rejreka i|yd o fï ish¨ mdGud,d l%shd;aul úh'

kuish wiQj oYlfha l%ufhka úYaj úµd, lSmhl ix.S; wOHdmk

514

úµd,j, ix.S; úIhh ms<sn| Wmdê mdGud,d l%shd;aul fõ'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh u.ska mj;ajk ,o ;r.j, § ix.S; ;r. wxli|yd YsIHhska bÈßm;a fldg Wiia ia:dk yd iïudk ,nd §u i|yd lem ùl%shd l< .=re Nj;=ka msgrg flá ld,Sk ixpdr yd mdGud,d i|yd wjia:d,o nj i|yka l< hq;= lreKls'

.=re úµd, yd úfYaIfhka úµd mSG ixLHdj j¾Okh ùu;a iu. tajdi|yd lÓldpd¾hjreka m;a fldg ix.S;h yodrk isiqkag tu wOHdmkmyiqlï i,ik ,§' 2000 § fi!kao¾h .=rejreka i|yd úfYaI úµd mSGhlaìx.sßfha wdrïN úh'

ix.S; úIhh Ndr iyldr wOHlaIjreka ta ta m<d;a i|yd hg;a msßfihskajev ne,Sfï mokula u; m;a lrk ,o w;r m%dfoaYSh jYfhka .=re iïuka;%Kmeje;aùu Tjqkaf.a úfYaI ld¾hhla úh'

1989 isg Ô' ví,sõ chka; wrúkao uy;d wOHdmk wud;HxYfhafi!kao¾H wOHdmk wOHlaI jYfhka fiajh l< w;r 1990 oYlfha ueoNd.fha ix.S;{ fm%auisß flauodi uy;d cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha iyldrwOHlaI ckrd,a flkl= jYfhka m;a lrkq ,en jir 11$

2la muK ix.S;

mdGud,d ilia lsÍfï lghq;= Ndr j l%shd lf<a h' tu wdh;kfha j¾;udkfi!kao¾h wOHlaI jYfhka lghq;= lrkafka iqo;a iurisxy uy;d h' ±kgix.S; úIh ks¾foaYj, kj ixialrKhla Èh;a fjñka mj;S'

1998 muK § ix.S; úNd. mámdáfha ie,lsh hq;= fjkila we;s úh'tf;la úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska mj;ajkq ,enQ w'fmd'i' idudkH fm<úNd.h - m%dfhda.sl fldgi tjl iuia; jYfhka Èh;a lrkq ,enQ mdi,amdol úNd. l%uh hgf;a ta ta mdi,aj, W.kajk .=rejreka úiska umeje;aùfï l%uhla wdrïN úh' fuu úNd.-mámdáfha ,sÅ; mÍlaIKhúNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska isÿ l< w;r m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d we.ehSumdi,a .=rejrekag u mejßK' tu we.ehSï l%uh oekg ixfYdaOkhg ,lafjñka mj;S'

nyq Ys,am uOHia:dk

kuish wkQj oYlfha wOHdmk wud;HdxYh uÕska Èjhsfka mdi,auOHia:dk ishhlg wdikak ixLHdjl Yks osk nyq Ys,am fi!kao¾huOHia:dk (Multi Aesthetic Centres) kñka fi!kao¾h mdGud,d l%shd;aullrk ,§' fïjd wod< uOHia:dk yd ta wjg mdi,aj, ix.S;" Ñ;%" k¾;k"kdgH" idys;H úIh ms<sn| j úfYaI olaI;d ork ziqN.Z ^Gifted& isiqkagTjqkaf.a tu olaI;d Ys,amSh uÜgñka j¾Okh lr .ekSug w; fok" Yksoskhkays fi!kao¾h m%dfhda.sl mdGud,d l%shd;aul jQ mdi,a úh' uOHia:dk

515

úÿy,am;sjrhdf.a wëlaIKh u; ta ta uOHia:dkj, fi!kao¾h .=rejre tuuOHia:dkj, fiajh l<y' 1989 isg j¾I 2000 muK jk úg uOHia:dk100la muK olajd j¾Okh ù meje;s fuu fi!kao¾h jHdmD;sh 1989-98ld,h ;=< wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fi!kaohH wOHdmk wOHlaI f,i fiajhl< Ô' ví,sõ chka; wrúkao uy;df.a fufyhùu u; l%shd;aul jQjHdmD;shls'

rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfha wdrïNh

,,s; l,d úµd,h kñka Ñ;%l¾u úIhh W.kajk wxYhla 1949Tlaf;dan¾ udifha § fld<U fyda¾Üka fmfofia fyajqâ kñka ye¢kajqKqia:dkfha ia:dmkh úh' 1952 § Ñ;%l¾u wxYhg wu;r j W;a;r Ndr;Shix.S;h iy Wvrg kegqï hk wxY fol o tla lrñka zrcfha ,,s; l,dh;khZf,i tu wdh;kh kï lr y÷kajd fok ,§' 1953 jif¾ § ix.S; wxYh iyk¾;k wxY fol fld<U we,anÜ pkaøjxlfha wxl 21 ork ia:dkfha msysámrK f.dvke.s,s fj; f.k hk ,§'

01' rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfha wêm;s jYfhka m;a jQfha fÊ' ã' ta'fmf¾rd Y+Íka h' tfia u Ñ;% wxYfha;a uQ¾;s wxYfha;a wOHdmklghq;=j, § uq,a jQfha o t;=ud fõ'

02'ix.S; wxYfha wOHdmk lghq;= ,hk,a tÈßisxy iqÍkag Ndr úh'tu wxYh m%Odk wOHhk wxY follska iukaú; úh'

A. W;a;r Ndr;Sh ix.S; Èkm;d mka;s

B. W;a;r Ndr;Sh ix.S; Wiia i;s wka; mka;s .=re Nj;=ka i|yd&

03' kegqï wxYh tia' mKSNdr; iQÍka fj; mejßKs'

rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kh md,kh jQfha fld<U urodfka ld¾ñlúµd,hSh wdh;kfha md,khg hg;a j h' wOHdmkhg ms<smka YsIH YsIHdjkai|yd ish¨ u kS;sÍ;s yd wdh;kfha mßmd,k lghq;= fufyhjk ,oafoald¾ñl úµd,fha wOHlaI úisks'

weu;s uKav, idlÉPdfõ § tu b,a,Su bÈßm;a l< .re wOHdmkweue;s noahq§ka fudfyduâ ue;s;=udg b,a,Su wkqu; lrñka ish¨ lghq;=lrk f,i wjir fok ,§'

1974 uehs ui 01 jeks Èk isg Y%S ,xld úYaj úµd, yd iïnkaOfi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;kh hk kñka rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kh Wiia;;a;ajhlg m;a lrk ,§' ;jÿrg;a th 1979 ckjdß 01 jeksod isg le,KsúYaj úµd,hSh wkqnoaO fi!kao¾h wdh;kh kñka 1978 wxl 16 ork úYajúµd, mk; wkqj m%ldYhg m;a lrk ,§' 1978 kshuhg wk;=re j 1979l%shd;aul ùug kshñ; jQ wxl 10 ork fi!kao¾h wOHdmk wdh;k kshudj,shwkqj

516

1' ix.S; wOHhkdxYh

2' k¾;k wOHhkdxYh

3' Ñ;% iy uQ¾;s wOHhkdxYh l%shd;aul úKs' by; i|yka wdldrfhka

wOHhkdxY fjka lrkq ,eîug fmr

1' rcfha ix.S; úµd,h

2' rcfha kegqï iy uqød kdgH úµd,h

3' rcfha Ñ;% iy uQ¾;s úµd,h jYfhka ;%súO úµd, l%shd;aul fjñka

meje;sKs' fuu rcfha ix.S; úµd,h yd kegqï iy uqød kdgH úµd,hgmßndysr j tu úµd, u.ska mj;ajk úNd. i|yd isiq isiqúhka bÈßm;a l<yels wdh;k o Y%S ,xldfõ l%shd;aul úKs'

by; i|yka wOHhkdxY ixúOdkh ùu;a iu. ú,auÜ fmf¾rd iQÍkarchg mjrd fok ,o fydrK Y%Smd,s úµd,h biau;af;a we;s N+ñ Nd.fhamsysá f.dvke.s,s Ndú;hg .ksñka fi!kao¾h wOHdmk wdh;kfha fydrKYdLdj ia:dmkh úKs'

kej; 1994 ckjdß udifha by; i|yka l< m%:u iy fojeks jirwOHhk lghq;= fld<U m%Odk wOHhk wdh;kh fj; f.k tk ,§' kej;jrla Tjqka i|yd foaYk meje;aùug wjYH Yd,d bvlv ms<sn| m%Yakh;djld,sl j úi|d .ekSu i|yd m%:u jir iy fojk jir ix.S; yd kegqïisiq isiqúhka fldyqj," l¿fndaú, weia o weia chisxy udjf;a wxl 16 orkchj¾Okmqr úYaj úµd,hg wh;a fkajdisld.drhla f,iska mßyrKhgkshñ; jQ f.dvke.s,s mka;shg fhduq lrk ,§'

2005'07'01 jeks Èk 1400$24 ork 2005'07'08 jeks Èk ork w;s úfYaI.eiÜ ksfõokh u.ska 1978 wxl 16 ork úYaj úµd, mkf;a 21 jeksj.ka;sh m%ldr w;s.re ckdêm;s pkaøsld nKavdrkdhl l=udr;=x. ue;skshúiska mQ¾K n,;, iys; úYaj úµd,hla nj m%ldYhg m;a lrñka zzfi!kao¾hl,d úYaj úµd,hZZ ia:dmkh lrk ,§'

* * *

517

ix.S; l,d wOHdmkh

^wmros. ix.S;h&

ngysr ix.S;h wm rg ;=< jHdma; jQfha ngysr cd;skaf.a úfoaYShwdl%uK iu. h' ta wkqj j¾I 1505 - 1650 olajd mD;=.Sisyq" j¾I 1650 - 1796olajd ,kafoaisyq" j¾I 1796 - 1948 olajd bx.%SiSyq Y%S ,xldjg n,mEï l<y'

mD;=.Sis iufha § l%sia;shdks wd.u W.ekaùug m%uqL ia:dkhla ,nd ÿkaw;r .S;sld .dhkhg o úfYaI ;ekla ,enqKs' ngysr ix.S;h fuu .S;sld.dhkfhka iudchg y÷kajd fok ,§' .dhkh i|yd mqyqKq lrk ,o lKavdhïm%uqL j ieug u .dhkh i|yd wjia:dj ,nd fok ,§' mD;=.SiSka úiskafurgg y÷kajd fok ,o lmsß[a[d ix.S;h wo jk úg j¾Okh ù furg.S; ffY,shla f,i ms<sf.k we;' mD;=.Siska y÷kajd ÿka lf;da,sl .S;sldwìnjd tjlg ´,kao cd;slhskaf.a .dhk ,kafoais md,k hq.fha § mdi,amoaO;shg y÷kajd fok ,§'

ì%;dkH hq.fha § ngysr .dhkh mdi,a moaO;sfha fkd ;snqk;a oykjjk Y;j¾Ifha w. Nd.fha § th jrm%ido ,;a mdi,a lSmhl jHdma; úh' fïld,fha tx.,ka;fha ;snQ ngysr ix.S; wdh;k jk á%ksá fldf,aÊ T*añhqisla - Trinity College of Music - London yd frdah,a ial+,aia T*a ñhqisla -,kavka - Royal Schools of Music - London j, YdLd furg msysgqjk ,§'

j¾I 1873 § fmd,sia ;+¾h jdok lKavdhu;a" j¾I 1881 § Y%S ,xld hqoyuqod ;+¾h jdok lKavdhu;a msysgqùu ksid ngysr ix.S; úIhh ;jÿrg;aÈhqKq úh' tfuka u j¾I 1958 § kdúl yuqod ;+¾h jdol uKav,h msysgqjd.ekSu iuÕ u tu j¾Ifha § u idka; mS;r úµd,h" m<uq mdi,a ;+¾h jdoluKav,h msysgqjd .ekSfï Nd.Hh ,eî h'

j¾I 1965 olajd ngysr ix.S; úNd.

fï jljdkqfõ § flkl=g ngysr ix.S;h úIhh i|yd w'fmd'i'^id$fm<& fyda fjk;a mdi,a úNd.hlg whÿï lsÍug yelshdj ;snqk omdi,a úIhud,dfõ th b.ekaùula fkd flreKs' kuq;a whÿïlrefjda fuuúIhh fm!oa.,sl j yodrd mdi, uÕska úNd.hg fmkS isáfhda h' fm!oa.,slmdi,a lSmhlu muKla ;u mdi,a isiqka fuu úNd.h i|yd iQodkï lrbÈßm;a lsÍfï yelshdj ;snqKs'

úIhhla f,i ngysr ix.S;h mdi,aj, W.ekajQfha ke;;a iEu mdi,lu jdf.a isiqkag .dhkh iy ßoauhdkql+, wx. p,k (Eurythmics) i|yd ld,mßÉfþo tlla fyda folla fjka lr ;snqKs'

518

j¾I 1965ka miq úNd.

j¾I 1972 § kj mdi,a úIhud,d ixfYdaOkh;a iuÕ fi!kao¾húIhhla wksjd¾h úh' ngysr ix.S;h úIhhla f,i mdif,a fmdÿ úIhud,djg we;=<;a jQfha o fuu ixfYdaOkj,sks'

fï i|yd kj úIh ks¾foaYhla ilia lsÍu j¾I 1974 § wOHdmkwud;HxYh hgf;a úIhud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkfha § wdrïN flreKs' tys§ fi!kao¾h úIh i|yd iNdm;s f,i uydpd¾h ù' niakdhl uy;d lghq;=lf<a h' ngysr ix.S; úIhfha § iNdm;s f,i uydpd¾h ù' niakdhl uy;do" f,alï jYfhka udhd chisxy wfíúl%u uy;añh o lghq;= lf<da h' fuukj úIh ud,dfjka m%uqL;ajhla fok ,oafoa ix.S; riúkaokh i|yd h' tawkqj YsIHhka ijka Èh hq;= ix.S; lD;s kï lr ;snqKs' fuhg w;§ulajYfhka Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj wkqnoaê; j fuu kï l<ks¾udKhkaf.ka hq;a leiÜ má ksmojd mdi,aj,g fnod fok ,oafoa úIhud,dixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh$cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.sks'

fi!kao¾h úIhh úIhhla f,i yeoEÍu wdrïN lf<a YsIHhd 6 jkjif¾ § h' ngysr ix.S; NdKav mdi,a isiqkag y÷kajd §u i|yd jevuq¿mj;ajkakg fhÿKs' fuys uQ,sl;ajh f.k mqyqKq lrùï lghq;= lrkq ,enqfõtjlg Y%S ,xld isï*kS Tfliag%dj fufyhjQ w¾,a f*dkafiald uy;audúisks'

j¾I 1972 olajd w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h i|yd isiqyq1' ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh2' jdÑl mÍlaIKh3' m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh jYfhka fldgia ;=klg fmkS isáfhda h' ,sÅ;

mÍlaIKh i|yd m%Yak m;%h bx.%Sis" isxy, yd fou< jYfhka NdId ;=fkkau ilia úh'

fY%aKs.; úNd. iy cd;sl ämaf,daudj

fuu úIhh jHdma; lsÍu i|yd Y%S ,xldfõ úúO wdh;k wdrïN úh'j¾I 1882 iy 1898 § ms<sfj<ska ,kavkfha á%ksá fldf,aÊ T*a ñhqisla iyfrdah,a ial+,aia T*a ñhqisla wdh;k ,xldfõ YdLd msysgqjd tuÕska fY%aKsúNd. iy ämaf,daud úNd. wdrïN lrk ,oS' tu úNd. i|yd mÍlaIljrekauõ YdLdfjka u meñK tu úNd. lghq;= lrkakg fhÿKs' 1970 oYlfha §fuu úfoaY úNd. Y%S ,xld rch u.ska w;aysgjkakg fhÿK neúka wm rfÜissákd iïm;a odhlhskaf.a wdOdrfhka fuu úNd. mj;ajkakg fhÿKs' fïi|yd ngysr ix.S; .=rejrekaf.a ix.uh á%ksá fldf,aÊ úIh ud,dj o Y%S,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j frdah,a ial+,aia T*a ñhqisla úIh ud,dj o Ndrf.k úNd. mj;ajk ,§'

519

j¾I 1978$1979 jirj, fuu úNd. úfoaY úNd. f,i kej; wdrïNl<;a iajfoaY úNd. o ta whqßka u flÍf.k hk fyhska ±kg fuu wdh;ky;r u u.ska furg úNd. mj;ajkq ,efí'

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& úNd.h 1978-2000 olajd

fï jljdkqfõ § ngysr ix.S;h m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK iïmQ¾Kfhka uY%jK mÍlaIKhla muKla úh' tal, jYfhka mÍlaIK meje;ajQfha ke;'Y%jK mÍlaIKh i|yd ie,iqï lr .;a leiÜ má fhdod .ekqKs' fuys § tlauOHia:dkhla i|yd whÿïlrejka ishhlg jeä msßila fhdod .ekSug yelsúh' rg mqrd uOHia:dk ish,a, u tl u Èkl" tl u fõ,djl isÿ flreKs'fuu mÍlaIKfha § úfYaI olaI;d we;s isiqka y÷kd f.k Tjqkaf.a olaI;dÈhqKq lr .ekSug wjYH Wmfoia imhkq ,eî h'

w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& m%dfhda.sl úNd.h 2000 - 2002

fï i|yd m;a l< uKav,hla uÕska isiqjd ;u mdif,a § u mÍlaIKhlgNdckh lrkakg fhÿK w;r tys m%;sM,h ,sÅ;$m%dfhda.sl jYfhka fjka jksl=;a lrkakg fhÿKs'

2003 - 2004

fuu wjqreÿ fol ;=< m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK w;aysgqjk ,§'

2005 - 2008 olajd

mdi,a mokï lr .;a úNd.hla f,i m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK mj;ajkakgfhÿKs' f;dard .;a uKav, u.ska úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=fõ wëlaIKh hgf;afuh ridiajdoh" ks¾udK l=i,;d j¾Okh" m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï" isoaOdka;"ixialD;sl miqìu hk wxY úNd. lrkakg úh'

.=rejreka n|jd .ekSu

1965 isg ldKav 06la fï olajd n|jd f.k we;' 1968" 1973" 1975" 1990"1991" 1993 hk j¾Ij, h'

ngysr ix.S;h i|yd mßmd,k ks,Odßka

A. T. l%fia uy;d m%Odk wOHdmk ks,Odßhd f,i ngysr ix.S;lafIa;%fha oil 2l muK ld,hla fiajh lr j¾I 1977 § úY%du .sfha h'

j¾I 1979 § fÊ' B' frdihsfrda uy;d wOHdmk wud;HxYhg wkqhqla;

520

lrk ,ÿ j miq j Tyq Y%S ,xld wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh V i|yd n|jd .kq,enQ w;r j¾I 1985 olajd tu ks,fha rdcldß lf<a h' miqj udhd wfíúl%uuy;a ñh .=re fiajfhka wOHdmk wud;HxYhg wkqhqla; lrkq ,enQ w;rt;=ñh j¾I 2000 § ld,hg fmr úY%du .sh w;r 2001 § úfYaI WmfoaYl;k;=rla u; 2008 cQ,s udih olajd fiajh l<d h'

Ydka; nKavdr uy;añh .=re fiajfha isg j¾I 1998 § niakdysr m<d;wdjrKh lsÍug .=re WmfoaYsldjla jYfhka m;a ù" 2008 olajd rdcldßlghq;= l<d h'

j¾I 2006 § wOHdmk mßmd,k fiajh i|yd ^ngysr ix.S;h&ks,Odßksfhda lSm fofkla jQy' WIs;d iurfldaka ñh ^Y%S chj¾Okmqrl,dmh yd wOHdmk wud;HxYh&" ldka;s m%sho¾YkS fmf¾rd ^fld<U ydó.uqj l,dm& ks,xld wfíj¾Ok ñh ^uykqjr&" ;=Idß ,shkf.a ñh^l=reKE.,&" jYfhks' k§ld mSßia yd iqf¾ld isßj¾Ok úÿy,am;s fiajhgne÷Ks'

ngysr ix.S; úIhh fï rfÜ ckm%sh úIhhla lr iEu m%foaYhla uksfhdackh jk fia jHdma; ùu i|yd my; i|yka jHdmD;s wOHdmkwud;HxYh u.ska wdrïN lrk ,§'

• cd;sl ;reK jdol uKav,h msysgqùu (National Youth Orchestra)

• iuia; ,xld ngysr ix.S; yd kegqï ;r. iEu mdi,lg u iyNd.súh yels f,i m%;sixúOdkh lsÍu'

• cd;sl ix.S; Wf<, ziduh Wfoid ix.S;hZ hk jev igyk

• ngysr ix.S; iïm;a uOHia:dkh msysgqùu ( j¾I 2000 § cmdk rcfhka,enqK ñ,shk 27la jákd NdKav iuÕ fuh wdrïN flßKs' .=rejrekamqyqKq lsÍu" fiajdia: ieis meje;aùu

• j¾I 1975 § .srd.u fi!kao¾h .=re úÿyf,a wdrïN l< ngysr ix.S;mqyqKq mdGud,dj ^fkajdisl& j¾I 1994 § ¥ria: mqyqKqjg yrjk ,oS'

• m<uq jrg ngysr ix.S; úIhh úµdmSG mdGud,djg we;=¿ lr j¾I2000 § fmd,af.d,a, uyje,s mSGfha wdrïN flßKs'

• úIh ixj¾Okh i|yd cd;sl lñgqj m;a lsÍu'

• w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h i|yd ngysr ix.S; úIhh yodrk isiqkai|yd w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úfYaI mka;sh ngysr ix.S; iïm;auOHia:dkfha § wdrïN lsÍu'

• j¾I 2000 § wdrïN l< úµd mSGfhka wjqreÿ m;d mqyqKq ämaf,daud,dNS .=rejre mdi,a moaO;shg tl;= fj;s' fï wh mqyqKq lsÍu i|ydcmdkfhka meñK we;s iafõÉPd .=rejrhl= iuÕ Y%S ,dxlsl .=reNj;=ka fofokl=f.a o fiajh ,nd .ekSug lghq;= fhdod we;'

521

80 oYlfha § Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj wkqnoaê; j úIhud,dji|yd leiÜmg ksIamdokh lsÍu'

Y%S ,xld .=jka úÿ,s ixia:dj uÕska Know your music weiqfrka jevigyka iy zj¾K ßoauZ hgf;a jevigyka j¾I 1987 $ 1988 j¾Ij, ksIamdokhlr úiqrejd yßk ,§'

úIh ks¾foaYfha we;s ish¨ u tall w,,d cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha¥ria: wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska fudvHq, 15la t<s±laùu'

j¾I 2001 § 6-11 fY%aKs i|yd .=re w;a fmd;a ,sùu

j¾I 2006 § 6-13 fY%aKs i|yd .=rejrekag Wmfoia ix.%yh ,sùu wdrïNl< w;r wo th wjidk fjñka mj;S'

2010 j¾Ifha isg fi!kao¾h l,d úYajúµd,fha ngysr ix.S;wOHkdxYhla weröu o ngysr ix.S;h ms<sn| Wmdê mdGud,djla weröu obÈß mshjr fõ'

