WTJ 74 (2012): 1-31

HISTORICAL AND THEOLOGICAL STUDIES

THE REV. DR. RICHARD B. GAFFIN JR.:SANCTILIBRITHEOLOGICUS MAGNUS WESTMONASTERIENSIS

hile Scripture forbids us to venerate any mere mortal (Rev 19:10), Paul inRom 12:7 declares, “Pay to all what is owed to them . . . respect to whom

respect is owed, honor to whom honor is owed.” There are many reasons that warrant a tribute to the Rev. Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., in 2011, the seventy-fifth year of his fruitful life. These reasons include his godly and gentlemanly char- acter, his extensive academic contributions, his faithful and scholarly church- manship, and his gracious humility that permeates his productive writing. Here we honor Dr. Gaffin in the spirit of Heb 13:7, “Remember your leaders, those who spoke to you the word of God. Consider the outcome of their way of life,

The ministry of Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., is interwoven with Westminster Theological Seminary1 and the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.2 Indeed, 2011 is the seventy-fifth birthday of both the OPC and Dr. Gaffin. Further, 1965 is the year of Dr. Gaffin’s ordination in the OPC as well as his first teaching year at Westminster. And January 1, 2012, is the seventy-fifth anniversary of the death o fj. Gresham Machen,3 the founder of Westminster4 and the moving

Peter A. Lillback is President of Westminster Theological Seminary. This article is an expansion of a tribute written for 8K][A;’] 2’K·[;& in 2011 in honour of Dr. Richard B. Gaffin upon his 75 th birthday.

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P e t e r A. L i l l b a c k

and imitate their faith.”

I. Summary of the Impact of the M inistry of Dr, Gaffin

1

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL2

force for the establishment of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church.5Dr. Gaffin was bom in 1936 in Peiping, China, modern-day Beijing, to parents

serving as missionaries with the Independent Board of Foreign Missions and soon thereafter until their retirement with the Committee on Foreign Missions of the newly formed Orthodox Presbyterian Church.6 His father-in-law was the accom- plished Westminster Old Testament professor, Dr. E. J. Young.7 As a Westminster Seminary student and the twenty-second professor to have signed the Faculty Book at Westminster, he knew five of the original faculty: Van Til, Kuiper, Stone- house, Woolley, and Murray.8 Wilson and Machen had died; MacRae and Allis had resigned. Gaffin knew Kuiper when he was a student at Calvin College, when Kuiper was President of Calvin Seminary. The young Richard Gaffin also encoun- tered Westminster’s other early faculty members who preceded him (Young, Skilton, Kline, Clowney, Knudsen, Shepherd, Adams, Davis, Sloat). Beyond these, he has known all of the fifty-four professors whose signatures follow his.9

His focus on biblical theology has enabled him to excel in New Testament biblical exegesis as well as systematic theology. He occupied the Charles Krahe Chair of Biblical and Systematic Theology until his retirement. His forty-five years of teaching at Westminster have impacted some 3,000 students. He has been honored as an Emeritus Professor by the Richard B. Gaffin Lectures on Theology,

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3RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

Culture and Missions, which have been endowed in perpetuity. His teaching has taken him around the globe to numerous academic institutions and missionary centers. His students, friends, and colleagues have honored his vast and impor- tant contributions to their lives and to Reformed theology with the publication of a festschrift, Resurrection and Eschatology: Theology in Service of the Church.10

His service as presbyter in the OPC has been faithful, extensive, and marked by high standards of quality, setting a record in length of committee service that will not soon be matched. He was elected as moderator of the fifty-first General Assembly of the OPC in 1984 and has served well over twenty times as a commis- sioner. He has been a longstanding member of both the OPC’s Committee on Foreign Missions and its Committee on Ecumenicity and Interchurch Relations.11

Dr. Gaffin has written over 100 published articles and written or edited ten books.12 His teaching and writing have been marked by an extensive integration of orthodoxy and Reformed confessionalism with a thoroughgoing biblical the- ology and rigorous exegesis. His appreciation for the importance of historical theology is seen in his studies of Calvin and the Dutch theologians Kuyper, Bavinck, Ridderbos, and Vos. He has been a perceptive critic o f liberal theology in the arenas of hermeneutics, Gospels and Paul studies, systematic theology, biblical theology, and New Testament introduction. His theological contribu- tions have touched a wide range of theological concerns including union with Christ, justification, the Holy Spirit, the Sabbath, resurrection, and eschatology. He has sought to apply biblical theology and Reformed theology to the Christian life, to the church, and to missions. He has been a vigorous participant in the theological debates that have impacted Westminster including the controversies over the doctrine of justification, theonomy, and the doctrine of Scripture.

II. The Ministry of Dr. Gaffin in the Context of Westminster Seminary

There are ten distinct phases of Dr. Gaffin’s career at Westminster Theologi- cal Seminary from his student days to his retirement. Each of these will be briefly considered.

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WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL4

1. Gaffin’s Student Years at Westminster, 1958-1961

In 1958, Gaffin arrived on Westminster’s campus just as the faculty’s writings had begun to add to Machen’s substantial legacy.13 Stonehouse in 1941 had written the Witness of Matthew and Mark to Christ emphasizing the inseparable authority of Christ with the authority of the Gospels themselves.14 Woolley and Stonehouse had edited the Infallible Word in 1946. Van Til had written Why I Believe in God in 1948. Young’s Old Testament Introduction had appeared in 1949. The scholarly works continued to flow: Murray’s Baptism (1952) and Divorce (1953), Stonehouse ,s Biographical Memoir of Machen (1954), Murray’s Redemption Accomplished and Applied (1955), Van Til’s Defense of the Faith (1955), Murray’s Principles of Conduct (1957), and Young’s Thy Word is Truth (1957). 1958 was also the year the young Gaffin married Jean, Professor E. J. Young’s daughter. By 1961 Gaffin had completed his B.D.

Central for the young Gaffin was the theological impact of Geerhardus Vos, the Princeton professor who had taught both Murray and Stonehouse. Vos did not join the new seminary, but retired from Princeton in 1932, two years after Murray left Princeton to join the newly formed Westminster faculty. Vos’s rela- tionship with Westminster deepened through the years. When Vos died in 1949, Westminster Apologetics Professor Cornelius Van Til preached at the graveside gathering.15 Vos defined biblical theology as the history of revelation or the his- tory of redemption that was to be expressed through careful biblical exegesis.16

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5RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

This became the hallmark of Murray as he developed the Vosian perspective.17 This became the methodological commitment of Gaffin as well.18 In 1962, shaped by the theological perspectives of Vos, Murray, and Stonehouse, Gaffin completed his Th.M. thesis, “Calvin and the Sabbath.”

In 1962 and 1963, Gaffin studied at Georg-August Universität in Göttingen. Gaffin’s years at Göttingen solidified his agreement with Van Til’s critical assess- ment of liberal theology and neo-Orthodoxy.19 Professor Stonehouse died suddenly in 1962, creating a position for a New Testament scholar which the young Gaffin would eventually fill. In 1963, Gaffin’s lifelong friend and many- year Westminster colleague, Professor Norman Shepherd, joined the faculty at Westminster. Gaffin also published his first scholarly piece.20

The year 1964 saw the publication of Professor Edmund Clowney’s Called to Ministry. It was also the year when Meredith Kline resigned as a voting faculty member, although Kline continued to teach a course or two each academic year as a visiting faculty member until 1977. And the young Gaffin published his first study on the doctrine of Scripture, an area of lifelong theological concern.21 Gaffin began his career as a teaching fellow in New Testament the following year.

2. Gaffin as Teaching Fellow, 1965

The year 1965 brought two important first steps for Gaffin, his ordination in the OPC and the beginning of his teaching at Westminster, as a teaching fellow. This year also saw the formation of the Reformed Presbyterian Church Evan- gelical Synod. Teaching Fellow Gaffin continued to publish, authoring two reviews: review of R. Bultmann, The History of the Synoptic Tradition and review ofH. Thielicke, Between Heaven and Earth.22

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tf*effh K’·A’z BN PS -EA’jA0q’n Between Heaven and Earth, WTJ *s atuboiy uuetvoS

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL6

3. Gaffin as Instructor of New Testament, 1966-1968

The early years of Gaffin’s teaching saw several generational shifts in the West- minster context. For thirty-seven years Westminster had followed a faculty gover- nance model and operated without a president. As Edmund P. Clowney became Westminster’s first president in 1966, the legacy of faculty leadership as had been provided by Machen and Van Til gave way to a shared faculty and administration governance under the guidance of a president. President Clowney led the semi- nary, and thus Instructor/Professor Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., from 1966 to 1982.

There were other dramatic changes as well that shaped and impacted Gaffin’s experiences at Westminster. During these early years R. B. Kuiper died. Clair Davis became a faculty member, and C. John Miller began teaching at Westminster. 1967 saw the retirement of Gaffin’s exegetical and theological mentor, John Murray. In 1968 Karl Barth died, and faculty members and teachers Cornelius Van Til, John Frame, Norman Shepherd, and Dick Gaffin attended his memorial service at Princeton.23 More personally, 1968 saw the sudden passing of Gaffin’s father-in-law, E. J. Young, stalwart Old Testament professor and defender of the inerrancy of the Scriptures.24

4. Gaffin as Assistant Professor, New Testament, 1968-1972

Dr. Gaffin signed the Westminster Faculty Signature Book in 1968 becoming an Assistant Professor of New Testament. In 1969 he earned his Th.D. from West- minster with his dissertation entitled “Resurrection and Redemption: A Study in Pauline Eschatology.” During these years, he also published articles on topics that would become key emphases of his scholarly work: hermeneutics, Paul, New Testament theology, and the Sabbath.25 And noteworthy is his first study of his guiding theologian: “Geerhardus Vos and the Interpretation of Paul.”26

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7RICHARD B. GAFFINJR.

During these years Gaffin encountered several major changes in relation to his faculty colleagues. Thus, immediately following his signature in the Faculty Book are Cecil John Miller, Robert B. Strimple, and John M. Frame. In 1971 Ray Dillard came to Westminster. In 1972 a faculty sea change in terms of per- sonality occurred when founding faculty member and de facto seminary leader Cornelius Van Til retired and the energetic Harvie Conn, fresh from the Korean mission field, became a member of the Westminster faculty.

During this period Dr. Gaffin’s leadership as a presbyter manifested itself. As current Westminster professor, OPC minister, and successor of Dr. Gaffin to the Charles Krahe Chair of Biblical and Systematic Theology, Dr. Lane Tipton, explains, “Dr. Gaffin is, first and foremost, a churchman. His service to the Orthodox Presbyterian Church is astounding, especially in light of his numer- ous seminary responsibilities. He has the longest continuous presidency of a standing committee in OPC history (Committee on Foreign Missions, 1969- present; president 1971-76, 1981-present).”27 During these years, Dr. Gaffin began his service on various OPC special study committees as well.28

5. Gaffin as Associate Professor, New Testament, 1972—1978

In 1972 Assistant Professor Gaffin was promoted to Associate Professor. The following year founding faculty member Oswald T. Allis died, and the Presbyte- rían Church in America began. In 1975, Gaffin’s friend and theological mentor John Murray died in Scotland, and C. John Miller left the faculty. It was also the year that the Shepherd controversy erupted over the Reformed doctrine of justification by faith. The controversy that engulfed the seminary and the OPC attracted the interest of many theologians. The controversy lasted in the West- minster context until 1982.29

In 1976, Vem Poythress joined Westminster’s faculty, teaching New Testament alongside Dr. Gaffin. 1977 saw the retirement of founding professor Paul Woolley. Among the five articles that Gaffin produced during this period was his contribu- tion to the definition of the relationship between systematic and biblical theolo- gy.30 He also wrote “The Holy Spirit and Charismatic Gifts.”31 This was the first of what would total by the end of his career some twenty-two articles and books on the theme of the Holy Spirit. Dr. Gaffin continued to provide his scholarly insights

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a(K[;] 3[JA]Iy 3’NBK‘’] ,0Y‘’;A0[j 2?;B]n tuffin 1e*oS

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL8

to the OPC on these same topics as he also served on the Committee on Baptism of the Holy Spirit (1975-1976) and the Committee on Baptism and the Gifts of the Holy Spirit (1977). During this period Gaffin also began his service on the OPC Committee on Reformed Ecumenical Synod Matters (1973-1987; chairman, 1986).

6. Gaffin as Professor, New Testament, 1978-1986

In 1978, Dr. Gaffin was promoted to full professor. The years of 1978 to 1986 may well have been his most prolific period. In 1978 he published his first book, The Centrality of the Resurrection.32 The following year he published Perspectives on Pentecost: Studies in the New Testament Teaching on the Gifts of the Holy Spirit.33 In 1980 Gaffin published Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: The Shorter Writings of Geerhardus Vos}* In 1982 and 1983 he published his two-part influential article entided “Old Amsterdam and Inerrancy?”35

This epoch of Dr. Gaffin’s career also had several dramatic changes in faculty relationships that each in differing ways impacted his ministry and his teaching. In 1979 Dr. Samuel Logan joined the Westminster faculty, and Dr. Strimple de- parted to California as Westminster California opened. Dr. Robert Godfrey and Professor John Frame also shortly thereafter joined the new faculty in California.

In 1980, in spite of the theological support and friendship provided by Dr. Gaffin and several other members of the Westminster faculty, Norman Shepherd was removed as a professor by the Westminster Board of Trustees as the contro- versy raged over faith and works in the Reformed doctrine of justification. A number of the Westminster faculty and staff supported the termination of Professor Shepherd’s position, including Board Member/Adjunct Professor W. Stanford Reid, Professor Robert Godfrey, Professor O. Palmer Robertson, and Seminary Librarian Arthur Kuschke. Shortly thereafter Professor Shepherd transferred his credentials from the OPC to the Christian Reformed Church. Despite theological differences between them that subsequently emerged, Gaffin and Shepherd have remained in conversation through the years.

In 1981 Leslie Sloat retired, Dr. Moisés Silva joined the faculty to teach New Testament, and the Evangelical Presbyterian Church began. 1982 was the last year of Dr. Clowney’s service as Westminster’s president and the beginning of George Fuller’s service as president. President Fuller’s years of leadership were 1982-1991. Dr. Sinclair Ferguson joined the faculty in 1982 and served until 1998. The beginning of the PC (USA), the arrival of Dr. Dan McCartney to teach New Testament, and the departure of Professor Jay Adams from Westminster all occurred in 1983. Dr. Clowney left Dr. Gaffin’s beloved OPC for the PCA in

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the Holy Spirit a6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n tufuiS1F 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn ’]Sn Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation: The Shorter Writings of

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9RICHARD B. GAFFINJR.

1984, which was also the year when founding Westminster faculty member and OPC minister Paul Woolley died. In 1985 Old Testament professor Dr. Bruce Waltke joined the Westminster faculty.

In spite of the theological controversy, the many faculty changes, and his extensive publications, Dr. Gaffin remained steady in his service to the OPC. During this period he served on the Committee on Principles of Diaconal Min- istry (1980), the Committee to Study the History and Development of the OPC (1982), the Committee on Hermeneutics (1984), and the Committee on the Hermeneutics of Women in Office (1985-1987). He also moderated the fifty- first OPC General Assembly in 1984.

7. Gaffin as Professor, Systematic Theology, 1986-1990

In 1986 Dr. Gaffin changed field committees at the seminary, moving from New Testament to Systematic Theology. If one keeps in mind his interest in biblical theology as a discipline, this is an understandable transition. Moreover, the depar- ture of Norman Shepherd from the systematics department and Gaffin’s recent intense reflection on justification, union with Christ, the history of salvation, and the ordo salutiswhich emerged from his biblical-theological engagement with the scrip- tural teaching on justification by faith made this move reasonable. During this period he had some twenty publications, including the republication of Th£ Central- ity of the Resurrection as Resurrection and Redemption: A Study in Paul’s Soteriology.36

Significant faculty changes again occurred during this time. In 1987 Dr. Gaffin’s deeply respected teacher and friend Cornelius Van Til died. Dr. Gaffin preached the memorial service at the seminary, entitled “The Scandal of the Cross” from 1 Cor l:18-25.37 Dr. William Barker joined the faculty in 1987 to teach church history and later to serve as dean, and in 1989 Dr. Bill Edgar joined the faculty to teach apologetics and to carry on the extraordinary legacy of founding faculty member Cornelius Van Til.

Dr. Gaffin’s remarkable service to the OPC was evident again in this period as he served on the Committee to Study the Involvement of Men and Women in Places of Leadership in Worship Services (1988-1989) and the Committee on the Involvement of Unordained Persons in the Regular Worship Services of the Church (1990-1991). He also resumed service on the OPC’s Committee on Ecu- menicity and Interchurch Relations (1989-2004).

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8. Gajftn as Professor, Biblical and Systematic Theology, 1990-1999

In 1990 Dr. Gaffin’s title changed from Professor of Systematic Theology to Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology. The change in title only made explicit what was the reality. During this time Dr. Gaffin published over twenty articles as well as the book Calvin and the Sabbath, released in 1998.38

Dr. Gaffin again saw important changes in the Westminster community that he had now served for thirty-five years. In 1990 Dr. Scott Oliphint began to teach apologetics. In 1991 Professor Bruce Waltke left the faculty, President George Fuller concluded his leadership, and Samuel T. Logan began his presidency. The Logan years were 1991-2005. In 1992 Dr. Douglas Green joined the Old Testament faculty. In 1993 Old Testament professor Dr. Ray Dillard died. In 1994 Dr. Peter Enns joined the faculty. 1995 saw the retirement of Dr. Knudsen. In 1996 Professor Moisés Silva left the seminary, and Professor Steve Taylor joined the faculty to teach New Testament. In 1997 long-serving New Testament profes- sor and model o f diaconal service John Skilton retired, and Dr. Tim Witmer joined the faculty as professor of practical theology. 1998 was the retirement year of Professor Harvie Conn and when Professor John Leonard joined the faculty. In 1998 Dr. Ferguson resigned to return to pastoral ministry in Scotland, al- though he has continued from time to time to teach courses at the seminary. Dr. Gaffin’s scholarly service to the OPC continued as he was elected to the Commit- tee to Study the Method of Admission to the Lord’s Supper (1991-1993).

9. Gaffin as Charles Krahe Professor of Biblical and Systematic Theology, 1999-2008

In 1999 Dr. Gaffin assumed the tide of the Charles Krahe Professor of Bibli- cal and Systematic Theology. The first holder of the Krahe Chair had been Professor of Systematic Theology Sinclair Ferguson. During this final active decade of his service Dr. Gaffin published over thirty articles and two books. The first book was entitled By Faith, Not by Sight: Paul and the Order of Salvation; and the second, God ’s Word in Servant Form: Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck and the Doctrine of Scripture.39

Faculty changes again swirled around Dr. Gaffin, whose service would reach forty-five years by the time of his full retirement from the Westminster classroom and faculty meetings. 1999 saw the death of Harvie Conn as well as the arrival to the faculty of Old Testament Professor Mike Kelly. Dr. Carl Trueman joined the faculty in 2001 to teach church history with the retirement of Clair Davis after thirty years of teaching at Westminster. In 2002 Church History Professor Dr. Jeff Jue joined the faculty, as well as Sandy Finlayson who entered the faculty as the seminary’s librarian. In 2003 Dr. Lane Tipton was added to the faculty in

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11RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

systematics, as the successor to Dr. Gaffin in the Charles Krahe Chair of Biblical and Systematic Theology. In 2005 the seminary’s first president, Dr. Clowney, died. This same year Dr. Sam Logan’s presidency concluded and Dr. Peter Lill- back became president. Lillback’s leadership years have been 2005 to the pres- ent. In 2007 David Garner joined the faculty in systematic theology. In 2008 Professor Steve Taylor departed from the seminary.

