historic name Northside Institutional Historic District€¦ · 06/05/2019 · 8 Statement of...

NPS Form 10-900 OMB No. 1024-0018 United States Department of the Interior National Park Service National Register of Historic Places Registration Form This form is for use in nominating or requesting determinations of eligibility for individual properties or districts. See instructions in How to Complete the National Register of Historic Places Registration Form (National Register Bulletin 16A). Complete each item by marking "x" in the appropriate box or by entering the information requested. If an item does not apply to the property being documented, enter "N/A" for "not applicable." For functions, architectural classification, materials and areas of significance, enter only categories and subcategories listed in the instructions. Place additional entries and narrative items on continuation sheets (NPS Form 10-900a). Use a typewriter, word processor, or computer, to complete all items.

1. Name of Property

historic name Northside Institutional Historic District

other names/site number

2. Location

street & number 117, 138 North Indiana Avenue; 1707, 1711, 1713, 1714 Arctic Avenue; not for publication 61A, 61B North Martin Luther King Boulevard

city or town Atlantic City vicinity

state New Jersey code NJ county Atlantic code 001 zip code 08401

3. State/Federal Agency Certification

As the designated authority under the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended, I certify that this nomination

request for determination of eligibility meets the documentation standards for registering properties in the National Register of Historic Places and meets the procedural and professional requirements set forth in 36 CFR Part 60. In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. I recommend that this property be considered significant nationally statewide locally. See continuation sheet for additional comments.

Signature of certifying official/Title Date

State or Federal agency and bureau

In my opinion, the property meets does not meet the National Register criteria. See continuation sheet for additional comments.

Signature of certifying official/Title Date

State or Federal agency and bureau

4. National Park Service Certification I hereby certify that this property is: Signature of the Keeper Date of Action

entered in the National Register. See continuation sheet.

determined eligible for the National Register. See continuation sheet.

determined not eligible for the National Register.

removed from the National Register.

other, (explain:)

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Northside Institutional Historic District Atlantic County, New Jersey Name of Property County and State 5. Classification Ownership of Property Category of Property Number of Resources within Property (Check as many boxes as apply) (Check only one box) (Do not include previously listed resources in the count.)

x private building(s) Contributing Noncontributing

x public-local x district 9 0 buildings

public-State site 0 0 sites

public-Federal structure 0 0 structures

object 0 0 objects 9 0 Total Name of related multiple property listing (Enter "N/A" if property is not part of a multiple property listing.)

Number of contributing resources previously listed in the National Register

N/A 0

6. Function or Use Historic Functions (Enter categories from instructions)

Current Functions (Enter categories from instructions)

EDUCATION/school EDUCATION/school

GOVERNMENT/fire station GOVERNMENT/fire station

RELIGION/religious faciliity RELIGION/religious facility

SOCIAL?clubhouse DOMESTIC/multiple dwelling

DOMESTIC/institutional housing VACANT/NOT IN USE

7. Description Architectural Classification (Enter categories from instructions)

Materials (Enter categories from instructions)

Renasisance ___________________________ foundation BRICK, STONE

Romanesque walls BRICK, STONE, STUCCO

Classical Revival roof ASPHALT

Tudor Revival other STONE, BRICK, TERRA COTTA, WOOD, GLASS,

Late Gothic Revival

Mission/Spanish Colonial Revival

METAL, OTHER

Narrative Description (Describe the historic and current condition of the property on one or more continuation sheets.)

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Northside Institutional Historic District Atlantic City, NJ Name of Property County and State 8 Statement of Significance Applicable National Register Criteria Areas of Significance (Mark "x" in one or more boxes for the criteria qualifying the property for National Register listing.)

(Enter categories from instructions)

ARCHITECTURE X A Property is associated with events that have made COMMUNITY PLANNING and DEVELOPMENT

a significant contribution to the broad patterns of SOCIAL HISTORY our history. ETHNIC HERITAGE X B Property is associated with the lives of persons EDUCATION

significant in our past. X C Property embodies the distinctive characteristics

of a type, period or method of construction or Period of Significance represents the work of a master, or possesses 1895-1965 high artistic values, or represents a significant and distinguishable entity whose components lack Significant Dates individual distinction.

D Property has yielded, or is likely to yield, information important in prehistory or history.