* * *

k¾;k l,d wOHdmkh

mdrïmßl j furg .=rel=, jYfhka ixj¾Okh jQ k¾;k úIhfCIa;%fha" 1930 oYlfha § úYd, l,d m%fndaOhla we;s úh' fuu jljdkqfõ§ pkaøf,aLd kï Wiia ro< l=, ldka;dj k¾;k l,djg msúi ysi fjia;enQ nj i|yka fõ' ta iu. u óßhka mSßia kue;s Wiia iudc iïu;ldka;djl o ysi fjia m<|d we;' fuu ysi fjia me<|ùu msßñ mlaIfha ysifjia me<|ùug iudk pdß;% wkqj isÿ jQjd ±hs i|ykla fkdue;'

1934 § bkaÈhdfjka Y%S ,xldjg meñKs uyd lú rîkaøkd;a ;df.da¾mç;=ud ksid wm rfgys úYd, l,d m%fndaOhla we;s jQ nj i|yka fõ' Tyqúiska fï rfÜ mj;ajk ,o Ydma fudaIka úYd, ixialD;sl ixo¾Yk ksidfurg l,d Ys,amSyq uy;a wukaodkkaohg m;a jQy' miq j fuys isá l,dYs,amSyq msßila Ndr;hg f.dia k¾;k l,dj we;=¿ úúO l,d rdYshla m%.=Kl<y' weia' mkSNdr;" Ñ;%fiak vhia" fm%aul=udr tmsgfj," .x.dkd;a" iQßhYxl¾ fud,a,sf.dv" fidaunkaOq úµdm;s" jika; l=ud¾" fYaId m,sylaldr"ksu,a fj,a.u" ví' î' ul=f,d¨j hkdÈ Ys,amSyq Ndr;hg f.dia úúO l,dyodrd ,xldjg meñK ;uka ,enQ wOHdmkfha m%;s,dN furg m%o¾YkhlsÍug mgka .;ay' k¾;k l,dfõ úúO w;ayod ne,Sï rdYshla fuu Ys,amSkaisÿ l< ksid Y%S ,xldfõ úYd, l,d mqkreohla we;s úh' uqød kdgH ks¾udKh

522

iy úúO kegqï ixo¾Yk meje;aùu ksid mdrïmßl j mj;ajd f.k wdk¾;kh iudcfha fndfyda fofkl=f.a ms<s.ekSug ,la úh'

.=re f.or b,x.ï uvqfjka wdrïN l< k¾;k l,dj Ydka;sl¾uj,guq,a ;ekla foñka úydr foajd, jeks wd.ñl ia:dkj, wjYH;d bgq lsÍugkegqï - .ehqï - jehqï meje;ajQ nj b;sydifhys i|yka fõ' ish .=re l=,h/l .ekSug kegqï" .ehqï" jehqï ms<sn| j ±kqula wdOqkslhkg m%dfhda.sljYfhka ,nd §u ksid" k¾;k wOHdmkhlska n,dfmdfrd;a;= jk mrud¾:tys oS bgq fkd ù h'

k¾;k wOHdmkh .ek tjlg isá wOHdmk{hskaf.a is;a fhduq ùuksid" 1936 § wOHdmk wOHlaIjrhl= j isá tia' t,a' î' lmqfldgqj uy;df.auQ,sl;ajfhka ,xld .dkaO¾j iNdj msysgqjk ,oS' 1931-38 lrk ,o wOHdmkm%;sixialrKj,ska wdrïN lrk ,o .%dóh wOHdmk l%ufha § risl wOHdmkhf,i WÑ; kegqï m%dfhda.sl l=i,;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug fuu úIh we;=<;alrk ,§'

.dkaO¾j iNdj uÕska ix.S; yd kegqï úIh i|yd úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=fjka úNd.hla meje;aùug lghq;= lrk ,§' 1938 § meje;ajQfuu úNd. i|yd fmkS isáfha fm!oa.,sl mka;s mj;ajk bx,.ï uvqj,skaúIh {dkh ,nd .;a isiqyq h' fï úNd.h ksid k¾;kh ms<sn| úYd,wdkafoda,khla" Wfµda.hla" ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla Èjhsk mqrd we;s úh'

iS' ví' ví' lkakka.r ue;s;=udf.a ksoyia wOHdmk ixl,amh l%shd;aulùu;a iu. wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska k¾;kh úIhhla jYfhkamdi,aj, b.ekaùug lghq;= fhdok ,§' k¾;kh b.ekaùu i|yd tl,úfYaI mqyqKqj ,;a .=rejreka fkd isá ksid .=re l=,j,ska mej; tk Ys,amSkao m%ùK;djlska fyì mqoa.,hska o fï i|yd fhdod .kakd ,§' wOHdmkfomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska kegqï yd ix.S;h i|yd 1943 § m;a l< uq,a u.=rejrhd jQfha ksu,a fj,a.u uy;dhs'

kegqï .=re ;k;=rla ,nd .ekSug iqÿiqlu jYfhka .dkaO¾j úNd.hiu;a ù isàu wjYH jqj o tu úNd.h ksid mdrïmßl olaI;djka fkd ,enQmsßila o lafIa;%hg we;=<;a jQy'

flfia fj;;a fuu msßi idudkH wOHdmkh w;ska b;d ÿ¾j, uÜgulisáhy' yqfola úIhh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl olaI;dj muKla mdi,a orejkag,nd §u m%udKj;a fkd jk nj;a ta ms<sn| kHdhd;aul ±kqu o wjYH nj;aúoaj;=kaf.a u;h úh'

rcfha j.lSu hgf;a ix.S;h yd k¾;kh b.ekaùfï we;s wjYH;djtl, isá wOHdmk n,OdÍkag meyeÈ,s lr ÿka ,hk,a tÈßisxy uy;d^rcfha kegqï yd ix.S; úµd,fha ysgmq úÿy,am;s& ta ms<sn| j woyia rchgbÈßm;a lf<a h' tys m%;sM,hla jYfhka tjlg wOHdmk weue;s j isá B' ta'

523

kq.fj, ue;s;=udf.a Wmfoia wkqj 1952 j¾Ifha ,xld ld¾ñl úµd,fhawxY folla jYfhka fmrÈ. ix.S;h yd Wvrg kegqï wxYh wdrïN lrk,oS' 1953 j¾Ifha § fi!kao¾h úIhhkag kj hq.hla Wod lrñka rcfha ,,s;l,dh;kh wdrïN úh' ix.S;" Ñ;%" kegqï hkqfjka fuh wxY ;=klg fnodfjka flßK' fuu wdh;kh meje;aùug fld<U 7" fyda¾gka fmfofiysmsysá bx.%Sis cd;slhl=g ysñlï we;s zfyajqâZ hk kñka ;snQ ukaÈrh f;dard.eksK' fï fya;=fjka fyajqâ hk ku wdh;khg Ndú; lsÍug mqreÿ úh'

fuys k¾;k wxYh Ndr j lghq;= lsÍug mdrïmßl Ys,amshl= jQ;a"Ndr;hg f.dia ta ms<sn| jeäÿr wOHdmkhla ,enqjd jQ;a tia' mKSNdr;uy;d m;a lrkq ,eî h' b.ekaùfï lghq;= lsÍu i|yd mdrïmßl b;d olaIYs,amSka msßila f;dard .kq ,enQy' uq,ska u Wvrg k¾;kh muKla b.ekaùui|yd w,a.u lsß.Ks;" rx.u .=Kud,d" .,afmd;af;a iqrTd" uqre;j" ux.,;sßhhk msßi f;daard .kq ,enQy' ;ukaf.a Wreuh u;= mrmqrg odhdo lsÍug Tjqyqienúka u lem ù úIhh ms<sn| .eUqre {dkhla isiqkag ,nd ÿkay' Tjqkaf.auqLH mrud¾:h jQfha k¾;kh ms<sn| m%dfhda.sl ±kqula fkd wvqj isiqkagodhdo lsÍuhs' tl, ;snQ b.ekaùfï l%uh jQfha m%dfhda.sl ±kqñka kHdhd;aul±kqu ;yjqre lsÍuhs'

1940 oYlfha isg fld<U lgql=rekao" Whkaj;a;" ksÜgUqj" fmardfoKsh"n,msáh hk .=re wNHdi úµd,j, w;sf¾l úIhhla jYfhka k¾;khb.ekaùu wdrïN lrk ,§' fuu .=re úµd,j, mdrïmßl olaI;djlskafyì tia' mKSNdr;" fÊ' B' fiaoruka" fÊ' iS' ud,.ïuk" ta' bUq,af.dv jeksYs,amSyq b.ekajQy'

1948 Pagent of Lanka m%ix.h k¾;k b;sydifha jeo.;a isÿùuls'

isxy, ixialD;shg wh;a Wvrg k¾;kh i|yd wdh;khla fkd jQneúka" 1954 § fld<U 7" isxy, ixialD;sl wdh;kh wdrïN l< w;rixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN lf<a bka wk;=re j h' 1956 jif¾ §isÿ jQ foaYmd,k fmr<sh;a iuÕ úYd, ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla rfÜ we;s úh'fuys m%;sM,hla jYfhka ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j we;s úh' k¾;k Ys,amSkaìys lrk b,x.ï uvqj fj; úfYaI wjOdkhla fhduq lr fuufomd¾;fïka;=j b,x.ï uvqj l,dh;kh kñka kï lr idïm%odhsl kegqïb.ekaùu i|yd Wkkaÿ lrkq ,eî h' ful, fydrK YS%md,s l,dh;kh"urodfka f,darkaia úµd,h" Ñ;%fiak l,dh;kh u.ska o mdrïmßl k¾;kl,dj o Ndr;Sh k¾;k l,dj o weiqre lr .ksñka úúO ks¾udK lD;s o ìyslrk ,§'

fï ksid we;s jQ m%fndaOfhka ,dxlsl ;reKfhda Ndr;fha Ydka;sksfla;kh yd flar< l,d uKav,h jeks wdh;kj,g f.dia Ndr;Sh kegqïl,dj yd ks¾udK" k¾;k iy kD;H kdgl l,dj ms<sn| ±kqu yd wjfndaOh

524

,nd .;ay' foaYSh k¾;k l,dj kj udj;lg fhduq lsÍug" fudjqka ,nd.;a ±kqu" rg ;=< úYd, ixialD;sl m%fndaOhla we;s lsÍu;a iu. u thgwOHdmksl jákdlula §u i|yd mdi,a moaO;sfha k¾;kh b.ekaúfïwjYH;dj we;s úh'

rcfha ,,s; l,dh;kfhka msg jQ msßi iy .dkaO¾j úNd.h iu;amsßila 1959 rcfha .=rejreka jYfhka n|jd f.k mdi,aj,g m;a lrk ,§'fufia n|jd .;a .=re msßi o m%udKj;a fkd jQ ksid k¾;k úIhh yeoEÍufndfyda isiq msßilg wysñ úh' bka miq j 1966-1967 j¾Ij, § o ;j;afi!kao¾h .=re msßila n|jd .kakd ,§'

1966 j¾Ifha § ixialD;sl fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska md,kh l< rcfha,,s; l,dh;kh wOHdmk wud;HdxYh hg;g mjrd f.k rcfha kegqï yduqød kdgH úµd,h hkqfjka kï lrk ,§'

1962 j¾Ifha Wvrg kegqïj,g wu;r j my;rg kegqï wxYh o fuyswe;s lrk ,§' fuu wxYfha uq,ska u b.ekaùï lghq;= lf<a ú,aika T,fndvqj"je,s.u f.dañia" fla tia m%kdkaÿ" iy mshodi uy;dhs' Tyq úiska Ydka;sl¾uj,§ Ndú; l< fuu kegqï úêu;a whqßka fõÈldjg WÑ; f,i ilia fldgb.ekaùug lghq;= lrk ,oS'

1975 § wfmdi ^Wfm& i|yd kegqï úIhh we;=<;a lrk ,§'

1978 j¾Ifha § inr.uq kegqï b.ekaùu wdrïN lrk ,ÿ j" wk;=re jiajdëk mdGud,djla f,i j¾Okh úh'

mdi,aj,g .=rejreka m;a lsÍfuka miq l%uj;a úIh ud,djl wjYH;djmek ke.sKs' tjlg wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fi!kao¾h Ndr m%Odk wOHdmkks,OdÍ jYfhka lghq;= l< ví' î' ul=f,d¿j uy;df.a m%uqL;ajfhkaix.S;" Ñ;%" kegqï hk úIhhkag úIh ks¾foaY ^mdGud,d& ilia úh' 1958k¾;kh ms<sn| ilia jQ mdGud,dj, kegqï wOHdmkh wjia:d y;rlgfnod olajk ,§'

1' oDYH yd Y%jH udOHfhka ri úkaokh

2' kegqï ms<sn| l=i,;dj we;s lr .ekSu

3' kegqï udOHh wjfndaO lr .ekSu

4' ks¾udKh

ful, k¾;k wOHdmkh wdrïN jQfha mYapd;a m%d:ñl mka;sh jkyh jk fY%aKsfha isg h' yh jk fY%aKsfha isg wdrïN l< mdGud,dj,kegqï b.ekaùu fldgia ;=klg fnod oelúK' tkï Ys,amh Ydia;%h ks¾udKjYfhks'

fuu úIh ks¾foaY .ek i,ld n,k úg k¾;k wOHdmkfha uqLHmrud¾: bgq jQ njla fmfkkakg ke;' .=rejrhd f;dard .;a YsIH msßilg

525

fyda leue;af;ka bÈßm;a jk YsIHhkag muKla fuu úIhh W.kajkq,enqfõ úIh ndysr ls%hdldrlula f,i h'

uq¿ wOHdmk lafIa;%fhys u m%;sixialrKhla we;s lrjk kj wOHdmkie,eiaula 1972 ckjdß udifha isg l%shd;aul lrk ,È' tys m%Odk wOHhkwjia:d 3 lg fnod ;snqKs'

1 - 5 jk fY%aKsh olajd m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

6 - 9 jk fY%aKsh olajd lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

10 - 11 jk fY%aKsh olajd fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

fï ksid 1975 j¾Ifha § cd;sl fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl m;% úNd.hgk¾;kh wksjd¾h úIhhla úh' fuu úNd.h 9 jif¾ mj;ajkq ,eî h',sÅ;" m%dfhda.sl fldgia follska mj;ajkq ,enQ fuu úNd.fha § m%dfhda.slfldgia udKav,sl uÜgñka mj;ajk ,È' 1975-1976 jißka miq fuu úNd.l%uh wfydais úh' fuu úNd.fhka Wiia f,i k¾;k úIhh iu;a msßiWiia fm< úNd.h i|yd fmkS isá m%:u YsIH lKavdhu fõ' k¾;k úIhhwksjd¾h úIhhla ùu yd úYd, ixLHdjla fuu úIhh 12-13 fY%aKs olajdbf.kqug fm,öu ksid k¾;k wOHdmkfha uy;a msì§ula we;s úh' fuuld,fha le,Ksh úYajúµd,fha o ,,s; l,d wxYhla we;s lrk ,§' fïksid Wiia fm< fi!kao¾h úIhh iu;a jQ isiqkag le,Ksh úYajúµd,fha,,s; l,d wxYhg fyda úYaj úµd,hg wkqnoaO fi!kao¾h wdh;khg fydahdug jrï ,enqKs ^1 jk rEmh&'

1 jk rEmh 1972 m%;sixialrK wkqj fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh ms<sn| wjia:d

úYaj úµd,h,,s;l,d mSGh

fcHIaG ;dlaIKsl

fcHIaG oaú;Shsl

lksIaG oaú;Shsl

m%d:ñl

lksIaG ;dlaIKsl

526

1974 j¾Ifha uehs ui 01 Èk rcfha kegqï yd uqød kdgH úµd,h"rcfha ix.S; úµd,h iu. wkqnoaO fldg ,xld úYaj úµd,fha fi!kao¾hwdh;kh kñka m%;sixfYdaOkh lrk ,oS' fuys m%:u k¾;k wOHhkdxYfhawxYdêm;s OQrhg m;ajQfha o tia' mKSNdr; uy;d h'

fuu wdh;kj,ska ,,s;l,d WmdêOdÍka f,iska msg jQ msßi .=rejD;a;sh i|yd f;dard .eksK'

1985 j¾Ifha § úIh ud,d ixj¾Ok uOHia:dkh uÕska fi!kao¾húIhh i|yd kej;;a kj úIh ks¾foaYhla ksl=;a lrkq ,eî h' fuu úIhks¾foaYh YsIHhd ;=< we;s úh hq;= udkisl ixfõÈ;dj" ftkaøSh iudfhdackh"cd;sldNsudkh yd ixialD;sl idrO¾u ms<sn| wjfndaOh we;=<;a jk whqßkailid ;snqKs'

kj wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úYd, fjkialï we;slsÍug fya;= úh' fuf;la l,a wOHdmkh ms<sn| ish¨ j.lSï wOHdmkwud;HdxYhg mejÍ ;snqk;a wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg Wmfoia fok kj wOHdmkwdh;khla we;s lr,Sug i|yd 1986 j¾Ifha § cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;khia:dms; lrk ,oS' fuf;la l,a wOHdmk wud;HdxYh i;= j ;snQ úIh ud,dixj¾Ok lghq;=" .=re mqyqKq lghq;=" .=re WmfoaYl mqyqKq lghq;=" udKav,slks,OdÍkaf.a mqyqKq lghq;= hkdÈ .=re lafIa;%h iïnkaO j.lSu cd;sl wOHdmkwdh;khg mjrd fok ,§' mßmd,k lghq;= wOHdmk wud;HdxYhg mejßK'cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska tla tla úIhh i|yd fjk fjk ufomd¾;fïka;= we;s lr tys n,;, wOHlaIjrhl=g mjrd fok ,§' fi!kao¾hi|yd fjk u fomd¾;fïka;=jla cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska msysgqjk,§' fuu fomd¾;fïka;=fõ m%:u wOHlaI jYfhka ñ/kavd fyau,;d uy;añhm;a jQ w;r wk;=re j iqo;a iurisxy uy;d ta ;k;=rg m;a úh'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha fi!kao¾h wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j kjúIh ks¾foaYhla 1991 oS ilia lrk ,§' fï i|yd fuu fomd¾;fïka;=juÕska iqiudys; fm!reI j¾Okh i|yd ú{dkh yd ±kqu j¾Okh lsÍfukari úkaokh u; wdl,am" ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh yd ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;dfmdaIKh lsÍu hk fuu fmdÿ mrud¾:h uq,afldg f.k wkqmrud¾: ydiqúfYaI wruqKq f.dv kefÕk mßoafoka úIh ks¾foaY ieliSug mshjr.kakd ,oS'

tjlg ;snQ úIh ks¾foaYh m%dfhda.sl wxYhg jvd;a keUqre j úNd.iu;a ùu muKla wruqKq fldg f.k mej;sfha h' fï ksid kj úIhks¾foaYh Bg jvd mq¿,a ld¾hhla lsÍfï wruqKq we;s j by;ska ±lajQ úIhmrud¾: uq,a lr f.k ie,iqï iy.; j ilia lrk ,§'

fuu úIhh mdif,a § YsIHhdg m%shckl úIhhla fuka u bf.kqïb.ekaùï ld¾hh kj l%u Ys,am Ndú; l< yels whqßka úIh ikaOdrh f.dv

527

kÕk ,§' k¾;k wOHdmkh mej;sfha .=re flakaøSh wOHdmkhla f,ineúka kj Ñka;khg wkql+, jk f,i YsIH flakaøSh wruqKq mdol lr .;aúIh ks¾foaYhla f.dv k.kq ,eî h'

Ys,amh yd Ydia;%h hkqfjka fldgia follg fnod óg fmr mej;súIh ks¾foaYh fjkia lrñka fldgia mylska hqla; j kj úIh ks¾foaYhms<sfh, lrk ,§'

- ridiajdoh

- ks¾udK l=i,;d j¾Okh

- m%dfhda.sl l%shdldrlï

- isoaOdka;

- ixialD;sl miqìu

fuu fldgia my fi!kao¾h úIhg we;=<;a fyhska b.ekaùu myiqlrùu" bf.kSï ld¾hh ld¾hlaIu j lrùu iy we.ehSï l%shdj,sh j¾OkhlsÍfï yelshdj f.dv keÕS we;' kj Ñka;k rgd flf¾ wjOdkh fhduqfldg f.dv keÕ+Kq fuu úIh ks¾foaYh .=re flakaøSh wOHdmk rgdfjkañ§ YsIH flakaøSh rgdjla f.dv keÕSug ie,iqï lr ;snqKs' ;j;a fuys we;siqúfYaI;dj jkafka wruqKq" wNsu;d¾:" iqúfYaI wruqKq hgf;a idudkHwOHdmkh f.dvkeÕS ;snqK;a fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh mrud¾:" wkqmrud¾:"wruqKq yd iqúfYaI wruqKq jYfhka fldgia lr ;sîu ksid .=rejrhdgb.ekaùfï ld¾hh ie,iqï iy.; j lsÍug yelshdj ,eîuhs'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh u.ska 2007 § kej;;a kj ±laulska hq;= jkj iyY%hg .e<fmk mßÈ úIh ks¾foaYhla ilia lrk ,§' YsIH flakaøShwOHdmkhg uq,a ;ek foñka ksmqK;d mdol lr .;a úIh ks¾foaYhla ilialrk ,§' YsIHhskaf.a ksmqK;d j¾Okh lr .ekSug yels jk wdldrfhkaksmqK;d mdol l%shdldrlïj,g uq,a ;ekla foñka kj úIh ks¾foaYhf.dvkÕd we;' l,ska ;snQ úIh ks¾foaYfha o fï ;;a;ajh f.dvkeÕS ;snqK;a"kj úIhh ks¾foaYfha b.ekaùfï l%shdj,sfhys úfYaI fjkila isÿ fldgwe;' isiqka .fõIKd;aul l%shdj,shg fhduq fldg úIh ms<sn| f;dr;=re /ia lsÍu" fmd;am;a lshùu" mßir ksÍlaIKh" kj ;dlaIKsl ±kqu hk lreKq.ek fiùug fmd,Ujd we;'

fuu ud¾f.damfoaYfhka wka;¾.; úIh lreKq" Bg fmr mej;s úIhks¾foaY wka;¾.;h yd iudk jqj;a" th bÈßm;a lr we;af;a isiq ksmqK;dmdol lr f.k h' th

1' ksmqK;dj

2' fY%aKshg wod< ksmqK;d uÜgu

3' úIh wka;¾.;h hkqfjka fldgia lr olajd we;'

528

1943 isg mdi,aj, k¾;kh b.ekaùu wdrïN l< miq k¾;k úIhhg.=rejreka f,i f;dard .kq ,enqfha mdrïmßl Ys,amSh olaI;d we;s whhs'fudjqka m;a lrkq ,enqfõ tjlg ;snQ uOH úµd, lsysmhlghs' miqj mdi,amoaO;sh jHdma; ùu;a iu. .=rejrekaf.a wjYH;dj jeä úh' .dkaO¾júNd.fhka iu;a wh miqj .=re lafIa;%hg we;=<;a lr .kakd ,§' 1953 rcfha,,s; l,dh;kh miqj rcfha kegqï yd uqød kdgH úµd,h msysgqjQ miq tysih wjqreÿ ämaf,daud iy;slhg .=re m;aùï m%odkh lrk ,§' 1959 § ix.S;kegqï .=rejreka 600la n|jd .kakd ,o y'