During 2006-2008 controversy again broke out centered on the writings of Old Testament Professor Peter Enns. Once again Dr. Gaffin, Westminster’s his- toric and stalwart defender of the Reformed doctrine of Scripture, took a leading part in the controversy that centered on Professor Enns’s approach to herme- neutics and doctrine of Scripture. After lengthy discussions, debates, and board and faculty votes, Professor Enns resigned in 2008. As a means of clarifying where Westminster Seminary and its Board of Trustees stand on the hermeneuti- cal and doctrinal issues that emerged from this controversy, the “Affirmations and Denials” on the doctrine of Scripture were composed, debated, and adopted by board and faculty.40 This document was proposed by President Lillback and written by Professors Gaffin and Poythress. It was engaged by the board and faculty and edited at length and ultimately adopted by the Westminster faculty and board. Thus, even during his final year of full-time service, Professor Gaffin played a pivotal role in the life of the seminary.

His service for the OPC continued as he labored on the Committee on the Doctrine of Justification (2004-2006).

10. Gaffin as Professor Emeritus, Biblical and Systematic Theology, 2008-Present

As Dr. Gaffin became Professor Emeritus of Biblical and Systematic Theology in 2008, he continued to teach part-time offering his much beloved course, Acts and Paul. So although retired, he was still not retired. Dare we say he was already retired, but not yet?

In 2009 the Westminster faculty saw the departure of New Testament Professor Dan McCartney and the arrival of the accomplished biblical scholar and biblical theologian, Dr. Greg Beale. And in 2011 the seventy-sixth name was added to the Faculty Signature book when Dr. Brandon Crowe joined the faculty. Both Dr. Beale and Dr. Crowe join Dr. Poythress in the area of New Testament studies. The biblical theology and systematic courses taught by Dr. Gaffin continue to be carried by Dr. Oliphint, Dr. Gamer, and Dr. Tipton. Thus, the Gaffin legacy rests safely in these professors’ careful commitment to Scripture and the great West- minster legacy that descends from Vos, Murray, and Gaffin to themselves. More- over, I am confident that Dr. Gaffin’s service to his church and to his seminary will continue until the Lord calls him to glory.

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III. Illustrative Selections of the Main Theological Emphases of Dr. Gafßn

There have been several key emphases in the life work of Dr. Gaffin. These are impossible to explore fully here. Yet a sense of Dr. Gaffin’s main commitments and key insights can at least be offered. So through selections from his writings, twelve of his main emphases can be illustrated: (1) the Doctrine of Scripture, (2) Union with Christ, (3) Hermeneutics, (4) Biblical Theology, (5) Salvation and the Work of Christ, (6) the OrdoSalutis, (7) the Holy Spirit, (8) Resurrection, (9) Eschatology, (10) Sabbath, (11) Ecclesiology, and (12) Christian Ministry.

1. The Doctrine of Scripture

There are some thirteen writings by Dr. Gaffin relating to the doctrine of Scripture.41 Dr. Gaffin consistently emphasizes the divine origin of Scripture. He writes,

- E’ U[IA0 &EKYI&S S S AI Jj[A;y 20KAJ&YK’n jAq’ gEKAI&n AI UB&E &KYj? EY‘ [; [;] &KYj? ]A·A;’Sw’& A; &E’ 0[I’ B N 20KAJ&YK’n [I NBK gEKAI&n &E’I’ &zB N[0&BKI are not equally ultimate, &E’ JKABKA&? [;] BKARA;[&A;R A;A&A[&A·’ U’jB;R &B &E’ ]A·A;’n ;B& &E’ EY‘ [;S 2J’0ANA0[jj?n &E’ 7BK]n A; EAI [;&’0’]’;& A]’;&A&? [I &E’ 7BK]n U’0[‘ ’ Nj’IEh [;] ( B] AI &E’ JKA‘[K? [Y&EBK B N &E’ lAUj’n A; ]AI&A;0&AB; NKB‘ &E’ I’0B;][K? EY‘ [; [Y&EBKISF*

Another important insight from Gaffin’s writings on the doctrine of Scripture is how the New Testament canon, textual criticism, and the doctrine of verbal plenary inspiration relate. In other words, can we really have a reliable, infallible, and inerrant Word from God if no one possesses an original copy of the aposdes’ writings and the existing copies are not letter for letter and word for word identi- cal? Gaffin explains,

Ft 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn K’·A’z B N cS xS l’’Rj’n The Inspiration of Scripture-, à-E’ 7EBj’ gBY;I’j BN (B] [;] &E’ lAUj’n! A; The Book of Books: Essays on the Scriptures in Honor of Johannes G. Vos a’]S:BE; PS 7EA&’h 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n tufsin tue*sh à8j] T‘I&’K][‘ [;] p;’Ke K[;0?mé 6[K& t!h à8j] T‘I&’K][‘ [;] p;’KK[;0?mé6[K& *!h à-E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& [I g[;B;n! A; Inerrancy and Hermeneutic a’]S P[K·A’ xS gB;;h (K[;] 3[JA]Iy l[q’Kn tussin tboes1h à-E’ 9’z -’I&[e ‘’;&[I g[;B;n! A; Koninkryk Gees en Woord a’]S:S gS gB’&/’’h 6K’&BKA[y 9( C’KqUB’qE[;]’jn tussin *ovebFh à-E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;&y PBz cB 7’ C;Bz NBK 2YK’mn! Christianity Today 1*n ;BS * a־’US ontussi y *se1*h K’·A’z B N lKY0’ xS x’&/R’Kn The Canon of the New Testament, WTJ52 atuuviy to*eooh K’·A’z BN :S gS 8 ε9’Ajjn The Bible’s Authority, RTR51 atuu*iy tt1etoh à3’IJB;I’! a&B &E’ x[LBKA&? 3’JBK& B N &E’ à7BK] [;] 2JAKA&! 2&Y]? gB‘‘A&&’’ B N &E’ 2?;B] B N &E’ 3’NBK‘’] gEYK0E’I A; TYI&K[jA[in Theological Forum of the Reformed Ecumenical Counal20, ;BIS *e1 atuu*iy Fueobh à,0jAJIA;R &E’ g[;B;m -E’ 2JAKA&n &E’ 7BK] [;] Z3’·’j[&AB;I B N &E’ -EAK] CA;]ε! azA&E 3S ־S 7EA&’in A; Whatever Happened to the Reforma- tion? a’]S (S HS 7S :BE;IB; [;] 3S ־S 7EA&’h 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvtin t11eofh NBK’zBK] &B The God-Breathed Scripture: The Bauman Memorial Lecture for 1966, Delivered at Grace Theological Seminary and College, U? ,S :S wBY;R a7AjjBz (KB·’n 6[Sy -E’ gB‘‘A&&’’ NBK &E’ PAI&BKA[; B N &E’ 8K&EB]BV 6K’IU?&’KA[; gEYK0En *vvfin fetvh God’s Word in Servant Form: Abraham Kuyper and Herman Bavinck and the Doctrine of Scripture.

F* ([NNA;n à8j] T‘I&’K][‘ [;] p;’KK[;0?mé6[K& tn! *bfS

13RICHARD B. GAFFINJR.

- E’ 5Y’I&AB;I B N 0[;B; [;] B N &E’ BKARA;[j &’V& B N &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& ]B0Y‘ ’;&I [K’ ; B& B N &E’ I[‘’ BK]’KS -B ]’0A]’ U’&z’’; ·[KA[;& K’[]A;RI AI ;B& &B U’ A;·Bj·’]n [I A& z’K’n zA&E &E’ 0[;B; AIIY’ B; A&I I‘[jj’I& I0[j’S

- E ’ q’? &B &E’ 0[&’RBKA0[j ] ANN’K’; 0’ U’&z ’’; &E’I’ &zB 0B; 0’K; Ié &’V& [;] 0[;B;é jA’I A; &E’ EAI&BKA0[jj? JKBRK’IIA·’ [;] ]ANN’K’;&A[&’] 0E[K[0&’K B N K’·’j[&AB;S p;I0KAJ&YK[&’] K’·’j[&AB; ]A] ;B& 0B‘ ’ I&K[ARE& ]Bz; NKB‘ E’[·’; A;&B EAI&BK?n [jK’[]? zKA&&’; [;] [jj [& B;0’S -E’ lAUj’ A; &EAI K’IJ’0& ]ANN’KI ‘[Kq’]j? NKB‘ &E’ 0j[A‘I ‘ []’n NBK A;I&[;0’n NBK &E’ lBBq B N x BK‘B; a[ &K[;Ij[&AB; B N RBj] &[Uj’&I [jj Y;’[K&E’] [& &E’ I[‘’ &A‘’i BK &E’ CBK[; a]A0&[&’] &B xYE[‘‘[] A; [ I’KA’I B N ;ARE& ·AIAB;I B·’K [ K’j[e &A·’j? IEBK& &A‘’ IJ[;iS 20KAJ&YK’n A;I&’[]n BKARA;[&’I A; EAI&BK?n &EKBYRE &E’ NYjj J’KIB;[j A;·Bj·’‘’;& [;] A;I&KY‘’;&[jA&? B N ·[KABYI EY‘ [; zKA&’KIn B·’K [ jB;R J’KAB] B N &A‘’n [;] zA&E [ RK’[& ·[KA’&? B N jA&’K[K? R’;K’IS -E’ lAUj’ AI ;B& Y;ANBK‘n [ ‘ B;BjA&EA0 I’& B N zBK]I BK I’5Y’;0’ B N I&[&’‘’;&IS p; A&I Y;A&? A& AI ‘[;ANBj]n ‘Yj&AJj’V aI’’ ,JES 1ytviS

-E’ &E’BjBRA0[j A‘JBK&[;0’é ’·’; ;’0’IIA&?é B N &EAI 0B;IA]’K[&AB; IEBYj] U’ [JJK’e 0A[&’]S p&I ]A·’KI’ [;] JKBRK’IIA·’ 0E[K[0&’K AI A;&KA;IA0 &B UAUjA0[j K’·’j[&AB;n UBY;] YJ zA&E &E’ B; R B A; R ‘ B·’‘ ’;& B N &E’ EAI&BK? B N K’]’‘ J&AB; [;] &E’ [00B‘ J[;?A;R 0BKK’j[&AB;n [jK’[]? ]AI0YII’]n U’&z’’; K’·’j[&BK? zBK] [;] K’]’‘ J&A·’ [0&S -B YI’ [ NARYK’n A;I0KAJ&YK[&’] K’·’j[&AB; AI ;B& B; ’ j[KR’ RBj] A;RB& JKB]Y0’] [& B;’ JBA;& A; &A‘’ UY& [ ·[KA’&? B N JYK’ RBj] ;YRR’&I RA·’; B·’K [; ’V&’;]’] J’KAB] B N &A‘’S

-EAI NARYK’ E’jJI &B A]’;&AN? &E’ 5Y[jA&[&A·’ K[&E’K &E[; &E’ ‘ ’K’j? 5Y[;&A&[&A·’n [KA&E‘’&A0 ] ANN’K’;0’ U’&z ’’; &E’ 5Y’I&AB;I B N 0[;B; [;] &’V&S - E’ 0B;0’K; B N &E’ NBK‘’K AI &B A]’;&AN? &E’ 0Bjj’0&AB; B N RBj] ;YRR’&Ié zE[& RBj] ;YRR’&I U’jB;R &B &E’ 0Bjj’0&AB;m - E’ 0B;0’K; B N &E’ j[&&’K AI &E’ &K[;I‘AIIAB; B N &E’ 0Bjj’0&AB; [;] &E’ K’‘B·[j B N &E’ IJ’0qI B N &[K;AIE &E[& E[·’ UYAj& YJ B; &EAI BK &E[& ;YRR’&S -E’ ]ANN’K’;0’ U’&z’’; &E’ 0[;B; 5Y’I&AB; [;] &’V&Y[j 0KA&A0AI‘ AIn A; [ zBK]n &E’ ]ANN’K’;0’ U’&z ’’; K’0BRe ;A/A;R &E’ RBj] [;] K’‘ B·A;R &E’ &[K;AIES

p& IEBYj] ;B& U’ &EBYRE&n &E’;n &E[& &E’ jBRA0 B N [; [JJKB[0E &B &E’ AIIY’ B N 0[;B; &E[& I&K’II’I &E’ [JKABKA B N N[A&En jAq’ &E[& []BJ&’] [UB·’n ]’‘ [;]I &E’ IYJ’KABKA&? B N ’A&E’K &E’ 3’0’A·’] BK x[LBKA&? &’V&I B N &E’ (K’’q 9’z -’I&[‘’;&S p& AI zKB;ReE’[]’] &B IYJJBI’ &E[&n AN z’ []‘ A& Y;0’K&[A;&? [UBY& J[K&A0Yj[K &’V&Y[j ·[KA[;&I BK K’0BR;A/’ &E[& &E’ x[LBKA&? &’V& AI ;B& &E’ U’I& [;] ;’’]I &B U’ 0BKK’0&’]n z’ [K’ &E’; ]’;?A;R ( B]εI zAI’ [;] JKB·A]’;&A[j B·’KIARE& B N &E’ &K[;I‘AIIAB; B N &E’ &’V& [;] IB [K’ JA&0E’] A;&B Y;0’K&[A;&? [UBY& &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& 0[;B; [I [ zEBj’S

p; &EAI K’R[K]n A& ;’’]I &B U’ K’‘ ’‘ U’K’] &E[& Jj’;[K?n ·’KU[j A;IJAK[&AB; aA;IJAK[e &AB; [& &E’ j’·’j B N zBK]I [;] ’V&’;]A;R &B ’·’K? zBK]i ]B’I ; B& ‘ ’[; &E[& ’·’K? zBK] A; 20KAJ&YK’ E[I &E’ I[‘’ I’‘[;&A0 A‘ JBK&[;0’ BK AI ’5Y[jj? 0KY0A[j &B A&I ‘ ’[;A;RS 9BK ]B’I ·’KU[j A;IJAK[&AB; ‘ ’[; &E[& z’ ‘ YI& E[·’ ’·’K? zBK] B N [; [Y&BRK[JE AN z’ [K’ &B Y;]’KI&[;] [;? zBK]S

- E’ AIIY’ B N &’V&Y[j 0KA&A0AI‘ ;’’]I &B U’ q’J& A; U[j[;0’S g’K&[A;j? A&I JKA;0AJj’I [K’ ; B& &B U’ 0[;B; A/’] [;] [K’ [jz[?I BJ ’; &B K’·A’z [;] ’·’; K’·AIAB;S lY& [I BN&’; JBA;&’] BY&n AN z’ []BJ& [;? B; ’ B N &E’ 0YKK’;&n ‘Y&Y[jj? 0B;NjA0&A;R &E’BKA’I B N &E’ &K[;I‘ AIIAB; B N &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘ ’;& &’V& [;] K’0B;I&KY0&n A; &’K‘I B N &E[& J[K&A0Yj[K &E’BK?n &E’ U’I& [;] zBKI& &’V&In &E’ K’IYj&A;R ]ANN’K’;0’I [K’ ‘ A;A‘ [j [;] ] B ; B& [Ne N’’& [;? IYUI&[;&A[j ’j’‘ ’;& B N UAUjA0[j &’[0EA;RS -EAI BUI’K·[&AB; [JJjA’I A; J[K&A0Yj[K &B &E’ ]ANN’K’;0’I U’&z ’’; &E’ x[LBKA&? &’V& aBK &E’ 3’0’A·’] &’V&i [;] [ 0KA&A0[jj? K’e 0B;I&KY0&’] &’V&S (A·A;R NYjjn j’RA&A‘ [&’ I0BJ’ &B &’V&Y[j 0KA&A0AI‘ I&Ajj ’;[Uj’I YI &B 0B;&A;Y’ 0B;N’IIA;R &E[& ( B]εI A;I0KAJ&YK[&’] 7BK]n àU? PAI IA;RYj[K 0[K’ [;] JKB·Ae ]’;0’n! E[I U’’; àq’J& JYK’ A; [jj [R’IS!Fo

F1 à-E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& [I g[;B;n! A; Inerrancy and Hermeneutic, tstes1S

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL14

2. Union with Christ

Dr. Gaffin has sought to elevate the concept of union with Christ as the core of the believer’s salvation.44 The great saving benefits o f Christ are not given separately in a certain order to believers. Rather, they are the multiple, simulta- neous blessings that belong to the believer who is “in Christ” or has union with Christ. Gaffin writes,

- E’ ;[&YK’ B N BYK Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI& AI IY0E &E[&LYI&ANA0[&AB; [;] I[;0&ANA0[&AB; 0B’VAI&SS S S:YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] I[;0&ANA0[&AB; [K’ A;I’J[K[Uj’ U’0[YI’ àgEKAI& 0[;;B& U’ &B‘ A;&B J[K&IS! 8K [I g[j·A; JY&I &E’I’ 0B;IA]’K[&AB;I j[&’K a1StbSté fusin àc B ?BY zAIEn &E’;n &B [&&[A; KARE&’BYI;’II DLYI&ANA0[&AB;k A; gEKAI&m wBY ‘ YI& NAKI& JBII’II gEKAI&h UY& ?BY 0[;;B& JBII’II EA‘ z A&EBY& U’A;R ‘ []’ J[K&[q’K A; EAI I[;0&ANA0[&AB;n U’0[YI’ E ’ 0[;e ; B& U’ ]A·A]’] A;&B JA’0’IS! - E’ à&KA[;RYj[&AB;! B N Y;AB;n LYI&ANA0[&AB;n [;] I[;0&ANA0[e &AB; 0BYj] E[K]j? U’ ’VJK’II’] ‘ BK’ 0j’[Kj?h &E’ 0B;&KBjjA;R JKABKA&? B N 2JAKA&ezBKq’] Y ; AB; AI Jj[A; aà?BY ‘ YI& NAKI& JBII’II gEKAI&!in A;·Bj·A;R &E’ A;&’RK[j A;I’J[K[UAjA&?n z A&EBY& 0B;NYIAB;n B N LYI&ANA0[&AB; [;] I[;0&ANA0[&AB;S -E’K’ AI ; B J[K&A[j Y; AB; zA&E gEKAI&n ; B IE[KA;R A; B;j? IB‘ ’ B N EAI U’;’NA&IS pN U’jA’·’KI ]B ;B& E[·’ &E’ z EBj’ gEKAI&n &E’? E[·’ ; B gEKAI&h Y;j’II &E’? IE[K’ A; [jj B N EAI U’;’NA&I &E’? IE[K’ A; ;B;’ B N &E’‘ SFo

3. Hermeneutics

Dr. Gaffin’s writings have focused on hermeneutics or the interpretation of the Old and New Testaments.46 The process of interpreting the Bible requires us to understand that the Bible is a unity because of its focus on God’s saving work in Christ that unfolds in an organic or holistic manner in the history of redemp- tion that is revealed in the Bible. Dr. Gaffin explains,

p& AI ;B& [jz[?I K’0BR;A/’] EBz ·A&[jj? 0B;0’K;’] &E’ 6KB&’I&[;& 3’NBK‘[&AB; z[I zA&E ‘[&&’KI B N UAUjA0[j A;&’KJK’&[&AB;S S S S - E’ 3’NBK‘’KIn K’[jA/A;R &E[& ;B&EA;R j’II &E[;

FF ־BK ’V[‘Jj’n à4;AB; zA&E gEKAI&y 2B‘’ lAUjA0[j [;] -E’BjBRA0[j 3’Nj’0&AB;In! A; Always Reform- ing: Explorations in Systematic Theology a’]S TS -S lS x0(Bz[;h H’A0’I&’Ky p.6'TJBjjBIn *vvbin *fte2sS

F— :YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] 4;AB; zA&E gEKAI&n! A; A Theological Guide to Calvin ’s Institutes a’]S c[·A] 7S P[jj [;] 6’&’K TS HAjjU[0qh 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvsin *bsebuS