1895

1927 Criteria considerations (mark "x" in all the boxes that apply.) Property is:

Significant Person (Complete if Criterion B is marked above)

X A owned by a religious institution or used for , Dr. Claiborn Morris Cain (1883-1962) religious purposes.

B removed from its original location. Cultural Affiliation N/A C a birthplace or grave. D a cemetery. E a reconstructed building, object or structure. Architect/Builder Howard A. Stout (1874-1959) F a commemorative property. Howard A. Stout Jr. (?-1984) Frank R. Watson. (1859-1940) G less than 50 years of age or achieved significance Bertram Ireland (1881-1948) within the past 50 years.

Narrative Statement of Significance (Explain the significance of the property on one or more continuation sheets.)

9. Major Bibliographical References Bibliography (cite the books, articles, and other sources used in preparing this form on one or more continuation sheets.)

Previous documentation on file (NPS): Primary location of additional data preliminary determination of individual listing (36 x State Historic Preservation Office CFR 67) has been requested Other State agency previously listed in the National Register Federal agency previously determined eligible by the National Local government Register University designated a National Historic Landmark Other recorded by Historic American Buildings Survey Name of repository: # recorded by Historic American Engineering Record #

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Northside Institutional Historic District

Atlantic City, NJ Name of Property County and State

10. Geographical Data

Acreage of property 4.5 acres Latitude/Longitude Coordinates (See continuation sheet) Verbal Boundary Description (Describe the boundaries of the property on a continuation sheet.)

Boundary Justification (Explain why the boundaries were selected on a continuation sheet.)

11. Form Prepared By

name/title Corinne Engelbert, Carolyn S. Barry, Erin Leatherbee, Michael Robb, Quinn Stuart, and Britta Tonn

organization VHB Date February-March 2019

street & number 101 Walnut Street telephone 617-607-2631

city or town Watertown state MA

zip code 02472

Additional Documentation Submit the following items with the completed form: Continuation Sheets Maps A USGS map (7.5 or 15 minute series) indicating the property's location. A Sketch map for historic districts and properties having large acreage or numerous resources.

Photographs Representative black and white photographs of the property.

Additional items (Check with the SHPO or FPO for any additional items)

Property Owner (Complete this item at the request of the SHPO or FPO.)

name

street & number telephone

city or town

state zip code

Paperwork Reduction Act Statement: This information is being collected for applications to the National Register of Historic Places to nominate properties for listing or determine eligibility for listing, to list properties and to amend existing listings. Response to this request is required to obtain a benefit in accordance with the National Historic Preservation Act, as amended (16 U.S.C.470 et seq.)

Estimated Burden Statement: Public reporting burden for this form is estimated to average 18.1 hours per response including time for reviewing instructions, gathering and maintaining data and completing and reviewing the form. Direct comments regarding this burden estimate or any aspect of this from to the Chief, Administrative Services Division, National Park Service, P.O. Box 37127, Washington, DC 20013-7127; and the Office of Management and Budget, Paperwork Reductions Projects (1024-0018), Washington, DC 20503.

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ENPS Form 10-900-a OMB Approval No. 1024-0018 (8-86) United States Department of the Interior National Park Service

National Register of Historic Places

Continuation Sheet Northside Institutional Historic District Atlantic County, New Jersey