úYajúµd,hg wkqnoaO wdh;khla f,i kï l< miq tu wdh;kfhkaksl=;a lrkq ,enqfõ ,,s; l,dfõ§ Wmdê iy;slhhs' miqj .=re m;aùïm%odkh lsÍfï § Wmdê iy;slhg uq,a ;ekla ,enqKs'

m<d;a iNd l%uh msysgqjQ miq tla tla m<d;a iNdjg wNsu; mßÈ.=rejreka n|jd .kakd ,§' tneúka iuyr m<d;aj, Wiia fm< iu;a whgo .dkaO¾j wjidk iy;slhg o .=re m;aùï fok ,§' 1978 le,Ksh úYajúµd,fha wdrïN lrk ,o ,,s; l,d mdGud,dfjka yd Y%S chj¾OkmqrúYaj úµd,fha wdrïN lrk ,o mdGud,dj,ska iu;a wh o fi!kao¾h.=rejreka jYfhka n|jd .kakd ,§' k¾;k úIh lafIa;%fha m%:u Wmdê .=rem;aùï 1982 § ,nd fok ,§'

90 oYlh jk úg k¾;k wOHdmkh úúO ye,yemamSïj,g Ndckhjqj o fuu lafIa;%h ms<sn| iudcfha úYd, msì§ula we;s úh' fndfyda isiqyqixLHdjla fuu úIhh yeoEÍug fm,UqKy' úYaj úµd,j,g we;=¿ jkixLHdj o by< uÜgul mej;=Ks'

1945 uq,ska u ix.S;h yd kegqï i|yd tla mÍlaIljrhl= muKlam;alrk ,§' miqj wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha fi!kao¾h úIhhka i|yd m%OdkwOHdmk ks,Odßhl= m;a lr m<d;a lsysmhla i|yd tla mÍlaIljrhl= ne.skam;alrk ,§' m<d;a lsysmhl m%.;sh fidhd ne,Sug tla mÍlaIljrhl=gwmyiq ld¾hhla úh' 1959 k¾;kh i|yd o fjk u wOHdmk ks,Odßjrhl=m;a jQ miq úIhh i|yd ;j;a mÍlaIljreka lsysm fokl= n|jd .kakd ,§'

k¾;kh iïnkaO Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k

k¾;kh iïnkaO Wiia wOHdmk wdh;khla f,i m<uqfjka u we;sjQfha 1953 rcfha ,,s; l,dh;khhs' miqj th 1964 § rcfha kegqï yd uqødkdgH úµd,h úh' fuys k¾;k wxY Ndr j lghq;= lf<a wdpd¾h tia'mKSNdr; uy;dhs' fuu wdh;kh 1974'05'01 Èk isg ,xld úYaj úµd,hgwkqnoaO fi!kao¾h wdh;kh kñka wOHlaIjrhl= hgf;a md,kh úh'wdh;kfha kshudj,shg wkqj úêu;a j m;a lrk ,o m%:u wOHlaIjrhdjQfha uydpd¾h ;siai ldßhjiï uy;d h'

529

th 1979 § le,Ksh úYaj úµd,fha fi!kao¾h wOHhk wdh;khkñka kej;;a m%;sjHQy.; flßK'

iajdëk úYajúµd,h njg 2005 cQ,s 01 Èk mßj¾;kh lr tys md,khúYajúµd, Wml=,m;sjrhl= hg;g mjrkq ,eî h' tys m%:u Wml=,m;sjrhdjQfha uydpd¾h ir;a wuqKq.u h' j¾;udk Wml=,m;s chfiak fldaÜfÜf.dvuy;d h' ta hgf;a k¾;k mSGh" ix.S; mSGh yd oDYH l,d mSGh f,i mSG;=kla ia:dms; lrk ,§'

le,Ksh úYajúµd,fha o 1978 § ,,s;l,d wxYhla we;s lr tys ofi!kao¾h úIh W.kajkq ,eî h' tys § jvd;a keUqrejla we;s jQfha m%dfhda.sl±kqug jvd kHdhd;aul ±kqula §uhs' tuÕska o k¾;kh ms<sn| Wmdê msßkukq,eî h'

Y%S chj¾Okmqr úYajúµd,fha o NdId yd ixialD;sl wxYh hgf;a,,s; l,d wxYh 1992 § wdrïN lrk ,o w;r 1993 isg k¾;k úIhh we;=¿wfkla fi!kao¾h mdGud,d b.ekaùu wdrïN lrk ,oS' thska o fuu úIhhms<sn| WmdêOrfhda ìysjQy' 1972 wdrïN lrk ,o kj wOHdmk ie,eiauwkqj fi!kao¾h .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍfï we;s wjYH;dj rchg fmkS .sfha h'bf.kqï l%u" wOHdmk ufkdaúµdj yd wOHdmksl iudc úµdj hk úIho bf.kSfuka jvd;a fyd| bf.kqï M,hla .; yels nj wOHdmk{hskagjegyS .sh ksid 1972'01'31 Èk .srd.u fi!kao¾h .=re wNHdi úµd,h wdrïNúh' tys m%:u úÿy,am;s jYfhka t,a' î' iurfldaka uy;d m;a úh' fuhgn|jd .kq ,enqfõ fi!kao¾h .=rejreka muKs'

Wiia fm< úIhhla jYfhka fndfyda isiq msßila fi!kao¾h úIhkQ;k jljdkqj jk úg f;dard .;a;;a úYaj úµd, jrï ,enqfKa iSñ;fldgilg muKs' iriú jrï fkd ,enQ orejka i|yd 2000 j¾Ifha §fi!kao¾h ms<sn| úµd mSGhla ìx.sßfha msysgqjkq ,eî h' fuhg n|jd .kq,enqfjda Wiia fm< iu;a isiq isiqúfhda h'

mdGud,dj, jHdma;sh

úYajúµd," .=re úµd," .=re wOHdmk úµdmSG k¾;k úIhh ydiïnkaO Wiia wOHdmkh ,nd fok wdh;kj, .=re mqyqKqj" úµdmSG mqyqKqj,enQ whl=g Wmdê" mYapdoa Wmdê" wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,d yeoeÍfïjrï o ysñ úh' k¾;k úIhh ms<sn| WmdêOrfhda" fjk;a úYajúµd,j,wOHhk wxYj,ska Ydia;%m;s" o¾YkiQÍ hk Wmdê ,nd .;ay' tfy;a fuf;lak¾;k úIhh ms<sn| Wiia Wmdê ,nd .kakg l%uhla ìys fkd ù h' 2005iajdëk úYaj úµd,hla jYfhka fi!kao¾h l,d úYjúµd,h ia;dms; jQmiq Ydia;%m;s" o¾Ykm;s " o¾YkiQÍ Wmdê i|yd mdGud,d wdrïN lrk ,oS'

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh uÕska o Wiia wOHdmk mdGud,d we;s lrk

530

,§' tys § k¾;k mqyqKq .=rejreka i|yd Wmdê mdGud,djla wdrïN lrk ,§'wOHdmkfõ§ mdGud,dj kï jQ tuÕska fndfyda .=re msßilg Wiia wOHdmkh,eîfï jrï ,enQKs'

we.hSï l%uj, fjkiaùu yd isiq jHdma;sh

1975 oS k¾;k úIhh i|yd fmdÿ wOHdmk iy;sl m;% úNd.h kñka9 jk fY%aKsfha oS úNd.hla mj;ajk ,oS' fuu úNd.h ,sÅ; yd m%dfhda.sljYfhka fldgia follska iukaú; jQ w;r ,sÅ; m%Yak m;%h úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska mj;ajkq ,eî h' m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh udKav,sluÜgñka meje;aúK' fuys § mehl ,sÅ; m%Yak m;%hg ,l=Kq 40la o m%dfhda.slmÍlaIKhg 60la o ysñ úh' fuu úNd.fha § isiqkaf.a m%;sM, fY%aKs.;flrefKa A B C D hk ixfla; u.sks'

cd'fmd'i' úNd. l%uh 1975-76 jirj,ska miq wfydais úh' 1978 §wOHdmk fmdÿ iy;sl m;% w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<& úNd.h wdrïN lrk ,os'k¾;k úIh lafIa;%fha m%.;shg Wr ÿka fuu lvbu ksid .=rejreka fukau isiqka o flfrys uy;a fm,Uùula we;s úh'

fuu úNd.h ,sÅ; yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka fldgia follska iukaú;úh'

m%Yak m;%j, iajNdjh

úIhh ld,h ,l=Kq

meh

fmrÈ. kegqï 1 m;%h ld,h 3 100

fmrÈ. kegqï II m;%h ld,h 3 100

m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKh m%Odk Èia;% slalh uq,a lr f.k úNd.fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska m;a l< mÍlaIl uKav, hgf;a isÿ úh' uq,ska ;snQm%;sM, fY%aKs.; l%uh A B C D fjkqjg A B C S F hkqfjka kj l%uhlskaisÿ úh'

tjlg mej;s .dkaO¾j úNd.h1977 úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska mjrdf.k th o ,sÅ; yd m%dfhda.sl jYfhka mj;ajk ,§' bka miq j th cd;slkegqï $ ix.S; úNd.h f,i kï lrk ,§' fuys § ,sÅ; mÍlaIKfhka iu;ajQ wh muKla m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKhg fhduq lrk ,§'

1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj wkqj kej;;a mdi,a moaO;sfha fjkilawe;s úh'

531

1975 mgka .;a k¾;k úIhfha we.ehSï l%uh 1987 olajd l%shd;aulúh' 1987 j¾Ifha § YsIH YsIHdjkag jvd;a m%;sM,odhl l%uhla f,i wLKavwe.ehSï l%uhla wdrïN flßK' b.ekaùu yd we.ehSu tl u l%shdj,shlanjg m;a lrkq ,enqjd jQ YsIHhkag jvd ióm jQ yd újD; jQ fuu l%uh ksidl%shdYS,S isiq mrmqrla ìyslsÍfï woyiska fuh y÷kajd fok ,§' wLKavwe.ehSï l%ufha § úfYaI wjOdkh fhduq jQfha ,sÅ; mÍlaIKj, § uekshfkdyels wxY flfrys h' 1988 jif¾ 11 jk jif¾ bf.kqu ,enQ isiqyq fuul%uhg we;=<;a jqy' úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕska meje;ajQ úNd.hg yrúIh 6la muKla we;=<;a úh' k¾;k úIhh i|yd wLKav we.ehSï l%uhfhdod .kq ,eìKs'

1997 jif¾ § fuf;la yh jk fY%aKsfha isg tla fi!kao¾h úIhhlaf;dard .ekSug isiqkag wjia:dj ,nd § ;snqk o fuu jif¾ § yh jkfY%aKsfha È Ñ;%" kegqï" ix.S;h f,i úIh ;=k u yodrd l=i,;dj we;sfi!kao¾h úIh f;dard .ekSug 7 fY%aKsfha § isiqkag bv i,ijk ,oS' 1988-2003 olajd w'fmd'i' úNd.h i|yd nyqjrK yd rpkduh hk fldgia folskam%Yak m;% ilia úh' 1988-2000 jir olajd m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK mdi, wdikak.=re Nj;l=f.a iyNd.s;ajfhka mdif,a § u isÿ úh' 2001 kj úIh ks¾foaYhlailia úh' tys § yr úIh 8la iy w;sf¾l úIh folla w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<&i|yd ilia lrk ,§' fuys § yr úIh hg;g fi!kao¾h úIhh we;=<;a jqjo úIhhka f;dard .ekSfï § .eg¨ iy.; ;;a;ajhla we;s úh' 2002 jif¾isg m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIK fjk u fkd meje;ajQ w;r ta i|yd mdi,a mdolwe.ehSï l%uhla fhdod .;ay' ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j uÕskamj;ajk ,oS'

k¾;k úIhfha j¾Okh úNd. m%;sM,j,ska meyeÈ,s fõ' ta i|ydwdikak jir lSmhl m%;sM, fufia ±laúh yels h'

1 jk j.=j( 1990-1998 olajd merKs úNd. l%uh w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<&

j¾Ih 1990 1991 1992 1993 1994 1995 1996 1997iu;a ixLHdj 12078 15136 17947 22657 30417 29566 32605 32349

wiu;a ixLHdj 20943 21012 18409 16239 12761 15717 17621 18386

2 jk j.=j 1998-2002 ,sÅ; mÍlaIKh mdi,a mdol we.ehSï fkdue;sjj¾Ih 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002iu;a ixLHdj 31499 46505 43730 37566 38120wiu;a ixLHdj 18733 6288 8513 23344 15314

532

2005ka miq fuu l%uh o wfydais úh' my;ska ±lafjkafka jir lsysmhlm%;sM, igykls'

3 jk j.=j( w'fmd'i' ^W' fm<& úNd. m%;sM,

j¾Ih 1981 1982 1984 1986 1987 1988 1989 1990

iu;a ixLHdj 17 154 201 133 243 352 1357 755

wiu;a ixLHdj 288 422 257 123 165 106 100 324

fmkS isá .Kk 305 576 458 256 408 458 1457 1079

4 jk j.=j4 jk j.=j4 jk j.=j4 jk j.=j4 jk j.=j: 1981 isg 2003 jir olajd we;s jQ ixLHd;aul 1981 isg 2003 jir olajd we;s jQ ixLHd;aul 1981 isg 2003 jir olajd we;s jQ ixLHd;aul 1981 isg 2003 jir olajd we;s jQ ixLHd;aul 1981 isg 2003 jir olajd we;s jQ ixLHd;aulj¾Okhj¾Okhj¾Okhj¾Okhj¾Okh

w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&w'fmd'i' ^W'fm<&

1981 1986 1990 1995 2000 2001 2002 2003

isiqka 305 256 1079 2172 4979 4364 3759 5246

* * *

kdgH l,d wOHdmkh

zkdgHZ .¾ys; úµdjla jk fyhska th ;uka úiska bf.k fkd .;hq;= w;r wkqkag b.ekaùfuka o je<lsh hq;= hhs iqm%lg zzoUfoKsl;sldjf;ysZZ ,d NslaIQka jykafiag ;ykï ksfhda.hla mkjd ;sîfukatl, meje;s msßfjka wOHdmk lafIa;%h ;=< kdgH úIhh fyda Bg iïnkaOlsishï b.ekaùula mj;skakg we;ehs idOdrK bÕshla .uHudk fõ' tfia umerKs ,laÈj wOHdmk lafIa;%fha úIhud,d ;=< meje;s ziQiegl,dZ w;rzkdglZ úIh o wvx.= j mej;s w;r mqrudÜgq mEu" rÕuv¨" lsúk¿j" lsjs/Õ=u" fidlß" flda,ï" kdv.ï wdÈ fhÿï Tiafia úldYkh ù we;s nj fmkShoa§ u chj¾Okmqr fldaÜfÜ wjêh jk úg ÈhqKqjg m;a jQ msßfjka wOHdmkúIhud,dj o lsúk¿ - kdgl we;=<;a j ;snQ njg iuld,Sk idys;H uQ,dY%fudkjg idlaIH orhs' hg;a úð; wjêfha kj ±kqu mrdj¾;kh;a iu.

533

we;s jQ kùlrKfha m%;sM, jYfhka Ñ;%" kegqï" ix.S;" kdgl jeks l,dudOH mdi,aj, ndysr l%shdldrlï jYfhka wka;¾.%yKh jQ fyhska" ksoyiskamiq Ñ;%" k¾;kh" ix.S;h jeks fiiq l,d flfuka mdi,a úIhud,djgm%fõY jQ w;r" kdgH ;jÿrg;a mdi,aj, w;sf¾l úfkdao udOHhla jYfhkaúIh ndysr l%shdldrlula f,i mej;sKs' fï w;r;=r mdi,a úIhud,dfõujqni úIhh b.ekaùu hgf;a <uhskag kdgH udOH y÷kajd §ï jia fonialdKav" kdgH cjksld yd l=vd kdgH mdvï jYfhka we;=<;a jQ nj 1948 isg1972 olajd ujqni isxy,& fm< fmd;a mÍlaId lrk úg ±l .; yels h' fuum%fõYfha ;j;a w;=re M,hla jYfhka 1960 .Kka jk úg w'fmd'i' Wiiafm< úIh ks¾foaYfha kdgH msgm;la yeoEÍu wksjd¾h ks¾ÈIag lD;shlanjg mßj¾;kh ùfï m%;sM,hla jYfhka ueá lr;a;h" r;akdj,S" Ydl=ka;,h"mndj;S" Bämia rc" yeï,Ü" yqKqjgfha l;dj" ukfï wd§ jYfhka jirmfyka myg udre fjñka j¾;udkfha kdgH yeoeÍu olajd úldYkh ù we;'

fï w;r .=re wNHdi úµd, u.ska b.ekaùfï l%u Ys,am ÈhqKq lsÍfïm%;sM,hla jYfhka kdgH udOH Ndú; lrñka kdgHdkqidr b.ekaùfï l%uYs,amh ixj¾Okh lsÍu;a iu. mdi,aj, fjk;a úIhh b.ekaùfï idudkHb.ekaùfï l%uhla jYfhka o Ndú; lsÍu we;eï .=rejreka úiska wrUk ,os'

fï wdldrfhka 1970 oYlh jk úg mdi,a úIh ud,dfõ 1 jk fYa%Ksfhaisg idudkH fm< olajd ujqni úIhh hgf;a kdgH fldgia we;=<;a kdgHmdvï b.ekaùu o" Wiia fm< isxy, úIhh hgf;a zzks¾ÈIagZZ lD;shlajYfhka kdgH msgm;la b.ekaùu o" kdgH udOH fjk;a úIh b.ekaùïl%uhla jYfhka Ndú; lsÍfuka o" mdi,a kdgH ksIamdokh lsÍfuka o mdi,aúIhhud,dj ;=< jHdma; ù ;sîfuka kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhhla jYfhkamdi,g m%fõY lsÍug iqÿiq f;da;ekakla njg m;a ù ;sìKs'

fï w;r 1960 oYlh jk úg hqfrdamSh rgj, kdgH l,dj ks¾udKd;aull%shdldrlï i|yd fhdod .;a w;r tu m%jK;dj furgg o n,mEfõ h' 1969§ wOHdmk ishjig uydpd¾h tÈßùr irÉpkaø bÈßm;a l< m%ldYh ógWodyrKhls'

zzkdgH u.ska <uhd ;=< W;af;ackh yd ks¾udKd;aul Ñka;kh j¾Okhlr .; yels h' tfyhska mdi,a úIhhla jYfhka kdgH l,dj fhdod .ekSuTjqkaf.a iuia; fm!reI ixj¾Okh i|yd ufydamldÍ jkq we;'ZZ

kdgH l,dfõ wOHdmk jákdlï ms<sn| j m< jQ fujeks u;jdo uq,alr f.k 1972 jk úg wfkl=;a fi!kao¾h úIhj,g iu.dó j kdgHl,dj o úIhud,djg we;=<;a lsÍug mshjr .eksKs' ta iïnkaO jirÉpkaøhkaf.a m%Odk;ajfhka m;a l< lñgqfõ ks¾foaY hgf;a 1976 § 6-9fY%aKs i|yd l%shd;aul lsÍu i|yd zzks¾udKd;aul kdgHlrKhZZ kñkaúIhhla y÷kajd §u tys wdrïNl mshjrla úh' f;dard .;a mdi,a 10l kshdul

534

jev igykla f,i l%shd;aul jQ fuh wid¾:l jQ fyhska 1977 § w'fmd'i'Wiia fm<g y÷kajd §u" ia:djr j kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhud,dj iu.noaO jQ wjia:dj f,i ye¢kaúh yels h'

1977 isg 2009 olajd mqrd jir 32la ixfYdaê; úIhud,d hgf;a úIhhl%shd;aul ù we;'

1988 isg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh hgf;a l%uj;a j úIhud,d ilialsÍu yd fláld,Sk .=re mqyqKq mdGud,d meje;aùu" úIhud,dfõ ixj¾Okhgfya;= úh' tys oS kdgH wxYfha m%Odk jHdmD;s ks,Odß úfÊr;ak m;srdcuy;df.a fufyhùu hgf;a kdgH fCIa; %h m s< sn| úo aj;=ka -wOHdmk{hkaf.ka hq;a iïm;a mqoa., msßilf.a odhl;ajh Bg ysñ úh'

2000 § w'fmd'i' ^id'fm<& mka;sj,g o kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhhy÷kajd § we;s w;r j¾;udkh jk úg th yh jk fY%aKsh olajd my;i|yka wdldrhg jHdma; lr we;'

2000 - 10 fY%aKshg

2001 - 11 fY%aKshg

2007 - 06 fY%aKshg

2009 - 08 fY%aKshg

2010 - 09 fY%aKshg

mdi,aj, úIhh jHdma;sh yd isiqkaf.a jHdma;sh

1 jk j.=j( 2007 jk úg

fY%aKsh .=re ixLHdj mdi,a ixLHdj isiq ixLHdj

isxy, fou<

06-11 fY%aKsj, 219 18 643 48494

w'fmd'i'

Wiia fm< 172 64 - -

^wOHdmk wud;HdxY - o;a; ieliqu&

.=rejreka n|jd .ekSfï mámdáh

1976 kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh Wiia fm<g y÷kajd §u;a iu. u tuúIhh b.ekaùug wjYH .=rejreka iïmdokh lsÍu i|yd Bg iu.dó jzzkdgHlrKh b.ekaùu ms<sn| mYapdoa Wmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,djfld<U úYaj úµd,fha wOHdmk mSGfha wdrïN flrek o" YS>%fhka úIhhjHdma; ùu;a iu. u tu .=rejreka m%udKj;a fkd jQfhka cd;sl wOHdmk

535

wdh;kh úiska flá ld,Sk mqyqKqj ,nd ÿka WmdêOdÍ .=re Nj;=ka úiskafuu úIhh b.ekaùfï lghq;= bÈßhg jHdma; lrk ,§' fï w;r 2000j¾Ifha isg ìx.sßh wOHdmk úµd mSGh uÕska Rcq j u kdgH yd rx. l,djb.ekaùu i|yd .=rejreka mqyqKq lsÍu lsÍu wdrïN flßK' Bg wu;r jle,Ksh úYaj úµd,h u.ska mj;ajd f.k hk kdgH yd rx. l,d mdGud,du.ska Wmdê-mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdmk lghq;= kHdhd;aul yd m%dfhda.sl j isÿflf¾' 1995 j¾Ifha isg le,Ksh úYajúµd,fha fiDkao¾h wOHdmkwdh;kfha o kdgH yd rx. l,dj ms<sn| WmdÈ mdGud,d ls%hd;aul lrk ,§'

by; ±lafjk 2008 w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isá fi!kao¾hYsIH ixLHdj wkqj mdi,a úIhud,dj ;=< fndfyda l,la l%shd;aul jQ Ñ;%"ix.S;h hk úIhka wNsnjd kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh yodrk YsIH ixLHdjm%udKd;aul j jeä ù we;'

2 jk j.=j ( 07 m%;sM, úYaf,aIKh

2008 w'fmd'i' Wiia fm< úNd.hg fmkS isá fi!kao¾h YsIH ixLHdj

úIh ixLHdj

1' k¾;kh 6174

2' kdgH yd rx. l,dj 4951

3' Ñ;% 2839

4' ix.S;h 2373

tl;=j 16337

úIhdkqnoaO Wiia wOHdmk wdh;k

j¾;udkh jk úg kdgH yd rx. l,d úIhh" furg úYaj úµd," .=reúµd, yd úµd mSG olajd jHdma; j mj;S'