Fb 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn K’·A’z B N 3 lYj&‘[;;n The History of the Synoptic Tradition', àgB;&’‘JBe K[K? P’K‘’;’Y&A0I [;] &E’ 2&Y]? B N &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;&!h K’·A’z B N PS gB;/’j‘[;;n Grundriss der Theologie des Neuen Testaments-, à-E’ 6j[0’ [;] p‘JBK&[;0’ B N p;&KB]Y0&AB; &B &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;&n! A; The New Testament Student: Vol. In Studying the New Testament Today a’]S:BE; 2qAj&B;h 9Y&j’?n 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n tufFin tF1eoth K’·A’z B N gS gS T;]’KIB;n Critical Quests of Jesus [;] The Historicaljesus: A Continuing Quest, WTJ1b atufFiy Fvsetvh K’·A’z B N (S ־S P[I’jn New Testament Theol- ogy, WTJ F* atusviy F1oe1sh K’·A’z B N 6S 2&YEj‘[0E’Kn Vom Verstehen des Neuen Testaments, WTJF1 atusviy tbFebsh àPBz &B p;&’KJK’& &E’ lAUj’n! New Horizons ax[? tuutiy *e1h à-E’ 8U’]A’;0’ B N ־[A&Ey 2B‘’ 3’Nj’0&AB;I B; &E’ 3[&AB;[j’ NBK 3B‘[;In! A; Israel and the Church: Essays in Honour of Allan Macdonald Harman a’]S cS :S 7S xAj;’h x’jUBYK;’y -E’BjBRA0[j ,]Y0[&AB; gB‘‘A&&’’n 6K’IU?&’KA[; gEYK0E B N .A0&BKA[n *vvtin ftesoh àÅ־BK 8YK 2[q’I TjIBεy gEKAI& A; &E’ 8j] -’I&[‘’;& A; &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;&n! A; The Hope Fulfilled: Essays in Honor ofD r.O . Palmer Robertson a’]S 3BU’K& HS 6’;;?h 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvsin fueuuS

15RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

&E’ RBIJ’j A&I’jN z[I [& I&[q’n A;IAI&’] &E[& &E’ &’V& E[] UY& B; ’ &KY’ I’;I’n [;] &E’? z’K’ A; &’;& B; ]’&’K‘ A;A;R &E[& I’;I’S ־YK&E’Kn &E’ IBj[ I0KAJ&YK[ A&I’jN AI JBA;&’]j? E’K‘’e ;’Y&A0[jS p& AI ]AK’0&’] [R[A;I& &E’ ;B&AB; &E[& &E’ B;RBA;R UB]? B N &K[]A&AB; aA;&’KJK’&[e &AB;i 0B;&KBjj’] [;] ·[jA][&’] U? &E’ &’[0EA;R BNNA0’ B N 3B‘ ’ AI ;’0’II[K? NBK [ KARE& Y;]’KI&[;]A;R B N &E’ lAUj’S -EAI E’K‘ ’;’Y&A0[j &EKYI& HY&E’K ‘ []’ ’VJjA0A& A; &E’ z’jjeq;Bz; ]A0&Y‘ &E[& 20KAJ&YK’ A;&’KJK’&I A&I’jNS S S S -B I[? &E[& 20KAJ&YK’ A;&’KJK’&I A&I’jN ‘ ’[;I &E[& A& E[I B ; ’ J’K·[IA·’ I’;I’é [ Y;ANA’] ‘ ’[;A;RS l’0[YI’ A& AI ( B]εI zBK]n &E’ lAUj’ AI [ Y;A&?n IB &E[& [;? B; ’ J[K& E[I A&I Jj[0’ zA&EA; &E’ Y;ANA’] &’[0EA;R B N &E’ z EBj’S T J[K&A0Yj[K J[II[R’ AI jB0[&’] zA&EA; [ J[&&’K; B N (B]eRA·’; 0B;&’V&I zEA0E 0[; B;j? I’K·’ &B 0j[KAN?S - E’ J’K·[IA·’ ‘ ’[;A;R B N 20KAJ&YK’ IEBYj] U’ UKBYRE& &B U’[K B; [;? IA;Rj’ JBK&AB;S lAUjA0[j K’·’j[&AB; AI I’jNe’jY0A][&A;R U’0[YI’ A& E[I [; BKR[;A0n Y;ANA’] I&KY0&YK’SS S S 4j&A‘[&’j? &EAI I&KY0&YK’ AI ;B& jA&’K[K? UY& AI K’IA]’;& A; &E’ IYUL’0& ‘[&&’K A&I’jNn JK’I’;& A; &E’ ‘[Kq’] [;] AKK’]Y0AUj’ ·[KA’&? B N jA&’K[K? NB;;I zEA0E 20KAJ&YK’ ]AIJj[?IS - E’ U[IA0 I&KY0&YK’ [;] Y;A&? B N UAUjA0[j K’·’j[&AB; [K’ &E’ I&KY0&YK’ [;] Y;A&? B N &E’ EAI&BK? B N K’·’j[&AB; z EA0E A& N[A&ENYjj? K’0BK]IS T ;] &E’ I&KY0&YK’ B N &E’ EAI&BK? B N K’·’j[&AB;n [I &E’ B;RBA; R [&&’I&[&AB; [;] A;&’KJK’&[&AB; B N &E’ K’]’‘ J&A·’ EAI&BK? &E[& 0’;&’KI A; gEKAI&n AI &E[& B N [; BKR[;A0[jj? Y;NBj]A;R JKB0’II B N [ ‘ [&YKA;R BKR[;AI‘S - E’BjBR? zEA0E AI rigorously [;] methodically 0B;&KBjj’] U? &EAI J’KIJ’0&A·’ zAjj ; B& B;j? U’ JKB;’ &B K’[0E &EBKBYREj? UAUjA0[j 0B;0jYIAB;Ih A& zAjj [jIB &’;] &B U’RA; zA&E &E’ KARE& questions. p& AI ]ANNA0Yj& &B K’IAI& &E’ 0B;0jYIAB; &E[& &E’ UAUe jA0[je&E’BjBRA0[j ‘ ’&EB]n BKn U’&&’Kn &E’ K’]’‘J&A·’eEAI&BKA0[j BKA’;&[&AB; ’V’‘ JjANA’] U? .BIn AIn &B ][&’n &E’ ‘ BI& NKYA&NYj [;] JBA;&’]j? UAUjA0[j K’[jA/[&AB; B N &E’ 3’NBK‘[e &AB; A;IAI&’;0’ &E[& 20KAJ&YK’ A;&’KJK’&I 20KAJ&YK’SFf

4. Biblical Theology

Dr. Gaffin has published numerous items pursuing the idea and importance of biblical theology48 and its relationship with systematic theology.49 He writes,

Ff ([NNA;n ’]Sn Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation, V·AAeV·AAASFs ־BK [ E’jJNYj ’;R[R’‘’;& zA&E ([NNA;εI [JJKB[0E &B UAUjA0[j &E’BjBR?n I’’ .’‘ 2S 6B?&EK’IIn

àlAUjA0[j 2&Y]A’Iy CA;]I B N lAUjA0[j -E’BjBR?n! WTJ70 a*vvsiy t*ueF*SFu 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn K’·A’z B N PS -EA’jA0q’n Between Heaven and Earth; à6[Yj [I -E’BjBRA[;

DK’·A’z [K&A0j’k!h à(’’KE[K]YI .BI [;] &E’ p;&’KJK’&[&AB; B N 6[Yjn! A; Jerusalem and Athens, **se1fh K’·A’z B N PBK&’; P[KKAIn David Friedrich Strauss and His Theology, W IJ37 atufFiy ttoetuh à2?I&’‘[&A0 -E’BjBR? [;] lAUjA0[j -E’BjBR?!h Redemptive History and Biblical Interpretation', K’·A’z B N 6S CS :’z’&&n Election and Predestination, Eternity Magazine a9B·S tusbiy ftn fFh P’K‘[; 9S 3A]]’KUBIn Redemptive History and the New Testament Scriptures a&K[;IS PS c’ :B;RI&h K’·S 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSh *] K’·S ’]Sh 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n tussih àT][‘n! àl[J&AI‘ BN gEKAI&n! àCA;R]B‘ BN (B]n! à9’z -’I&[‘’;& -E’BjBR?n! à2[UU[&En! [;] Z.BIn (’’KE[K]YIn! A; New Dictionary of Theology a’]S 2A;0j[AK ־’KRYIB; [;] c[·A] 7KARE&h cBz;’KI (KB·’y p;&’K.[KIA&?n tussin 1eon1bfebunFbtebbnbvbnft1h àx[;n 9[&YK[j! [;] à9’z gK’[&AB;n 9’z gK’[&YK’n! A; Baker Encyclopedia of the Bible a’]S 7[j&’K TS ,jz’jjh (K[;] 3[JA]Iy l[q’Kn tussin t1ssn toFFeFbh à(K’’;n P’;K? ats*oetuvvin! àxYKK[?n :BE; atsusetufoin! à2&B;’EBYI’n 9’] lS atuv*etub*in! Z.BIn (’’KE[K]YI atsb*etuFuin! [;] ZwBY;Rn ,]z[K] :BI’JE atuvfetubsin! A; Dictionary of Christianity in America a’]S c[;A’j (S 3’A]h cBz;’KI (KB·’y p;&’K.[KIA&?n tuuvin Fuunfsontt1fnt**uh à-E’ .A&[jA&? B N 3’NBK‘’] cBR‘[&A0In! A; The Vitality of Reformed Theology a’]S :S xS l[&&’[Y:S 7S x[KAIn [;] CS .’jA;Rh C^‘J’;y CBqn tuuFin tbeovh à2B‘’ ,JAI&’‘BjBRA0[j 3’Nj’0&AB;I B; t gBKA;&EA[;I *ybetbn! tν''of atuuoiy tv1e*oh à6[Yj &E’ -E’BjBRA[;y T 3’·A’z ,II[?nr 7f'b* a*vvviy t*teFth àP’K‘[; l[·A;0q B; &E’ gB·’;[;& B N 7BKqI! a&K[;IS 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSin A; Creator, Redeemer, Consummator: A Festschrift for Meredith G. Kline (eà. PS (KANNA&E [;]LS 3S xY’&E’Kh (K’’;·Ajj’n 2SgSy 3’NBK‘’] T0[]’‘A0n *vvvin tbuesoh àlAUjA0[j -E’BjBR? [;] &E’

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL16

p EBJ’ &B E’jJ IEBz E’K’ [ ]’’J 0B‘J[&AUAjA&? ’VAI&I U’&z’’; &E’ 7’I&‘A;I&’K 2&[;][K]I [;] UAUjA0[j &E’BjBR?SS S S p U’RA; zA&E &zB BUI’K·[&AB;I B N [ ‘ BK’ R’;’K[j IBK& J’K&[A;A;R &B &E’ BN&’; [jj’R’] BK J’K0’A·’] ;B·’j&? B N UAUjA0[j &E’BjBR?S 7 A&EBY& NBK [ ‘ B‘ ’;& z[;&A;R &B IjARE& &E’ ’JB0Ee‘[qA;R ·[jY’ B N .BIεI zBKqn NBK zEA0E ‘? []‘AK[&AB; 0B;&A;e Y’I Y;]A‘ A;AIE’]n A& E[I [jz[?I U’’; A‘JBK&[;& &B ‘ ’ &B K’0BR;A/’ EAI 0B;&A;YA&? zA&E &EBI’ zEB 0[‘ ’ U’NBK’ EA‘S gB;&K[K? &B &E’ A‘JK’IIAB; B00[IAB;[jj? j’N& U? IB‘ ’n A& AI ;B& [I AN &E’ 0EYK0E z’K’ I&Y‘UjA;R [UBY& A; A;&’KJK’&A·’ ][Kq;’II Y;&Aj E’ UYKI& B;&B &E’ I0’;’n jARE&’;A;RejAq’n &Bz[K] &E’ 0jBI’ B N &E’ tu&E 0’;&YK?S p; N[0&n [jK’[]? A; &E’ I’0B;] 0’;&YK? A; &E’ NAKI& RK’[& I&KYRRj’ NBK A&I ’VAI&’;0’n &E’ U[&&j’ zA&E (;BI&A0AI‘n &E’ 0EYK0E E[] A‘ JK’II’] YJB; A& A;]’jAUj? &E’ 0B;&KBjjA;R A;IARE&n [I ‘ Y0E [I [;?n B N UAUjA0[j &E’e BjBR?n ;[‘’j? &E[& I[j·[&AB; K’IA]’I Yj&A‘[&’j? ;B& A; zEB (B] AI BK zE[& E’ E[I I[A]n UY& A; zE[& E’ E[I ] B; ’ A; EAI&BK?n B;0’ NBK [jjn A; gEKAI&S .AK&Y[jj? NKB‘ A&I U’RA;;A;R B; [;] ‘ BK’ BK j’II 0B;IAI&’;&j?n &E’ 0EYK0E E[I U’’; A;0AJA’;&j? UAUjA0[je&E’BjBRA0[jS

9[KKBzA;R &E’ I0BJ’ &B 3’NBK‘ ’] &E’BjBR? .BI EA‘ I’jN E[I BUI’K·’] &E[& A& àE[I NKB‘ &E’ U’RA;;A;R IEBz; A&I’jN JBII’II’] B N [ &KY’ EAI&BKA0 I’;I’ A; &E’ [JJK’E’;IAB; B N &E’ JKBRK’IIA·’ 0E[K[0&’K B N &E’ ]’jA·’K[;0’ B N &KY&ES p&I ]B0&KA;’ B N &E’ 0B·’;[;&I B; A&I EAI&BKA0[j IA]’ K’JK’I’;&I &E’ NAKI& [&&’‘ J& [& 0B;I&KY0&A;R [ EAI&BK? B N K’·’j[&AB; [;] ‘[? U’ LYI&j? 0B;IA]’K’] &E’ JK’0YKIBK B N zE[& AI [& JK’I’;& 0[jj’] UAUjA0[j &E’BjBR?S!ov

5. Salvation and the Work of Christ

For Dr. Gaffin, salvation is entirely bound up with God’s grace in Christ and his saving work.51 This salvation is applied to those who are in union with Christ. Gaffin has published several pieces on salvation52 and justification.53 He writes,

7’I&‘A;I&’K 2&[;][K]In! A; The Practical Calvinist, F*oeF*h àlAUjA0[j -E’BjBR? [;] &E’ 7’I&‘A;I&’K 2&[;][K]In! 7 f'bo a*vv1iy tboesvh à3’IJB;I’ &B :BE; ־K[;q’n! WTJfhb a*vv1iy 1*fe1vh K’·A’z BN 3BU’K& 3YII’jj cK[q’n World and Life: To Viewed from the Biblical Theme of Creation, Fall, Redemption, New Horizons a80&S *vvbi y *1h In These Last Days: Biblical Theological Teachings on the Sabbathn Eschatology, and the Holy Spirit a&K[;Ij[&’] A;&B CBK’[; U? gEB’ 9[0qL[’ ’& [jSh ;SJSy2Y;R?[q 6K’IIn *vvfi h à,JAI&’‘Be jBRA0[j 3’Nj’0&AB;I B; t gBKA;&EA[;I *ybetbn! A; Revelation and Reason: New Essays in Reformed Apologetics a’]S CS 20B&& 8jAJEA;& [;] H[;’ (S -AJ&B;h 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvfin t1Fvh à-E’ .A&[jA&? B N 3’NBK‘’] 2?I&’‘[&A0 -E’BjBR?n! A; The Faith Once Delivered: Essays in Honor of Dr. Wayne R Spear a’]S TS -S 2’j·[RRABh 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvfin te1*h Z.BIn (’’KE[Ke ]YIn! A; Dictionary of Major Biblical Interpreters a’]S cB;[j] CS x0CA‘h cBz;’KI (KB·’y p.6 T0[]’‘A0n *vvfin tvtbetuh à2J’’0E [;] &E’ p‘[R’I B N (B]y lAUjA0[j 3’Nj’0&AB;I B; H[;RY[R’ [;] p&I 4I’In! A; The Pattem of Sound Doctrine: Systematic Theology at the Westminster Seminaries; Essays in Honor ofRobert B. Slrimple a’]S c[·A] .[;cKY;’;h 6EAjjAJIUYKRn 9S:Sy 6K’IU?&’KA[; d 3’NBK‘’]n *vvFin tsteu1h à-E’ H[I& T][‘n &E’ HAN’e(A·A;R 2JAKA&n! A; The Forgotten Christ: Exploring the Majesty and Mystery of God Incarnate a’]S 2&’JE’; gj[Kqh 9B&&A;RE[‘y p.6'TJBjjBIn *vvfin tute*1S

ov ([NNA;n àlAUjA0[j -E’BjBR? [;] &E’ 7’I&‘A;I&’K 2&[;][K]In! A; The Practical Calvinist, F*bSot ־BK [ YI’NYj J’KIJ’0&A·’ B; &E’ ·[K?A;R [JJKB[0E’I &B IB&’KABjBR? A; 0YKK’;& [;] EAI&BKA0

3’NBK‘’] &E’BjBR?n I’’ 7AjjA[‘ lS ,·[;In àcäLQ .Y Tjj 8·’K TR[A;m -E’ gB;&’‘JBK[K? 3’NBK‘’] 2B&’KABjBRA0[j gB;&KB·’KI? A; PAI&BKA0[j 6’KIJ’0&A·’n! W T]f* a*vtviy t1oeotS

o* 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn K’·A’z B N 3S 2S ־K[;qIn The Work of Christ, à-E’ 4I’NYj;’II B N &E’ gKBIIn! W T ]Ft atufuiy **seFbh àgEKAI&n 8YK PARE 6KA’I& A; P’[·’;n! Kerux tn ;BS 1 atusbiy tfe*fh à-E’ 20[;][j B N &E’ gKBIIy T&B;’‘’;& A; &E’ 6[YjA;’ gBKJYIn! A; The Glory of the Atonement: Biblical, Histori- cal and Practical Perspectives; Essays in Honor of Roger Nicole a’]S gE[Kj’I ,S PAjj [;] ־K[;q TS :[‘’I ppph cBz;’KI (KB·’y p;&’K.[KIA&?n *vvFin tFveb*S

o1 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn à:YI&ANA0[&AB; A; HYq’eT0&In! A; Right with God: Justification in the Bible and the World a’]S cS TS g[KIB;h g[KjAIj’y 6[&’K;BI&’Kh (K[;] 3[JA]Iy l[q’Kn tuu*in tvbe*oh à9’z 6[K[]AR‘

17RICHARD B. GAFFIN JR .