Section number 7 Page 1

Narrative Description Summary Paragraph The Northside Institutional Historic District is an approximately four-and-a-half-acre district consisting of nine institutional buildings in the heart of the Northside neighborhood in Atlantic City, New Jersey. The approximate boundaries extend south from Baltic Avenue to Arctic Avenue between Indiana Avenue and Martin Luther King Boulevard. The buildings are multi-story, masonry buildings constructed within a period of thirty years from the end of the nineteenth century to the early twentieth century. They exhibit a variety of popular architectural revival styles, such as Romanesque Revival, Renaissance Revival, Tudor Revival, Classical Revival, Gothic Revival, and Mission Revival styles. The buildings are all set close to the edge of their associated parcels and are separated from the street by sidewalks, which are planted with regularly-spaced trees. Several vacant lots, dwellings, and some new commercial construction immediately surround the district. Setting The Northside Institutional Historic District is an irregularly-shaped area encompassing nine institutional buildings roughly bounded by Baltic Avenue on the north, Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard on the east, Arctic Avenue on the south, and North Indiana Avenue on the west. There are no non-contributing resources within the boundaries. The district comprises one firehouse, three religious buildings, a Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA), and four school buildings constructed in the late-nineteenth to the early-twentieth centuries in a variety of architectural revival styles. The multi-story, masonry buildings are generally set close to the street edge on predominantly rectangular lots. During the mid- and late-twentieth century, some of the buildings experienced additions or alterations and the surrounding area was much altered as a result of urban renewal-era projects. However, the district still conveys its historical and architectural significance and retains important connections associated with the City’s social and ethnic heritage. The following descriptions are arranged alpha-numerically by street. St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church, 1707 Arctic Avenue, 1920, ca. 1965, Contributing (Block and Lot 327-11; Map No. 1; Photos 9, 14) St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church faces south onto Arctic Avenue at the west side of the intersection with North Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard. It comprises two periods of construction. The original church dates to 1920 and is set back from the street edge. It consists of a two-story nave flanked by one-story side aisles. The building has stuccoed walls. The nave is topped by a steeply-pitched, asphalt-shingle-clad, front-gable roof and the side aisles have shed roofs covered with asphalt shingles. The roof above the nave features overhanging eaves with exposed wood rafters. A simple, copper cross rises from the front gable peak. There are two brick chimneys at the edge of the east slope of the roof. A large, circular window with a brick surround occupies the upper wall space at the nave’s façade (south). It contains a

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stained-glass window behind a storm window. The west elevation of the nave’s second story features smaller, circular, stained-glass windows with brick surrounds. The east elevation of the nave’s second story has seven, full-arch, stained-glass, windows. In about 1965, a one-story, Mission-style addition was added around the first story of the original church footprint at the north, east, and south elevations. The addition rests on a brick foundation and has stuccoed and brick walls that feature a stepped parapet and projecting buttress-like piers. A simple, wood cross extends from the front of the parapet above the entrance. The main entrance is centered on the façade and comprises paired, rectangular, multi-paneled, wood doors with a brick surround and an arched splayed-brick lintel. The entrance features a stained-glass transom. Narrow, arched, stained-glass windows flank the entrance. On the wall, between the main entrance and the parapet, is a wood sign that states: “St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church.” The west side of the façade features a rectangular, paneled, wood door with a brick surround and splayed-brick arched lintel. A small, circular, stained-glass window with a brick surround is located above the entrance. The east side of the façade features three arched window openings, which have been filled. The west elevation of the addition has two secondary, rectangular, metal entrance doors on the north side. The east elevation of the addition has six, regularly-spaced, rectangular window openings. Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA, 1711 Arctic Avenue, 1927, Contributing (Block and Lot 328-6; Map No. 2; Photos 11, 14) The Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA Building (a/k/a the Northside YMCA) is a three-story, three-bay-by-ten-bay brick building built in 1927. It sits on a cast stone foundation to a flat roof. The painted brick front (south) façade of the building faces Arctic Avenue. The symmetrical façade is three bays wide and most of the ornamentation is concentrated at the building’s main entrance in the center bay. The main entrance is recessed and incorporates a cast stone surround with a projecting bracketed entablature and a non-historic sign reading “Disston Apartments” in raised metal lettering across the frieze. The recessed bay has a non-historic marble tile threshold and reveal. These non-historic elements were likely added ca.1979 when the building was converted to an apartment building. The window openings at either side of the main entrance exhibit a cast stone sill course and splayed brick and cast stone lintels. The window opening directly above the main entrance has a cast stone surround. The remaining second-story window openings on the façade have cast stone sills and splayed brick and cast stone lintels. The third-story windows exhibit brick sills and lintel courses with decorative cast stone square panels at the corners of each opening. The window openings contain double-hung aluminum replacement sash and exterior screens apart from the third bay of the first story, which contains metal infill. In addition to the sill and lintel courses, horizontal emphasis is exhibited through a cast stone stringcourse between the second and third stories and a cast stone cornice below the parapet featuring three decorative panels. The facade terminates in a stepped brick parapet with cast stone coping and scroll brackets. The parapet also contains a cast stone panel with the letters, “Y”, “M”, “C”, “A”. The building’s fenestration consists of rectangular window openings fitted with 1/1, double-hung, aluminum, replacement sash and exterior screens. The larger window openings contain groups of two or three windows.