1970 oYlfha isg fld<U úYaj úµd,h u.ska mj;ajd f.k .sh" ±kgkej; wdrïN lr we;s mYapd;a Wmdê wOHdk ämaf,daud-kdgH yd rx. l,dmdGud,dj' fi!kao¾h l,d" Y%S chj¾Okmqr" le,Ksh hk úYajúµd,j,mj;ajkq ,nk kdgH yd rx.l,d Wmdêh" mYapdoa Wmdê Ydia;%m;s& mdGud,d- zgj¾fyda,a rÕy,Z moku" újD; úYajúµd,h yd taldnoaO j mj;ajdf.k hkq ,nk wOHdmkfõ§ Wmdê mdGud,dj" cd;sl ;reK fiajd iNdjuÕska mj;ajd f.k hkq ,nk kdgH yd rx. l,d ämaf,daud mdGud,dju.ska úIhh" Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd YS>%fhka j¾Okh ù we;'

536

úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh yd úIh ud,d ixfYdaOkh .=rejrekafmdaIKh lsÍu jeks ld¾hhkays § wog;a cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh m%uqL;ajhf.k lghq;= lrk w;r" úIhfha mßmd,k ld¾hhkays § wOHdmkwud;HdxYh o we.ehqï ld¾hfha § úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j o mq¿,a fufyjrlabgq lrhs'

kj wOHdmk m%;sixialrK m%;sm;a;sj,g idfmalaI j kdgH yd rx.l,dj úIhfha we.ehSï $ ;lafiare mámdáh kùlrKh lr we;' fï wkqjúfYaIfhka u 2011 isg Wiia fm< i|yd m%:u jrg m%dfhda.sl mÍlaIKhla oy÷kajd § we;'

kdgH yd rx. l,dj úIhh fndfyda ÿrg udkj iïm;a fyj;a zYÍrhZmokï fldg.;a úIhhla neúka udkj iïm;a wiSñ; j fhdod .; yels jkw;r bf.kqï WmlrK yd wu;r iïm;a øjH jkafka iSñ; jYfhks' tfiau YsIH ixLHdj jißka jir m%udKd;aul j YS>%fhka jeäfjñka mj;skkuqÿ úIh b.ekaùu i|yd iqÿiqlï iys; .=rejreka" úIhud,d wdÈh wOHdmkks,OdÍka jeks iïm;a mqoa., odhl;ajh fuka u mdi,aj, bvlv myiqlïiys; mka;s ldur" ;sr yd wdf,dal moaO;s iys; kdgH fõÈld" úfYaIfhkau wx. rpkh jeks wkqIdx.s úIh fldgia m%dfhda.sl j b.ekaùu i|ydwjYH fõY ksrEmK WmlrK lÜg, jeks wjYHfhka u ;sìh hq;= iSñ;há;, myiqlï mdi,a uÜgñka ixj¾Okh lr .ekSu b;d wjYH j mj;S

537

15

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

fla' ù' iqo¾ud yßiapkaø

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j ì%gksld úYaj fldaIfha w¾: oelafjkqfha

(The New Encyclopedia Britanica, 1997) úêu;a wOHdmk moaO;sfha m%:u fyj;a

uQ,sl wOHdmk wjêh f,i h'

Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmkh ms<sn| j úu¾Ykh lsrSfï oS m%d:ñl wOHdmkh"

(Primary Education), uQ,sl wOHdmkh (Basic Education) f,i tla tla hq.j,"

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh y÷kajkq ,en we;' m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha úldYkh úu¾Ykfha

oS ft;sydisl ld, ks¾Kdhlj,g wkql+, j hq. 6la y÷kd .; yels h'

1'0 16 jk ishji olajd hq.h16 jk ishji olajd jQ wOHdmkfha úldYkh woshr ;=kla wkqj úu¾Ykh

l< yels h' úchd.ukhg fmr yd miq woshr" m%d.a fn!oaO woshr" iy

uyskaod.ukhg miq woshr jYfhks

1'1 úchd.ukhg fmr yd miq woshrm%d.a ft;sydisl hq.fha f;dr;=re wkqj úchd.ukhg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ

iajfoaYsl msrsila isá nj meyeos,ss fjhs' úúO weoys,s" mqo mQcd" ckm%jdo mokï

lr f.k tu f;dr;=re ieliS we;' kuq;a tu hq.fha m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn|

j meyeos,s f;dr;=re wkdjrKh lr .ekSu ÿIalr h'

úch l=ure iy ta iu. meñKs msrsi fuka u Bg wdikak j isÿ jQ wd¾h

.uka ksid iuld,Sk Ndr;Sh weoySï iy wOHdmk rgd Y%S ,xldj flf¾

n,mEfõ h' tmuKla fkd j tys n,mEu uyskaod.ukh f;la u mej;s njg

idlaIH yuq fjhs' úch rcqf.a mqfrdays;hd jQfha Wm;siai kï nuqfKls' mKavqldNhg

wl=re W.ekajQfha mKavq, kï n%dyauKfhls' mKvqldNhf.a mqfrdays; jQfha

mKavq,f.a mq;a pkaø nuqKd h' nuqKka fj; f.dia Ndr;fha mej;s .=re f.or

l%uhg wl=re W.;a njg idlaIs we;' fuu hq.fha o úêu;a f,i m%d:ñl

wOHdmkh ms<sn| j iqúfYaIs j f;dr;=re imhd .ekSu ÿIalr h'

wOHdmk o¾Ykm;s fld<U&" wOHdmkm;s fmardfoKsh&" mYapdoaWmdê wOHdmk ämaf,daud' cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha mYapdoa WmdêwOHdmk ämaf,daud mdGud,dfõ l:sldpd¾hjrshls' Y%S ,xld .=refiajfha .=re;=ñhl fuka u m%d:ñl úIh Ndr .=re WmfoaYsldjliy Y%S ,xld úÿy,am;s fiajfha ks,Odrskshl f,i wOHdmkfË;%fha w;aoelSï /ila we;' wOHdmk m¾fhaIK iy f,aLk

lghq;=j, kshef<k f,aÅldjls'

538

1'2' m%d.a fn!oaO hq.hNdr; wdNdih ,;a jevjiï iudc l%uhla uyskaod.ukhg fmr Y%S ,xldfõ

mej;sKs' iudcfha iEu idudcslhl=g u Tjqkaf.a meje;aug lsishï ld¾h

Ndrhla mejrS ;sîu fuu hq.fha úfYaI ,laIKhls' Ndr;Sh iudcfha mej;s

j¾K l%ufha wdNdih ,nd f.k Y%S ,xldfõ wd¾:sl rgdfõ meje;aug .e<fmk

f,i th ilia úh' Ndr;fha meje;s j¾K i;r jk n%dyauK" Ë;%sh" ffjYH

iy Y=ø hk y;rska Y%S ,xldfõ o m%Odk jYfhka Ë;%sh" n%dyauK" fj<÷ka"

f.dùka" l¾udka;lrejka jYfhka iudc meje;au foi n,d ilia lr .;a

fY%aKs l%uhla werôKs' bkaoshdfõ Y=ø jeks iudc lKavdhï Y%S ,xldfõ isá njg

idlaIs ke;s w;r ta fjkqjg pKavd,hka hehs my;a f,i ie,l=ï ,enQ msrsila

isá njg idlaIs uydjxYfha i|yka fjhs' Y%S ,xldjg nqÿ oyu y÷kajd oSug ñys÷

ysñhka meñKs nj lshefjk b;sydi l:dfõ miqìfï isák foajdkïmsh;siai

rcq wfYdal wêrdchdg yiqka heùfï mqjf;a" ¥; msrsfia wrsÜg weu;s iu.

nuqKl= o .sh njg we;s i|yk" nuqKq oyu mokï lrf.k wOHdmk l%uh

lsishï m%udKhlg mj;skakg we;s nj m%n, idOlhls' tfia u foaYfha meje;aug

w;HjYH jQ úúO l¾udka; l< Ys,amSkaf.a l¾udka;hg yd Ys,amhg wkqj

y÷kajkq ,nk l=, fyj;a fY%aKs l%uhla m%p,s; j ;snqKs' ms<su fk<Su" msx;dre

lsrSu" j<x ieoSu" Ñ;% we|Su" rkarsoS l¾udka;h" jvq l¾udka;h" fïika jev"

mdjyka ;ekSu" fldKav lemSu" fros fiaoSu" wdosh tfia l=, fyj;a fY%aKs f,i

y÷kajkq ,enQ jD;a;Skaf.ka iuyrls' tu jD;a;Ska mrïmrdfjka mrïmrdjg

Wreu jQ w;r tu jD;a;Ska weiqrska mjqf,a idudcslhkag jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj ,enqKs'

tu hq.fha o tfia l=, fyj;a fY%aKs f,i y÷kajkq ,enQ jD;a;ska mrïmrdfjkamrïmrdjg Wreu jQ w;r tu jD;a;ska weiqrska mjqf,a idudcslhkag jD;a;ShmqyqKqj ,enqKs’ tu hq.fha o úêu;a f,i m%d:ñl wOHdmkhla mej;s njg

idlaIs fidhd .ekSu ÿIalr h'

1'3' uyskaod.ukhg miq hq.hñys÷ ysñhka úiska ñiail mõfõ oS fo jk mE;sia rcqg nqÿ oyu y÷kajd

oSu;a iu. u fn!oaO ixialD;shg;a" fn!oaO wOHdmk iïm%odhg;a moku jegqKq

w;r nqÿ oyu flfrys meyeÿKq fo jk mE;sia uy rc fo jk osk wkqrmqr

uyfujqkd Whk ñys÷ ysñhkag msoSu;a iu. fn!oaO wOHdmk l%uhlg o

moku we;s úh' fuu hq.fha oS uyd úydrh wdrïN ùu;a iu. ixúê; fn!oaO

wdh;k l%uhla f.dv kef.kakg mgka .ekqKs' fn!oaO wOHdmk iïm%odh

mkai, jgd f.dv ke.=Ks' fn!oaO wOHdmkfha Ndrlrejka jQfha fn!oaO NslaIQka

jykafia h' m<uq j NslaIQka jykafia,dg b.ekaùu i|yd msysgqjd .;a msrsfjk

l,ah;a u .syshka i|yd o újD; úh' .syshkag wjYH wOHdmkh ,nd oSu

mkaif,a m%Odk hq;=lula f,i wjOdrKh jkakg úh' fn!oaO wOHdmkfha

mrud¾:h jQfha YslaIKh iy .=Kj.dj we;s lsrSu h'

539

1'3'1 uQ,sl wOHdmkh.fï ;snQ mkai, uQ,sl wOHdmk wdh;kh úh' orejl= NslaIQ Ydikhg

we;=¿ lr .kq ,enqfõ jhi oyhla fyda fod<yla jQ úg h' tu wjia:dj jk úg

lshùu" ,sùu ms<sn| oekqula ,eìh hq;= úh' fï ms<sn| j úêu;a f;dr;=re imhd

.ekSu ÿIalr h' fuu ishjfia oS lshùu" ,sùu yd jk fmd;a lsrSu ms<sn|

mqyqKqjla uQ,sl wOHdmkfhka bgq úh' fuh isÿ jQfha ks¾osIag .%ka: weiqrsKs' tu

ishjfia oS nqoaO Ydikfha fuka u wOHdmkfha o we;s jQ mqk¾cSjfhys m%;sM,hla

f,i ìys jQ fY%aIaG mçrejkla jk w;a;r.u rdc.=re nKavdr mç;=ud úiska

rÑ; hehs ie,flk joka lú fmd; yd ine|s .Kfoú yE,a, .%ka: idlaIH orhs'

fuu .%ka: weiqrska lkao Wvrg rdcOdks iufha .syshka Wfoid mej;s

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| f;dr;=re fy<s lr .; yels h' tfia u kï fmd;

uÕ=,a ,l=K' nqoaO .cach" ilia lvh hk ks¾osIag .%ka: fm<l kï olakg ,efí'

;%súO r;akhg kuialdr lsrSfuka wk;=re j joka lú fmd; wdrïN

lrk ,oS' fuh isxy, .oH fydaäfhka iukaú; úh' fuh jHdlrK bf.k

.ekSu i|yd mokula úh' fuu jHdlrKh md,s yd ixialD; NdIdj,ska hqla; h'

wjidkfha WmfoaYhla bf.k .; hq;= úh'

ms,a,ï ixLHdj mkaish yegla jQ w;r th lshùfï iy wjfndaO lr

.ekSfï yelshdj ,enQ miq YsIHhdg lshùï fmd;a fm<la ,eìKs'

m<uq fmd; jkafka kï fmd; h' th Y%S ,xldfõ m%isoaO k.r" wdrdu"

.x.d" l÷ wdoS kï jÜfgdarejlska ieÿï ,oaols' wk;=re j nqÿ rcdrKka jykafiaf.a

YrSrfha msysá f,i ie,flk ux., ,laIKj, kï je,la ms<sn| j lshfjk

uÕ=,a ,l=K kï l=vd .%ka:h lshúh hq;= úh' tfia u nqÿka jykafiaf.a .=K

.dhkhla jk nqoaO.cach kï .oH ix.%yh o wOHhkh l< hq;= úh' .eUqre

wlaIr ixfhda.j,ska hq;= .oH mdG lshùu myiq lsrSu i|yd wNHdi fmd;a f,i

nqoaO.cach iy ilialvh Wmfhda.s lr .ekqKs' th ÿIalr jpk WÉpdrKh

mqyqKq lsrSu i|yd ñY% isxy,fhka ,shejqKq .oH .%ka:hls' ilialvh lshùug

fmr isxy," md,s" yd ixialD; fydaähg wh;a m%dK wlaIr iy jH[ack wlaIr

ms<sn| oekSula wjYH úh' ilialvh uekúka lsheùug yelshdj ,enQ YsIHhl=g

´kE u .eUqre fmd;la ksjeros j Yío k.d lshùu myiq jk nj tl, ms<s.ekSu

úh' tfia u ilialvh uQ,sl wOHdmkfha oS wksjd¾h .%ka:hls' th —ilia lv

fkdlsõ lg-W!f.a lg yqUia lg ˜ hk lshufkka meyeos,s fjhs'

YsIHhka ,sùu yodrk ,oafoa oeä fjfyila orñks' th fnfyúka l,d;aul

jHdhduhla o úh' tfia u ,sùfuys ksmqK nj ,nd .ekSug oS¾> ld,hla .; úh'

;shqKq mkaysf|ka mqiafld< ,sùu weröug fmr wjia:d follska ,sùu ms<sn|

mqyqKqjla iEu YsIHhl= úiska u ,nd .; hq;= úh' YsIHhkaf.a ,sùu fnfyúkal,d;aul úh’ tfia u ,sùfuys ksmqK nj ,nd .ekSug oS¾> ld,hla .; úh’;shqKq mkaysf|ka mqiafld< ,sùu weröug fmr wjia:d follska ,sùums<sn| mqyqKqjla iEu YsIHhl= úiska u ,nd .; hq;= úh'

540

je,sms<,sùfï uQ,sl mqyqKqj i|yd YsIHhd fhduq jQfha je,sms< fj; h' ,Sfhka

;ekqKq my;a fõosldjla fyda nkafoaishla u; iqÿ je,s we;srSfuka je,sms< idod

.kakd ,oS' uq,a u wjia:dfõ oS .=rejrhd ,shQ wl=re u; YsIHhd úiska ;u

ol=Kf;a udmg weÕs,af,a iy onr weÕs,af,a jdrefjka ue| weÕs,af,ka we|sh

hq;= úh' b;d myiqfjka yd ksjeros j ,sùug yels jk f;la YsIHhd tu

ld¾hfhys ksr; úh hq;= úh' fuu je,sms< b.ekaùfï m%Odk WmlrKhla f,i

o Ndú; úh' th YsIHhd úiska .,a,E,a,la fuka o .=rejrhd úiska l¿ ,E,a,la

fuka o Wmfhda.s lr .kakd ,oS' ^fyajdjiï" 1969' fn!oaO wOHdmk iïm%odh"

wOHdmk ishji" 1095-1096 msgq&'

mqia fld< fmdf;a ,sùu je,smsf<a ,sùu yqre jQjdg miq j .=rjrhd mqiafld< fmdf;a ,shQ wl=re

u;" YsIHhd fudg jQ lgqjlska lmkq ,efí' fuhg igyka lemSu hhs Ndú; úh'

fuu uQ,sl wOHdmkfha m%Odk wdh;k jQfha mkai, iy —.=re f.or˜ kï

mdi,a úfYaIhls' mkai,a wjg orefjda mkai, fj; .shy' mkaif,ka fndfyda

wE; ksfjiaj, isá isiqka i|yd .=re f.or ks¾udKh úh' mka;s ldur ilid

;snQ wdldrh o fnfyúka .=re flakaøsh jQ nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re wkqj

meyeos,s fjhs' os. fïi yd nxl= fma<shg ;nd we;s mka;s ldur o¾Ykh úh'

.=rejrhd ieu úg fõje,la fyda os. fldagqjla w; ord isáfha h' orejkag w;

mdkakg fkdyels jk fia oejeka; l¿,E,a, iú flrsKs' mka;s ldurj,

bf.kqï øjH fyda mska;+r olakg fkd ;snqKs' iSkqj kdoj;a u l=vd orejka

jyd u mka;s ldurhg meñKsh hq;= úh' l¿,E,af,a ,shd we;s jpk tlla miajrla ;u .,a,E,af,a ,súh hq;= úh' orejkag .Ks; pl% lg mdvñka lshkakg

isÿ úh' iSkq kdoh yer fjk;a lsisÿ y~la fkd weiqk nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

wkqj meyeos,ss fjhs'

fuu uQ,sl wOHdmkfhka isÿ jQfha oekqu Wrd .ekSu h' wre;a úrys; lg

mdvï lsrSu" wiïnkaê; úIh lreKq iïNdrhla úoyd oelaùu" wl%sh bf.kqula

ùu" ksy~ j isák <uhska olaI fyd| <uhska hehs ms<s.ekSu tl, mka;s

ldurj, ;snQ úfYaI ,laIKhls'

uQ,sl wOHdmkfha ksr; m%Odk .=rejreka jQfha fn!oaO NslaIQka jykafia,d h'

ta yereKq úg mkai,a iïm%odh wkq.ukh l< fn!oaO .sys .=rejre msrsila o

isáhy' Tjqka isjqre ord isg h<s .sys fjia .;a wh jQ nj ft;sydisl f;dr;=re

wkqj meyeos,s fjhs'

fufia ixúOdkh ù mej;s uQ,sl wOHdmkh Wiia wOHdmkh i|yd ia:sr

mokula iemhQ nj ms<s.ekSu úh ^ngqjka;=vdj" 1946 ^ixia& ldjHfYaLrh&'

2'0 hg;a úcs; hq.h16 jeks ishjfiys isg Y%S ,xldjg meñKs ngysr cd;Ska jkafka mD;=.Siska'

541

,kafoaiska iy bx.%Sis cd;slhska h' Tjqkaf.a meñKSu iudc" ixialD;sl

idOl flfrys fuka u wOHdmkh flfrys o buy;a n,mEula we;s lf<a h'

úfYaIfhka wOHdmkh u.ska wd.u me;srùug .;a m%h;akh lemS fmfka'

2'1 mD;=.Sis md,k hq.hl%s'j' 1505 oS mD;=.Siska ,xldjg meñfKk úg Y%S ,xldj md,kh lrk

,oafoa fldaÜfÜ' uykqjr iy hdmkh hk rdcOdksj, rc l< fjka fjka

rcjreka ;sfokl= úisks' 1521 jk úg' mD;=.Sis m%d:ñl wOHdmk m%;sm;a;sh

n,mEfõ Tjqkaf.a md,khg wh;a jQ fldaÜfÜ' rhs.u yd iS;djl hk md,k

m%foaYj,g muKs'

mD;=.Siskaf.a md,kh wkqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg o n,mE mrud¾: my;

i|yka mrsos h'• iajfoaYslhka frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.ug yrjd .ekSu'• ;u wd.u ms<s.;a msrsi jeä ùfuka ;udf.a fj<| lghq;=j,g ,efnk

iydh j¾Okh lr .ekSu'• ;ud md,kh l< m%foaYfha jeishkaf.a wjk;Ndjh wd.u u.ska ,nd

.ekSu'• frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.u je<| .;a whg lshùu" ,sùu" wxl .Ks;h

wdoS úIh .ek wOHdmkhla ,nd oSu'• mD;=.SiSyq m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha j.lSu lf;da,sl m,a,shg mjrd fokQ

,enQ w;r th me;srùug wjYH wkq.%yh fkdu| j iemhQy' lf;da,slwOHdmkh me;srùfï j.lSu m%ekaisia" fciqhsÜ" fvdñkslka iy

T.iaákshka hk ñIkdrs ksldhj,g mejrsKs'

meßIa mdi,1543 oS uq,ska u Y% S ,xldjg meñKs ñIkdrs mQcl lKavdhu jk

m%ekaisialkajre mersIa mdi,a kñka y÷kajkq ,enQ m,a,sh flakaaø lr .;a mdi,a

werUQy' fldaÜfÜ rdcOdksfha fuu mdi,a 56la o hdmfka rdcOdksfha mdi,a

25la o jQ nj i|yka fjhs' fuu mdi,aj, wOHdmkh ,nd fok ,oafoa iajNdIdfjks'

wd.u me;srùfï ld¾hhg msájy,la lr .ekSu i|yd lshùu" ,sùu" l:kh"

;¾lKh" foaYkh" wd.fï .S;sld .ehSug iïnkaO .dhkh meßIa mdif,a

W.kajk ,oS ^refíre" rxcs;a' 1964' ,xldfõ wOHdmk mrsKduh&'

uQ,sl mdi,mersIa mdif,a iaajNdIdfjka muKla W.kajk ,o ksid y,dj; yd udoïfma

uQ,sl mdi, kñka mdi,a folla wdrïN lrk ,oS' fïjdfha mD;=.Sis' wrdì' .%Sla'

,;ska hk NdId b.ekaùu wdrïN úh' tfia u ;¾l Ydia;%h" l:kh" yd foaYkd

lsrSu o W.kajk ,oS'

542

2'2 ,kafoais md,k hq.h,kafoais md,k hq.fha wOHdmk wruqKq my; i|yka mrsos h'

• l%sia;shdks wd.ug ^frmrudÿ& iajfoaYslhka yrjd .ekSu yd frdaudkq

lf;da,sl n,h ke;s lr oeóu'

• ;u wd.u je<| .;a ckhdg lshùu" ,sùu ms<sn| uQ,sl wOHdmkhla

,nd oSu'

• ;u foaYmd,k n,h ;yjqre lr .ekSu'

• wd.u me;sr ùu i|yd wjYH foaYlhska iy .=rejreka mqyqKq lsrSu'

• md,khg iydh úh yels uOHu mka;sl W.;=ka msrsila mqqyqKq lsrSu'

,kafoais hq.fha wksjd¾h wOHdmk kS;sh l%shd;aul úh' jhi 15 olajd

ish,a,kag u wOHdmkh wksjd¾h jQ w;r bka miq o jir y;rla w¾O ld,Sk j

jeäysá wOHdmk jevms<sfj<la úh'

meßIa mdi,iEu osia;%slalhla u fldar<j,g fnod fldar< foaj.e;s fldÜGdij,g

fnod ta yeu fldÜGdihl u mersIa mdi, ne.ska msysgqjk ,oS' fuu mdi,aj,

udOH isxy, yd fou< úh' isxy, yd fou< lshùu" ,sùu" yd l%sia;= O¾ufha

uQ,O¾u fuu mdi,aj, úIh úh' ^u;djq" 1969' ,kafoais hq.fha wOHdmkh&'