S S S N’z zAjj ]AIJY&’ &E[& Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI& A; EAI K’IYKK’0&AB;n U’A;R Y;A&’] &B &E’ K’IYKe K’0&’] gEKAI& U? N[A&En RKBY;]I A; A&I ’;&AK’&? 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; I[;0&ANA0[&AB; [;] &E’ K’;’z[j B N &E’ gEKAI&A[;S lY& Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI& [I K’IYKK’0&’] AI ; B& B;j? K’;B·[&A·’S -E[& Y;AB; [jIB E[I LY]A0A[j BK NBK’;IA0 IAR;ANA0[;0’n [I ]B’I gEKAI&εI Bz; K’IYKK’0&AB;S

- E’ LY]A0A[j A‘ JBK&[;0’ B N gEKAI&εI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI Jj[A; NKB‘ 3B‘ [;I Fy*on àzEB z[I ]’jA·’K’] YJ NBK BYK &K’IJ[II’I [;] z[I K[AI’] NBK BYK LYI&ANA0[&AB;S! P ’K’ [ ]AK’0& 0B;;’0&AB; AI ]K[z; U’&z’’; &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; [;] LYI&ANA0[&AB;S p; &E’ jARE& B N &E’ A‘e ‘ ’]A[&’ [;] UKB[]’K 0B;&’V& B N 6[YjεI &’[0EA;Rn &E[& 0B;;’0&AB; AI U’I& Y;]’KI&BB] [I NBjjBzIS TI &E’ K’JK’I’;&[&A·’ IA; U’[K’K [;] KARE&’BYI IYUI&A&Y&’ a3B‘S 1y*oh sy1h * gBKS oy*tin A; EAI NYjj BU’]A’;0’ 0Yj‘ A;[&A;R A; EAI ]’[&E a6EAjS *ysin gEKAI&εI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI EAI Bz; LYI&ANA0[&AB; A; &E’ I’;I’ &E[& &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; A&I’jN AI ( B]εI defacto ]’0j[K[&A·’ K’0BR;A&AB;n B; &E’ RKBY;] B N &E[& BU’]A’;0’n B N EAI KARE&’BYI;’II a0NS t gBKS ty1viS TI [; ’·’;&n EAI K’IYKK’0&AB;n z’ ‘[? I[?n àIJ’[qI! [;] A& ]B’I IB LY]A0A[jj?n A; [ j’R[j ‘[;e ;’KS ־BK gEKAI&A[;In &E’;n gEKAI&εI LYI&ANA0[&AB;n RA·’; zA&E EAI K’IYKK’0&AB;n U’0B‘ ’I &E’AKIh z E’; Y;A&’]n U? N[A&En &B &E’ K’IYKK’0&’] gEKAI&n &E[& AIn &E’ LYI&ANA’] gEKAI&n EAI KARE&’BYI;’II AI K’0qB;’] [I &E’AKI BK A‘ JY&’] &B &E’‘ SoF

6. The Ordo Salutis

Dr. Gaffin’s interest in biblical theology has enabled him to reassess the doctrine of salvation that often places its focus on the order of the specific benefits we have from Christ and the Holy Spirit in our experience of saving grace.55 But this approach can make the order, timing, and character of the benefits more central than Christ himself. Thus, a better understanding of the history of salvation and the order of salvation is needed, a better way of conceiving of redemption accomplished in history and redemption applied in the lives of God’s people. Dr. Gaffin writes,

p; EAI ‘[RAI&’KA[j UBBq B; 6[YjεI &E’BjBR? P ’K‘ [; 3A]]’KUBI BUI’K·’I K’J’[&’]j? [;] B; [ ·[KA’&? B N &BJA0In IB‘ ’&A‘’I ’VJjA0A&j?n ‘ BK’ BN&’; A‘JjA0A&j?n &E[& &E’ [JBI&j’εI A;&’Ke ’I& AI JKA‘[KAj? &E’ EAI&BK? B N I[j·[&AB; (historia salutis), ;B& &E’ BK]’K B N I[j·[&AB; (ordo salutis). -EAI ]AI&A;0&AB;n A&I NBK‘ Yj[&AB; [JJ[K’;&j? BKARA;[j zA&E 3A]]’KUBIn IAR;[jI ;B& B;j? zE[& 6[YjεI 0B;&KBjjA;R 0B;0’K; AIn K’]’‘J&A·’eEAI&BKA0[jn UY& [jIB zE[& A& AI ;B&S 7E? &E’ ;’R[&A·’ [I z’jj [I &E’ JBIA&A·’m p; j[KR’ J[K& U’0[YI’ B N EAI J’K0’J&AB;n ’VJK’II’] [jK’[]? A; &E’ BJ’; A; R J[R’In &E[& A;0K’[IA;Rj? IA;0’ &E’ 3’NBK‘ [&AB; JK’JB;]’K[;& A;&’K’I& zA&EA; HY&E’K[; [;] 3 ’NBK‘ ’] &E’BjBR? [;] 0EYK0E jAN’ E[I IEAN&’] &B &E’ J’KIB;[j [JJKBJKA[&AB; B N I[j·[&AB;n &B 5Y’I&AB;I B N ordo salutisn [;] IB ‘ B·’] [z[? NKB‘ zE’K’ A& z[I NBK HY&E’K [;] g[j·A;n jAq’ 6[Yj [;] NBjjBz A;R EA‘ n B; I[j·[&AB; [I K’·’[j’] B;0’ NBK [jj A; gEKAI&εI ]’[&E [;] K’IYKK’0&AB; (historia salutis).

-EAI J’K0’J&AB; E[I ·[jA]A&?n [I jB; R [I zE[& AI primarily &E’ 0[I’ AI A; ·A’zn UB&E NBK 6[Yj [;] &E’ 3 ’NBK‘ [&AB; &K[]A&AB;S TI E’ JKB0’’]In EBz’·’Kn 3 A]]’KUBI &’;]I &B

A; -E’BjBR?m DK’·A’z [K&A0j’kn! WTJ ob atuuFi y 1fueuvh K’·A’z B N x[Kq TS 2’ANKA’]n Justification by Faith, 7f?ob atuuFiy tuoeufh àT 3’NBK‘’] gKA&A5Y’ B N &E’ 9’z 6’KIJ’0&A·’n! Modem Reformation ax[KSeTJKS *vv*iy *Fe*sh à:YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?n! A; Justified in Christ: God’s Plan for Us in

Justification a’]S CS 20B&& 8jAJEA;&h ־’[‘n 4SCSy x’;&BKn *vvfin te*1h à:YI&ANA’] 9Bz [;] ־BK’·’Kn! New Horizons a־’US *vvfiy seuh à:YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] 4;AB; zA&E gEKAI&n! A; A Theological Guide to Calvin’s Institutes, *FsebuS

oF ([NNA;n à:YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?n! A; Justified in Christ, bSoo ([NNA;n By Faith, Not by Sight: Paul and the Order of Salvation a*vvbiS

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL18

j’[·’ &E’ A‘ JK’IIAB; B; [ ·[KA’&? B N &BJA0I &E[& 6[Yj E[I jA&&j’ BK ; B A;&’K’I& A; AIIY’I B N ordo salutis. -EAI E[I &E’ ’NN’0&n [I p zAjj &K? &B IEBzn B N Y;;’0’II[KAj? z A]’;A;R &E’ ] ANN’K’;0’ U’&z ’’; 6[Yj [;] g[j·A;n B; &E’ B ; ’ E[;]n [;] IYUI’5Y’;& 3 ’NBK‘ ’] &E’BjBR?n B; &E’ B&E’KS

T& &EAI LY;0&YK’ A& ‘[? U’ E’jJNYj &B ‘[q’ [ 0j[KAN?A;R 0B‘ ‘ ’;& [UBY& &E’ ’VJK’IIAB; ordo salutis, [& j’[I& [I p [‘ YIA;R A& E’K’S p& 0[; E[·’ &zB ]AI&A;0& I’;I’In B; ’ UKB[]’Kn &E’ B&E’K ‘ BK’ IJ’0ANA0S - E’ j[&&’Kn ‘ BK’ &’0E;A0[j I’;I’ AI &E’ ‘ BK’ 0B‘ ‘ B; [;] E[I A; ·A’z &E’ jBRA0[j [ ; ] 'B K 0[YI[jn BK ’·’; &’‘JBK[j àBK]’K! BK I’5Y’;0’ B N ·[KABYI I[·A;R [0&I [;] U’;’NA&In [I Y;NBj]’] zA&EA; &E’ [0&Y[j jAN’ B N &E’ A;]A·A]Y[j IA;;’KS p& ‘[? [jIB U’ YI’]n EBz’·’Kn z A&EBY& E[·A;R ?’& I’&&j’] B; [ J[K&A0Yj[K àBK]’K! BK ’·’; &E[& &E’K’ AI B; ’ A; &E’ I’;I’ LYI& A;]A0[&’]n &B K’N’Kn ‘ BK’ R’;’K[jj?n &B &E’ B;RBA;R [JJjA0[&AB; B N I[j·[&AB;n A; ]AI&A;0&AB; NKB‘ A&I B;0’eNBKe[jj [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;&S 4 ;]’KI&BB] A; &EAI I’;I’n &E’ historia salutis/ordo salutis ]AI&A;0&AB; K’NBK‘Yj[&’I &E’ 0j[IIA0 3’NBK‘ ’] ]AI&A;0&AB; U’&z’’; K’]’‘ J&AB; [00B‘ JjAIE’] [;] [JJjA’]n UY& A; [ z[? &E[& [00’;&I &E’ K’]’‘Je &A·’eEAI&BKA0[j ;[&YK’ B N &E’ [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;& aA‘Jä&K[&AB;i [;] IB &E’ ; ’’] &B q’’J &E[& A; ·A’z A; ]AI0YIIA;R AIIY’I B N [JJjA0[&AB; aA;]A·A]Y[j [JJKBJKA[&AB;iS

p& AI A‘ JBK&[;& ; B& &B 0B;NYI’ BK B&E’KzAI’ ’5YA·B0[&’ B; &E’I’ &zB I’;I’I B N ordo salutis. -E’ ;[KKBz’K 0B;0’J& AI IYUL’0& &B &E’ 0KA&A0AI‘ B N &’;]A;R A; ’NN’0&n A; IB‘ ’ A;I&[;0’I ‘ BK’ &E[; B&E’KIn &B NB0YI B; ordo [& &E’ ’VJ’;I’ B N salutis, B N U’A;R IB JK’B0e 0Y J A’] zA&E ·[KABYI [0&I B N [JJ jA0[&AB; A; &E’AK jB R A0[ j'0[ Y I[ j [;] ’·’; &’‘ JBK[j I’5Y’;0’ [;] A;&’K0B;;’0&AB;I &E[& I[j·[&AB; A&I’jNn A; A&I z EBj’;’IIn U’0B‘ ’I ’0jAJI’]n B N IB 0B;0’;&K[&A;R B; &E’ U’;’NA&I B N gEKAI&εI zBKq A; &E’AK ·[KA’&? [;] ‘Y&Y[j K’j[&AB;In &E[& E ’ n A; EAI J’KIB; [;] zBKqn K’0’]’I A; &B &E’ U[0qRKBY;]S PBz’·’Kn A; ‘ [qA;R IY0E 0KA&A0AI‘n J[K&A0Yj[Kj? NKB‘ [ K’]’‘J&A·’eEAI&BKA0[j J’KIJ’0&A·’n z’ ‘YI& [·BA] &E’ BJJBIA&’ ’V&K’‘ ’ B N ]’JK’0A[&A;R [jj ordo salutis AIIY’I [I Y;;’0’II[K? BK ’·’; A;[JJKBe JKA[&’S p; N[0&n A& AI ; B& JY&&A;R A& &BB I&KB;Rj?n &E’ A;&’RKA&? B N &E’ RBIJ’j A&I’jN I&[;]I BK N[jjI zA&E &E’ ordo salutis A; &E’ UKB[]’K I’;I’n ’5YA·[j’;& &B &E’ [JJjA0[&AB; B N I[j·[e &AB; a applicatio salutis) [;] ]AI&A;0& NKB‘ A&I [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;&SS S S

S S S p &YK; &B g[j·A; S S S lBBq 1 B N &E’ Institutes a 1StSt in à־AKI&n z’ ‘ YI& Y;]’KI&[;] &E[& [I jB;R [I gEKAI& K’‘[A;I BY&IA]’ B N YIn [;] z’ [K’ I’J[K[&’] NKB‘ EA‘ n [jj &E[& E ’ E[I IYNN’K’] [;] ]B;’ NBK &E’ I[j·[&AB; B N &E’ EY‘ [; K[0’ K’‘[A;I YI’j’II [;] B N ; B ·[jY’ &B YIS! S S S g[j·A; AI I[?A;R IB‘ ’&EA;R jAq’n à&E’ K’]’‘J&A·’eEAI&BKA0[j gEKAI&n &E’ gEKAI& B N K’]’‘ J&A·’ EAI&BK?n [I BN&’; 0B;0’A·’]n AI ; B& ’; BY RE !h A; N[0&n E’ I[?In &EAI gEKAI& AI àYI’j’II [;] B N ; B ·[jY’ &B YI!O S S S

p& IEBYj] U’ [JJ[K’;&n &E’;n &E[& gEKAI& AI ;B& B;j? [0&A·’ A; K’]’‘ J&AB; [00B‘ JjAIE’] UY& [jIB A; K’]’‘ J&AB; [JJjA’]h &E’ B; ’ LYI& [I ‘ Y0E [I &E’ B&E’K AI TAI zBKqS p; N’’&n NKB‘ &E’ J’KIJ’0&A·’ B N EAI JK’I’;& ’V[j&[&AB; &E’ ] AI&A;0&AB; U’&z ’’; K’]’‘ J&AB; [00B‘ JjAIE’] [;] [JJjA’]n U’&z’’; historia salutis [;] ordo salutis U’RA;I &B UjYKS - E’ z[? A& AI BN&’; JY&n &E[& [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;& AI gEKAI&εI &[Iqn [JJjA0[&AB; &E’ P Bj? 2JAKA&εIn AI E’jJe NAjj UY& 0[; [jIB U’ ‘AIj’[]A;RS -E’ j[&&’Kn ; B j’II &E[; &E’ NBK‘’Kn AI gEKAI&e0’;&’K’]Sob

7. The Holy Spirit

Dr. Gaffin has emphasized the Holy Spirit and his work in his writings,57 with some twenty publications on themes related to the Spirit.58 Here two selections

ob ([NNA;n àlAUjA0[j -E’BjBR? [;] &E’ 7’I&‘A;I&’K 2&[;][K]In! A; The Practical Calvinist, F*fnF1ve1tSof ־BK [ 0B‘J[K[&A·’ I&Y]? BN ([NNA;εI ·A’zI BN &E’ BY&JBYKA;R B N &E’ PBj? 2JAKA& zA&E B&E’K EAI&BKA0

3’NBK‘’] &E’BjBRA[;In I’’ wY;R l[’ gE[En à-E’ 8Y&JBYKA;R BN &E’ PBj? 2JAKA& :BE; g[j·A;n TUK[E[‘ CY?J’KS:BE; 2&B&&n [;] 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n! A; TheologicalJournal of KIMCHII a*vvuiy *11eFoS

os 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] gE[KAI‘[&A0 (AN&In! A; The Holy Spirit Down to Earth,

19RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

are given to illustrate his main emphases concerning the Holy Spirit First, Gaffin’s perspective on the Holy Spirit issues a call for believers to understand that the Spirit’s renewing grace is a manifestation of the presence of the risen Christ. Then, second, we will see how, along with Gaffin’s underscoring of the Holy Spirit’s pivotal work in the Christian, he nevertheless simultaneously has devel- oped a strong cessationist view with regard to the continuing reality o f the Pentecostal and New Testament charismatic gifts o f the Spirit.

(1) This first selection emphasizes the biblical-theological and eschatologi- cal impact of Christ’s resurrection on the present ministry of the Holy Spirit in believers.

7 E[& ‘ YI& [jIB U’ K’0[jj’] E’K’é U? ;Bzn [N&’K ;’[Kj? [ 0’;&YK?n [ ·AK&Y[j 0B;I’;IYI [0KBII &E’ UKB[] NKB;& B N 9- I0EBj[KIEAJé AI &E’ ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j ] A‘ ’;IAB; BK 0B;&’V& B N &EAI gEKAI&B0’;&KA0 NB0YIS 6[Yj a[;] &E’ B&E’K 9- zKA&’KIin N[A&ENYj &B &E’ qA;R]B‘ JKB0j[‘ [&AB; B N :’IYIn E[·’ [ UKB[]’;’]n [jK’[]?';B&e?’& Y;]’KI&[;]A;R B N ’I0E[&Bje BR?S ־BK &E’‘ ’I0E[&BjBR? AI ]’NA;’] A; &’K‘I B N EAI NAKI& [I z’jj [I EAI I’0B;] 0B‘ A;RS 2J’0ANA0[jj? gEKAI&εI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI [; A;;[&’j? ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j ’·’;&é A; N[0&n &E’ q’? A;[YRYK[&A;R ’·’;& B N ’I0E[&BjBR?S PAI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI ;B& [; AIBj[&’] ’·’;& A; &E’ J[I& UY&n A; E[·A;R B00YKK’] A; &E’ J[I&n U’jB;RI &B &E’ NY&YK’ 0B;IY‘ ‘ [&AB; [;] NKB‘ &E[& NY&YK’ E[I ’;&’K’] EAI&BK?S

-E[& AI J’KE[JI 0j’[K’I& A; t gBK toy*vn *1n A; 0B;&’V&y gEKAI&εI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI &E’ àNAKI&NKYA&IS! p; EAI K’IYKK’0&AB; &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; E[K·’I& &E[& U’jB;RI &B &E’ ’;] B N EAIe &BK? AI [jK’[]? ·AIAUj’S P AI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI &E’ RY[K[;&’’ B N &E’ NY&YK’ UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB; B N U’jA’·’KI ; B& IA‘ Jj? [I [ U[K’ IAR; UY& [I à&E’ [0&Y[j U’RA;;A;R B N &E’ R’;’K[j ’Je B0E[j ’·’;&S! 6K’II’]é AN JK’I’;&n I[?n [& [ ‘ B]’K;e][? JKBJE’0? 0B;N’K’;0’é [I &B

1e*oh Perspectives on Pentecost, à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA&n! WTJF1 a tusvi y osefsh K’IJB;I’ &B :S pS 6[0q’Kn à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] PAI 7BKqn! A; Applying the Scriptures a’]S C’;;’&E 2S C[;&/’Kh (K[;] 3[JA]Iy “B;]’Ke ·[;n tusfin s1esuh à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?n! A; ‘N Woord Op Sy Tyd: ‘N TeologUse Feesbundel Aangebied aanProf. Johan Heyns ter Herdenkingvan Sy Sestigste Verjaarsdag a’]S gS:S 7’&E‘[K [;] gS:STS .BIh 6K’&BKA[y 9( C’KqUB’qE[;]’jn tussin F1eo*h àHAN’ A; &E’ 2JAKA&y 2B‘’ lAUjA0[j [;] -E’BjBRAe 0[j 6’KIJ’0&A·’In! A; The Holy Spirit: Renewing and Empowering Presence a’]S (S .[;]’K·’j]’h 7A;NA’j]nlSgSy 7BB] H[q’I lBBqIn tusuin Foeooh à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?n! Kerux Fn ;BS 1 atusuiytFe*sh à-E’ (AN&I B N &E’ PBj? 2JAKA&n! The Gospel Witness bsn ;BS ** ax[KS sn tuuvin setFh à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?n! The Gospel Witness bsn ;BS *t a־’US **n tuuvin setFh à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] :YI&ANA0[&AB;n! The Gospel Witness bun ;BS F ax[? tvntuuvin set1h à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] 2YNN’KA;Rn! The Gospel Witness bun ;BS o ax[? *Fn tuuvin setFh à-E’ (AN&I B N &E’ PBj? 2JAKA&n! RTR ot atuu*iy tetvh à6’;&’0BI&y l’NBK’ [;] TN&’Kn! Kerux tvn ;BS * atuuoiy 1e*Fh àT g’II[&AB;AI& .A’zn! A; Are Miraculous Gifts for Today? Four Views a’]S 7[?;’ TS (KY]’‘h (K[;] 3[JA]Iy “B;]’K·[;n tuubin *oebFh àT g’II[&AB;AI& 3’IJB;I’ &B 3BU’K& HS 2[Y0?n! A; AUA]Sn tFueooh àT g’II[&AB;AI& 3’IJB;I’ &B gS 2[‘Y’j 2&BK‘I [;] cBYRj[I TS 8IIn! A; AUA]Sn *sFeufh àgE[jj’;R’I B N &E’ gE[KAI‘[&A0 xB·’‘’;& &B &E’ 3’NBK‘’] -K[]A&AB;n! A; Proceedings of the International Conference of Reformed Churches, Smith Korea, Oct.15-23, 1997 a6’jj[n pBz[y p;E’KA&[;0’ 6YUjA0[&AB;In tuufin tb*es1h à-E’ (AN&I B N &E’ PBj? 2JAKA&n! A; Revival and Renewal a’]S -S lB?j’ [;] gS cYNN?h -Bq?By P[?[‘[ 2’‘A;[K T;;Y[j 3’JBK&n tuufin se**h àgE[jj’;R’I B N &E’ gE[KAI‘[&A0 xB·’‘’;& &B &E’ 3’NBK‘’] -K[]A&AB;n 6[K& tn! Ordained Servant fn ;BS 1 atuusiy Fseofh àgE[jj’;R’I B N &E’ gE[KAI‘[&A0 xB·’‘’;& &B &E’ 3’NBK‘’] -K[]A&AB;n 6[K& *n! Ordained Servant!, ;BS F atuusiy buefFh àZHAN’e(A·A;R 2JAKA&εy 6KBUA;R &E’ g’;&’K B N 6[YjεI 6;’Y‘[&Bje ogy,” JETSFt atuusi y of1esuh à7E’K’ P[·’ Tjj &E’ 2JAKA&Y[j (AN&I (B;’m T c’N’;I’ B N g’II[&AB;AI‘n! Modem Reformation a2’J&Se80&S *vvtiy *ve*Fh à7E[& [UBY& 6KBJE’0? [;] -B;RY’I -B][?mn! New Horizons a:[;S *vv*iy ttet*n **S