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The painted, brick secondary elevations of the building are unornamented. The east (side) elevation features regularly spaced rectangular window openings with replacement windows and brick sills. Three door openings in the second, third, and ninth bays access the interior. Alterations to the east elevation include the creation of masonry openings for air conditioner sleeves and vents, and the installation of metal security grilles at the first story windows. The west (side) elevation is seven bays deep. Only the south portion of the elevation is visible from Arctic Avenue. The rear elevation has no windows or doors. Four small vents with exhaust caps penetrate the brick. A projecting brick chimney is located at the northwest corner of the building. Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church, 1713 Arctic Avenue, 1886, Contributing (Block and Lot 328-7; Map No. 3; Photos 1, 14) The Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church is a three-and-one-half-story, three-bay-wide, Gothic Revival-style church building. Walls are covered in rough-faced granite and feature decorative limestone trim. The building is topped by an asphalt-shingle-clad, front-gable roof. The east and west roof slopes each have two front-gable roof dormers. Each of the dormers on the side elevations feature tripartite, Gothic Revival-style, arched windows set with stained glass. The south elevation (façade) faces directly onto the Arctic Avenue sidewalk. The east and west end bays of the façade project above the roofline and terminate in tourelles and a crenellated cornice, which gives the appearance of medieval towers. It appears that a spire and steeple formerly located to the rear of the east tower were removed after 1947 (Historic Image 6). The main entrance is centered on the façade and comprises a set of replacement, paired, double doors with a shared transom set within an elongated, segmental arch and framed by engaged limestone columns and a splayed limestone lintel and keystone. The doors, which were historically solid wood as evidenced by a 1947 photograph (Historic Image 6), were likely replaced in the late 20th century. A pair of ornate historic metal lanterns are hung on either side of the entrance surround. The entrance is accessed by a set of granite steps framed by kneewalls. The façade features a variety of Gothic Revival-style stained glass windows, including paired and rectangular, round-arch, lancet-arch, and circular. All windows, except the circular window, feature limestone sills and splayed limestone lintels and keystones. The east corner of the façade has a cornerstone. Amunath Israel Synagogue, 1714 Arctic Avenue, 1908–1914, Contributing (Block and Lot 289-9; Map No. 4; Photo 10) The Amunath Israel Synagogue faces north directly onto the Arctic Avenue sidewalk and is located mid-block between North Indiana Avenue (west) and North Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard (east). The three-story, three-bay-by-six-bay, Romanesque Revival-style building sits on a brick foundation. The red-brick walls feature cast stone trim and vertically-channeled, full-height brick piers that divide the bays on the north (façade), west, and east elevations. Walls are topped by an asphalt-shingle-clad, front-gable roof, which is set back from the front of the building behind a metal cornice and stepped brick parapet. A brick chimney rises from the east slope of the roof. The main entrance is centered on the façade and features replacement, metal, rectangular, double doors. The doors, which were historical solid, paneled, wood doors (Historic Image 4), were likely replaced in the late 20th century. The entrance is set underneath a full-arch, transom window with a splayed cast stone lintel. Above the entrance, occupying

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the second and third stories, is a tall, round-arch window with wood tracery and colored glass. The lower and upper parts of the window are divided by a decorate metal panel with Classical Revival-style wreath and swags. The windows in the first and third bay are one-over-one, double-hung, wood sash with arched transoms. The transoms contain wood tracery. All windows have limestone sills and splayed lintels with keystone. The east and west elevations feature regularly spaced round-arch and full-arch window openings set with one-over-one, double-hung rectangular or arched windows. Windows on the side elevations have brick sills and splayed brick lintels. Two small onion domes, which previously topped the projecting outer bays, have been removed. Indiana Avenue School, 137 North Indiana Avenue, 1906, 1914, 1924, Contributing (Block and Lot 328-1; Map No. 5; Photos 8, 15) The Indiana Avenue School faces west onto North Indiana Avenue approximately mid-block between Baltic Avenue (north) and Arctic Avenue (south). It is set back from the street by a wide poured-concrete sidewalk. The building was constructed in two phases beginning with the main block in 1906, which replaced an earlier school on site, and secondly in 1914 with an addition to the north elevation. The north addition was designed to mimic the original architectural details of the main block. The north elevation extends further to the east than the main block. An asphalt-paved parking lot occupies the east side of the property. The three-story, Classical Revival-style building extends 24 bays on its west elevation (façade). The red-brick walls are arranged in a common bond pattern and ornamented with limestone and cast stone trim. The flat roof features a slightly stepped parapet and a wide, molded, copper cornice. A narrow, molded, copper cornice set on scroll-topped brackets sits above the third story underneath the roofline. The main entrance is centered on the façade and comprises a set of. late-twentieth century, partially-glazed, metal doors flanked by multi-pane rectangular sidelights with and topped by a round-arch transom. The sidelights and transom windows feature decorative copper mullions. The whole entrance is set within a limestone block portico with engaged, rounded pilasters and rounded columns set on squared bases. The portico is topped by a wide, limestone entablature with overhanging molded eaves, a denticulated cornice, and a widely sloping pediment. A sign set within the entablature labels the building as: “Atlantic City High School East Campus.” Fenestration comprises regularly spaced rectangular window openings with one-over-one or two-over-two, double-hung, historic wood sash windows. Most windows feature masonry sills and splayed brick lintels with stone keystones. Indiana Opportunity School, 137 North Indiana Avenue, 1924, Contributing (Block and Lot 328-1; Map No. 6; Photos 12, 13, 15) The Indiana Opportunity School occupies the entire north side of the block on the south side of Baltic Avenue between North Indiana Avenue (west) and Disston Avenue (east). The rectangular-shaped