2' 3 ì%;dkH md,k hq.h,kafoaiSka i;= lr f.k ;snQ uqyqÿ nv m%foaY l%s'j' 1796 oS ì%;dkHhka

hg;g m;a lr f.k" jir folla fj<| iud.u u.ska o" 1789-1802 olajd jir

y;rla oaú;aj md,k l%uhla hgf;a o md,kh úh' fuu hq.fha wOHdmksl

ixj¾Okh ukao.dñ úh' 1815 oS lkao Wvrg w,a,d .ekSu iu. u uq¿ Y%S ,xldj u

ì%;dkH hg;a úcs;hla njg m;a lr .ekSfuka miqj ia:djr isú,a md,khla

f.dv k.d .;a ì%;dkHhka úúO ñIkdrs iud.ïj, wdOdrfhka wOHdmkh

fuka u wd.u me;srùu yd bx.%Sis ixialD;sh ixúOdkd;aul j jHdma; lrk ,oS

^refíre rxcs;a" 1964' ,xldfõ wOHdmk mrsKduh&

1830ka miq flda,anDDla fhdackd wkqj mdi,a fldñiula msysgqùu;a" 1841 oS

th uOH mdi,a fldñiu njg ixfYdaOkh lsrSu;a iu. fmdÿ wOHdmkh

me;srùfï fõ.h wkql%ufhka j¾Okh úh' 1867 fuda¾.ka lñgqj bosrsm;a l<

ks¾foaY u; 1869 fmdÿ b.ekaùï fomd¾;fïka;=j wdrïN lsrSu;a iu. wOHdmk

ixj¾Okh fõ.j;a úh'

ì%;dkH md,k hq.fha m%d:ñl wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jQfha my; mrsos hs'

uq,a hq.h mD;=.Sis yd ,kafoais hq.j, mej;s mersIa mdi,a m%;sixúOdkh fldg

mj;ajd f.k hk ,oS' iEu mersIa mdi,lg u .=rejreka fofokl= fyda ;=kafokl=

m;a l< w;r jeäuy,a u . =rejrhd u q, a . =re f,i m;a lrk ,o S '

543

ñIkdß hq.hl%s'j' 1812 oS i¾ frdnÜ n%jqkars.a wdKavqldr ;=ud Y%S ,xldjg meñKsfha

h' Tyq ñIkdrs iud.ï weiqrska wOHdmkfhka wd.u me;srùfï jHdmdrh osh;a

lf<a h' ñIkdrs iud.ïj,g mdi,a weröu iy wOHdmksl lghq;= jHdma;

lsrSug yels iEu wkqn,hla u ,nd fok ,oS' ta wkqj ,kavka ñIkdrs iud.ug

wh;a mQcljre .d,a," ud;r iy hdmkh m%foaYj, fiajh l<y' nemaáia ñIkdrs

iud.u l=vd iud.uls' m%Odk uOHia:dkh jQfha fld<U h' iajNdId" bx.%Sis" yd

ldka;d hkqfjka mdi,a j¾. ;=kla mj;ajd f.k .sh w;r bx.%Sis mdi,aj,g

meñKs whf.ka muKla .dia;= wh lrk ,os' fjia,shka ñIkdrs iud.u úiska

iajNdId" bx.%Sis mdi,a" ffoksl yd breosk f,i mdi,a j¾. lsysmhla mj;ajd

f.k hk ,os' p¾É ñIkdrs iud.u úiska .eñ mdi,a kñka mdi,a j¾.hla

mj;ajd f.k hk ,os' .eñ mdi,aj,ska tk olaI <uhskag k.rfha ish,q

myiqlï iys; uOH úoHd,hla o msysgqjd ;snqKs'

flda,anDDla fldñIfï fhdackd wkqj b.ekaùfï udOH bx.%Sis ùu" iajNdId

uQ,sl mdi,a jid oud ta fjkqjg uq, isg u bx.%Sis W.ka jk mdi,a msysgq ùu

m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO j isÿ jQ m%n, fmr<shls' fuu fldñIfï fhdackd

wkqj iajNdId wOHdmkh fkd i,ld yers w;r tys wOHdmk ;;a;ajh o msrsysKs'

uelkais fuu fhdackd wkqj iajNdId mdi,a k.d isgqùu" fmd;a iemhSu"

mrsj¾;k i|yd ldrl iNdjla msysgqùu hk fhdackd kej;;a m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

k.d isgqùug fya;=jla úh' uOH mdi,a fldñIu msysgqjd wOHdmkfha oshqKqjla

we;s lsrSug wjYH mshjr /ila .kakd ,os' tu mshjr w;rska my; i|yka mshjr

jeo.;a f,i y÷kajd osh yels h'

• uQ,sl mdGYd,duQ,sl mdGYd,duQ,sl mdGYd,duQ,sl mdGYd,duQ,sl mdGYd,d: l,ska mej;s mersIa mdi,a fjkqjg m%d:ñl mdi,a

fiajdjla wdrïN flrsKs' Wiia bx.%Sis mdi,aj,g we;=¿ ùug fkdyels jQ

os<s÷ orejkag fyd| bx.%Sis wOHdmkhla fuu uQ,sl mdi,aj,ska ,nd

fok ,os'

• oaúNdId mdi,oaúNdId mdi,oaúNdId mdi,oaúNdId mdi,oaúNdId mdi,a : m%d:ñl wOHdmkh uõ niska o oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

bx.%Sisfhka o ,nd fok ,os'

• iajNdId mdi,a h<s k.d isgqùu'

fuda¾.ka lñgqj fuda¾.ka lñgqj fuda¾.ka lñgqj fuda¾.ka lñgqj fuda¾.ka lñgqj wkqj fmdÿ b.ekaùfï fomd¾;fïka;=jla msysgqùu

iy tys wOHlaIjrhd rchg j.lsj hq;= ùu jeo.;a ks¾foaY úh' tfia u m%d:ñl

wOHdmkh ujq niskq;a oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh yd Wiia wOHdmkh bx.%Sisfhkq;a

,nd osh hq;= h hk fhdackd ksid jeä msrsilg m%d:ñl wOHdmk fodrgq újD;

lr .ekSug yels úh'

y¾nÜ fõia m%Odk lñgqjy¾nÜ fõia m%Odk lñgqjy¾nÜ fõia m%Odk lñgqjy¾nÜ fõia m%Odk lñgqjy¾nÜ fõia m%Odk lñgqj wkqj l%s'j' 1905 oS m;a l< y¾nÜ fõiaf.a

iNdm;s;ajfhka hq;= lñgqj wksjd¾h wOHdmkh;a uQ,sl wOHdmkh;a l%shd;aul

lsrSu ms<sn| j iy mdi,aj, wd.u b.ekaùu ms<sn| j ks¾foaY bosrsm;a flrsKs'

thska ks¾foaYs; wksjd¾h wOHdmk wfmalaId bgq lsrSu i|yd 1906 kd.rsl mdi,a

wd{dj iy 1907 .ïno mdi,a wd{dj;a mekúKs'

544

tu wd{d mk;a l%shd;aul lsrSu ksid m%d:ñl wOHdmkfhys ksr; ùu j¾OkhjQ w;r idlaIrNdjh o jHdma; úh ^refíre rxcs;a" 1964' ,xldfõ wOHdmk

mrsKduh&'1911 oS uela,sfhdâ lñgqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO jeo.;a ks¾foaY

f,i m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha m<uq wjqreÿ i;r ujq niska wOHdmkh ,nd oSug;a"bx.%Sis NdIdj ms<sn| m%udKj;a oekSula we;s whg muKla bx.%Sis oaú;Shsl fY%AKsj,g

Ndr .; hq;= njg;a ks¾foaY lrk ,os'

1920 wxl 1 ork wOHdmk wd{djueksx m%;sixialrK" 20 jeks ishji uq,a ld¾;=fõ b;d jeo.;a wOHdmk

m%;sixialrKhls’ tfia u Y%S ,xldfõ m%:u iúia;r wOHdmk jHjia:dj wkqj¦wd.u" cd;sh" l=,h fyda NdIdj hk lreKq ksid lsis u YsIHhl= Ndr .ekSu

m%;slafIam l< fkdyels h" rcfha mdi,aj, lsisu wd.ula b.ekaúh hq;= ke;"wdOdr mdi,aj,g <uhska Ndr .ekSfï oS wd.u iqÿiqlula fia fkd ie,lsh

hq;= h" wd.u b.ekaùu ld, igyfka uq,a u ld,ÉfPaofha oS fyda wjidkld,ÉfPaofha oS úh hq;= w;r" foudmsh fyda Ndrlrejkaf.a leue;a; wkqj

wd.u ld,fPaofha oS <uhd mka;sfhka neyer ;eîfï whs;sh ;sìh hq;= h' tfialsrSu ksid mdi,ska ,efnk lsisÿ jrm%idohla wysñ fkd l< hq;= h" mdi,a

md,kh úuOH.; lr osia;%sla wOHdmk lñgq m;a lsrSfuka miq ta ta m%foaYj,wOHdmk myiqlï we;s lr .ekSu yd wksjd¾h wOHdmkh l%shdjg ke.Su tu

lñgqj,g mejrsh hq;= h' j;=j, mosxÑ j isák jhi 6-10 w;r <uhskag uQ,slwOHdmkhla ,nd oSu j;= md,lf.a j.lSula úh' fuu jhfia lsis u <uhl=fm'j' 10 olajd j;af;a lsis u /lshdjl fkd fhosh hq;= h' fuu lghq;= meyer

yrsk md,lhskag úreoaO j kvq mejrsh hq;= h'1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys lemS fmfkk fjkialula isÿ úh' 1928

f;la fr.=,dis ix.%yfha Wm.%ka:hl Wm f,aLkhla jYfhka we;=<;a lrkq ,enQks¾foaY m;%hlg wkqj úIhud,dj l%shd;aul j mej;sK' 1928 tu ks¾foaY m;%h

fjkqjg nd,dxYfha isg 8 jekak f;la jQ mka;s i|yd wOHdmk mámdáhla iyks¾foaY m;% wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j u.ska ilia lrk ,os' th ,xldfõ

mdGYd,d i|yd jQ wOHdmk mßmdáh yd mdvï ms<sn| ks¾foaY m;%sldj kñkaye|skafõ' fï úIhud,dj ish,q u mdi,aj, l%shd;aul úh hq;= nj o mdi,aj,

W.kajk udOH isxy," fou<" fyda bx.%Sis ùfï lsis u fjkila we;s fkd lrknj o m%ldY flrsKs'

1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys lemS fmfkk jeo.;a ,laIKh kï m%d:ñlwOHdmk úIh fË;%fha úIhud,dj ir, fldg ;sîu h' m%d:ñl mka;sj, 1 isg

5 olajd m%Odk úIh .K ;=kla ;sìKs'1 .Kh- nd,dxYh ¦ NdIdj" ixLHd" YdÍrsl wNHdi" we|Su

2 .Kh- 2" 3" 4 jeks mka;s ¦ NdIdj" ixLHd" YdÍrsl wNHdi" ueyqï iys; .Dy l¾uh" .eyekq <uhskag muKla& we|Su" w;ajev" .dhkh'

545

3 .Kh-5 jeks mka;sh ¦ NdIdj" ixLHd" YdÍrsl wNHdi" N+f.da, úoHdj" ueyqï iys; .Dy l¾uh" .eyekq <uhskag muKla& we|Su"

w;ajev" .dhkh'NdIdj .Kh hgf;a l:d mqyqKqj ms<sn| mdvïj, m%cdpdrh" iajNdj

wOHhkh" fi!LH" l%Svd yd YdrSSSrsl wNHdi" yia; l¾udka;h" ix.S;h iys;l%Svd yd ueyqï Bg we;=<;a úh'

2'4 rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.h1931 oS l%shd;aul lrk ,o fvdkfuda¾ jHjia:dj Y%S ,xldfõ foaYmd,k

b;sydifha jeo.;a ikaêia:dkhls' tu jHjia:djg wkqj rdcH uka;%K iNdjg

ksfhdacs;hska f;dard .kakd ,oafoa i¾jck Pkao n,fhks' tys m%;sM,hla f,iwOHdmkh fjkqfjka jQ ldrl iNdfõ iNdm;sjrhd jQfha iS' ví,shq' ví,shq'

lkakka.r ue;s;=ud h' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO iaj¾Kuh hq.hla f,ifuu hq.h ye|skaúh yels h' ta jk úg m%d:ñl wOHdmkh mej;s ;;a;ajh

fnfyúka lk.dgqodhl h' 1931 jk úg lshùu iy ,sùfï yelshdj ,o msrsi20%ls' mdi,a hdhq;= jhfia <uhs 4$7 la muKla mdi,a .shy'

fï moku u; rdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha oS jeo.;a wOHdmk m%;sixialrK/ila isÿ úh'

2'4'1 iq¿ m%;sixialrK hq.h 1931-1938m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO jeo.;a fjkialï /ila fuu hq.fha oS isÿ

úh' ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg tla jQ w;r fuh

1931 uehs udifha oS uykqjr osia;%slalfha ykafoiai" rcfha iajNdId mdi,a foaYShmrsirhg;a .eñ /lshdj,g;a YsIHhskaf.a w;aoelSïj,g;a iïnkaO j .%dóh

wOHdmk l%uhla we;s lrk ,os¡ fuh 1932 j¾Ifha isg ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmkl%uh hkqfjka fndfyda mdi,aj, wdrïN lrk ,os¡ fuu wOHdmk l%uh fuf;la

lshùu" ,sùu" .Ks;h hk uQ,sl úIhj,g uq,a ;ek ÿka Ydia;%Sh iïm%odhfjkqjg fjkia u.la .kq ,eî h¡ <uhdf.a fm!oa.,sl w;aoelSï" iajdNdúl

mrsirh yd Tyq we,qï lrk l%shdldrlïj, jeo.;alu ms<s.ksñka rEfidaf.a ydfcdaka vqùf.a Wmfhda.s;djdoh o ióm jQ m%dfhda.sl;ajh yd iïnkaO bf.kSula

úh¡ .eñ Ys,am yd l¾udka; jgd f.dvke.=Kq fuu l%uh jefvys fhoSfukabf.kqu hk o¾Ykh mokï lr f.k ilia úh¡ 1932 rcfha mdi,a 14lg iSud jQ

ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh 1939 jk úg rcfha mdi,a 246l l%shd;aul úh¡fuu wOHdmk l%ufha úIhud,dj jQfha lshùu" ,sùu" .Ks;h hk uQ,sl úIhj,g

wu;r j¦1¡ fi!LH yd iajia:;dj2¡ mrsirh ms<sno wOHhkh3¡ jD;a;Sh mqyqKqj

1¡ lDIsl¾uh

2¡ mdi,a f.dvke.s,s ms<silr lsrSu

546

3¡ yia; l¾udka;h

4¡ w;ajev

4¡ risl wOHdmkh ^ix.S;" Ñ;%" kdgH& ^o is,ajd"1969'wOHdmkfhys w;ayod

ne,Sula&

m%Odk m%;sixialrK hq.h 1938-19471928 isg 1939 f;la l%shd;aul l< úIhud,dj" ixfYdaOk iys; j" 1940

ckjdrs udifha isg isxy, yd fou< mdGYd,dj, o l%shd;aul úh'

1 jk j.=j( ta ta fYA%Ksj, l%shd;aul jQ úIh .Kk

2 jk j.=j( 2 ta ta fYA%Ksj, l%shd;aul jQ úIh

nd,dxYhby< nd,dxYh

;=ka jk fY%aKshy;r jk fY%aKsh

mia jk fY%aKsh

mka;s úIh ixLHdj

6

78

910

nd,dxYh by<

nd,dxYh

;=ka jk

fY%aKshy;r jk

fY%aKshmia jk

fY%aKsh

NdIdj"

idys;HhixLHd"

fi!LH ydYdÍrsl

m%d.=KHh.dhkh yd

iqÑ l¾uh

NdIdj"

idys;HhixLHd"

fi!LH ydYdÍrsl

m%d.=KHh".dhkh yd

iqÑ l¾uhwe;=¿ .Dy

l¾uh Ñ;%

l¾uh'

NdIdj"idys;Hh

ixLHdfi!LH

y YdÍrslm%d.=KHh"

.dhkh ydiqÑ l¾uh

we;=¿ .Dyl¾uh Ñ;%

l¾uh'

NdIdjidys;Hh

ixLHd fi!LHyd YdÍrsl

m%d.=KHh".dhkh yd

iqÑ l¾uhwe;=¿ .Dy

l¾uh N+ñYdia;%h

b;sydih yia;l¾uh" .dhkh

yd Ñ;% l¾uhfojk ni'

^bx.%Sis&

NdIdj"

idys;Hh"ixLHd" fi!LH

yd YdÍrslm%d.=KHh"

.dhkh ydiqÑ l¾uh

we;=¿ .Dyl¾uh N+ñ

Ydia;%h"b;sydih"

yia; l¾uh".dhkh yd

Ñ;% l¾uhfo jk ni'

^bx.%Sis&

547

fuu hq.fha we;s jQ ;SrKd;aul wjia:djla f,i 1943 j¾Ifha wOHdmk

m%;sixialrK ye|skaúh yels h' iS¡ ví,sõ¡ ví,sõ¡ lkakka.r uy;d m%uqL úfYaI

ldrl iNd ksfhdacs;hska Y%S ,xldfõ tod mej;s wOHdmk l%ufha wvq ,qyq~qlï

mrSlaId lr n,d wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd l<y¡ fuu fhdackdj,ska

m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg n,mE lreKq lSmhls'

—m%d:ñl mdGYd,dj jkdys jhi 5+oS mgka f.k jih 11+oS wjika

jkakd jQ o wjqreÿ 6l wOHdmkhla fokakd jQ o tl u úêfha

wdh;khla úh hq;= h' th fjk u m%Odkdpd¾hjrfhl= iy wdpd¾h

uKav,hla hgf;a fjk u m%;smdokh fldg fjka jQ f.dvke.s,sj,

meje;aúh hq;= h' m%d:ñl mdGYd,dfõ b.ekaùfï NdIdj <uhskaf.a

ujqni úh hq;= h'˜ (lkakka.r, 1943.wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl

iNd jd¾;dj, 50 jk msgqj&'

fï wdldrhg m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| wjOdkh jeä jQ j¾Ihla f,i

1943 j¾Ih ye|skaúh yels h' tys my; i|yka fhdackd ;snqKs'

1¡ fmdÿ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhla fhdackd lsrSu - .dia;= wh fkdlsrSu" ujqni"

fmdÿ úIhud,dj ,sùu" lshùu" .Ks;h" fi!LH

2¡ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh mx;s 6lg ms<sfh, l< hq;= h¡

tkï¦ <ore" 1"2"3"4"5

3¡ fo jk NdIdjla f,i bx.%Sis b.ekaùu

4¡ ksoyia wOHdmkh

5¡ wd.u b.ekaùu

6¡ 5 YsIH;aj mrSlaIKh wdrïN lsrSu

wOHdmk wjia:d mq¿,aaa lsrSu" udisl jegqma l%uhla fhdackd lsrSu" osia;%sla

lñgq msysgq ùu yd tajdfha j.lSï iSud lsrSu iy .%dóh wOHdmk l%uhla

l%shd;aul lsrSu hk úfYaI ,laIK o olakg ,eìKs'

yeu mdi,l u m%d:ñl wOHdmkh fkdmudj iajNdIdfjka ,nd osh hq;=

w;r b.ekaùfï udOH bx.%Sis fkd jk mdi,aj, 3 fY%aKsfha isg úIhla jYfhka

bx.%Sis b.ekaúh hq;= úh' ta jk úg kshñ; j mej;s wjqreÿ 6-14 wksjd¾h

wOHdmk jhia iSudj wjqreÿ 5-14 f,i fjkia fldg wksjd¾h wOHdmkhg

wod< kS;s rS;s oeä j l%shd;aul l< hq;= nj ks¾foaY flrsKs'

3'03'03'03'03'0 ksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhksoyiska miq Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkhrdcH uka;%K iNd hq.fha wdrïN l< ksoyia wOHdmkh jHdma; lsrSug

ndOl we;s úh' wd¾:sl ÿIalr;d ta w;r m%Odk úh' fuys m%;sM,h jQfha 1950

wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldjla iïu; ùu h'

wOHdmkh NdId fNaohlska f;dr j m%d:ñl" oaú;Shsl yd Wiia hkqfjka

;=klg fnok ,os' wksjd¾h wOHdmk jhia iSudj jQfha wjqreÿ 5-14 w;r

ld,hhs' m%d:ñl wjêhg wh;a jQfha nd,dxYfha isg mia jk fY%aKsfha olajd

ld,hhs' thska jhi wjqreÿ 5;a 7;a ld,h wh;a fY%aKs <ore wxYh jYfhka

548

ie,l=Ks' fï wjêfha ldhsl j¾Okh ms<sn| j o fyd| mqreÿ m%.=K lrùu o"

lshùu" ,sùu yd .Ks; ixl,am wjfndaOh o" m%dfhda.sl jev ;=<ska w;aoelSï

,nd oSu flfrys o ie,ls,su;a úh'

1950 ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYhg NdIdj" ixLHd" N+ñ Ydia;%h" iqÑl¾uh"

yia; l¾udka;h" .dhkh" idys;H" fi!LH" b;sydih" bx.%Sis hk úIh wh;a

úh' ^Government Proposals,1950. For Educational Reforms in Ceylon.)