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL20

z E’; &E’ ’·’;& B N UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB; NBK U’jA’·’KI zAjj &[q’ Jj[0’n &E’ NAKI& &EA;R &E’ [JBI&j’ zBYj] jAq’j? z[;& &B I[? AI &E[& A& E[I [jK’[]? U’RY;S

7’ IEBYj] [;&A0AJ[&’n &E’;n RA·’; &E’ B·’K[jj 0BE’K’;0’ B N EAI &’[0EA;Rn &E[& 6[YjεI Y;]’KI&[;]A;R B N &E’ 2JAKA& zAjj JKB·’ &B U’ à’I0E[&BjBRA0[j A; ;[&YK’ [;] gEKAI&B0’;e &KA’ A; 5Y[jA&?S! 7 A&EBY& ]’;?A;R &E’ JK’I’;0’ B N B&E’K ]’&’K‘ A;A;R N[0&BKIn gEKAI&BjBR? [;] ’I0E[&BjBR? ’IJ’0A[jj? IE[J’ &E’ ‘[&KAV B N EAI J;’Y‘[&BjBR?S - E’ ]’[&E [;] K’IYKe K’0&AB; B N gEKAI& A; &E’AK ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j IAR;ANA0[;0’ 0B;&KBj 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; &E’ zBKq B N &E’ 2JAKA&S

-E’ JK’0’]A;R 0B‘ ‘ ’;&I JKB·A]’ [ NK[‘’zBKq NBK NB0YIA;R B; &E’ NA;[j 0j[YI’ B N t gBK toyFoy à- E’ j[I& T][‘ U’0[‘ ’ jAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA&S! p ]B IB JKA‘[KAj? NBK &zB K’[IB;IS ati p; [jj B N 6[Yjn [I N[K [I p 0[; I’’n &E’K’ AI ;B [II’K&AB; [UBY& &E’ 2JAKA&εI [0&A·A&? [I JA·B&[jn ’·’; ‘ B‘ ’;&BYIn [I &EAIS a*i 8 ; &E’ B&E’K E[;] A& ]B’I ;B& [JJ’[K &B ‘ ’ &B E[·’ K’0’A·’] &E’ [&&’;&AB; A& ]’I’K·’In ’IJ’0A[jj? [‘ B;R A;&’KJK’&’KI zA&E [; ’·[;R’jA0[j 0B‘ ‘ A&‘ ’; &SS S S

à-E’ jAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA&! AI ; B& [ &A‘’j’II ]’I0KAJ&AB; B N gEKAI&S 3[&E’Kn E’ àU’0[‘ ’! IY0E aτ=τXτο_iS -E’K’ AI jA&&j’ KBB‘ NBK ]BYU& [UBY& &E’ &A‘ ’ JBA;& B N &EAI U’0B‘ A;RS p& AI EAI K’IYKK’0&AB; BKé ‘ BK’ UKB[]j?n &BR’&E’K zA&E &E’ [I0’;IAB;é EAI ’V[j&[&AB;S -E’ NjBz B N K’[IB;A;R A; 0E[JS to ‘[q’I &E[& ·AK&Y[jj? 0’K&[A;S ־BK B;’ &EA;R A& zBYj] ‘[q’ ;B I’;I’ NBK 6[Yj &B [KRY’ NBK &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; B N U’jA’·’KI [I E’ ]B’I AN gEKAI& z’K’ àjAN’eRA·A;R! U? ·AK&Y’n I[?n B N EAI JK’’VAI&’;0’ BK A;0[K;[&AB;é BK [;? 0B;IA]’K[&AB; B&E’K &E[; EAI K’IYKK’0&AB;S -EAI AI ;B& &B IYRR’I& &E[& EAI JK’’VAI&’;0’ [;] A;0[K;[&AB; [K’ Y ; A‘ JBK&[;& BK ; B; ’II’; &A[ j NBK 6[Yjn UY& &E’? jA’ BY &IA] ’ EAI JYK·A’z E’K’S ,VJK’II’] ’JARK[‘ ‘[&A0[jj? A; &E’ &’K‘ I B N &E’ 0E[J&’K A&I’jNy TI àNAKI&NKYA&I! B N &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; E[K·’I& azS *vn *1i gEKAI& AI àjAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA&! a·S Foih [I &E’ jAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA& E’ AI à&E’ NAKI&NKYA&IS!

T00BK]A;R &B ·S Ff &E’ j[I& T][‘ [I à&E’ I’0B;] ‘ [;! AI ;Bzn U? ·AK&Y’ B N [I0’;IAB;n àNKB‘ E’[·’; S! P ’ AI à&E’ E’[·’;j? B ; ’! a·S Fsi z EBI’ A‘ [R’n U? ·AK&Y’ B N EAI Bz; K’IYKK’0&AB;n U’jA’·’KI zAjj U’[K NYjj? [& &E’ &A‘ ’ B N &E’AK UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB; a·S Fuh 0NS 6EAj 1y*ve*tiS Tjj &Bj]n &E’;n &E’ j[I& T][‘n [I E’ E[I U’0B‘ ’ à&E’ jAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA&n! AI IJ’0ANA0[jj? &E’ ’V[j&’] gEKAI&S

g’K&[A;j? A; &E’ A‘ ‘ ’]A[&’ 0B;&’V& &EAI jAN’eRA·A;R 0B;&’‘ Jj[&’I gEKAI&εI NY&YK’ [0e &AB; zE’; E’ zAjj K’IYKK’0& &E’ ‘BK&[j UB]A’I B N U’jA’·’KI a0NS t gBKS toy**iS p& I’’‘ I ]ANNA0Yj& &B ]’;?n EBz’·’Kn &E[& EAI JK’I’;& [0&A·A&? AI A‘JjA0A&j? A; ·A’z [I z’jjS -E[& &E’ K’IYKK’0&’] gEKAI&n [I jAN’eRA·’Kn 0YKK’;&j? ’VAI&I A; [ IYIJ’;]’] I&[&’ B N A;[0&A·A&? zBYj] U’ [ I&K[;R’ ;B&AB; A;]’’] &B [&&KAUY&’ &B 6[YjS T ;] A; N[0&n [I E ’ ’VJjA0A&j? &’[0E’I ’jI’zE’K’n U’jA’·’KI E[·’ [jK’[]? U ’’; K[AI’] zA&E gEKAI&S - E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; jAN’ B N &E’ U’jA’·’K A; Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI& AI ;B& B;j? NY&YK’ UY& JK’I’;& a’SRS 3B‘ by*ebh ([j *y*vh ,JE *yoebh gBj 1yteFiS gEKAI&n [I K’IYKK’0&’] [;] [I0’;]’]n AI [jK’[]? [0&A·’ A; &E’ gEYK0E A; &E’ jAN’eRA·A;Rn K’IYKK’0&AB; JBz’K B N &E’ 2JAKA&S T ;] &E[& [0&A·A&? AI KBB&’] A; zEB‘ E’ E[I U’0B‘ ’ [;] ;Bz AIy à&E’ jAN’eRA·A;R 2JAKA&S!

6[YjεI A;E’K’;&j? ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j 0B;0’J&AB; B N &E’ 2JAKA&εI [0&A·A&? AI B; &E’ N[0’ B N &EAI J[II[R’S - E’ IYI&[A;’] jA;q E’K’ U’&z’’; &E’ 2JAKA& [;] K’IYKK’0&AB;n &E’ JKA‘[j ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j ’·’;&n AI E[K]j? ‘’K’j? A;0A]’;&[jS - E’ ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j [’B;n &E’ K’IYKK’0e &AB; BK]’Kn AI U? z[? B N ’‘ A;’;0’ àIJAKA&Y[jS! -E[& AI &E’ ·AK&Y[j I’;I’ A; ·S Fb B N &E’ R’;’K[jA/A;R ’VJK’IIAB; à&E’ IJAKA&Y[jS! ,jI’zE’K’ &E’ A;I&KY‘’;&[jA&? B N &E’ 2JAKA& A; &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; AI ’VJjA0A& A; 3B‘ sytt a0NS tyFi [;] A‘ JjA’] A; t gBK bytF aà&EKBYRE EAI D( B]εIk JBz’K!ih 3B‘ byF aà&EKBYRE &E’ ־[&E’KεI RjBK?!iS

-E[& &EAI ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j [IJ’0& AI A;[jA’;[Uj’n ; B& z [A&A;R &B U’ [IIY‘ ’] U? &E’ 2JAKA& B;j? A; &E’ NY&YK’ [& gEKAI&εI K’&YK;n AI 0j’[K NKB‘ &E’ z’jjeq;Bz; ‘ ’&[JEBKI 6[Yj YI’I &B ]’I0KAU’ &E’ JK’I’;& zBKq B N &E’ 2JAKA& A; &E’ gEYK0E [;] zA&EA; U’jA’·’KIS P ’ AI à&E’ NAKI&NKYA&I! B N &E’AK NYjj []BJ&AB; &B U’ K’[jA/’] A; à&E’ K’]’‘ J&AB; aW &E’

21RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

K’IYKK’0&AB;i B N &E’ UB]?! a3B‘ sy*1iS 2A‘Aj[Kj? E’ AI à&E’ ]’JBIA&! &Bz[K] &E’ K’IYKe K’0&AB; UB]? a* gBK oyoiS TR[A;n A; EAI I’[jA;R [0&A·A&? [I à&E’ 2JAKA& B N JKB‘ AI’! E’ AI &E’ à]’JBIA&! B; &E’ gEYK0EεI àA;E’KA&[;0’! a,JE tytFin [; Y;[‘UARYBYIj? ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j K’[jA&? a0NS Fy1viS 9 B&’ EBz ’NN’0&A·’j? UB&E ‘ ’&[JEBKI 0[J&YK’ &E’ [jK’[]?';B&e?’& I&KY0&YK’ B N 6[YjεI ’I0E[&BjBR?n &E’ J[K&A[j ?’& ;B;’&E’j’II 0B;IY‘ ‘ [&’ 5Y[jA&? B N &E’ 2JAKA&εI zBKq A; &E’ U’jA’·’KS -E[& JK’I’;& ’VJ’KA’;0’ AI B N [ J A’0’ zA&E &E’ NYjj ’VJ’KAe ’;0’ B N &E’ 2JAKA&εI [0&A·A&? [& gEKAI&εI K’&YK; [;] IB [;&A0AJ[&’I &E[& NY&YK’ [0&A·A&?Sou

(2) This second selection illustrates Gaffin’s understanding of the cessation of the New Testament gifts of the Holy Spirit.

6’KE[JI U? ;Bz A& AI 0j’[K &E[& zE[& E[JJ’;’] [& 6’;&’0BI& z[I ;B& NAKI& B N [jj BK U[IA0[jj? [ ‘[&&’K B N &E’ IJ’0A[jn I&KAqA;R ’VJ’KA’;0’ B N &E’ t*v gEKAI&A[;I &E’K’S ,·’; j’II AI A& &E’ ‘ B]’j NBK [ JBI&0B;·’KIAB;n I’0B;]eUj’IIA;R ’VJ’KA’;0’ B N &E’ 2JAKA& &B U’ IBYRE& U? [jj U’jA’·’KI A; ’·’K? R’;’K[&AB; B N &E’ 0EYK0ES P ’K’ z’ NA;] BYKI’j·’I [& B]]I zA&E [ ·A’ze JBA;& &E[& E[I E[] RK’[& A;NjY’;0’ [;] AI I&Ajj zA]’j? E’j] n UB&E A; &E’ Bj]’K 6’;&’0BI&[j ]’;B‘ A;[&AB;I [;] &E’ JK’I’;& 0E[KAI‘[&A0 ‘ B·’‘ ’;&S 7’ BYRE&n &E’;n &B RA·’ IB‘ ’ [&&’;&AB; &B A& NBK &E’ U’[KA;R A& E[I B; &E’ IYUL’0& B N IJAKA&Y[j RAN&IS

- E’ 0B;&KBjjA;R J B A; & A; &E’ JBIA&AB; &[q’; E’K’ AI &E[& 6’;&’0BI& AI &B U’ Y;]’Ke I&BB] NAKI& B N [jj [I J[K& B N &E’ B;0’eNBKe[jj [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;& B N K’]’‘ J&AB; (historia salutis) K[&E’K &E[; [I [ J[K& B N A&I B;RBA;Rn 0B;&A;Y[j [JJjA0[&AB; a ordo salutis). 8U·ABYIj? &E’ &zB [K’ A;&A‘ [&’j? K’j[&’] [;] A;I’J[K[Uj’n UY& &E’? ‘YI& ;B& U’ 0B;NYI’]S -B ]B IB ;’0’II[KAj? L’BJ[K]A/’I &E’ [UIBjY&’ IYNNA0A’;0? [;] NA;[jA&? B N gEKAI&εI zBKqS TI p E[·’ [jK’[]? &KA’] &B IEBzn &E’ U[J&AI‘ zA&E &E’ P Bj? 2JAKA& [& 6’;&’0BI& AI [ Y;A5Y’ ’·’;& B N ’JB0E[j IAR;ANA0[;0’ A; &E’ EAI&BK? B N K’]’‘ J&AB;S - E’K’NBK’ A& AI ; B ‘ BK’ 0[J[Uj’ B N U’A;R K’J’[&’] BK I’K·A;R [I [ ‘ B]’j NBK A;]A·A]Y[j gEKAI&A[; ’VJ’KA’;0’ &E[; [K’ &E’ ]’[&En K’IYKK’0&AB; [;] [I0’;IAB; B N gEKAI&n zA&E zEA0E A& AI IB A;&’RK[jj? 0B;LBA;’] [I J[K& B N [ IA;Rj’ 0B‘ Jj’V B N ’·’;&I aI’’ [R[A; T0&I *y1*NSiSà

8. Resurrection

Throughout Dr. Gaffin’s writings there is an accent on the centrality of the resurrection of Christ for the understanding of Christianity. He has written seven works that engage or focus on this theme.61 To gain a sense of Dr. Gaffin’s emphasis on Jesus’ resurrection from a biblical-theological perspective consider the following written by Professor David Garner.

ou ([NNA;n àZHAN’e(A·A;R 2JAKA&εn! ofon ofsefuSbv ([NNA;n Perspectives on Pentecostn **S 2’’ [jIB ([NNA;n àT g’II[&AB;AI& .A’zn! A; Are Miraculous Gifts

for Today?, *oebFh àT g’II[&AB;AI& 3’IJB;I’ &B 3BU’K& HS 2[Y0?n! A; AUA]Sn tFueooh [;] àT g’II[&AB;AI& 3’IJB;I’ &B gS 2[‘Y’j 2&BK‘I [;] cBYRj[I TS 8IIn! A; AUA]Sn *sFeufS

bt 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn à3’IYKK’0&AB; [;] 3’]’‘J&AB;y T 2&Y]? A; 6[YjA;’ ,I0E[&BjBR?! -EScS ]AIISn 7’I&‘A;I&’K -E’BjBRA0[j 2’‘A;[K?n tubuh The Centrality of the Resurrection; Resurrection and Ree demption: A Study in Paul’s SoterioUfgy, à3’IYKK’0&AB;n! A; Encyclopedia of the Reformed Faith a’]S cB;[j] CS x0CA‘h HBYAI·Ajj’y 7’I&‘A;I&’K :BE; C;BVn tuu*in 1tue*vh à3’IYKK’0&AB; [;] 3’]’‘J&AB;y PBz ,I0E[&BjBR? [;] &E’ (BIJ’j 3’j[&’n! Modem Reformation a:[;Se־’US tuuuiy *1e*bh à3’]’‘J&AB; [;] 3’IYKK’0&AB;y T; ,V’K0AI’ A; lAUjA0[je2?I&’‘[&A0 -E’BjBR?n! A; A Confessing Theology for Postmodern Times a’]S xA0E[’j PBK&B;h 7E’[&B;y gKBIIz[?n *vvvin **ueFuh à3’]’‘J&AB; [;] 3’IYKK’0&AB;y T; ,V’K0AI’ A; lAUjA0[je2?I&’‘[&A0 -E’BjBR?n! '¡'hem*fn ;BS * a*vv*iy tbe1tS

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL22

‘];BK 6[Yjn IB&’KABjBR? AI ’VE[YI&A·’j? 0EKAI&BjBRA0[jn [ N[0& &E[& E’ ’VJK’II’I Y־ UARYe BYIj? A; &E’ BJ’; A; R B N EAI j’&&’K &B &E’ 3B‘[;IS p; EAI K’Nj’0&AB;I B; 3B‘[;I ty1eFn 3A0E[K] ([NNA; UYAj]I B; xYKK[?εI UAUjA0[j &E’BjBR?n 0E[jj’;RA;R &E’ &K[]A&AB;[j B;&Be jBRA0[j A;&’KJK’&[&AB; a0NS ’SRSn g[j·A;n P B]R’i B N &EAI NBK‘[&A·’ J[II[R’S 7 A&E K’R[K] &B 3B‘[;I ty1n g[j·A; A;IAI&In à&zB &EA;RI ‘YI& U’ NBY;] A; gEKAI&n A; BK]’K &E[& z’ ‘[? BU&[A; I[j·[&AB; A; EA‘ n ’·’; ]A·A;A&? [;] EY‘[;A&?S! ־BjjBzA;R A; &E’ NBB&I&’JI B N ‘ BK’ K’0’;& 3’NBK‘ ’] UAUjA0[j I0EBj[KIEAJn ([NNA; ]’N’;]I EAI ‘ ’;&BKIε K’]’‘J&A·’eEAI&BKAe 0[j A;&’KJK’&[&AB; a0NS ’SRSn .BIn 3A]]’KUBIn xYKK[?in zE’K’ &E’ gEKAI&BjBRA0[j ’;&Kä’ &B &EAI ’JAI]’ Y;·’AjI &E’ messianic IB;IEAJ B N :’IYI gEKAI&S p; B&E’K zBK]In &EAI &’V& ]B’I ;B& Y;J[0q &E’ E?JBI&[&A0 Y;AB;n [I g[j·A; JKBJBI’]h A;I&’[]n A& []·[;0’I [ &K[;IA&AB;[jn K’]’‘ J&A·’eEAI&BKA0[j JBA;&y gEKAI&εI Bz; []BJ&AB;n BK A; 0E[K[0&’KAI&A0 ([NNA;e’I5Y’ 0j[KA&?n :’IYIε àLY]A0A[jj? 0B;I&A&Y&A·’ ]’0j[K[&AB; B N IB;IEAJS! T00BK]A;R &B ([NNA;n gEKAI& in his resurrection U’RA;I [ à;’z [;] Y;JK’0’]’;&’] JE[I’ B N ]A·A;’ IB;IEAJS - E’ ’&’Ke ;[j 2B; B N ( B]n z EB z[I U B ‘ n jA·’] [;] ] A’] [kata sarka\, E[I U ’’; K[AI’] [kata prwuma] [;] IBn A; EAI ‘ ’IIA[;A0 A]’;&A&? aB N &E’ I’’] B N c[·A]in E[I U’0B‘ ’ zE[& E’ z[I ;B& U’NBK’y &E’ 2B; B N ( B] A; JBz’KS!b*

9. Eschatology

There are some seven writings in Dr. Gaffin’s works that focus on eschatology,63 although this is a theme that penetrates all aspects of his writings.64 He explains,