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building faces north onto Baltic Avenue and is separated from the street by a concrete-paved sidewalk, which wraps around the west side of the building. The Tudor Revival-style, three-story, eight-bay-by-eight-bay building is connected to the west side of the north elevation of the Indiana Avenue School by a one-story, masonry, enclosed hyphen. The common-bond, red-brick walls feature panels of basket weave outlined by continuous soldier courses on the first and second stories of the north elevation (façade) and the second story of the east elevation. There are stepped, rectangular, full-height, brick piers separating each bay. The masonry walls are ornamented with granite trim including a water table below the first story, two belt courses between the first and second stories, a belt course above the second story, and a molded cornice between the third story and the roofline. The molded cornice is punctuated by granite shields at each of each the brick piers. Fenestration on all elevations is regular and mostly features one-over-one, double-hung, replacement sash windows with granite sills. The building’s historic windows, which were likely replaced in the late-20th century, were all double-hung with a multi-pane upper sash (Historic Images 11 and 12). The flat roof features a crenellated, brick and granite parapet. Short brick chimneys pierce the roofline on the north side of the roof. The north elevation has two main entrances that consist of late-20th century, rectangular, metal doors flanked by filled-in, rectangular, sidelights and Tudor-arched transoms. Each transom features a granite-block lintel with a keystone. The historic doors consisted of half-light, paneled, wood doors (Historic Image 11). Grouped window openings are located at the first, second, and third stories. The east elevation is devoid of openings with the exception of the third story. The west elevation is heavily fenestrated and features six groups, two per story, of four windows with rectangular-shaped transoms. The south elevation is dominated by the connecting hyphen, which features architectural ornamentation similar to the Tudor Revival-style main block. A third entrance to the building, similar in style to entrances on the north elevation, is located just west of the hyphen. Engine Company 5 & 6 and Drill School, 138 North Indiana Avenue, ca. 1920, Contributing (Block and Lot 329-1; Map No. 7; Photos 4, 5, 15) The Engine Company 5 & 6 and Drill School occupies a parcel at the southwest corner of the intersection of Baltic Avenue and North Indiana Avenue. The building faces east onto North Indiana Avenue and has secondary entrances that front onto Baltic Avenue. A sidewalk separates the building from the street on its north and east elevations. A red brick wall encloses the drill yard (south) and extends along the east and south property boundaries. The building is a two-to-four story, masonry, Romanesque Revival-style building. The main block of the building is two stories and four-by-six bays. A two-story, four-bay-by-four-bay, flat-roof section extends from the approximate center of the roof and has a six-story, one-bay-by-two-bay, hose tower on its south elevation. The hose tower is topped by a flat roof and a corbelled brick cornice. The main block rests on a bluestone foundation and the red-brick walls feature a limestone water table and a corbelled brick cornice with dog-eared pediments that extend above the roofline. The brick walls are organized in a common bond pattern and are ornamented with patterned brickwork, including round-arch lintels with continuous