3'1 1954 m%;sixialrK1954 oS úIhud,dj úu¾Ykhg m;a lrk ,o lñgqfõ ks¾foaY u; m%d:ñl

mdi,a úIhud,dj ixfYdaOkh flrsKs' ta wkqj yr úIh 4lska yd iqúfYaI úIh

;=klska iukaú; fmdÿ tlla njg m;a flreKs'

wd.u

uõni

ixLHd yd

bx.%Sis yr úIh f,i fjka fjka j tal, úIh jYfhka b.ekaúh hq;= úh'

YdÍrsl wOHdmkh" mrsir wdY%s; l%shd yd ks¾udKd;aul l%shd yr úIhj,g

wu;r j <uhska úiska yeoErsh hq;= úIhhla f,i i,lkq ,eî h' YdÍrsl

wOHdmkh" irU fi!LH hk úIhj, ixl,khla jQ w;r Ñ;%" w;ajev hk

úIhj,g óg fmr we;=<;a j ;snqKq úIh fldgia ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlïj,g

we;=<;a lrkq ,eîu ksid mrsir wdY%s; l%shd hgf;a oekqï iuQyhla fhduq ù ;sìKs'

3'2 1956 wxl 43 ork pl%f,aLhfuu pl%f,aLkfhka YsIH l%shdldrs;aj l%u bosrsm;a flreKq w;r m%d:ñl

mka;sj, b.ekaùu jvd;a l%uj;a jk fia wd.u" ujqni iy ixLHd yer wfkla

úIhka j¾. lsrSfï ms<sfj;la olajk ,os' YdÍrsl yd úkaok l%shdldrlï'

ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" mrsirh f,i m%Odk l%shdldrlï olajd ;sìKs'

3'3 1961 cd;sl wOHdmk iNdfõ w;=re jd¾;djfuu jd¾;dfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| j jeo.;a lreKq rdYshla

i|yka j ;snqKs' ta w;r" wksjd¾h mdi,a jhi wjqreÿ 5;a 14;a w;r ùu" kej;

wjOdrKh flrsKs' rdcH NdIdj isxy, jQ w;r th iEu isiqjl=g u wksjd¾h

úh' m%d:ñl wxYh my; i|yka mrsos úh'

my< nd,dxYh" 1 fY%aKsh" 2 fY%aKsh" 3 fY%aKsh" 4 fY%aKsh" 5 fY%aKsh

^1961 cd;sl fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj&

1963 wxl 1 pl%f,aLkfhka 1 mka;sfha isg 8 mka;sh olajd úIhud,d

ixfYdaOkh lr úIhj, ixhq;sh o oelaúKs' ta ta j¾Ij,g wod< úIh iy

ld,fPao .Kk o oelaúKs' wd.u" m<uq jeks NdIdj ^isxy,"fou<"bx.%Sis&" wxl

.Ks;h" YdÍrsl wNHdi iy risl l%Shdldrlï" .ehSu" kegqï" ks¾udKd;aul

l%shdldrlï" iajNdj wOHhkh" mrsirh noaO l%shdldrlï" fi!LH" b;sydih"

549

N+f.da,h" Ñ;%" w;ajev hk úIh v mka;sh olajd o fojk NdIdjla f,i bx.%Sis

111 mka;sfha isg b.ekaúh hq;= nj o i|yka úK'

3'4 1964 Oj, m;%sldjcd;sl wOHdmk l%uhla i|yd fhdackd hkqfjka bÈßm;a l< Oj,

m;%sldfõ m%Odk wxY folla úh' idudkH wOHdmkh iy ld¾ñl wOHmh yd

mqyqKqj f,i m%d:ñl wOHdmkh iïnkaO j wjfndaOh ,nd .ekSu i|yd

wOHdmk ie,eiau ms<sn| j wjOdkh fhduq l< hq;= h' idudkH wOHdmkh

wkqj wOHdmksl ie,iau jQfha" m%d.a mdGYd, wOHdmkh" uq,sl wOHdmkh"

mYapd;a uq,sl wOHdmkh yd jeäÿr wOHdmkh hk wxYj,ska iukaú; úh'

3'5 1966 Oj, m;%sldjidudkH yd ld¾ñl wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd hk kñka 1966

bosrsm;a l< Oj, m;%sldj o 1962 cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIfï ks¾foaY yd 1963

ld¾ñl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ fhdackd o wod< lr f.k ilia lr we;s

nj wka;¾.;h wkqj meyeos,s fjhs' mdi,a l%uh uQ,sl" oaú;Shsl yd jeäÿr

wOHdmkh hkqfjka wjê ;=klska ixúOdkh úh hq;= nj tys oelaúKs' uQ,sl

wOHdmkfha mrud¾:h ish,q u <uhskag mq¿,a wOHdmkhla ,nd oSu úh'

1966 Oj, m;%sldj fhdackd l< mrsos wjqreÿ 5-14 jhia iSudfõ isá

<uhska i|yd wOHdmkh iemhsh hq;= jQfha lksIaG úoHd, u.sks' 8 jk fY%aKsh

olajd muKla mka;s ;snQ lksIaG úoHd,hkays bf.kqu wjidkfha oS f;arSï

mrSlaIKhlg uqyqK oSug i,iajd olajk m%ùK;djg wkqj oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

,eîu i|yd wxY y;rlg j¾. lr mdi,a y;r j¾.hlg fhduq flrsKs'

fuf;la 1-5 olajd jQ m%d:ñl fY%aKs 8 jeks fY%aKsh olajd oS¾> úh'

3'6 1967 wOHdmk jHjia:d flgqï m;Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk l%uh m%;sixúOdkh lsrSfï wruqKska bosrsm;a lrk

,o fuu jHjia:d flgqïm;ska ks¾foaY lrk ,o fhdackdj,g úreoaO j úúO

úfõpk bosrsm;a jQ ksid pl%f,aL u.ska fldgia jYfhka l%shd;aul lrk ,os'

bka miq j 1967 oS wOHdmk jHjia:d flgqï m;la bosrsm;a lrk ,os' tu flgqï

mf;ys i|yka mrsos wjqreÿ 6-13 w;r jhia iSudfõ <uhska lksIaG úoHd,fhka

wOHdmkh ,enQy' 1967 jHjia:d flgqï m; wkqj lksIaG úoHd,j, bf.kSu

y;a jk fY%AKsfhka wjika úh'

1929 oS Ndú;hg wd wOHdmk wjê wkqj mdi,a j¾. lsrSfï l%uh 1967

olajd Ndú; úh'

1' uQ,sl mdi,a- 1fY%aKsh isg 7 fY%aKsh olajd

2' oaú;Shsl mdi,a 8 fY%aKsh isg by<g ^1967 wxl 13 ork pl% f,aLh&

fï wkqj m%d:ñl mdi,a ld,h jir follska oS¾> úh'

550

iudf,dapkh ^1967 f;la& 1947 isg 1967 jk úg iuia; ck.ykfhka" wjqreÿ 5-14 ;a w;r mdi,a

.sh <uhskaf.a m%;sY;h l%ufhka j¾Okh úh' ^1947 oS 57%" 1953 oS 71%" 1963 oS

75'1%” 1969 oS 79%&'

uQ,dY%h( Central Bank ,1986.

1 jk rEmh ( j¾I lsysmhl wOHdmk iyNd.s;ajh

Y%S ,xldfõ idlaIrNdjh 1900 oS 26'4%ls' ms<sfj<ska 1910oS 31% o 1920oS

39'9%" 1945oS 57'8%" 1955oS 65'4%" 1960oS 71'6%, 1970oS 78'5% úh' fï wkqj

idlaIrNdjh j¾Okh ù we;s wdldrh meyeos,s fjhs'

0

100

200

300

400

500

600

1950 19700

20

40

60

80

100

1947 1953 1963 1969

2 jk rEmh ( j¾I lsysmhl idlaIrNdjh 1900-1970

551

ksoyi ,eîfuka miq oYl follg jeä ld,hla wOHdmk ixj¾Okh

i|yd bosrsm;a flreKq úúO m%;sm;a;s” wksjd¾h wOHdmkh” iajNdIdfjka

wOHdmkh iemhSu wOHdmkfha m%udKd;aul j¾Okhg fya;= úh'

4'0 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK4'0 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK4'0 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK4'0 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK4'0 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ksoyia wOHdmkh iemhSfuka miqj wOHdmkfha kshq;= msrsi jeä úh’

wOHdmk úhou o YS>%fhka by< .sfha h' m%udKd;aul j j¾Okh jqj;a .=Kd;aul

nj ms<sn| j .eg,q we;s úh' wOHdmkh ,enQ úYd, mssrsila /lshd úrys; jQy'

tfia ùug fya;=j /lshd fj<|fmdf<a ;snQ b,a,qug .e<fmk wOHdmkhla W.;a

;reK mrmqr ,nd fkdisá ksid hehs vâ,s ish¾ia jd¾;dfjka olajd ;snqKs'

fujka miqìula hgf;a 1970 n,hg m;a rch wOHdmk{hka iydh fldg f.k

wOHdmk l%uhla iïmdokh lf<a h' ta i|yd 1971 wfm%a,a le/,a, o ie,ls,a,g

.kakd ,os' fuys wjidk m%;sM,h jQfha 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ie,iqï ùu

h' ksoyiska miq wOHdmkfha isÿ jQ m%n, m%;sixialrKhla f,i fuh ye|skaúh

yels h' fuh Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ms<sn| kj Ñka;khl wdrïNh o

úh’ kj Ñka;kh yd iïnkaO jQ m%Odk ixl,amhla jQfha úIh ifudaOdkhhs' Y%S

,xldfõ ifudaOdksl wOHdmk l%uh 1974 m<uq jk fY%aKsfhka werôKs' tu

l%uh 1972 - 73 j¾Ij, kshdul mdi,a 500l muK 1 jk fY%aKsfha w;ayod n,k

,os' 1975 oS 2 fY%aKshg o" 1976 oS 3 fY%aKshg o" 1977 oS 4 fY%aKshg o" 1978 oS 5

fY%aKshg o fuu ifudaOdksl wOHdmk jevud,dj y÷kajd fok ,oS’ <ud

flakaøSh wOHdmkh fuys m%Odk wruqK úh' <uhd mqnqÿ lrjd,k” <uhdg

bf.kSu ;Dma;shla jk wOHdmk l%uhla we;s lsrSu o wruqKls’ tu l%ufha

m%Odk wruqKq 5la úh’ bf.kqug bf.kqu” kuH;dj” ks¾udKYS,snj” úpdrd;aul

nj” iduqysl j jefvys fhoSu jYfhks' tu l%ufha m%Odk wruqKq 5la úh’• bf.kqug bf.kqu• kuH;dj• ks¾udKYS,snj• úpdrd;aul nj• iduqysl j jefvys fhoSu jYfhks '

4'1 wOHdmk wjia:d

1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wkqj idudkH mdGYd,d ;=<ska f.dv ke.Sug

woyia l< m%Odk wOHdmk wjia:d ;=kls'

1' 1 fY%aKssh isg 5 fY%aKsh olajd - m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

2' 6 fY%aKsh isg 9 fY%aKsh olajd - lksIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

3' 10 fY%aKsh isg 11 fY%aKsh olajd - fcHIaG oaú;Shsl wOHdmkh

1972g fmr mej;s m%d:ñl mdi,a ld,h fï wkqj h<s;a jir follska

wvq úh ^wOHdmkfha kju. 1972&'

552

4'2 m%d:ñl wOHdmkh

fuf;la mej;s wjqreÿ 5ka mdi,g we;=<;a lr .ekSfï jhi wjqreÿ 6la

f,i fjkia úh' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh ie,iqï lsrSfï oS ufkda úoHd;aul

oDIaáfldaKh ie,ls,a, g .ekSu úfYaI ,laIKhla úh' l%shdfjka wjfndaOh"

YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh iy orejdf.a udkisl yd nqoaê j¾Okh ms<sn|

ie,ls,a,g .ksñka úIhud,dj ie,iqï lsrSu 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,

úfYaI ,laIK h' tfiau úIhud,dfõ ish,q u fjkialï isÿ lrk ,oafoam¾fhaIK wkdjrK wkqj h fuf;la fkd;snQ .=re w;afmd;a kï jQ ixl,amhwe;s jQfha fuu hq.fha h' 1972 oS m%d:ñl wOHdmk mdGud,dfõ wruqKq fufia úh'

• isiq reÑh yd l=;=y,h wjqiaik Tjqkaf.a w;aoelSï u; ,nd osh yels

w;aoelSï úIh ks¾foaY f,i ilid úIhdkqnoaO j bf.kSug ie,eiaùu¡

• <ud w;aoelSï yd wjYH;d yd fmdÿ f;aud f,i fhdod úIh ks¾foaY

f.dv ke.Su¡

• tu f;aud hgf;a we;s w;aoelSï iqúfYaI fldg f.k tajd ;ks ;ks j

fyda lKavdhï f,i fidhd ne,Sug ie,eiaùfuka úIh neñj,ska ñoS

ksoyia j iajdNdúl j bf.kSug fhduq lsrSu¡

• tl u f;audfõ ixlS¾K yd .eUqre nj l%u l%ufhka jeä fjñka uq,a

jir ;=k mqrd u bf.kSug ie,eiaùu¡

• NdId yelshdj oshqKq lsrSu i|yd ksoyia ks¾udKd;aul l:d nyg yd

,sùug m%uqLia:dkh ,nd oSu¡

• .Ks;uh ixl,am ms<sn| yelshdj j¾Okh lsrSu i|yd orejd leu;s

wdldrhg Tyqg jgyd .; yels l%shdldrlï lsrSug fm,öu¡

• mrsirh ms<sn| j oekqu ,nd .ekSu i|yd m%YaklrKh Ndú; lrñka

isiqka úiska u ms<s;=re fiùug Tjqyq fm<Uùu¡

• ks¾udKd;aul l=i,;d YdrSrsl Yla;sh yd fl!Y,Hh i|yd <uhd ;=<

mj;sk .dhk jdok ksoyia p,k wkqlrKh i|yd mj;sk <eoshdj

m%fhdackhg .ekSu¡

• Ñ;% yd w;aoelSï hk udOH ;=<ska kj ks¾udK f.dv ke.Su i|yd

wjgmrsirfhys we;s wfkl=;a øjHh wjia:dkql+, j fhdod .ekSug Tyq

fm,Uùu

1-5 olajd mka;s meje;afjk m%d:ñl mdif,a 1972 olajd l%shd;aul jQ

wd.u” wOHdmk udOHh" fojk ni" .Ks;h" YdrSrsl yd fi!kao¾hh l%shdldrlï

ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï yd mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï hk úIhud,dj jhi

wjqreÿ 6-11 w;r <uhskag b;d WÑ; nj 1972 ms<sf.k ;sìKs¡'

1972 os iajNdj wOHhkh fjkqjg wdrïNl úoHdj y÷kajd ÿkafka h¡

úpdr Yla;sh ks¾udK Yla;sh iduqysl yeÕSï kuH;dj j¾Okh wfmalaIdj úh¡

wd.u b.ekaùfï oS udkqIsl .=K O¾u we;s lsrSu ms<sn| j oeä wjOdkhla

fhduq lrñka wd.u O¾ufhka cSú;h foi ne,Sug orejdg wkqn, oSu wfmalaIdj

553

úh' wOHdmk udOH hkqfjka woyia lrk ,oafoa orejd wOHdmkh ,nk udOHhs'

th isxy," fou< fyda bx.%Sis úh' bx.%Sis o l%ufhka wvq jkakg úh' fo jk ni

f,i isxy, orejkg" bx.%Sis fyda fou< o fou< orejkg" bx.%Sis fyda isxy, o

f;dard .ekSug ksoyi ;snqKs ^wOHdmkfha kju." 1972&

5'0 1978-1984 ld,h 1978 mdi,aj,g isiqka we;=<;a lr .kakd jhi kej;;a wjqreÿ 5 olajd

wvq lrk ,os' 1978 oS wjqreÿ 5 yd 6 jhia iSud follg whs;s isiqka mdi,aj,g

we;=<;a lr .ekSug isÿ úh’ jhi wjqreÿ 6 isiqka m%d:ñl mdif,a 1 fY%aKshg

we;=<;a l< w;r jhi wjqreÿ 5 isiqka nd,dxYh kñka ye|skajQ w,q;a mka;shlg

we;=<;a lr .kakd ,oS’ fï wkqj m%d:ñl wjêhg j¾I yhl ld, iSudjla wh;a

úh'

5'1 1981 wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj

1981 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK wkqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha fmdÿ wNsu;d¾:

10la olajd we;¡ 1964 iy 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska bosrsm;a l<

wruqKqj, u úldYhla f,i fuu wruqKq oelaúh yels h¡ Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl

wOHdmk mdGud,dj yodrkq ,nk isiqkaf.a my; i|yka wruqKq bgq jkq

we;ehs wfmalaId lrk ,os'

• tosfkod lghq;= i|yd m%udKj;a f,i ,sùu" lshùu yd woyia yqjudrej

• .kqfokq lsrSu i|yd wjYH .Ks; ixl,am

• ksfrda.s osú fmfj;lg wjYH ixl,am

• ksrSlaIK yelshdj

• ks¾udKd;aul yelshdj

• úkaokd;aul yelshdj

• wkd.; bf.kqï ld¾hh

• fN!;sl iy iudcSh mrsirh y÷kd .ekSu

• iyfhda.h" ù¾hh kuH;dj" fmdÿ foa iq/lSu

• cd;sl iu.sh

1981 wOHdmk fhdackd wkqj 1985 isg idudkH wOHdmkh jir 11lska

hqla; úh' m%d:ñl mdi," 1 jir isg 5 jir olajd jir mylska hqla; úh'

mdi,a moaO;sfha fuf;la mej;s fY%aKsh fjkqjg jir hkak Ndú;

úh' 1985 1 jir úIhud,djg" ujqni" .Ks;h" mßir wOHhkh" ks¾udKd;aul

l%shdldrlï" fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï iy wd.u úIh we;=<;a úh' 1 jir iy 2

jir i|yd fuu úIh ud,dj jQ w;r 3 jif¾ isg bx.%Sis úIhh we;=<;a úh' jfufia igyka fldg ;sìKs'

iEu jirl u we.hSï yd jd¾;d ;nd .kakd ,oS' fuu we.hSu iïnkaO1' we.hSu <uhdf.a bf.kqï uÜgu wjfndaO lr .ekSug h

554

2' <uhdf.a j¾Okh ms<sn| bÕshla ,nd .ekSu i|yd h'

3' <uhdf.a .eg,q ksrdlrKh lsrSu i|yd h'

4' <uhdg Woõ oSu i|yd h' ^1jir .=re w;afmd;" 1985'247 msgqj&'

we.hSï l%uh iïNjk we.hSï l%uh úh' fuf;la mej;s j¾Ih fyda

jdr wjidkfha iïmsKaä; we.hSu fjkqjg j¾Ih mqrd meje;afjk wLKav

we.hSu m%d:ñl wOHdmk wxYfha Ndú; jQ m%:u wjia:dj fuh úh'

1985 úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrK m%d:ñl wjêh ;=< my<" by< f,i

wjê folla úh' fuu woshfrys úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fjkialï lsysmhla

isÿ úh' 1"2"3" jirj, Ydrsrsl yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï tla úIhhla úh' 4" 5

jirj, oS YdrSrsl wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï úIh folla úh'

tfiau wdrïNl úoHdj úIh y÷kajd fok ,oS’

j.= wxl 3: 1972ka miq mdi,a moaO;sj, jHQy

j¾Ih wksjd¾h wOHdmkh m%d:ñl wOHmkh 1972-1977 6-14 6-10 1978-1984 5-16 5-10 1985 5-1 5-9

uQ,dY%h( Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a ms<sn| úia;rd;aul me;slvla" 1991" 59 msgq

5'2 1992 wOHdmk fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj

fuf;la l%shd;aul jQ 1 jir isg 5 jir olajd úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh

lrñka ixj¾Okh lsrSu 1991 isg cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha m%d:ñl wOHdmk

fomd¾;fïka;=j úiska werôKs' ta wkqj" m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIh ks¾foaYh wh;a

1 jir úIhud,dj 1993 oS o 2 jir úIhud,dj 1994 oS o" 3 jir úIhud,dj 1995

oS o ixfYdaOkh flrsKs' 1996 oS 4 jir úIhud,j o" 1997 oS 5 jir úIhud,dj

ixfYdaOkh flrsKs' tfia u 1993 isg fuf;la mej;s —jir˜ hkqfjka ye|skaùu

fjkqjg —fY%aKsh˜ hkqfjka Ndú; flrsKs'

1993 isÿ jQ m%d:ñl úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrKj,ska idlaIr nj" ksfrda.s osú

meje;au" ;dlaIKsl keUqrej yd jev lsrSu" b;sydih yd ne÷Kq Wreuhka ms<sn|

oekqj;a nj" wd.ñl <eoshdj yd .=K .rel nj" mrsir wjfndaOh" <ud <eoshd

fmdaIKh" cd;sl iu.sh" idrO¾u j¾Okh hk ksmqK;d ixj¾Okh lsrSu

wfmalaId flrsKs’ fuu ksmqK;d imqrd .ekSu Wfoid my; i|yka úIhj,ska

úIh ks¾foaYh iukaú; úh' fuu úIh 1 fY%aKsfha isg l%shd;aul jQ w;r 3

fY%aKsfha isg bY%Sis b.ekaúKs'

1' NdId j¾Okh

2' .Ks;h

555

3' wm yd mrsirh4' ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï

5' YdrSrsl wOHdmkh6' fi!kao¾h ^1 fY%aKsh .=re w;afmd;" 1993&'

6'0 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK 1972 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska miqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha isÿ jQ jeo.;akeïula f,i 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ye|skaúh yels h' YsIHhdf.a YdrSrsl"

udkisl" iudc" Ñ;a;fõ. j¾Okh iy nqoaêuh j¾Okfha iajNdjh ms<sn| joeä wjOdkhla fhduq lr we;s nj fuu m%;sixialrKj,ska meyeos,s fjhs' tfia

u ld,Sk wjYH;d o ie,ls,a,g f.k we;' úIh ks¾foaY ixfYdaOkh lsrSu"fm< fmd;a yd jev fmd;a ,sùu" fï wkqj isÿ úh' wk;=rej 1998 oS .ïmy

osia;%slalfha mdi,a 533l m<uq fY%aKshg wod< j kshduk jevigyk l%shd;aulflrsK’' 1999 oS th osjhsk mqrd l%shdjg kexúKs' 2000 oS 2 fY%aKsh" 2001 oS

3 fYa%Ksh" 2002 oS 4 fY%aKsh" 2003 oS 5 fY%aKsh f,i m%d:ñl wOHdmk pl%fhysl%shd;aul úh' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK yd m%;sjHqylrK hgf;a 1999 j¾Ifha isg

cd;sl uÜgfuka l%shd;aul jQ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úfYaI ,laIKmy; i|yka mrsos h¡

• m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd fjka lr we;s wjqreÿ 5l ld, iSudj úIhud,dyd wfkl=;a lghq;=j, myiqj ;ld m%Odk wjê ;=klg fnoSu¡

1 m%Odk wjêh - 1 jk iy 2 jk fY%aKs 2 m%Odk wjêh - 3 jk iy 4 jk fY%aKs

3 m%Odk wjêh - 5 jk fY%aKsh

• 1 jk fYa%Kshg msúfik orejka y÷kd .ekSfï l%u ixj¾Okh lsrSu

• idudkH wOHdmk wjêh wjidkfha oS isiqka úiska j¾Okh lr .; hq;=hehs ks¾foaYs; ksmqK;d m%ldYhg m;a lr we;¡ tajd f.dvke.Sug iqÿiq

mokula iemfhk mrsos ieliqKq ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ksmqK;d mdol úIhud,djla ùu¡ikaksfõok ksmqK;d" wdpdrO¾u yd wd.u ms<sn| ksmqK;d" mrsirh

ms<sn| ksmqK;d" l%Svd yd úfõlh ms<sn| ksmqK;d iy bf.kqug bf.kSums<sn| ksmqK;d f,i ksmqK;d myls'

• úIh fË;% 4la hgf;a úIhud,djúIhud,djúIhud,djúIhud,djúIhud,dj ixúOdkh lr ;sîuNdIdj" wd.u" .Ks;h" mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï

• orejl=f.a mQ¾K ixj¾Okhg NdId yd .Ks; ksmqK;dj,g wu;r jfi!kao¾h ks¾udK" úoHdj" fi!LHh yd fmdaIKh jeks ;j;a wxYlsysmhlg wh;a ksmqK;d j¾Okh ùu wjYH h¡ fuu ksmqK;d fjkafjka j úIhhla jYfhka bosrsm;a lsrSug jvd isiqkag .e<fmkf;audj,ska wjia:dkql+, j u;= lr bf.kSug ie,eiaùu jvd fhda.Hf,i ms<s.efka¡ fujeks wxY u;= lr .ekSug iu;a f;aud iuQyhlskaiukaú; mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys fmrg jvdifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIK fmkakqï lsrSu

556

• mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhysmrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys bf.kqï - b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha

oS NdIdj" .Ks;h iy wd.u hk úIh fË;%j,g iïnkaO k sm qK;d

j¾Okhg o wjia:d ie,fik fyhska tys úIh iïnkaêlrKúIh iïnkaêlrKúIh iïnkaêlrKúIh iïnkaêlrKúIh iïnkaêlrK ,laIK

fmkakqï lsrSu¡

• 1 jk fY%aKsfha isg os.g u mka;sfha .=rejrhd úiska l%shd;aul l< hq;=

l%shdldrlï mdol jdÑl bx.%Sis kï kj wxYhla y÷kajd oSu¡

• 2 jk m%Odk wjêfha isg úêu;a j bx.%Sis úIh o 3 jk m%Odk wjêfha isg

fo jk cd;sl NdIdjla o we;=<;a ùu¡

• 1 jk fY%aKsfha isg os.g u úIh iu.dó l%shdldrlïj,g;a 5 jk fY%aKsfha

oS isiq <eoshd yd wjYH;dj,g .e<fmk ffjl,ams; l%shdldrlïj,g;a

ld,igyk ;=<ska bv m%ia;d iemhSu¡

iuia; m%d:ñl wOHdmk wjêh ;=< u bf.kqï- b.ekaùï l%shdj,sfha oS

m%Odk ;ekla ysñ jkqfha YsIH flakaøSh osYdjg keUqre jQ l%uj,g h¡ fuu

l%ufõo f;jeoEreï h'

ie,iqï.; fi,a,ï yd úfkdaockl jevl%shdldrlï

wiqka.; jev

5 jk rEmh: m%d:ñl úIhud,d ie,eiauuQ,dY%h( m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d" 2001