- E’ 3’NBK‘ [&AB; ]B0&KA;’ B N LYI&ANA0[&AB; K’0[J&YK’I &E’ ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j E’[K& B N &E’ RBIJ’jS -EAI [JJK’0A[&AB;n j[KR’j? A‘ JjA0A& [;] EBz’·’K BN&’; 0B‘ JKB‘ AI’] BK A;[]e ’5Y[&’j? [JJK’0A[&’]n AI ]’NA;A&’ [;] 0j’[K A; A&I ’NN’0&S p; N[0&n A& JKBU[Uj? ]B’I ;B& B·’KI&[&’n &EAI K’]AI0B·’K? AI J’KE[JI zE[& AI ‘ BI& A‘ JBK&[;& [UBY& &E’ 3’NBK‘ [&AB; IB&’KABjBRA0[jj?S g’K&[A;j? ; B&E A;R AI ‘ BK’ A‘JBK&[;&S

BK A;I&[;0’n A; [ ·’KI’ jAq’ 3B‘[;I sytn à-E’K’ AI &E’K’NBK’ ;Bz־ ;B 0B;]’‘ ;[&AB; NBK &EBI’ z EB [K’ A; gEKAI& :’IYIn! HY&E’K [;] B&E’KIn A;I&A;0&A·’j? [;] A‘ JjA0A&j? AN ; B & ’VJjA0A]?n E’[K] [; ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j JKB;BY ; 0’‘ ’;&S - E’? Y;]’KI&BB] &E[& &E’ à;Bz ! S S S AI ;B&EA;R j’II &E[; ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j A; A&I NBK0’h A& AI &E’ à;Bz! B N ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j K’[jA/[&AB;S

H[&’ ‘ ’]A’·[j 3B‘ [; g[&EBjA0AI‘ j’N& &E’ NY&YK’ ·’K]A0& [& &E’ NA;[j LY] R‘ ’; & &E’ ’·’K [;VABYI [;] Y;0’K&[A; BY&0B‘ ’ B N &E’ gEKAI&A[; jAN’S p; 0B;&K[I&n &E’ 3’NBK‘ ’KI RK[IJ’] &E[& &E’ ·’K]A0&n U ’jB;RA;R [& &E’ ’; ] B N EAI&BK?n E[I U ’’; UKBYRE& NBKz[K] [;] [jK’[]? JKB;BY;0’] B; U’jA’·’KI A; EAI&BK?n [;] IBn 0B;I&A&Y&A;R &E’ 0’K&[A; [;] I&[Uj’ U[IAI NBK &E’ gEKAI&A[; jAN’n JKB·A]’I Y;IE[q’[Uj’ 0B; NA]’;0’ A; &E’ N[0’ B N &E’ NA;[j LY]R‘ ’;&S

b* c[·A] lS ([‘’Kn à-E’ ־AKI& [;] H[I& 2B;y gEKAI&BjBR? [;] 2B;IEAJ A; 6[YjA;’ 2B&’KABjBR?n! A; Resurrection and Eschatologyn *obeofS P’K’ ([‘’K AI 5YB&A;R ([NNA;n Resurrection and Redemption: A Study in Paul’s Soteriology, ttsn tttS

bs 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn à-E’B;B‘? [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?y 3’Nj’0&AB;I B; 6BI&‘Ajj’;;A[jAI‘n! A; Theonom)1y A Reformed. Critique a’]A&’] U? 7AjjA[‘ 2S l[Kq’K [;] 7S 3BU’K& (B]NK’?h (K[;] 3[JA]Iy “B;]’K·[;n tuuvin tufe**Fh à2E[KA;R A; gEKAI&εI 2YNN’KA;RIy -E’ gEYK0EεI g[jjA;R l’NBK’ gEKAI&εI 3’e &YK;n! Creation Social Science and Humanities Quarterly tFn ;BS 1 atuu*iy *1e*fh à(jBK?n (jBKANA0[&AB;n! A; Dictionary of Paid and His Letters a’]S U? (S ־S P[z&EBK;’ [;] 3S 6S x[K&A;h cBz;’KI (KB·’y p;&’K.[KIA&?ntuu1in 1Fseovh à6K’e6BI&eTexAjj’;;A[jAI‘y 7E[&εI A; [ 9[‘’mn! Sword and Trowel, ;BS t atuu1iy tvetth à,I0E[&BjBR?y 7E[&εI A; [ 7BK]mn! New Horizons ac’0S tuu1iy 1eoh à(jBK?n! A; New Dictionary of Biblical Theology a’]S U? -S cS Tj’V[;]’K [;] lS 2S 3BI;’Kh cBz;’KI (KB·’y p;&’K.[KIA&?n *vvvin ovfettS

bF ־BK ’V[‘Jj’n I’’ ([NNA;n à-E’ PBj? 2JAKA& [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?! atusuin tFe*sS

23RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

-EAI 3’NBK‘ [&AB; Y;]’KI&[;]A;Rn p &[q’ A&n AI &KY’ &B &E’ 9 ’z -’I&[‘ ’;& [;]n A; J[K&A0Yj[Kn &B 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R &E[& U’jA’·’KI E[·’ [jK’[]? U ’’; LYI&ANA’] U? N[A&ES p; &EAI 0E[J&’K &E[& &’[0EA;Rn ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j &B A&I 0BK’n AI ;B& ‘? JKA‘[K? 0B;0’K;n [;] zAjj U’ JKBJBI’] K[&E’K &E[; [KRY ’] SS S S p;I&’[]n A; jARE& B N 0j’[K 9’z -’I&[‘’;& &’[0EA;R B; LYI&ANA0[&AB; [I K’[jA/’] [;] [ JK’I’;& K’[jA&? NBK U’jA’·’KIn p z[;& E’K’ &B NB0YI B; &E’ 5Y’I&AB; B N LYI&ANA0[&AB; [I NY&YK’S T]]K’II’] NBK &E’ ‘ BI& J[K& [I [; AIIY’ A; 6[YjεI &’[0Ee A;Rn zE[& [UBY& LYI&ANA0[&AB; [;] &E’ à; B& ?’&! B N BYK I[j·[&AB;m 2EBYj] z’n [00BK]A;R &B EA‘ n &EA;q B N BYK LYI&ANA0[&AB; [I A; IB‘ ’ I’;I’ I&Ajj NY&YK’m 2EBYj] z’n A; B&E’K zBK]In I’’ EAI &’[0EA;R B; LYI&ANA0[&AB; A; &’K‘I B N EAI [jK’[]?e;B& ?’& BY&jBBq B; I[j·[&AB; [I [ z EBj’ [;] zA&EA; zE[& p &[q’ &B U’ &E’ 0B;&KBjjA;R [;&EKBJBjBRA0[j RKA] JKB·A]’] U? &E’ àA;;’K I’ jNεeàBY&’K I’ jNε ]AI&A;0&AB; ’VJjA0A& A; * gBKA;&EA[;I Fytbm

p& ‘ ARE& I’’‘ n [& j’[I& [I [; A;A&A[j K’[0&AB;n &E[& BYK [;Iz’K IEBYj] U’ A; &E’ ;’R[&A·’n [;] [; ’‘ JE[&A0 à; B ! [& &E[&S - E’ K’[IB; NBK IY0E [ K’[0&AB; AI ; B& B;j? Y;]’KI&[;]e [Uj’ UY& UBY;] &B U’ [JJK’0A[&’]S -B IJ’[q B N LYI&ANA0[&AB; [I A; [;? I’;I’ NY&YK’ BK à;B& ?’&! [JJ’[KI &B &[q’ [z[? NKB‘ A&I à[jK’[]?n! ]’NA;A&A·’ 0E[K[0&’KS -B ·A’z A& [I A; IB‘ ’ I’;I’ I&Ajj NY&YK’ I’’‘ I &B &EK’[&’; A&I JK’I’;& [UIBjY&’ NA;[jA&? [;] IB &B Y;]’K‘ A;’ A&I I’&&j’] 0’K&[A;&? A; &E’ jAN’ B N &E’ gEKAI&A[;S p& zBYj] IYK’j? U’&K[? BK ‘AIK’JK’I’;& 6[Yjn &E’; AN [;?&EA;R p I[? E’K’ z BYj] U’ E’[K] BK [jjBz’] &B 0[jj A; &B 5Y’I&AB; &E[& I’&&j’] 0’K&[A;&?S -E[& AI ;B ‘ BK’ BK j’II &E’ 0[I’n NBK A;I&[;0’n &E[; A& zBYj] U’ &B 0[jj A;&B 5Y’I&AB; NBK EA‘ n U’0[YI’ &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; B N &E’ UB]? AI I&Ajj NY&YK’n &E’ I’&]’] 0’K&[A;&? B N &E’ U’jA’·’KεI [jK’[]? E[·A;R U’’; K’IYKK’0&’] zA&E gEKAI& a’SRS ,JES *yoebh gBjS 1yth ([jS * y * v i SS S S

2’0B;]j?n N’z zAjj ]AIJY&’ &E[& Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI& A; EAI K’IYKK’0&AB;n U’A;R Y;A&’] &B &E’ K’IYKK’0&’] gEKAI& U? N[A&En RKBY;]I A; A&I ’;&AK’&? 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; I[;0&ANA0[&AB; [;] &E’ K’;’z[j B N &E’ gEKAI&A[;S lY& Y ; AB; zA&E gEKAI& [I K’IYKK’0&’] AI ; B & B;j? K’;B·[&A·’S - E[& Y ; AB; [jIB E[I LY ] A0 A[ j BK NBK’; IA0 IAR; ANA0[; 0’n [I ] B’I g EKAI&εI Bz; K’IYKK’0&AB;S

- E’ LY]A0A[j A‘ JBK&[;0’ B N gEKAI&εI K’IYKK’0&AB; AI Jj[A; NKB‘ 3B‘[;I Fy*on àzEB z[I ]’jA·’K’] YJ NBK BYK &K’IJ[II’I [;] z[I K[AI’] NBK BYK LYI&ANA0[&AB;S! P ’K’ [ ]AK’0& 0B;;’0&AB; AI ]K[z; U’&z’’; &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; [;] LYI&ANA0[&AB; SS S S

S S S EBz [K’ UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB; [;] NA;[j LY] R‘ ’; & K’j[&’]m 2B N[K [I 6[Yj AI 0B;e 0’K;’]n A& I’’‘ I 0j’[K a[I Larger Catechism ss [NNAK‘ Iin ’IJ’0A[jj? A; &E’ jARE& B N * gBKA;e &EA[;I oytvn &E[& &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; JK’0’]’I &E’ NA;[j LY]R‘ ’;&S p; B&E’K zBK]In U’jA’·’KIn A; Y;AB; zA&E gEKAI&n zAjj [JJ’[K [& &E’ NA;[j LY] R‘ ’; & [I [jK’[]? K’IYKK’0&’] UB]Aj?S -E[& AIn &E’? zAjj [JJ’[K &E’K’ A; &E’AK àIJAKA&Y[j! UB]A’In &E[& AIn UB]A’I &E[& [K’ ’;jA·’;’] [;] &K[;INBK‘’] U? &E’ P Bj? 2JAKA& [;] IB [K’ [I A‘J’KAIE[Uj’ [I &E’? [K’ RjBKANA’] [;] JBz ’KNYj at gBKS toyF*eFFiS gEKAI&A[;I zAjj [JJ’[K NBK NA;[j LY ] R ‘ ’; & [I NYjj? 0B;e NBK‘ ’]n U? UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB;n &B &E’ A‘ [R’ B N &E’AK UKB&E’Kn &E’ ’V[j&’] gEKAI& a·S Fuh 0NS 3B‘S sy*uiS

-EAI 0[KKA’I [; A‘ JjA0[&AB;n [I A‘ JBK&[;& [I A& AI BU·ABYIn NBK Y;]’KI&[;]A;Rn [;] NBK ‘ A;AI&’KA;Rn 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; LYI&ANA0[&AB; [I NY&YK’S pN U’jA’·’KI [JJ’[K [& &E’ NA;[j LY]R‘ ’;& [I [jK’[]? K’IYKK’0&’] UB]Aj?n &E’; &E’? zAjj [JJ’[K &E’K’ [I [jK’[]? BJ’;j? LYI&ANA’]S -E’AK NY&YK’ LYI&ANA0[&AB;n [I z’ E[·’ U ’’; IJ’[qA;R B N A&n zAjj E[·’ [jK’[]? &[q’; Jj[0’ A; &E’AK K’IYKK’0&AB;n zA&E &E’ defacto ]’0j[K[&A·’n NBK’;IA0n LYI&AN?A;R IAR;ANAe 0[;0’ A& E[I A; 6[Yjn [I z’ E[·’ JBA;&’] BY& [UB·’S -EAI ‘ ’[;In NYK&E’Kn z’ ‘[? I[?n &E[&n NBK U’jA’·’KIn &E’ NA;[j LY] R‘ ’;&n [I A& AI &B U’ [00BK]A;R &B zBKqIn zAjj E[·’ NBK &E’‘ [ K’[jA&? &E[& AI K’Nj’0&A·’ B N [;] NYK&E’K [&&’I&I &E’AK LYI&ANA0[&AB; [jK’[]? BJ ’; j? ‘ [;AN’I&’] A; &E’AK UB]Aj? K’IYKK’0&AB;S

p& zBYj] U’ J’K·’KI’ &B [; ’V&K’‘ ’n &E’;n &B K’[] 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; &E’ NA;[j LY]Re ‘ ’;&n [I z’jj [I ‘? ]AI0YIIAB; B N A& E’K’n [I j’[·A;R gEKAI&A[;I A; &EAI jAN’n A; &E’ N[0’ B N ]’[&En Y;0’K&[A; B N &E’ NY&YK’é Y;[Uj’ &B q;Bz NBK IYK’ &E’ BY&0B‘ ’ NBK &E’‘ [& &E’

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL24

NA;[j LY]R‘ ’;& [;] z B;]’KA;R z E’&E’K &E’? E[·’ JKB]Y0’] ’;BYRE àRBB] zBKqI! A; &EAI jAN’ NBK [ N[·BK[Uj’ ·’K]A0& ’;&A&jA;R &E’‘ &B ’&’K;[j jAN’S -B &E’ 0B;&K[K?n ’·’K?&EA;R [& I&[q’ E’K’ A;0jY] A;R &E’AK [IIYK[;0’n ]’J’;]I B; gEKAI&n IJ’0ANA0[jj? EAI NA;AIE’] KARE&’BYI;’II A‘ JY&’] &B &E’‘ n A; Y;AB; zA&E EA‘ n [;] K’0’A·’] U? N[A&E [jB;’S T& &E’ I[‘’ &A‘’n 6[YjεI &’[0EA;R B; &E’ NA;[j LY]R‘ ’;& [;] &E’ KBj’ A& zAjj E[·’ NBK U’jA’·’KI ]B’I JY& A; Yj&A‘ [&’ J’KIJ’0&A·’ &E’ A;&’RK[jn Y;UK’[q[Uj’ UB;] E ’ I’’I U’&z’’; LYI&Ae NA0[]B; [;] I[;0&ANA0[&AB;n [;] B; &E’ &KY&E &E[& N[A&E [I à&E’ [jB;’ A;I&KY‘ ’;& B N LYI&Ae NA0[&AB; S S S A I S S S ; B& [jB;’ A; &E’ J’KIB; LYI&ANA’]! a Westminster Confession of Faith, 11:2).bo

10. Sabbath

Seven of Dr. Gaffin’s writings address the question of the continuing validity of the Sabbath for the Christian.66 For example, he writes,

KB‘ A&I U’RA;;A;R &E’ 8־ K&EB]BV 6K’IU?&’KA[; gEYK0E E[I E[] [ 0B;0’K; NBK &E’ I[;’e &A&? B N &E’ HBK]εI c[? [I &E’ gEKAI&A[; 2[UU[&En [ 0B;0’K; zEA0E AI ;B& ‘’K’j? &K[]A&AB;[j UY& [; ’j’‘ ’;& A; A&I 0B;N’IIAB;[j 0B‘ ‘ A&‘ ’;& a Westminster Confession of Faith, M M pyfnsiSp E BJ ’ A; &EAI 0E[J&’K &B E’jJ ‘ [A;&[A; &E’ ·A&[jA&? B N &E[& 0B;0’K;n A; &E’ N[0’ B N IAR;I &E[& A& AI z’[q’;A;R [;] [& [ &A‘’ z E’; A& AI U’A;R 0E[jj’;R’] [I ;’·’K U’NBK’S

p; &E’ J’K’;;A[j 2[UU[&Ee2Y;][? ]’U[&’n From Sabbath to Lord’s Day Y;5Y’I&AB;[Uj? K’JK’I’;&I [ IAR;ANA0[;& ‘ Aj’I&B;’S p; &E’ zBK]I B N A&I ’]A&BK acS TS g[KIB;in àA& AI ;B& ‘’K’j? [ I?‘JBIAY‘ UY& [ Y;ANA’]n 0BBJ’K[&A·’ ’NNBK&! S S S [; ’NNBK& 0[j0Yj[&’] [UB·’ [jj &B 0B;·A;0’ &E’ K’[]’K &E[& &E’ HBK]εI c[? AI ;B& &E’ gEKAI&A[; 2[UU[&ES ,·’; &EBI’n jAq’ ‘?I’jNn zEB K’‘[A; Y;0B;·A;0’] [K’ UBY;] &B ·[jY’ &E’ 0[K’n U[j[;0’ [;]n NBK &E’ ‘ BI&J[K&n &E’ &EBKBYRE;’II zA&E zEA0E &EAI JKBL’0& E[I U’’; Jj[;;’] [;] 0[KKA’] BY&”””

p& zBYj] U’ J’K·’KI’ &B IYRR’I& &E[& &E’ 2[UU[&Ee2Y;][? AIIY’ 0[; U’ I’&]’] IBj’j? B; &E’ U[IAI B N P ’US 1yfNNSn [;] &E’K’ AI [jz[?I &E’ ][;R’K B N K’[]A;R A;&B &E’ J[II[R’ zE[& AI ;B& &E’K’S lY& A& zBYj] U’ ’5Y[jj? K’‘AII &B B·’KjBBq BK ‘ A;A‘ A/’ K’j’·[;& ’V’e R’&A0[j RA·’;In z E’&E’K ’VJjA0A& BK A‘ JjA’]S

3’I& NBK &E’ 0EYK0E A; P’UK’zI 1 eF n A; RAI&n AIya[i ,I0E[&BjBRA0[jnaUi ,;&AK’j? NY&YK’na0i g[jj’] 2[UU[&EeK’I&A;R [;]a]i ( KBY;]’] A; ( B]εI K’I& [& 0K’[&AB;S

tS p; ·A’z B N a[i [;] a0i &E’ az’’qj?i 2[UU[&En zE[&’·’K ’jI’ ‘[? U’ A&I IAR;ANA0[;0’ aIi [;] NY;0&AB; aIin AI [; ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j IAR; BK &?J’n [ JBA;&’K &B ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j K’I&S -B ]’;? &EAI AI &B IYJJBI’ &E[& &E’ zKA&’Kn [I z’ E[·’ I’’;n ; B& B;j? [JJ[K’;&j? 0BA;’]

bo ([NNA;n à:YI&ANA0[&AB; [;] ,I0E[&BjBR?! A; Justified in Christ, tn bn *tSbb 3A0E[K] ([NNA;n àg[j·A; [;] &E’ 2[UU[&E! -ESxS &E’IAIn 7’I&‘A;I&’K -E’BjBRA0[j 2’‘A;[K?n

tub*h à-E’ 2[UU[&Ey T gK’[&AB; 8K]A;[;0’ [;] 2AR; B N &E’ gEKAI&A[; PBJ’n! Presbyterian GuardianFv ax[KS tuftiy FveF*h 3A0E[K] lS ([NNA;n :KSn àT 2[UU[&E 3’I& 2&Ajj Tz[A&I &E’ 6’BJj’ B N (B]n! A; Pressing Toward the Mark: Essays Commemorating Fifty Years of the Orthodox Presbyterian Church a’]S gE[Kj’I (S c’;;AIB; [;] 3A0E[K] gS ([‘Uj’h 6EAj[]’jJEA[y gB‘‘A&&’’ NBK &E’ PAI&BKA[; B N &E’ 8K&EB]BV 6K’IU?&’KA[; gEYK0En tusbin 11eotS à-E’ 2[UU[&Ey T 2AR; B N PBJ’n! New Horizons a־’US tuutiy oebh Calvin and the Sabbath, à7’I&‘A;I&’K [;] &E’ 2[UU[&En! A; The Westminster Confession into the 21st Century: Essays in Remembrance of the 350th Anniversary of the Westminster Assembly a’]S HARB; cY;0[;h K;n 4SCSy x’;&BKn *vv1n t*1eFFh àT 2AR; B]’־ N P BJ’n! New Horizons ax[KS *vv1iy 1eFh à6KB‘AI’In 6KB‘AI’In! Australian Presbyterian ax[KS *vvoiy Fes D[; A;&’K·A’z 0B;0’K;A;R &E’ 2[UU[&E U? &E’ ’]A&BKn 6’&’K P[I&A’kS

25RICHARD B. GAFFINJR.