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soldier courses and basket weave tympana with blue-glazed terra cotta detailing. The east elevation (façade) is dominated by three multi-pane, steel, roll-up doors for the engines. Ornamental shields flank the ends of the engine bays. A partially-glazed, metal, rectangular door is at the south end bay. The entrance is set within a round-arch surround with transom. Fenestration is largely regular and primarily features paired, one-over-one, double-hung, rectangular, aluminum sash windows. The west end bay of the north elevation has a double entrance door comprising partially-glazed, metal doors underneath a tall divided, wood transom. A one-story, flat-roof, red brick building is positioned at the south side of the site. Paneled, wood, double doors framed by window openings provide access to the building from Indiana Avenue. This building appears contemporary in construction date to the firehouse and contributes to the significance of the resource. Illinois Avenue School, 61A North Martin Luther King Boulevard, 1895, 1910, and 1924, Contributing (Block and Lot 290-1; Map No. 8; Photos 6, 7) The Illinois Avenue School is a three-story, H-shaped, Renaissance Revival-style, painted masonry building that occupies the west side of a large corner lot at the intersection of Arctic Avenue and North Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard in the Northside neighborhood of Atlantic City. The school was constructed in two phases with nearly identical plans. The original main block was constructed in 1895 with a four-story tower on the west elevation (façade). By 1910, the tower had been removed and an addition was constructed on the south elevation. The 1895 main block and the 1910 addition are nearly identical and are connected by a central full-height, two-bay, masonry hyphen. The 1895 main block and the 1910 addition consists of brick walls atop a stone foundation. The masonry walls are painted. The H-shaped building features full-height projecting centered bays on the west (façade) and north elevation of the main block and the west (façade) of the addition. The south elevation of the addition has a one-story, two-bay-by-two-bay addition centered on the wall. A sloped stone sill course wraps around the building beneath the second-story windows. The entire building is topped by a low-pitched hipped roof with a bracketed wide overhanging eaves and a denticulated wood cornice. Massive stone arches with rusticated granite keystones mark the location of the original entrances on the (west) façade. The arches spring from squat molded capitals, which rest on rusticated granite piers. The original doors were removed and replaced ca.1979 with paired, rectangular window openings and metal infill. The short run of granite steps and flanking cast-stone knee walls remain. Four operational entrances on the rear (east) elevation provide interior access to the building. Fenestration is generally symmetrical and consists of regularly spaced rectangular openings organized in single, paired, triple, or quintuple groupings. Window openings feature continuous painted stone sills, rusticated granite lintels, and replacement one-over-one sash with infilled transoms. The alterations date to ca.1979 when the school building was converted to apartments. The grouped window openings are separate by slender brick piers. A few of the piers have been removed to accommodate replacement windows and infill. Additional alterations include the creation of masonry openings for PTACs (Packaged Terminal Air

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Conditioners) and smaller vents throughout the building. The openings are covered with metal grilles and exhaust caps. Boys’ Vocational School, 61B North Martin Luther King Boulevard, 1916, 1924, Contributing (Block and Lot 290-1; Map No. 9; Photos 2, 3) The Boys’ Vocational School is rectangular-shaped, painted masonry, utilitarian building with Renaissance Revival-style characteristics. The school was constructed in two phases. The four-story, three-bay-by-six-bay, main block is set closer to Arctic Avenue and was constructed in 1916 and the five-story, eight-bay long addition, constructed in 1924, extends from the south elevation of the main block. The main block is set on a raised brick foundation and features painted masonry walls. The north elevation is three bays wide and the east elevation is nine bays deep. The bays are divided vertically by full-height, brick piers that are disrupted by a brick sill course below the second-story window opening and a stone sill course below the fourth-story window openings. The first story features bands of horizontal brick detailing. Corbelled brick spandrels are located between the third and fourth stories. The main block is topped by a low-pitched hipped roof with overhanging eaves and a wood cornice. The west elevation of the main block faces onto the shared courtyard between the two school buildings and features a full-height, projecting brick stair tower with a flat roof. Adjacent to the stair tower on the south side is a one-story, brick addition with brick banding that mimics the main block and contains the building’s recessed main entrance, which were added ca. 1979 when the building was converted to residential use. The one-story addition and entrance canopy share a denticulated cornice and flat roof. The 1924 rear addition is attached to the south of the main block. The east elevation is eight bays deep. The bays are divided vertically by full-height brick piers, which are disrupted by a brick sill course below the second-story window openings and a masonry sill course below the fifth-story window openings. Similar to the main block, the first story features bands of horizontal brick detailing, and corbelled brick spandrels which are located between the fourth and fifth stories. The building terminates in a simple brick cornice, which incorporates corbelled brickwork within each bay. The original portions of the west elevation are similar in detail to the east elevation; however, the elevation is obscured by a full-height projecting bay and stair tower, which are located at the north and south ends of the west elevation, respectively. The northern bay, which encompasses a stair and elevator shaft, was added in ca. 1979. The south stair tower appears to be original to the building’s 1924 addition, and features a projecting chimney, which rises above the roofline on the north elevation. The south elevation of the addition is generally devoid of ornamentation and openings. The wall features articulated and corbelled brick courses above the first, second, third, fourth, and fifth stories. Fenestration is generally symmetrical and consists of regularly spaced rectangular openings with replacement sash and infill, which dates primarily to ca.1979. It appears that there has been some brick infill on the west elevation. Most of the window openings in the main block consists of brick headers, and the majority of the window openings in the addition feature cast-stone sills.