557

• 1 m%Odk wjêfha oS ie,iqï.; fi,a,ï yd l%shdldrlïj,g jeä

wjOdkhla o wiqka .; jevj,g wvq wjOdkhla o ,efí¡ 2 m%Odk wjêfha

oS fuu l%ufõo ;=kg u wdikak jYfhka iudk j wjOdkh ysñ fõ¡ 3

m%Odk wjêfha oS l%shdldrlï iy wiqka .; jevj,g jeä wjOdkhla o

fi,a,ïj,g wvq wjOdkhla o ,efí¡ fï wkaoug bf.kqï l%ufõo ixl,k

m%Odk wjê ;=k ;=< l%u l%ufhka fjkia fõ¡

• isiq bf.kqï m%.;sh yd bf.kqï ÿIalr;d ms<sn| j y÷kd .ekSu msKsi

ksrSlaIKh jdÑl m%Yak lsrSu isiqkg ijkaoSu jeks wúêu;a l%uj,g m%uqL;dj

fok wLKav j lr f.k hd hq;= mka;s ldur mdol ;lafiare lsrSfï

l%shdj,shla mj;ajd f.k hdu'

• tla isiqjl=f.a ,l=Kq fyda idOk uÜgï ;j;a isiqjl=f.a ,l=Kq fyd idOk

uÜgï iu. ii|d ;SrK .ekSfï l%ufhka ñoS ksYaÑ; wruqKla fyda isiq

mQ¾j idOk uÜgula iu. isiq idOkh ii|d ;SrK .ekSug iu;a ms<sfj<ska

ks¾Kdhl uQ,sl iy mQ¾j idOk uQ,sl ;lafiare l%u fhdod .ekSu¡

• ieug wOHdmkh ;yjqre lr .ekSu b,lal lr .ksñka ta i|yd m%ñ;shla

jYfhka tla tla m%Odk wjê wjidkfha oS isiqka úiska wksjd¾hfhka u

m%ùK;d uÜgug <Õd úh hq;= w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d y÷kajd oSug

mshjr .ekSu¡

• tla tla m%Odk wjêhla wjidkfha oS wfmalaIs; w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d

ms<sn| j m%ùK;djla ,nd we;a oehs ;lafiare lsrSug mshjr .ekSu¡ tla tla

m%Odk wjêhla wjidkfha oS wfmalaIs; w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d ms<sn|

j m%ùK;djla ,nd oSu b,lal lr f.k tu tla m%Odk wjêhla tl u

.=rejrhl=f.a hg;g m;a lsrSug wkqn, oSu¡ ^úIh ks¾foaYh iy .=re w;a

fmd;" 2002&'

2003 j¾Ifhka miqj m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha .=Kd;aul ixj¾Okh i|yd

úúO mshjr .kakd ,os' tys m%;sM,hla f,i 2007 j¾Ifha oS m<uq m%Odk wjêhg

wod< .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh ixfYdaOkh úh' 2008 oS fo jk m%Odk wjêh

o" 2009 oS f; jk m%Odk wjêh o ixfYdaOkh úh' 1999 j¾Ifha isg l%shd;aul

jQ wOHdmk m%;sixialrK hgf;a m<uq fY%aKshg msúfik —orejka y÷kd .ekSu˜

kï jevigyk ;j ÿrg;a ixj¾Okh úh' ta wkqj 2008 j¾Ifha oS f; jk

fY%aKshg msúfik orejka i|yd m%S;su;a wdrïNhla hk jevigyk y÷kajd fok

,os' 2007 m%d:ñl wOHdmk kùlrKj,ska úIhud,dfõ fjkila isÿ fkdjq

wOHdmkfhka j¾Okh flfrk fuf;la uqÿkam;a lr .ekSug wfmalaId l<

ksmqK;d myg ;j;a ksmqK;d folla tla úh' ta wkqj uq¿ ksmqK;d .Kk y;ls'

ikaksfõok" fm!reI;aj j¾Okh" mrsirhg wod< jev f,dalhg iQodkï ùu”

wd.u iy wdpdrO¾uhkag wod< l%Svdj iy úfõlh m%fhdackhg .ekSu" bf.kqug

bf.kqu hkq tu ksmqK;d h’ tfia u fuf;la mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï

úIfhys l%shd;aul jQ l%shdldrlï mdol jdÑl bx.%Sis" .Ks;h úIhhg o we;=<;a

lrk ,os' YsIH flakaøSh wOHdmkh ;j ÿrg;a ;yjqre lsrSu i|yd fY%aKs wkqj

558

.Ks;h úIhfha wNHdi ir, lsrSsu" mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfhys f;audj,fjkila lsrSu yefrkakg 2007 kùlrKj, oS oeä fjkila isÿ fkdjqKs'

iudf,dapkh 1967-2005& Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk pl%h iïmQ¾K l< m%;sY;h by< .sfhah' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh i|yd myiqlï jeä lsrSu" fkdñf,a ks, we÷ï iyfmd;a ,nd oSu" YsIH flakaosh wOHdmkh" m%shckl mdi,a mrsirhla ks¾udKhlr ;sîu iy b.ekaùfï l%uj, fjkiaùu fï i|yd fya;= úh'

1 jk j.=j( m%d:ñl wOHdmk pl%h iïmQ¾K l< m%;sY;h 2001 - 2005

j¾Ih m%;sY;h ]2001 892002 902003 912004 892005 90 uq,dY%H( Education for all, 2008, 72p

2 jk j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ jeäysá idlaIrNdjh 1991 - 2004

j¾Ih m%;sY;h ]1991 86'62001 91'12004 92'5 uq,dY%h( Education for all, 2008, 3p

3 jk j.=j( Y%S ,xldfõ ;reK idlaIrNdjh 2001-2004

j¾Ih m%;sY;h ] 2001 96'9 2002 97'0

2003 95'6 2004 95'6

uq,dY%h( Education for all, 2008

idlaIrNdjh j¾Okh úh' wksjd¾h mdi,a jhia iSudj" wOHdmksl myiqlï

j¾Okh" mdi,aj, jHdma;sh ish,q fokdg <Õd ùug myiq jk fia msysgd ;sîu

fï i|yd fya;= úh' tfia u ;reK idlaIr;d m%;sY;h o j¾Okh jkakg tulreKq fya;= úh'

559

7'0 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úldYkh7'0 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úldYkh7'0 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úldYkh7'0 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úldYkh7'0 Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úIhud,dfõ úldYkh mrsir úIhh úldYkh jQ wkaou

1928 úIh ks¾foaYh wkqj¦ iqÑl¾uh we;=¿ .Dy l¾uh" N+ñ Ydia;%h"b;sydih" yia; l¾uh" hk úIhj,ska iukaú; úh' mrsirh fjk u úIhhla

f,i fkd;snqKq w;r by; úIhj,ska mßirh ms<sn| wjOdkh fhduq flßK'¡

1932 rcfha mdi,a 14lg iSud jQ ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%uh 1939 jkúg rcfha mdi,a 246l l%shd;aul úh¡ fuu wOHdmk l%ufha úIhud,djg

mrsirh ms<sn| wOHhkh kñka úIhhla úh' fï wkqj mrsirh hk úIhhm%:ufhka u m%d:ñl wOHdmkhg we;=<;a jQfha ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk úIh

ud,dfjks' 1950 ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYfhka yia; l¾udka;h" b;sydih kñkaúIh folla úh' 1956 wxl 43 ork pl%f,aLh mrsir wdY%s; l%shd úêu;a lrk

,os' 1963 wxl 01 ork pl%f,aLfhka mrsir wdY%s; l%shd i|yd ld,fPao 7la fjkalrk ,os' 1963 oS mrsir wdY%s; w;aoelSï ,nd .ekSu i|yd ;snQ úIh jQfha

b;sydih" fi!LH" iajNdj wOHhkh" N+f.da,h hk úIhka h' 1972 os iajNdjwOHhkh fjkqjg wdrïNl úoHdj y÷kajd fok ,os' úpdr Yla;sh" ks¾udK

Yla;sh" iduqysl yeÕSï kuH;dj j¾Okh wfmalaIdj úh¡ 1981 oS wm yd mrsirhúIhh y÷kajd fok ,os' 1998 oS mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï f,i úIhfha ku

fjkia úh' fï wdldrhg ksoyig fmr fuka u miqj o mrsir úIhhg ie,lsh hq;=

wjOdkhla fhduq ù we;' úIh ks¾foaYh yd .=re w;a fmd; ^5 fY%aKsh 2000&olajk mrsos <ore úfha isg u iajNdjfhka u ñksid ish jgmsgdj iu. id¾:lj wka;¾ l%shd lsrSu ;=<ska ish ksmqK;d <Õd lr .ekSug W;aidy lrkq ,efí¡

;ud cSj;a jk jgmsgdj ms<sn| j f;dr;=re fidhd ne,Su" /ia lsrSu yd kej;m%ldY lsrSu orejdf.a cSjk l%shdj,sfha wx.hls¡ orejdf.a tu keUqrej mrsir

wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhh f.dvke.Sfï moku ù we;¡ óg fmr l%shd;aul jQ m%d:ñl úIhud,dj, oS fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh”

ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" YdrSrsl wOHdmkh yd wdrïNl úoHdj úIh ksmqK;dj¾Okhg odhl úh¡ kj úIhud,dfõ mrsir wdY%s; l%shdldrlï kï jQ mq¿,a

úIh fË;%h hgf;a tu úúO fË;%j,g wh;a ksmqK;d wjia:dkql+, j u;= lr.ekSug bv i,id we;¡

fi!kao¾h wOHdmkh" ks¾udKd;aul l%shdldrlï" YdÍrsl wOHdmkh ydwdrïNl úoHdj hk fË;%j,g wod< ksmqK;d u;= lr .ekSu fuka u wd.u"

ujqni" .Ks;h" hk m%Odk úIhj, fmdaIKh i|yd o mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlïúIhh fhdod .; yels jk f,i úIh ks¾foaYh f.dv k.d we;'

NdId úIhh úldYkh jQ wkaou uyskaod.ukhg miq uQ,sl wOHdmkh l%shd;aul jQ wjêfha oS lshùu",sùu yd jk fmd;a lsrSu ms<sn| mqyqKqjla ,nd fok ,oS’ fuh isÿ jQfha ks¾osIaG

.%ka: jk joka lúfmd;" joka lú fmd; yd ine|s .Kfoú yE,a," kï fmd;"uÕ=,a ,l=K nqoaO .cach ilia lvh hk tajd weiqrsKs' ,sùu i|yd je,sms< iy

560

mqia fld< fmd;a Ndú; úh' mD;=.Sis md,k hq.fha oS frdaudkq lf;da,sl wd.uje<| .;a whg lshùu" ,sùu" b.ekaúKs’ ,kafoais md,k hq.fha oS mersIa

mdif,ka isxy, yd fou< lshùu" ,sùu b.ekaùh' 1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys NdIdj kñka l%shd;aul úh' 1940

ixfYdaOkj,ska NdIdj" idys;Hh f,i úIh folla l%shd;aul úh' 1943 j¾IfhawOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska ,sùu" lshùu f,i o 1954 m%;sixialrK" 1956

wxl 43 ork pl%f,aLh 1981 wOHdmk fhdackdj,ska ujqni f,i o úIhhl%shd;aul lrk ,os' 1993 isÿ jQ m%d:ñl úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrKj,ska NdId

j¾Okh kñka mej;s w;r p;=¾úO NdId l=i,;d ixj¾Okh lsrSu wfmalaIdjúh' h<s 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska NdIdj kñka fjkia úh'

.Ks;h úIhh úldYkh jQ wkaou mD;=.Sis md,k hq.fha oS wxl .Ks;h b.ekaùh' .Ks;h úIhh m%:u jrgy÷kd .; yels jkafka tu hq.fhaoS h' 1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys iy 1940

ixfYdaOkj, ixLHd f,i l%shd;aul úh’ 1943 j¾Ifha wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj,ska.Ks;h f,i o h<s 1954 m%;sixialrKj, ixLHd f,i o .Ks;h úIhhy÷kajk ,os' 1981 wOHdmk fhdackd wkqj iy bka miqj isÿ jQ úIh ks¾foaYfjkia lsrSïj,ska fuka u 1997 wOHdmk m%;sixialrKj, oS .Ks;h kñka tu

úIhh wo olajd u l%shd;aul fjhs'

fi!kao¾h úIhh úldYkh jQ wkaou mD;=.Sis md,k hq.fha oS wd.fï .S;sld .ehSug iïnkaO .dhkh mersIamdif,a W.kajk ,os' fi!kao¾h úIhhla iïnkaO j i|yka jQ m%:u wjia:dj

fuh fjhs' 1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys 2" 3" 4"5 jeks mka;sj, .dhkh o NdIdj.Kh hgf;a l:d mqyqKqj ms<sn| mdvïj, oS" ix.S;h iys; l%Svd kï úIh

fË;%hla l%shd;aul úh' 1932 ykafoiai .%dóh wOHdmk l%ufha úIhud,djgrisl wOHdmkh ^ix.S; Ñ;% kdgH& kñka úIhhla úh' 1938-1947 w;r ld,fha

oS iy 1950 ixfYdaê; úIh ks¾foaYhg .dhkh" úIhh wh;a úh' 1956 wxl 43ork pl%f,aLkh wkqj YdrSrsl yd úkaokh kñka l%shd;aul úh' 1972 wOHdmk

m%;sixialrK wkqj YdÍrsl yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï we;=<;a úh' 1985 úIhks¾foaY m%;sixialrK m%d:ñl wjêh ;=< my< by< f,i wjê folla úh'

fuu woshfrys úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fjkialï lsysmhla isÿ úh'1"2"3" jirj, YdrSrsl yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï tla úIhhla úh' 4" 5 jirj,

oS YdrSrsl wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï f,i úIh folla úh' 1993 isÿjQ 1 jir úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrKj, ,laIK w;r 1 jif¾ isg YdrSrsl

wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h l% shdldrlï fjka flrsKs ' 1997 wOHdmk 1997 wOHdmk 1997 wOHdmk 1997 wOHdmk 1997 wOHdmk

m%; sixi alrKm%; sixi alrKm%; sixi alrKm%; sixi alrKm%; sixi alrKj, mr sirh wdY % s; l % shdldrlï úIhfhysmr sirh wdY % s; l % shdldrlï úIhfhysmr sirh wdY % s; l % shdldrlï úIhfhysmr sirh wdY % s; l % shdldrlï úIhfhysmr sirh wdY % s; l % shdldrlï úIhfhys fmrg jvd

ifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIKifudaOdksl ,laIK fmkakqï flrsKs' m<uq jk fY%aKsfha isg mia jk fY%aKsholajd jQ mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIhfha f;aud hgf;a fi!kao¾h wxYh o

we;=<;a lr we;'

561

YdrSrsl wOHdmk úIhh úldYkh jQ wkaou 1928 wOHdmk mámdáfhys" Ydrsrsl wNHdi kñka m%:u jrg úIhhla

w;=<;a úh' iq¿ m%;sixialrK hq.fha oS ^1931-1938& fi!LH yd iajia:;dj f,io 1940 oS fi!LH yd YdrSrsl m%d.=KHh kñka o l%shd;aul úh' 1954 m%;sixialrKj,

oS YdrSrsl wOHdmkh" irU" fi!LH hk úIhhkaf.a ixl,khla úh’ YdrSrsl ydfi!kao¾hh l%shdldrlï" jhi wjqreÿ 6-11 w;r <uhskag b;d WÑ; nj 1972

ms<sf.k ;sìKs'1985 úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrK m%d:ñl wjêh ;=< my<“ by< f,i wjê

folla úh' fuu woshfrys úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka o fjkialï lsysmhla isÿúh' 1"2"3" jirj, YdrSrsl yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï tla úIhhla úh' 4" 5

jirj, oS YdrSrsl wOHdmkh yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï úIh folla úh’ 1993isÿ jQ 1 jir úIh ks¾foaY m%;sixialrKj, oS 1 jif¾ isg YdrSrsl wOHdmkh

yd fi!kao¾h l%shdldrlï fjka flrsKs' 1997 m%;sixialrKj, oS m<uq jkfY%aKsfha isg mia jeks fY%aKsh olajd jQ mrsirh wdY%s; l%shdldrlï úIfha f;aud

hgf;a YdrSrsl wOHdmk wxYh o we;=<;a lr we;'orejdf.a mQ¾K fm!reI ixj¾Okh ms<sn| j wjOdkh jeä lsrSula 2007

wOHdmk kùlrK iu. isÿ ù we;' tys m%;sM,hla f,i wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhaiy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kfha taldnoaO;dfjka 2008 jif¾ oS —l%shdldrSj

m%S;su;a fjuq˜ hk .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh i|ydy÷kajd ÿka w;r 2008 oS 3"4"5" fY%aKsj,g o y÷kajd fok ,os' 1998 wOHdmk

m%;sixialrK u.ska y÷kajd ÿka YrSr iqj;d jevigyk l%uj;a úêu;a j l%shd;aullsrSu fuys wruqK úh' —orejdf.a udkisl yd Ydrsrsl m%fndaOhg ;=vq fohs"orejkag m%shckl úkaokd;aul wjia:d imhhs" mSvdldrS ;;a;aj u. yer YrSrh

m%fndaOhg m;a lrhs'˜ hkqfjka fuu jevigyk y÷kajd we;' ^l%shdldrS j

m%S;su;a fjuq' 1-2 fY%aKs m<uq jk m%Odk wjêh&'

8'0 5 jk fY%aKsfha YsIH;aj úNd.h hg;a úcs; hq.fha wOHdmk úIu;d fndfyduhla mej;sKs' ta w;r

.ekaùfï udOH" wd.u mrsmd,kh" uqo,a wh lsrSï lemS fmksKs' fuu úIu;d

u. yrjd .ekSfï wfmalaIdfjka 1940 oS uOH mdi,a wdrïN lrk ,os" úfYaIl=i,;d we;s olaI orejkag jvd .=Kd;aul njlska hq;= wOHdmkhla ,nd oSu

tu mdi,aj, m%Odk mrud¾:h úh' kuq;a olaI <uhska jeä msrsilg tu jrm%idoh,nd .; fkdyels úh' thg m%Odk fya;=j jQfha orejka ;uka mosxÑ Pkao

fldÜGdifha msysá tl u uOH úoHd,hg ;uka mosxÑ ÿr neyer ia:dkj, isgmeñKSu wmyiq jQ ksid h' fuu ;;a;ajhg ms<shula f,i .ïno m%d:ñl

mdi,aj, bf.kqu ,enQ oSma;su;a orejkag uOH úoHd,j, fkdñ,fha fkajdislmyiqlï imhñka 1946 oS my YsIH;aj l%uh wdrïN lrk ,os'

wd¾:sl wmyiq;d we;s foudmshkaf.a orejkg Wiia wOHdmk wjia:d ,nd oSuQ,sl wruqK we;s j" j¾I 1943 úfYaI wOHdmk lñgq ks¾foaY u; 1946 oS my

562

YsIH;aj l%uh wrUk ,os" ta wkqj jd¾Isl wdodhu remsh,a 600g jvd wvqfoudmshkaf.a orejkag wdOdr m%odkh lrk ,os"

1981$6 pl% f,aLh wkqj 1981 isg 5 YsIH;aj úNd.fha wruqKq folla úh'jd¾Isl wdodhu remsh,a 600g jvd wvq foudmshkaf.a fyda kS;Hkql+, Ndrlrejkaf.a

orejkg wdOdr m%odkh lsrSu iy mdi,aj, 6 fY%aKsj,g orejka we;=<;a lr.ekSu h'

YsIH;aj l%uh i|yd wdrïNfha isg wo olajd úúO kï Ndú; úh' wdrïNfhaoS uOH úoHd,j, mYapd;a wOHdmkh ,eîu i|yd YsIH;aj m%odkh lsrSfï

wruqKska wdrïN lrk ,o fuh mia jk mka;sfha YsIH;aj l%uh kñka y÷kajdwe;' 1967 mdi,a j¾.SlrKh wkqj fY%aKs l%uh y÷kajd fok ,os' ta iuÕ 1968-

1984 olajd mia jk fY%aKsfha YsIH;aj l%uh hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' YsIH;ajl%ufha wruqKq fjkia ùu iuÕ 1981oS mdi,aj,g isiqka f;dard .ekSu iy wdOdr

uqo,a m%odkh lsrSu i|yd jk v jk fY%aKsfha YsIH;aj l%uh f,i 1981 $ 16 pl%f,aLfhka y÷kajd we;' 1985 isg fY%aKs jir hkqfjka ye|skaùu wdrïN lsrSu

iu. mia jk jir YsIH;aj l%uh hkqfjka y÷kajd ;sfí' 1993 j¾Ifha isg v

jir YsIHdOdr m%odkh lsrSfï iy v1 jir mka;sj,g we;=<;a lsrSfï YsIH;aj

l%uh hkqfjka ye|skafõ'wdrïNfha isg u YsIH;aj m%odkh i|yd isiqka f;dard .kakd ,oafoa 5 jk

mka;sfha oS meje;ajQ ;r. úNd.hla u.sks' 1946 isg 1968 olajd fuu mrSlaIKhúkdä 45 ne.ska jQ NdIdj" wxl .Ks;h m%Yak m;% follska o úkdä 30l nqoaê

mrSlaIKh m%Yak m;%h hk m%Yak m;% ;=klska hqla; úh' 1973 oS fuu mrSlaIKhfldgia follg mj;ajk ,os' nqoaê mrSlaIKh uq,ska mj;ajd thska jeä ,l=Kq,enQ isiqkag NdIdj yd .Ks;h hk m%Yak m;%j,g fmkS isàug wjia:dj ,nd

oS we;' 1978 oS .Ks;h m%Yak m;%hg ,nd ÿka ld,h meh 1 olajd jeä lrk ,os'bka miqj NdIdj yd .Ks;h hk m%Yak m;% follska hqla; jQ w;r tla m%Yak

m;%hla i|yd ld,h meh 1 ñks;a;= 15 ne.ska ,nd fok ,oS’ 1992 oS YsIH;ajmrSlaIKh i|yd fokq ,nk m%Yak m;% 4 iy 5 jir i|yd kshñ; .Ks;h iy

NdIdj úIh ks¾foaYh mokï lr f.k ilia lrk ,os' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfhapl%f,aL wxl 95$4 wkqj" 1995 isg mia jekafka YsIH;aj úNd.fha iajrEmh

fjkia úh' th my; i|yka mrsos h'

1 jeks m%Yak m;%hisiqkaf.a bf.kSfï yelshdj ;lafiare lsrSu i|yd iqÿiq wkaofï m%Yak

fuu m;%hg we;=<;a flrsKs' fuu m%Yak m;%h i|yd ld,h ñks;a;= 45 ls' fuubf.kqï yelshd f,i wdfoaYh" w¾: l:kh" fmrlSu" mrsj¾;kh" .eg,q úi|Su"

iïnkaO;d oelSu" fya;=M, y÷kd .ekSu" f;dr;=re ixúOdkh" ixcdkkh"ksrSlaIKh" wka;¾ iïnkaOh" ;¾lkh" wjldY iïnkaO;d oelSu" Wmfoia

ms<smeoSu hk lreKq úuid ne,Sug woyia flrsKs'