&E’ &’K‘ à2[UU[&EeK’I&A;R! NBK ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j K’I& E A‘ I’jN UY& [jIB 0B;;’0&’] &E[& K’I& zA&E ( ’;S *y*e1 azEA0E ’jI’zE’K’ A; 20KAJ&YK’ AI B;j? YI’] NBK A;I&A&Y&A;R &E’ z’’qj? 2[UU[&Ein ?’& &E[& E’ ]A] IB z A&EBY& [;? &EBYRE& B N &E’ z’’qj? BK]A;[;0’é [ K[&E’K Y;jAq’j? IYJJBIA&AB;S

*S p; ·A’z B N aUi &E’ z’’qj? 2[UU[&E 0B;&A;Y’I A; NBK0’ Y;]’K &E’ ;’z 0B·’;[;&S -B ]’;? &EAI AI &B IYJJBI’ &E[& NBK &E’ zKA&’K &E’ z’’qj? IAR; E[I 0’[I’]n ’·’; &EBYRE &E’ K’[jA&? &B z EA0E A& JBA;&I AI I&Ajj NY&YK’é [R[A; [; Y;jAq’j? IYJJBIA&AB;S 7 E[& K[&AB;[j’ 0BYj] ’VJj[A; IY0E [ I’·’KA;Rn U? 0’II[&AB;n B N IAR; [;] Y;NYjNAjj’] K’[jA&?m

1S p; ·A’z B N a]i &E’ z’’qj? 2[UU[&E AI [ à0K’[&AB; BK]A;[;0’S! -B ]’;? &EAI AI &B ]AI[RK’’ zA&E &E’ zKA&’KεI Bz; A;&’KJK’&A·’ &K’[&‘ ’;& B N (’;S *y*S P ’ NA;]I &E’K’ ;B& B;j? [ ]’I0KAJ&AB; B N ( B]εI K’I& [& 0K’[&AB; UY& &E’ a’I0E[&BjBRA0[ji ]’IAR; [;] ‘[;][&’ &E[& ‘ [;qA;] ’;&’K [;] IE[K’ A& aFy1UeFn b [ iS T00BK]A;Rj?n &E’ IAR; JBA; &A;R &B &E’ K’[jA&? ‘ [;][&’] [& 0K’[&AB; AI A&I’jN RKBY;]’] A; &E[& ‘ [;][&’S TI ’I0E[&BjBR? AI &E’ RB[j B N JKB&BjBR?n IB &E’ ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j IAR; E[I [ JKB&BjBRA0[j U[IAIS -E’K’ [K’ ;B BNNI’&&A;R 0B;IA]’K[&AB;I &B &EAI A; N’K’;0’ A; &E’ 0B;&’V&S

FS 2Y‘y ־BK &E’ zKA&’K &E’ z’’qj? 2[UU[&E AI [; ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j IAR;n RKBY;]’] A; ’K’e [&AB; [;] 0B;&A;YA;R Y;]’K &E’ ;’z 0B·’;[;& Y;&Aj &E’ 0B;IY‘ ‘ [&AB;S P ’ ]B’I ;B& IYJJBK& &E’ ·A’z &E[& U’0[YI’ B N &E’ àIJAKA&Y[j K’I&! [jK’[]? UKBYRE& U? gEKAI& z’’qj? 2[UU[&Eeq’’JA;R AI ;B jB;R’K ;’0’II[K? BK ’·’; [JJKBJKA[&’S - E’ ;B&AB; B N [; ’·[;R’jA0[j BK gEKAI&A[; 2[UU[&E AI ’;&AK’j? A; E[K‘ B;? zA&E &E’ &’[0E A;R B N P’UK’zI 1 eF Sbf

11. Eccksiobgy

Dr. Gaffin’s concern for the church is evident in his many efforts to serve on the committees of the General Assembly of the OPC. This concern is evident as well in his writings which specifically point to aspects of living in the church.68 The following message was given by Dr. Gaffin on various occasions through the years including at my ordination service.

No Rolling Stones7 E[& AI &E’ 0EYK0Em 7 E[& AI &E’ JYKJBI’ B N &E’ 0EYK0Em 7 E[& ]B’I A& ‘ ’[; NBK ‘ ’

&B U’jB;R &B &E’ 0EYK0Em -E’I’ [K’ J’K’;;A[j 5Y’I&AB;In [;] ’[0E R’;’K[&AB; B N gEKAIe &A[;I ;’’]I &B U’ K’[]? zA&E A;NBK‘ ’] [;Iz’KIS -E[& K’[]A;’II AI IB ’II’;&A[j ;B& B;j? U’0[YI’ IY0E [;Iz’KI [K’ U[IA0 &B BYK A]’;&A&? [I U’jA’·’KI A; :’IYI gEKAI&n UY& A; ’·’K? R’;’K[&AB; zKB;R [;Iz’KI 0KBJ YJé [;Iz’KI &E[& A; ·[K?A;R z[?I ‘ AIj’[] &E’ 0EYK0E [;] UjYK A&I A]’;&A&?S

T q’? 9’z -’I&[‘’;& J[II[R’ [UBY& &E’ 0EYK0E AI t 6’&’K *yFeoS 8 ;’ z[? z’ ‘[? YI’NYjj? K’Nj’0& B; A&I &’[0EA;R AI &B ;B&’n A; 0B;&K[I&n zE[& &E’ 0EYK0E AI ;B&S -EAI J[Ie I[R’n z’ ‘[? I[?n IEBzI YI &E[& &E’ 0EYK0E AI ;B& ‘ []’ B N KBjjA;R I&B;’I aU’jA’·’KI [K’ ; B& &E’ KBjjA;R I&B;’IOiS -E[&εI &KY’ A; &zB I’;I’IS

bf ([NNA;n àT 2[UU[&E 3’I& 2&Ajj Tz[A&I &E’ 6’BJj’ BN (B]n! A; Pressing Toward the Mark, 11eotSbs àZ2B p 2[A] (BB]el?’ &B -E’‘ [;] 7’;& B; &B x[0’]B;A[n!ε New Horizons a:Y;Se:YjS tusuiy tuh

àc’;B‘A;[&AB;IéT 20[;][j BK [ 9’0’IIA&?m T 3’·A’z TK&A0j’n! New Horizons a:Y;Se:YjS tuu*iy tsetuh à9B 3BjjA;R 2&B;’IOn! Evangelical Presbyterian a80&S tuu*iy 1efh àp&εI -E[& 2A‘Jj’n! New Horizons ac’0StuuFiy *th à7B‘’; 2J’[qA;R A; &E’ gEYK0Ey T 3’IJB;I’n! New Horizons ax[KS tuubiy uetth à9B 3BjjA;R 2&B;’IOn! New Horizons a80&S tuubiy 1eFnsS

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL26

Built On Christ8 ;’ B N &E’ N[·BKA&’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& JA0&YK’I BK ‘ B]’jI NBK &E’ 0EYK0E AI [ UYAj]A;Rh

&E’ 0EYK0E AI ( B]εI EBYI’S - E’ 0EYK0E AI &E’ RK’[& 0B;I&KY0&AB; LB U &E[& ( B]n &E’ ‘[I&’K [K0EA&’0& [;] UYAj]’Kn E[I RB A; R A; &E’ J’KAB] U’&z ’’; &E’ K’IYKK’0&AB; [;] K’&YK; B N :’IYI aI’’ [jIB ’IJ’0A[jj? ,JES *ytue**iS 2J’0ANA0[jj?n E’K’ 6’&’K I[?I &E[& U’jA’·’KIn &BR’&E ’K zA&E gEKAI&n [K’ &E’ U Y Aj] A;R ‘ [&’KA[jn [;] [ ‘ BI& K’‘ [Kq[Uj’ 0B;I&KY0&AB; ‘ [&’KA[j [& &E[&— living I&B;’S - E’ Y;A5Y’;’II B N &E’ 0EYK0EeEBYI’ AI &E[& [I àjA·A;R I&B;’I! &E’? NBK‘ [ àIJAKA&Y[j EBYI’S! gEKAI&A[;I [K’ &B Y;]’KI&[;] &E’‘e I’j·’I [I &EBI’ I&B;’In à]’[] A; ?BYK &K[;IRK’IIAB;I [;] IA;I! a,JES *ytnoin &E[& (B]n &E’ IB·’K’AR; 2[·ABKn E[I JA0q’] YJ B NN &E’ KYUUj’ E’[J B N IA;NYj EY‘[;A&?n ’; jA·’;’] U? EAI 2JAKA&n [;] UYAj& &BR’&E’K zA&E gEKAI&S

lY& z’ ‘ YI& U’ IYK’ ;B& &B ‘AII &E’ IJ’0A[j Jj[0’n &E’ JKA‘[0?n &E[& :’IYI E[I A; &EAI EBYI’h E’ AI the jA·A;R I&B;’S TI 6’&’K A‘ ‘ ’]A[&’j? []]I a·’KI’I befin E’ AI &E’ à0B‘ ’Ke I&B;’! a0NS ,JES *y*vih E’ AI &E’ foundation B N &E’ 0EYK0E at gBKS 1yttiS l’jA’·’KI [K’ UYAj& &BR’&E’K zA&E gEKAI& B;j? [I &E’? [K’ UYAj& B; EA‘ n U’0[YI’ &E’? K’I& B; [;] [K’ IYJJBK&’] U? EA‘ S p& AI ;B& &E’ B&E’K z[? [KBY;]h gEKAI& ]B’I ;B& K’I& B; &E’‘ S

P Bz AI gEKAI& &E’ NBY;][&AB;n &E’ IBjA] KB0qn B; zEA0E &E’ 0EYK0E AI U’A;R UYAj&m 6’&’K AI 0j’[K B; &E[&é U’0[YI’ B N EAI ]’[&E a·’KI’ *Fi [;] K’IYKK’0&AB; aty1iS gEKAI& AI ; B& &E’ NBY;][&AB;eI&B;’ U’0[YI’ B N EAI zAI]B‘ a&EBYRE E’ AI [ JKBNBY;] &’[0E’Ki BK U’0[YI’ B N &E’ ’V[‘ Jj’ E’ I’&I a&EBYRE z’ [K’ &B àNBjjBz A; EAI I&’JIn! ·’KI’ *tin UY& U’0[YI’ B N EAI I[0KANA0’n U’0[YI’ E’ ] A’] NBK BYK IA;IS gEKAI& AI &E’ NBY;][&AB; B N &E’ 0EYK0E U’0[YI’ E ’ ]A] NBK YI &E’ B; ’n [UIBjY&’j? ;’0’II[K? &EA;R &E[& z’ 0[;ε& ]B NBK BYKI’j·’In [;] E ’ ]A] A& J’KN’0&j?n B;0’ NBK [jjS

2Bn NAKI& B N [jjn U’jA’·’KI [K’ ; B& KBjjA;R I&B;’I A; &EAI I’;I’y &E’? [K’ &EBI’ I&B;’I NAK‘j? UYAj& B; gEKAI&n NAV’] YJB; &E’ IBjA] KB0q B N EAI KARE&’BYI;’IIS 7’ E[·’ U’’; UB;]’] &B :’IYI gEKAI& [;] ;B&E A;R 0[; ]’&[0E YI NKB‘ EA‘h [I 6[Yj [IIYK’I YIn ;B& ’·’; ]’[&E A&I’jN 0[; I’J[K[&’ YI NKB‘ EAI jB·’ a3B‘S sy1se1uiS

Built Together6’&’KεI zBK] JA0&YK’ ’;[Uj’I YI &B I’’ [;B&E’Kn I’0B;] [IJ’0& A; zEA0E U’jA’·’KI [K’

; B& KBjjA;R I&B;’Ih &EAI [IJ’0&n z’ ‘ YI& [JJK’0A[&’n AI A;I’J[K[Uj’ NKB‘ &E’ NAKI&Sp; &E’ 0EYK0EeEBYI’n [I A; [;? UYAj]A;Rn ;B& B;j? [K’ &E’K’ J’KJ’;]A0Yj[K NBK0’In &E’

·’K&A0[j jA;’I B N IYJJBK& &E[& KY; ]Bz; &B &E’ NBY;][&AB;n UY& &E’K’ [K’ [jIB EBKA/B;&[j jA;’I &B 0B;IA]’KS - E’ I&[UAjA&? B N [;? I&KY0&YK’ ]’J’;]I [I z’jj B; j[&’K[j &A’In 0KBIIe 0Y&&A;R K’j[&AB;IEAJI U’&z ’’; &E’ ·[KABYI J[K&IS

7’ ‘YI& K’0BR;A/’n &E’;n &E[& BYK K’j[&AB;IEAJ &B gEKAI& 0[;;B& U’ I’J[K[&’] NKB‘ BYK K’j[&AB;IEAJI zA&E B&E’K U’jA’·’KIS g’K&[A;j? &E’ &zB ‘ YI& ; B & U’ 0B;NYI’] n &E’ ·’K&A0[j zA&E &E’ EBKA/B;&[jS -E[& BN&’; E[JJ’;I &B][?n A; &E’ 0B;NYI’] ;B&AB;n NBK A;e I&[;0’n &E[& p NA;] gEKAI& A; B&E’K EY‘ [; U’A;RI [I IY0E aàgEKAI& AI ‘? N’jjBz ‘ [;!i S -E[& IBK& B N 0B;NYIAB; AI I’KABYIh A& ]’I&KB?I &E’ RBIJ’j U? ]’;?A;R &E’ Y;A5Y’;’II B N gEKAI& [;] j’[·A;R YI ]’J’;]’;& B; BYK Bz; ’NNBK&I &B I[·’ BYKI’j·’IS

lY& I&Ajj BYK K’j[&AB;IEAJ zA&E gEKAI& AI ; B& [; AIBj[&’] B;’S -B U’jB;R &B gEKAI& AI &B U’jB;R &B EAI 0EYK0ES -B U’ UYAj& B; gEKAI& AIn ;’0’II[KAj?n &B U’ UYAj& ;’V& &B B&E’K U’jA’·e ’KIS -B U’ àA; gEKAI&! AI &B U’ àzA&E B; ’ [;B&E’KS! wBY IA‘Jj? 0[;;B& E[·’ &E’ B;’ zA&EBY& &E’ B&E’KS

- EAI J[II[R’ AI [ RK[JEA0 [;] Y;‘ AI&[q[Uj’ 0E [jj’;R’ &B &E’ individualism &E[& Jj[RY’I ‘ Y0E 0B;&’‘ JBK[K? gEKAI&A[;A&?n [& j’[I& A; &E’ 7’I&S -BB BN&’; z E’; ’·[;e R’jA0[j gEKAI&A[;I E’[K &E’ zBK] à0EYK0E! zE[& &E’? &EA;q B N JKA‘[KAj?n ’·’; ’V0jYIA·’j?n AI [ Jj[0’n [ UYAj]A;R &E[& p ’;&’K B;0’ aBK ‘[?U’ ’·’; &zA0’ BK ‘ BK’i [ z ’’q &B zBKIEAJ (B] [;] E’[K EAI zBK] JK’[0E’]S

27RICHARD B. GAFFIN.JR.

Don’t misunderstand. True worship with sound preaching at its center is vital; it is the life-blood o f the church. Take away preaching, or even slight its importance, and the church will wither and eventually die.

Still, a deep-seated problem in the church, seriously impairing its effectiveness, is that too many people operate with a “preaching station” model o f the church. The church Peter pictures for us is not a kind of spiritual filling station that I drive into on Sundays, tank up for the rest o f the week, and then drive away. The church, ultimately, is not a building I come to but a building I am a part of, so much so that my very identity depends on my place in it.

Despite much popular thinking, the church is not just one, even important, institu- tion o f society. Moved by God’s Spirit, we do respond freely to the gospel and join the church willingly. But we must appreciate that ultimately, in the deepest sense, the church is not a voluntary association; it results from God’s sovereign, irresistible activity.

Being a Christian is personal, but it is not private; believing in Christ is something I must do as an individual, but it is not an individualistic activity. The notion that I can believe by myself, that I can function as a believer apart from other believers, is simply unthinkable for the New Testament.

A Christian is not a recluse; there is no place in the church for spiritual loners. One of the great presuppositions o f New Testament teaching on the church is captured in the frequently occurring phrases “each other” and “one another.” We need to recog- nize, then, that it is not only a Roman Catholic error but the sense in which it is true, as our Confession itself teaches (25:2), that ordinarily there is no possibility o f salvation outside o f the church.

Built To Serve“A rolling stone gathers no moss,” says the old proverb. But that’s not true in the

church. Believers, even though they are not rolling stones, are not idle, inactive moss-gatherers!

The church is not a mausoleum; it is made o f living stones. Nor is it simply an impres- sive monument, standing there for passers-by to look at and admire. Rather it is a “spiri- tual house”; that means it’s a place where things are to happen. Specifically, the church is a “holy priesthood” that exists to offer “spiritual sacrifices.” In a word, what Peter pictures is a temple. Just as Jesus foretold (John 2:19-22), the church-house is the new and final temple that replaces and surpasses the structure of literal, inert stone in Jerusalem.

7’ NK’5Y’;&j? IJ’[q B N à&E’ JKA’I&EBB] B N [jj U’jA’·’KIS! -E[& AI &E’ RK’[& &KY&E K’e 0[J&YK’] ’IJ’0A[jj? [& &E’ &A‘’ B N &E’ 3’NBK‘ [&AB;n &E’ JK’0ABYI RBIJ’j K’[jA&? &E[& IA;e ;’KI [K’ ;B& ] ’J’;]’;& B; EY‘ [; JKA’I&In BK [;? B&E’K ‘ ’]A[&BK &E[; gEKAI&n &B 0B‘ ’ &B ( B] NBK I[j·[&AB;S

But this passage enables us to think o f the priesthood of believers in yet another sense, one not so often recognized. Through Christ, all believers are priests not only because o f their direct access to God but also because o f their service o f God. All Chris- tians, not just some, are called to serve God as priests, and that, not as some option, but because o f their basic identity. Simply because we (can) do nothingior our salvation, we are called to do everything for our Savior. To be a living stone is to be qualified, by the indwelling power of the Holy Spirit, to offer spiritual sacrifices.

6j[A;j?n IJAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’ AI [ 0B‘ JK’E’;IA·’ K’[jA&?S -E’K’ AI ; B K’[IB; &B K’I&KA0& A& &B [ IJ’0A[j I’0&BK B N gEKAI&A[; [0&A·A&?h A& A;0jY]’I ’·’K?&EA;R &E[& ( B] z[;&I YI &B ]B NBK EA‘ S p& AI B;’ z[? B N jBBqA;R [& &E’ gEKAI&A[; jAN’ A; A&I ’;&AK’&?S

But what is at the core o f such sacrifice, and perhaps Peter’s foremost concern as he writes, comes out just a few verses prior to our passage in chapter 1:22: Now that you have

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purified yourselves by obeying the truth so that you have sincere love fo r your brothers, love one another deeply, from the heart.