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Most of the alterations date to ca.1979 and include the creation of masonry openings for air conditioning, as well as smaller vents. Several of the openings were cut through the brick window sills and decorative corbelled brickwork. The openings are covered with metal grilles and exhaust caps. Statement of Integrity The Northside Institutional Historic District retains integrity of location, association, feeling, design, materials, and workmanship and conveys its significance as a rare surviving concentration of institutional buildings designed in a variety of architectural revival styles within the city’s historic African American neighborhood. The buildings remain in their original location and exhibit character-defining features of their individual architectural styles. Integrity of setting has been slightly altered with the widespread demolition of surrounding blocks in the mid-to-late twentieth century and construction of wider and more heavily trafficked roads. The buildings within the district represent the largest concentration of extant historic institutional buildings in the Northside neighborhood and are exceptionally important to the city’s architectural, social, and ethnic heritage.

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Continuation Sheet Northside Institutional Historic District Atlantic County, NJ

Section Sect.7 Appendix Page 1

District Data Sheet

Map No.

Block and Lot

Historic Name Address Est. Date of

Construction Architectural

Style Resource

Type NR Status* Photo No.

1 327-11 St. Augustine's

Episcopal Church

1707 Arctic Ave 1920, 1965

Mission/ Spanish Colonial Revival

Building C 9, 14

2 328-6

Arctic Avenue Branch

YMCA (aka Northside YMCA)

1711 Arctic Ave

1927, 1979 (renovations)

Classical Revival Building C 11, 14

3 328-7 Asbury M. E. Church

1713 Arctic Ave 1916 Late Gothic

Revival Building C 1, 14

4 289-9 Amunath

Israel Synagogue

1714 Arctic Ave 1908–1914 Romanesque Building C 10

5 328-1 Indiana

Avenue Public School

117 N Indiana Ave

1906, 1914, 1924

(renovations)

Classical Revival Building C 8, 15 DRAFT




Section Sect.7 Appendix Page 2

Map No.

Block and Lot

Historic Name Address Est. Date of

Construction Architectural

Style Resource

Type NR Status* Photo No.

6 328-1 Indiana

Opportunity School

117 N Indiana Ave 1923 Tudor

Revival Building C 12, 13, 15

7 329-1

Engine Company 5 &

6 and Drill School

138 N Indiana Ave 1920 Romanesque Building C 4, 5, 15

8 290-1 Illinois Avenue School

61A North Martin

Luther King Blvd

1895, 1910, 1924, 1979

(renovations)

Renaissance Revival Building C 6, 7

9 290-1 Boys'

Vocational School

61B North Martin

Luther King Blvd

1916, 1924, 1979

(renovations)