2 jeks m%Yak m;%hmeh 1 ñks;a;= 15l oS ms<s;=re iemhsh hq;= m%Yak m;%hls' 1 jir isg 5

563

jir olajd jQ iuia; m%d:ñl úIhud,dj weiqre fldg ilia flf¾' fuupl%f,aLh wkqj fuf;la mej;s YsIH;aj mrSlaIK m%Yak m;% rgdjg jvd

iïmQ¾Kfhka u fjkia jQ wdldrhg m%Yak m;% ielisKs' wo olajd u fuholakg ,efí ^úNd. fomd¾;fïka; =j" 2007&

5 jk fY%aKsh YsIH;ajh ,eîu i|yd uQ,sl iqÿiqlï l,ska l, fjkia

úh' 1942' 02' 10 wOHdmkh ms<sn| úOdhl ldrl iNdfõ ;SrK my; i|ykamrsos h'

• uOH úoHd,h msysá m%foaYhl we;s rcfha mdi,l fyda wdOdr ,nkmdi,l bf.kqu ,eîu'

• uOH úoHd,fha u mYapd;a mka;shl bf.kqu ,eîu'• foudmshkaf.a jd¾Isl wdodhu remsh,a 600g jvd wvq ùu'

1945'10'22 úOdhl ldrl iNd ;SrK wkqj foudmsh wdodhu remsh,a

600g jvd wvq ùh hq;= h'1962'02'13 ,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;= ix.%yh wkqj iqÿiqlï my;

i|yka mrsos h'

• ,dxlslhl= úh hq;= h'

• hym;a prs; we;a;l= úh hq;= h'• úNd.h mj;ajkq ,nk j¾Ifha foieïn¾ 31g jhi wjqreÿ 12g wvq

úh hq;= h'• wdKavqfõ fyda wOHlaI md,s; mdi,l bf.kSu ,nkakl= úh hq;= h'• 5 jeks mka;sfha fyda Bg by< mka;shl bf.kSu ,nkakl= úh hq;=h'• mjqf,a uq¿ orejka .Kk 4g fyda 4g wvq fõ kï j¾Ihlg remsh,a

2400g jvd wvq fia u orejka .Kk 5 fyda 6 kï j¾Ihlg remsh,a3000g jvd wvq úh hqw;= hs' mjqf,a uq¿ orejka .Kk 7 fyda Bg jeäfõ kï j¾Ihlg remsh,a 3600g wvq ù hq;= h'

• mdGYd,dj msysá m<df;a mÈxÑ foudmshkaf.a orejl= úh hq;= h'

1966 ud¾;= ui 16 osk jHjia:d ud,dfjka" 1962 oelajQ uQ,sl iqÿiqlïj,lsisÿ fjkialula fkd ùh' 1973 ;SrK wkqj

• Y%S ,dxlslhl= úh hq;= h'• úNd.hg b,a,qï lrk wjia:dj jk úg rcfha mdi,l fyda rch u.ska

wkqu; mdi,l bf.kqu ,nk YsIHhl= úh hq;= h'• mdi,g we;=<;a lsrSfï kshñ; jhia uÜgu wkqj 1 jirg we;=<;a

fldg ;sìh hq;= w;r jhi wjqreÿ 10;a 11;a w;r úh hq;= h' kuq;alsishï YsIHhl=g oaú;aj Wiia ùula oS ;sfí kï th úÿy,am;sjrhd

úiska iy;sl lrhs kï wju jhia iSudj ie,ls,a,g .; hq;= ke;'• ukd prs;hlska hqla; úh hq;= h'

1977 cQ,s ui pl%f,aLfhka miq.sh wjqreÿj, YsIH;aj msrskeóu i|yd jQiïmQ¾K udisl wdodhu remsh,a 3600g jvd wvq fouõmshkaf.a orejl= ùu hkak

564

iEu ud¾.hlska u ,efnk iïmQ¾K jd¾Isl wdodhu remsh,a 6000 g wvqfoudmshkaf.a orejl= ùu f,i ixfYdaOkh úh' fï wdldrhg YsIH;ajh ,eîu

i|yd uQ,sl iqÿiqlï fjkia úh'• mjqf,a uq¿ orejka .Kk 4g fyda 4g wvq fõ kï j¾Ihlg remsh,a 2400

g jvd wvq fia u orejka .Kk 5 fyda 6 kï j¾Ihlg remsh,a 3000gjvd wvq úh hq;= h' mjqf,a uq¿ orejka .Kk 7 fyda Bg jeä fõ kï

j¾Ihlg remsh,a 3600 g wvq úh hq;= h’• mdGYd,dj msysá m<df;a mosxÑ foudmshkaf.a orejl= úh hq;= h'

• wdKavqfõ fyda wOHlaI md,s; mdi,l bf.kSu ,nkakl= úh hq;= h'

• 5 jeks mka;sfha fyda Bg by< mka;shl bf.kSu ,nkakl= úh hq;=h'

tfia u 5 YsIH;aj úNd.hg we;=<;a ùu i|yd wjYH iqÿiqlï o jßka jrfjkia úh' tkï¦ 1962 úNd. flduidrsia ksl=;a l< jHjia:d ix.%yh wkqj"

• fuu úNd.h ;r. úNd.hla ksid mka;sfha jevj, oS olaI;djla olajkYsIHhka i|yd fjhs' tfy;a fouõmshka iy Ndrldrhka YsIHhka

fjkqfjka ie,lrk lreKqj,g mdGYd,d m%OdkSka ie,ls,a, oelaúhhq;= h'

• uQ,sl iqÿiqlï ms<sn| kshuhka iïmQ¾K lrk 5 jk mka;sfhys iy Bgby< mka;sj, bf.kqu ,nk ish,q u YsIHhka úNd.hg bosrsm;a l<

hq;= h' mdGYd,d m%Odkshd úiska kqiqÿiq hehs ks.ukh lrk iEuYsIHhl= iïnkaO j u jd¾;djla ;eìh hq;= h' tu jd¾;dfõ jdrmrSlaIKj, oS YsIHhdf.a ,l=Kq o Tyqf.a meñKsu ms<sn| igykla o

YsIhhd ms<sn| .=rejrekaf.a u;h o hkdoS úia;r i|yka úh hq;= h'• uQ,sl iqÿiqlï iïmQ¾K lrk 5 jk fY%aKsfha YsIHhka 5 jeks mka;sfha

m<uq jdr mrSlaIKfha oS yd y;r jk mka;sfha jdr mrSlaIK ;=fka oSYdIdj iy wxl .Ks;h hk tla tla úIhhg hg;a msrsfihska 35%la

idudkH ,l=Kq ,nd ;sfí kï úNd.hg bosrsm;a l< hq;= h'jhi ms<sn| j fyda fouõmsh wdodhu ms<sn| ielhla ;sfí kï ielfha

jdish whÿïlreg oS Tyq úNd.hg bosrsm;a l< hq;= h'1970 jHjia:dud,dj wkqj"

• uQ,sl iqÿiqlï we;s iEu YsIHhl= u fuu úNd.hg bosrsm;a lsrSu;a tams<sn| j Wkkaÿ lrùu;a úoHd,hdêm;Skaf.a j.lSuls'

5 fY%aKsh YsIH;ajOdrSka f;dard .ekSfï moku yd m%udKh ld,h;a iu.fjkia úh’ 1944 oS my; i|yka mrsos h'

• uOH uyd úoHd,hg ie;mqï 3la jQ tfy;a ie;mqï 5la we;=<; msysámdi,a i|yd YsIH;aj 25la

• ie;mqï 5 iSudjg Tífnka jQ tfy;a Pkao fldÜGdi ;=< msysá rcfhamdi,aj, YsIHhka i|yd YsIH;aj 5la

• uOH uyd úoHd,fha mYapd;a m%d:ñl mx;sj, bf.kqu ,nk isiqka i|ydYsIH;aj 5la

565

• iqÿiqlï we;s úfYaI ie,ls,a,g Ndckh jk isiqka i|yd YsIH;aj 5la

1945 oS uOH úoHd, m%foaYhl msysá rcfha mdi,aj,ska YsIH;aj i|ydm%udKj;a YsIH msrsila fkdue;s wjia:dj, tjeks m%foaYhl msysá WmlD; mdi,aj,YsIHhkaf.a ysñlï .ek o i,ld ne,Sug ;SrKh lrk ,os' ie;mqï ;=klgTífnka jQ tfy;a Pkao fldÜGdih ;=< jQ mdi,aj, YsIHhkag YsIH;aj mrSlaIKfhal=i,;d wkqms<sfj< wkqj YsIH;aj 35la o ie;mqï 3 iSudj we;=<; msysá mdi,lYsIHhka i|yd YsIH;aj 5la f,i msrskuk ,os' uOH uyd úoHd,hlg m%:uj¾Ifha oS YsIH;ajOdrSka 40la we;=<;a l< o fojk j¾Ifha isg 5 jeks j¾Iholajd we;=<;a lr we;af;a YsIH;ajOdrSka 15 fokd ne.sks ^ie;mqï 3lg TífnkajQ tfy;a Pkao fldÜGdih ;=< msysá mdi,aj,g 13lao ie;mqï 3 iSudj we;=<;msysá mdi,aj,g 02la jYfhks& 1962 oS ´kE u uOH uyd úoHd,hl isg fldf;la ÿr msysá wdKavqfõ fydawOHlaI md,s; mdi,aj, YsIH YsIHdjkag jqj o fï YsIH;aj i|yd ;r. l< yelsúh' 1966 ud¾;= ui ksl=;a l< jHjia:d ud,dj wkqj wOHdmk ld¾hd, 23lamokï lr f.k l=i,;d wkqms<sfj< wkqj YsIH;ajOdrSka f;arSu isÿ flrsKs'1981 isg 1988 olajd Y%S ,xldfõ osia;%slal 25la i|yd isxy, iy fou< udOHisiqka fjkqfjka YsIH;aj 1500la msrskeóug ie,iqï flrsKs' 1989 jif¾ oSfuu YsIH;aj ixLHdj 4909 olajd tl jr by< kxjd we;' 1990 jif¾YsIH;aj 7500la msrskeñKs' fï olajd YsIH;aj msrskukq ,nkqfha osia;%slalwkqj ck ixLHdj mokï lrf.k h'

4 j.=j' j¾I lsysmhl 5 YsIH;aj úNd.h i|yd fmkS isá YsIH ixLHdj¾Ih ixLHdj1952 238061953 261801954 261801955 276261956 378201957 238061958 434841959 539291960 590291961 438551962 448861963 684391964 755621965 758751966 748421967 784011968 786041969 920302003 2924832004 2898172005 2874752006 2910282007 283737 uQ,dY%h ( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2007'

566

ck.ykh j¾Okh;a iu. YsIH;aj úNd.h i|yd fmkS isá YsIHixLHd o jeä ù we;'

6 rEmh' 1944 isg 1990 olajd j¾I lsysmhl YsIH;ajOdrska uQ,dY%h( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2007'

'2007 isg 2009 j¾Ih olajd iu;a ,l=K ,enQ YsIH m%;sY;h jeä ù we;'

7 rEmh' YsIH;aj úNd.fhka iu;a ,l=Kq ,enq m%;sY;fha j¾Okh uQ,dY%h ( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2007'

2003 § 5 YsIH;ajh iu;a YsIH ixLHdj 23205ls' wfkl=;a j¾I ms<sfj<ska"

23288" 23467" 23121" 33824la úh' fï wkqj wfkl=;a j¾Ij,g jvd 2007 j¾Ifha§ iu;a ixLHd j¾Okh ù we;'

8 rEmh' 2003 isg j¾I lsysmhl YsIH;aj úNd.fhka iu;a jQ YsIH ixLHdj

uQ,dY%h ( úNd. fomd¾;fïka;=j" 2007'

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6000

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Y%S ,xldfõ m%d:ñl wOHdmk úldYkfha oS u;= jQ .eg,q

1' m%d:ñl úIhud,dj iïnkaOfhka biau;= jQ .eg,q ksoyia wOHdmk

úldYkfha oS úi|Sug .;a úúO mshjrj,ska úi|S we;s kuqÿ iuia;

mdi,a l%uh úldYkh fya;= fldg f.k m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha o m%d:ñl

mdi,a iïnkaOfhka .eg,q biau;= ù we;’ bka tla .eg,qjla jkafka isiqkaf.a

.Kkg m%udKj;a mrsos .=rejreka fkdisàu ksid nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu iys;

mka;s mej;Suhs' wOHdmk wud;HdxYfha 2001 mdi,a ix.Kkh wkqj osjhsfka

we;s uq¿ mdi,a ixLHdj jk 9887ka 7457la m%d:ñl mka;s iys; tajd fjhs'

fuhska 3429la m%d:ñl mdi,a h' fuu mdi,a w;=frka 1728l fY%aKs mfya u

b.ekaùu lrkqfha .=rejreka y;r fokl= fyda Bg wvq m%udKhls' rcfha

mdi,aj,g .=rejreka m;a lrkqfha mdif,a isák YsIH ixLHdj mokï lr

f.k h' 1994 oS wOHdmk wud;HxYh u.ska ksl=;a lrk ,o pl%f,aLh wkqj

mdi,l YsIHhka 35 fokl= i|yd tla .=rejrhl= m;a lrkq ,efí' tu ksid

.=rejreka mka;s ixLHdjg fkd j YsIH ixLHdjg m;a lrkq ,nhs' tn÷

mdi,aj, tla .=rejrhl=g fY%aKs lsysmhlg wh;a YsIHhka iuQyhlg b.ekafjhs

^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh, 2003). fufia nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu ksid my;

i|yka l afI a; %j, .eg¨ we; s ùu je<el aúh fkdyel s h'

• YsIH flakaøsh wOHdmkh

• cd;sl úIhud,dfõ f;arSula iy bj;a lsrSula isÿ ùu ksid

úIh ks¾foaYh wdjrKh fkdùu

• wëlaIKh iy kshdukfha oS .eg,q u;= ùu

• .=re ld¾hh ÿIalr ùu ^ie,iqïlrKh iy b.ekaùu&

• YsIHhdg .=rejrhdf.a wjOdkh m%udKj;a fkdùu

• YsIH m%dma;sh ÿ¾j, ùu

• YsIHhka w;r iudc iïnkaO;d m%udKj;a fkdùu

568

fuu .eg,q ish,af,ys wjika M,h jkqfha wOHdmk iu wjia:d

fkd,eì wOHmk úIu;d we;s ùu h'

2' .%dóh iy kd.rsl whym;a mrsirj, l=vd mdi,a ìys ùu o m%d:ñl

mdi,a iïnkaOfhka .eg,qjla fjhs' ÿIalr .ïno m%foaYj, fuka u

l÷lrh iy j;=lrh fjr<dikakh ckm%sh mdi,a hdno j YsIH ixLHdj

100 fyda 150 lg wvq ùu ksid —l=vd mdi,a" hk ku ,eî we;' fujeks

mdi,a 2000la muK Y%S ,xldfõ we; ^cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ! 1989&'

fuu mdi,aj, wOHdmkh ,nk orejkag o iu wOHdmk wjia:d fkd,eî

hhs' m%d:ñl wOHdmk pl%h iïmQ¾K jkafka wvqmdvq iys; j h' my;

i|yka .eg,q o lemS fmfka'

• mdi,a msrsh; m%shukdm fkdùu

• mdif,a fN!;sl iïm;a myiqlï m%udKj;a fkdùu ^fïi"

mqgq, l¿ ,E,s wdosh&

• .=rejrekaf.a WodiSk nj iy lemùu wvqlu

• mdi,a wëlaIKfha oS fyda wjOdkh ,eîfï oS fuu mdi,aj,g

m%uqL;djla fkd,eîu

• mdi,a yer hdu iy .s,sySu jeä ùu'

• bf.kqï l%ufõo úúO fkdùu iy úêu;a úIhud,dj

l%shd;aul lsrSfï .eg,q u;= ùu'

569

wdfY%ah .%ka:wdfY%ah .%ka:wdfY%ah .%ka:wdfY%ah .%ka:wdfY%ah .%ka:

Abeydeva, C.M. (1989). Development of multigrade and multi levelteaching strategies.

Ariyawansa, C.N. (1976). The case of small schools in Sri Lanka. Paris:UNESCO.

Central Bank (1986). Economic and Social Statistics of Sri Lanka. Vol, X.

Department of Examination. (2007). Reviewing of the performance at GradeFive Scholarship Examination.

Ekanayake, S.B. (1990). Development of small schools, Prospects, Vol. XXNo.1, (73).

Government Proposals (1950). For educational reforms in Ceylon.

Jayawardena, A.A. (1969). A Study of the problems that have surfaced inteaching-learning process in multi grade schools, Sri Lanka Journal ofEducational Research, Vol.7, No.1, Colombo: Department of Researchand Development, p. 86.

Kodituwakku, G. ( 2013). Participation patterns of primary school children inSri Lanka with specific focus on absenteeism: A longitudinal study (2002-2006). Second IOCES conference, Globalisation of Education:Convergence towards a world culture of schooling, 16-18 September,2011, Maldives. pp. 39-66.

Ministry of Education (1978). Education in Sri Lanka.

Ministry of Education (2008). Education for all: Mid decade assessment report,Sri Lanka.

National Institute of Education (2009). Model for small schools in SriLanka. Maharagama: Dept. of Research and Development.

National Institute of Education (2012). Resource pack for small schools in

Sri Lanka. Maharagama: Dept. of Research and Development.

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Peiris, K. (1983). Tiny sampling sturdy tree: The inside story of primaryeducation reforms of the 1970s in Sri Lanka. Universitesforlaget.

Sing, R.R. (1996). Notes for reflections on primary education curriculumfor the 21st century. Maharagama: National Institute of Education.

Central Bank (1984.85.86). Sri Lanka Social Economic Data.

Udagama, P. (1972). Educational Reforms, NESC Journal , xxi.

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 1981$6 pl% f,aLh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' pl%f,aL wxl 95$4'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 1963 wxl 1 pl%f,aLh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' pl%f,aL ix.%yh- 1' m<uq fj¿u 1993-2003&' wOHdmkWiia wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl lghq;= ms<sn| wud;HxYh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 1956 wxl 43 m%d:ñl mdi,aj, úIhud,dj ms<sn|pl%f,aLh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1964&' wOHdmk Oj, m;%sldj'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh ^1992&' fldñIka iNd jd¾;dj'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh' 1993'06' 16 oske;s pl%f,aLh'

wOHdmk wud;HdxYh iy cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^j¾Ih i|yka ke;&'l%shdldrSj m%S;su;a fjuq' 1-2 fY%aKs m<uqjk m%Odk wjêh'

wOHdmk fomd¾;fïka;=j 1964&' m%d:ñl mka;sj, ks¾foaY m;% yd wOHdmkmámdá ixLHd'

wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1972&' wOHdmkfha kju.'

wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1981&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK fhdackd'

wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^2000$2004&' m%d:ñl wOHdmkhi|yd jk mia wjqreÿ ie,eiau' fld<U rcfha uqøKd,h'

571

wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1998&' wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ydm%;sjHQylrKh' m%d:ñl wOHdmkh' úÿy,am;sjrekag yd m%d:ñl mdi,akshuqjkag Wmfoia'

wOHdmk mrsmdáh yd mdvï ms<sn| ks¾foaY m;%sld ^1928&' fld<U wdKavqfõuqøKd,h'

lkakka.r, iS.ví.ví. (1943). wOHdmkh ms<sn| úfYaI ldrl iNd jd¾;dj.

ngqjka;=vdj ^ixia& ^1946&' ldjHfYaLrh' fld<U: r;akidr uqøKd,h'

l=udrKisxy, tka¡ ^1958&¡ wOHdmk fmr<sh. fld<U: .=Kfiak iy iud.u¡

fldä;=jlal=, cS' iy wfír;ak, t,a' ta' (1991). Y%S ,xldfõ mdi,a ms<sn| júia;rd;aul me;slvla. wOHdmk m¾fhaIK yd ixj¾Okfomd¾;fïka;=j" uyr.u: cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh.

fmf¾rd" whs' cS' ixia& 1955&' .Kfoú yE,a,' fld<U: .=Kfiak iy iud.u'

fmf¾rd' whs' cS' ^ixia& ^1985&' joka lú fmd;' fld<U: .=Kfiak iyiud.u'

wOHdmk wud;HxYh ^1985&' .=re w;afmd;- 1 jir' úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh'

chiQrsh lñgqj¡^1961&' cd;sl wOHdmk fldñika iNdfõ wjika jd¾;dj'¡fld<U: rcfha uqøKd,h¡

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh ^1989&' Y%S ,xldfõ l=vd mdi,aa' uyr.u: cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'''''

cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh 2003&' nyqfY%aKs b.ekaùu msúiqulaa' uyr.u: cd;slwOHdmk wdh;kh'

cd;sl fldñika iNd jd¾;dj ^1961&'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdfõ m<uqjk jd¾;dj ^1992&' rcfha uqøKfomd¾;fïka;=j'

;reKhska ms<sn| ckdêm;s fldñika iNd jd¾;dj ^1990&¡ rcfha uqøKd,h¡

572

;=k fY%aKsh uOH.; fiajdia: .=re mqyqKqj ^1974&' úIhud,d ixj¾OkuOHia:dkh'

o is,ajd' tï' tia' ^1969&' wOHdmkfha w;ayod ne,Sula' wOHdmk ishji 111"wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh'

m%d:ñl wOHdmkfha w;HjYH bf.kqï ksmqK;d fojk m%Odk wjêh'^ 2001&' úIh ud,d ixj¾Ok wxYh" uyr.u: cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

u;djq" tiaa' ta' ví,shq' 1969&' ,kafoais hq.fha wOHdmkh' ishji' 1 ldKavh'wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HxYh'

refíre" wd¾' ^1964&' ,xldfõ wOHdmk mrskduh 1' fld<U .=Kfiak iyiud.u'

úIh ks¾foaY iy .=re ud¾f.damfoaY ix.%yh' m<uqjk fY%aKsh' 2007&' uyr.u:cd;sl wOHdmk wdh;kh'

,xld úNd. fomd¾;fïka;= ix.%yh, 1962 '02'13'

idudkH wOHdmk m%;sixialrK ^1996&¡ wOHdmk yd Wiia wOHdmkwud;HxYh. fld<U: Y%S ,xld rcfha uqøKd,h¡

iqu;smd," fla' tÉ' tï' ^1993&' Y%S ,xldfõ wOHdmk b;sydih' 1796-1965'wOHdmk m%ldYk fomd¾;fïka;=j'

cd;sl wOHdmk fldñIka iNdj (2003). YS% ,xldfõ idudkHh wOHdmkhms<sn| cd;sl m%;sm;a;s rduqjla i|yd fhdackd'

fyajdjiï" mS' î' cS' ^1969&' fn!oaO wOHdmk iïm%odh' wOHdmk ishji'3 ldKavh' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh' rcfha uqøKd,h'1095-1096 msgq'

fyajdjiï' mS' î' cS' 1969&' ud;r hq.fha idys;HOrhka yd idys;H ksnkaOk'wOHdmk ishji' 3 ldKavh' wOHdmk yd ixialD;sl wud;HdxYh'rcfha uqøKd,h' 21-24 msgq'

Historical Development of Education in Sri Lanka 1969 ...Y%S ,xld wY%S ,xld wOHdmkfha oY; y;rl...

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