P ’K’n à?BY E[·’ JYKANA’] ?BYKI’j·’I! ]B’I ;B& K’N’K JKA‘[KAj?n J’KE[JI ;B& [& [jjn &B ’&EA0[j K’;’z[j BK &E’ K’‘B·[j B N ‘BK[j 0BKKYJ&AB;S -E’ j[;RY[R’ AI I[0K[jn zA&E [; 8j] -’I&[‘’;& U[0qRKBY;]h A& ]’I0KAU’I U’A;R 0B;I’0K[&’] [ JKA’I&S 2B z’ ‘[? N[AKj? J[K[e JEK[I’n à9Bz &E[& ?BY E[·’ U’’; I’& [J[K& [I JKA’I&I S S S n jB·’ B;’ [;B&E’KS S S S! 7A&E &E[& &E’ ]AK’0& jA;q zA&E BYK J[II[R’ AI Y;‘AI&[q[Uj’y IJAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’ U’RA;I [;] A; j[KR’ J[K& 0B;IAI&In z’ ‘[? I[?n A; jB·A;R B&E’K gEKAI&A[;IS

p; &EAI 0B;;’0&AB; &zB &EA;RI [& j’[I& ; ’’] &B U’ I&K’II’]SAKI&n 6’&’KεI zBK] JA0&YK’ [JJjA’I &B &E’ 0EYK0E [& [jj j’·’jIS p& K’N’KI &B &E’ z־ EBj’n

B; ’n Y;A·’KI[j 0EYK0E A; [jj &A‘’I [;] Jj[0’IS lY& A& E[I A; ·A’z ‘ BI& 0B;0K’&’j? [;] ]Ae K’0&j?n IB N[K [I BYK ’VJ’KA’;0’ AI 0B;0’K;’]n &E’ jB0[j 0B;RK’R[&AB;S -E’ B&E’K jA·A;R I&B;’I &E[& pε‘ UYAj& 0jBI’I& &Bn &EBI’ &E[& [K’ ‘ BI& ]AK’0&j? []L[0’;& &B ‘ ’n [K’ &EBI’ zA&E zEB‘ p E[·’ aBK BYRE& &B E[·’i 0B;I&[;& 0B;&[0& A; &E’ B;RBA;R 0B;RK’R[&AB;[j zBKIEAJ [;] jAN’ B N zEA0E pε‘ [ J[K&h IJAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’ àU’RA;I [& E B‘ ’S!

2’0B;]n A; &E’ ‘[&&’K B N IJAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’n &E’ jB·’ 0[jj’] NBKn [I [jz[?I A; 20KAJ&YK’n AI ; B& IB‘ ’&EA;R ·[RY’ [;] A;]’NA;A&’S p& AI ; B& IA‘Jj? [; [&&A&Y]’ BK N’’jA;Rh A& AI ;B& LYI& [ àz[K‘ RjBz! &Bz[K] B&E’KI a[j&EBYRE A& ‘[? BN&’; A;·Bj·’ &E[&iS 3[&E’Kn A& ’VJK’II’I A&I’jNn jAq’ ( B]εI jB·’ NBK EAI J’BJj’n A; 0B;0K’&’ ]’’]I B N jB·’S p; Y;K’‘ A&&A;Rn ·AK&Y[jj? A;’VE[YI&AUj’ z[?In A& I’’qI &E’ U’I& NBK B&E’KI at gBKS t1yFefiS 2JAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’ AI I’jNe I[0KANA0A;R jB·’ NBK (B] [;] B&E’KIS l’0[YI’ gEKAI&A[;I [K’ ; B& KBjjA;R I&B;’In &E’? [K’ &B I’K·’ B; ’ [;B&E’KS

HB·’ B;’ [;B&E’K NKB‘ &E’ E’[K&n 0B;&A;Y[jj?S -E[&εI ]ANNA0Yj&n ·’K? ]ANNA0Yj&é ’IJ’e ][jj? z E’; z’ R’& &B q;Bz ’[0E B&E’KS p;’·A&[Uj? z’ ]AI0B·’K A; B&E’KIn [I &E’? ]AI0B·’K A; YIn [ jB& &E[& AI Y;jB·[Uj’n Y;[&&K[0&A·’ [;] ]ANNA0Yj& &B jA·’ zA&ES 7’ ‘ ARE& [Iqn &E’;y &EAI JKA’I&j? I’K·A0’ B N IJAKA&Y[j I[0KANA0’n zEB AI 0[J[Uj’ B N A&m

- E’ [;Iz’Kn B N 0BYKI’n AI &E[& ;B B;’ B N YI AIh B N BYKI’j·’I ; B; ’ B N YI E[I &E’ àI’0K’&S! T;] &E[&εI zE? &E’ ‘’II[R’ B N &E’ 9’z -’I&[‘’;& AI ;B& [ à&K? E[K]’K! J’J &[jqn ; B& [ ‘ ’II[R’ B N JBIA&A·’ &EA;qA;R BK àI’jNe’I&’’‘ n! UY& &E’ gospel, &E’ RBB] ;’zI B N zEB z’ [K’ A; gEKAI& [;] zE[& (B] A; gEKAI& E[I ‘ []’ &E’ 0EYK0E &B U’S

3’‘’‘U’Kn NA;[jj?n &E[& &E’ RBIJ’j [;] A&I ’NN’0&A·’;’II AI [& I&[q’ A; [jj &EAIS ־BK &Be ][?n [I [jz[?In &E’ zBKj] AI z[&0EA;Rn ’·’; z E’; A& ‘[? ;B& U’ [z[K’ B N ]BA;R IBn &B I’’ AN &E’K’ K’[jj? AI [ ]ANN’K’;0’ U’&z’’; A&I’jN [;] &E’ 0EYK0En z E’&E’K U’A;R [ gEKAI&A[; AI [jj &E[& ]ANN’K’;&S 7 E[& &E’; AI A& &B &EA;q AN A& I’’I &E’K’n A; &E’ 0EYK0En &E’ ]AIE[K‘B;? [;] ]AI0BK]n &E’ I&KAN’ [;] I’jNe0’;&’K’];’II A& AI [jj &BB N[‘AjA[K zA&E A; A&I’jNm

x[? ( B] RK[;& &B &E’ 0EYK0E A; BYK Bz; &A‘’ [ 0j’[K I’;I’ B N A]’;&A&?é NBK U’jA’·’KI &B I’’ &E[& &E’? [K’ ; B jB;R’K KBjjA;R I&B;’In ]KAN&A;R [UBY& [A‘j’IIj? A; &E’ ]’[];’II B N &E’AK IA;In UY& jA·A;R I&B;’In NAK‘j? UYAj& B; gEKAI& [;] &BR’&E’K zA&E B&E’K U’jA’·’KIS x[? E’ RK[;& &E[& [In A; gEKAI&n z’ [K’ zA&E ’[0E B&E’Kn ‘ BK’ [;] ‘ BK’n &B EAI RjBK?n z’ ‘[? U’ NBK ’[0E B&E’KSbu

12. Christian Ministry

The last area of Dr. Gaffin’s theological interest that we will highlight here is his concern for the relevance of the Reformed faith for Christian life and ministry. Some of his writings focus specifically on this matter.70 The following selection

bu ([NNA;n à9B 3BjjA;R 2&B;’I! atuu*in 1efSfv à3Y;;A;R &E’ 3[0’n! New Horizons a:Y;Se:YjS tusFiy th à-E’ (K’[& gB‘‘AIIAB;n! A; Westminster

Theological Seminary a6EAj[]’jJEA[y 7’I&‘A;I&’K -E’BjBRA0[j 2’‘A;[K?n *vvtin toe*1S

29RICHARD B. GAFFIN, JR.

comes from his effort to show the relevance of the biblical doctrine o f total depravity for the development of business ethics.

pN &E’ lAUj’ &’[0E’I [;?&EA;R 0j’[Kj?n A& AI &E’ K’[jA&? B N IA;S -E[& AI &E’ ][Kq IA]’ B N &E’ 0j[KA&? B N 20KAJ&YK’n 0B;N’II’] U? &E’ 6KB&’I&[;& 3’NBK‘’KIé A&I Y;IJ[KA;R JBK&K[?[j B N EY‘ [; IA;NYj;’IIS ־KB‘ U’RA;;A;R &B ’;]n (’;’IAI 1 &EKBYRE 3’·’j[&AB; **n &E’ lAUj’ ]B0Y‘ ’;&I &E’ NYjj K[;R’ B N IA; [;] A&I 0B;I’5Y’;0’IS 2A; AI K’U’jjAB; [R[A;I& ( B ] SS S S

A RBB] Jj[0’ &B U’RA; zA&E UAUjA0[j &’[0EA;R B; &E’ ]’J&E [;] I0BJ’ B N EY‘ [; IA;e NYj;’II AI t gBKA;&EA[;I *ytFy àlY& &E’ ;[&YK[j ‘[; D&E[& AIn &E’ J’KIB; zA&EBY& ( B]εI 2JAKA&k ]B’I ;B& K’0’A·’ &E’ &EA;RI B N &E’ 2JAKA& B N (B]n NBK &E’? [K’ NBBjAIE;’II &B EA‘h ;BK 0[; E’ q;Bz &E’‘ n U’0[YI’ &E’? [K’ IJAKA&Y[jj? ]AI0’K;’]! a9C :.iSS S S

- E’ ]B0&KA;’ B N &B&[j ]’JK[·A&? E[I [jz[?I E[] A&I ]’&K[0&BKIn UB&E BY&IA]’ [;] zA&EA; &E’ 0EYK0ES -E[& AI IB NBK [& j’[I& &zB K’[IB;In [J[K& NKB‘ A;[]’5Y[&’ [;] 0B;NYIA;R z[?I A; zEA0E &E’ ]B0&KA;’ ‘[? IB‘ ’&A‘ ’I U’ JK’I’;&’]S -E’ ]’’J’I& K’[IB; AI BYK Bz; IA;NYj;’IIé BYK ;[&A·’ K’IAI&[;0’ &B [0q;Bzj’]RA;R &E[& z’ [K’ IA;;’KI [;] &E’ NYjj ‘ [R;A&Y]’ B N BYK IA;NYj;’IIS 8;j? &E’ P Bj? 2JAKA& 0[; JKB]Y0’ R’;YA;’ 0B;N’IIAB; B N IA; aI’’:BE; tbysettiS

lY& [;B&E’K K’[IB; ’IJ’0A[jj? z[KK[;&I BYK [&&’;&AB; E’K’S - E’ ]B0&KA;’ B N &B&[j ]’JK[·A&? I’’‘ I &B 0B;&K[]A0& K’[jA&?S -B 0B;N’II K[]A0[j EY‘ [; 0BKKYJ&AB;n [JJ[K’;&j?n AI A; 0B;NjA0& zA&E jAN’ [I z’ ’VJ’KA’;0’ A&S ,·’K?zE’K’ [KBY;] YI BY&IA]’ &E’ J[j’ B N gEKAI&A[;A&? [;] [‘ B;R &EBI’ zEB ‘[q’ ;B JK’&’;I’ B N U’A;R U’jA’·’KI [K’ 0BY;]’II [;] ’·A]’;& A;I&[;0’Ié A; &E’ RK’[& [I z’jj [I &E’ I‘[jj [NN[AKI B N jAN’é B N qA;];’II [;] E’jJNYj;’II &B B&E’KIn B N JEAj[;&EKBJ? [;] ]’’]I B N ‘’K0?n B N [&&K[0&AB; &B zE[& AI RBB] [;] KARE&n ;BUj’ [;] EB;BK[Uj’n B N ’NNBK&I &E[& []·[;0’ J’[0’ [;] EY‘ [; z’jjeU’A;Rn B N U’;’NA0A[j 0Yj&YK[j [;] [K&AI&A0 [00B‘ JjAIE‘ ’;&n B N E’KBAI‘ [;] I’jNeI[0KANA0’n ’·’; &B &E’ JBA;& B N ] ’ [ &E SS S S

S S S &E’ 5Y’I&AB; AI EBz &B [00BY;& NBK Y;]’;A[Uj’ RK[][&AB;I [;] ·[KA[&AB;I zA&EA; &E’ UBY;]I B N &B&[j ]’JK[·A&?S -E’ [;Iz’Kn [00BK]A;R &B &E’ lAUj’n jA’I ;B& A; YI UY& A; ( B]é A; P AI qA;];’IIn PAI RK[0ABYI;’IIn PAI J[&A’;0’S ־KB‘ B ; ’ [;Rj’ &E’ ’;&AK’ ‘ ’II[R’ B N &E’ lAUj’ NKB‘ (’;’IAI 1 B; AI [ ‘’II[R’ B N JBI&JB;’] LY]R‘ ’;&S - E’ NYjj ‘ ’[IYK’ B N ’I0E[&BjBRA0[j ]’[&E [;] ]’I&KY0&AB; &E[& &E’ IA; B N BYK NAKI& J[K’;&I ]’e I’K·’I AI ] ’j[?’] SS S S

7 A&EA; &EAI NK[‘’zBKq B N ( B]εI R’;’K[j U’;’·Bj’;0’n PAI 0B‘ ‘ B; RK[0’n U’jB;R &EBI’ JE’;B‘ ’;[ B N BYK ’VJ’KA’;0’ 0B;NAK‘ ’] A; 20KAJ&YK’ ;B&’] [UB·’y &E’ NK’5Y’;& A;&’K’I& B N Y;U’jA’·’KI A; zE[& AI KARE& [;] RBB]n &E’AK ]’·B&AB; &B ’VJ[;]A;R &E’ NKB;e &A’KI B N q;Bzj’]R’n &B ]’·’jBJA;R &E’ [K&I [;] I0A’;0’I A; [ 0B;I&KY0&A·’ [;] zBK&EzEAj’ N[IEAB;n &B []·[;0A;R IB0A’&? [;] JKB‘ B&A;R &E’ z’jjeU’A;R B N &E’ EY‘ [; K[0’S p; PAI 0B‘ ‘ B; RK[0’n ( B] ;B& B;j? U’I&BzI RBB] B; IA;NYj EY‘ [; U’A;RIS P ’ [jIB JKB]Y0’I RBB] &EKBYRE &E’‘S

gj’[Kj? &EAI [IJ’0& B N 0B‘ ‘ B; RK[0’ E[I [ ]AK’0& U’[KA;R B; ’0B;B‘ A0I [I [ zEBj’ [;] UYIA;’II ’&EA0I A; J[K&A0Yj[KSS S S

lY&é [;] &EAI AI 0KA&A0[jé 0B‘ ‘ B; RK[0’n ;B ‘[&&’K EBz JBIA&A·’ A&I ’NN’0&In AI K’I&K[A;&n ;B& K’;’z[jS p& AI ;B& [ ‘[&&’K B N &E’ E’[K&h A& ]B’I ;B& K’I&BK’ Y;U’jA’·’KI [& &E’ 0BK’n A; &E’ A;&’RKA&? B N &E’AK J’KIB;IS p& ]B’I ;B& ]’I&KB? &E’ ]AIJBIA&AB; B N &E’ àNj’IES! S S S

- E’ 0B;0jYIAB;I K’[0E’] IB N[K ‘[? U’ IY‘ ‘ ’] YJ A; &zB 0B;&KBjjA;R J’KIJ’0&A·’I B; UYIA;’II [;] ’0B;B‘ A0 jAN’S ati l[j[;0’ ;’’]I &B U’ ‘ [A;&[A;’] U’&z’’; 0B‘ ‘ B; RK[0’ [;] &B&[j ]’JK[·A&? [I &zB 0BKK’j[&A·’n ‘Y&Y[jj? 5Y[jAN?A;R JBj’IS -B AR;BK’ ’A&E’K BK ’‘ JE[IA/’ B;’ zA&EBY& &E’ B&E’K K’IYj&I A; ]AI&BK&AB;IS a*i 4 ;&Aj gEKAI&εI K’&YK; NBK NA;[j LY] R‘ ’; &é ]’IJA&’ 0[&[I&KBJE’In J’KAB]A0 ]AIKYJ&AB;In [;] ’·’KeJK’I’;&n BN&’; zA]’IJK’[] JB0q’&I B N JB·’K&?é z’ 0[; 0BY;& B; &E’ ‘ [A;&’;[;0’ B N [& j’[I& IB‘ ’

WESTMINSTER THEOLOGICAL JOURNAL30

‘ ’[IYK’ B N ’0B;B‘ A0 I&[UAjA&?n B; &E’ 0B;&A;Y[&AB; B N [·[Aj[Uj’ K’IBYK0’I [;] I&KY0e &YK’I NBK JKB]Y0&AB;n ]AI&KAUY&AB;n [;] ’V0E[;R’ &E[& ’;IYK’ &EKBYREBY& &E’ zBKj] 0B;]A&AB;I B N ’0B;B‘ A0 ·A[UAjA&? [;]n B; B00[IAB;n z’jjeU’A;R [;] ’·’; JKBIJ’KA&?SS S S

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IV. Personal Reflections on the Ministry of Dr. Richard B. Gajfin,Jr., Sancti Libri Theologicus Magnus Westmonasteriensis

I have had the joy previously to celebrate Dr. Gaffin’s long and fruitful career, as contributor to his festschrift and as a planner of the endowed Gaffin lectures that actually took him by surprise, thanks to the help of Jean. I also wrote an ab- breviated version of this paper for Ordained Servant. Similarly, I write this article in honor of Dr. Gaffin with deep respect and sincere gratitude for his ministry to the seminary, to the church, to his students, and to me.

On a personal level I am truly grateful for the many ways Dr. Gaffin has aided me in my call to serve our Lord. I have had the privilege to know him as a teacher, as an administrator of a Ph.D. area exam, as a fellow member of a Sunday school class, as a counselor and consoler in the midst of some very tense moments in my Presbytery exams, as a preacher at my ordination, and as the first person I recog- nized at Abington Hospital many years ago on a Sunday afternoon in September 1981 who rejoiced with me at the news that our first daughter was bom.

I have known Dr. Gaffin as a faculty colleague, as a participant in the semi- nary’s development efforts, as a moderator of the OPC General Assembly, as a fellow seminary representative at the World Reformed Fellowship, as a fellow stranded professor with Dr. Gamer and Dr. Jue as we enjoyed fellowship for a week in the United Kingdom waiting for a volcanic cloud from Iceland to clear.

He has been a wise theologian in the midst of community-shaking theological controversy, an author I’ve read and from whom I’ve learned, a co-author with whom I have labored, as well as a theological conversationalist, not to mention a fellow Phillies fan.

Finally, I thank God for the way that the Gaffin family has been an encourage- ment to so many in word and deed through their own personal suffering and grief. A moving witness to the Gaffins’ faithful love for our Lord and his church was reported by those who saw Dick and Jean quiedy setting up chairs for the congregation on the Sunday immediately after the funeral of their daughter.

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31RICHARD B. GAFFIN,JR.

Dr. Gaffin’s personal and godly impact has been multiplied thousands of times more through family cared for, students taught, articles and books published and read, sermons and lectures given and heard, and wise decisions reached and counsel given to churches, seminaries, and Christians worldwide.

All of this helps us to understand how the Rev. Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., has practiced what he has taught and what he has written:

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Thank you, Dr. Gaffin, for making sure the church has not lost sight of the gospel of Christ’s life-giving Spirit on your long and faithful watch at Westminster.

As it is my privilege as the President of Westminster Seminary to confer the graduating students’ degrees in Latin, the historic language of theology in the West, I would also like to confer this tide upon you: Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., Sancti Libri Theologicus Magnus Westmonastmensis, which translated means, Dr. Richard B. Gaffin, Jr., Westminster’s Great Theologian of the Holy Scripture. We all congratulate you on your successful completion of this ministerial program, even if it has taken forty-five years to complete!

f* ([NNA;n Perspectives on Pentecost, t**S

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