Renaissance Revival Building C 2, 3

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Narrative Statement of Significance The Northside Institutional Historic District is the largest concentration of extant historic institutional buildings within the Northside neighborhood of Atlantic City, New Jersey and meets National Register Criteria A, B, and C at the local level. The Northside Institutional Historic District meets Criterion A in the Areas of Community Planning and Development, Social History, Ethnic Heritage, and Education for its significant associations with the development of Atlantic City’s Northside neighborhood; as well as the history of religious and institutional organizations that were integral to the Jewish and African American community. The development of the Northside neighborhood is associated with Atlantic City’s tourist industry and discriminatory policies that shaped it into a predominantly African American community. The history of the Northside Institutional Historic District is emblematic of Atlantic City and the Northside neighborhood’s rise in the early twentieth century, followed by their decline in the mid- and late twentieth century, as a dwindling tourist industry, redlining, urban renewal, and suburbanization began to take its toll. The Northside Institutional Historic District meets Criterion B for its association with Dr. Claiborn Morris Cain, Executive Director of the Northside YMCA, who was integral to the formation of many of the neighborhood’s social organizations and the development of Stanley S. Holmes Village, the first public housing project in the State of New Jersey. The Northside Institutional Historic District meets Criterion C in the area of Architecture as an excellent surviving example of a group of buildings that embody the distinctive characteristics of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century institutional architecture. The buildings are good examples of a variety of architectural styles, including the Classical Revival, Renaissance Revival, and Mission. Criterion Consideration A applies to the Northside Institutional Historic District. The district contains three religious properties, the former Asbury M.E. Church, St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church, and the former Amunath Israel Synagogue, that were constructed in the early twentieth century. These proprieties possess architectural significance and are historically significant for their association with the neighborhood’s ethnic heritage and social history. The period of significance extends from 1895, the date the first contributing building was constructed, to 1965, the approximate date of the last significant addition to one of the buildings within the historic district. CRITERION A – COMMUNITY PLANNING & DEVELOPMENT, ETHNIC HERITAGE, & SOCIAL HISTORY The Development of Atlantic City and the Northside Neighborhood Until the mid-nineteenth century, the inaccessible barrier island called Absecon Island, on which Atlantic City would be constructed, was largely undeveloped. In 1850, the area contained only seven households. Its origins as a resort town began with Dr. Jonathan Pitney, who believed that Absecon Island’s location near the ocean would make it a good place for sick people to recuperate. Between 1852 and 1854, Dr. Pitney, civil engineer Richard B. Osborne, and several Philadelphia businessmen worked to establish a train route that connected Camden to Absecon Island, thus making the shore accessible for residents in

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the Middle Atlantic states.1 In March 1854, Atlantic City was officially incorporated, with Osborne designing the city layout and proposing its new name.2 The Camden and Atlantic Railroad opened to the public on July 4, 1854, carrying passengers to Atlantic City. Visitors could stay at the United States Hotel, the area’s first hotel, which was owned by the railroad.3 As soon as it opened, Atlantic City saw immense and rapid growth due to its proximity to major urban centers and its inexpensive and convenient train service. Atlantic City’s beautiful seashore and cooling ocean breezes provided an accessible respite from the hot summers in nearby cities. People built summer houses and entrepreneurs established lodging, dining, entertainment and amusement venues for people of all ages, tastes and incomes.4 Within the Northside Institutional Historic District, 1702 Arctic Avenue, later known as Ryan Cottage and then Wright’s Hotel, was constructed by Nathaniel Webb in the 1850s (Historic Image 1).5 By 1870, over 1,000 full-time residents lived in Atlantic City, with the population ballooning in the summertime as tourists flocked to the city.6 The first boardwalk in the United States was built in Atlantic City, opening to the public on June 26, 1870. Eight-feet wide by one mile long and standing approximately one foot above the sand, the Atlantic City Boardwalk allowed people to experience the amenities of the resort and proximity to the seashore without having to deal with some of the inconveniences posed by sand.7 The Boardwalk was a success and eventually became a hub for commerce, entertainment and innovation within the city. The population of Atlantic City during the last two decades of the nineteenth century was predominantly white. Streets like South Carolina Avenue, Atlantic Avenue, Arctic Avenue, or Baltic Avenue were almost exclusively white, though a number of black residents lived with white families and were employed as servants. Some black families or residents lived on Atlantic Avenue or Arctic Avenue. Among these residents, some had been born in New Jersey, but the majority had originated in other Mid-Atlantic states like Maryland or Pennsylvania or else had moved north from southern states like Virginia and Tennessee. They often worked as laborers or carpenters, or as sales people, washer women, or even tobacconists.8

1 Leonard F. Vernon and Allen Meyers, Images of America: Jewish South Jersey (Charleston, SC: Arcadia Publishing, 2007), 39. 2 “Atlantic City History,” Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 12, 2019, http://acfpl.org/ac-history-menu/atlantic-city-faq-s/15-heston-archives/147-atlantic-city-history-22.html. 3 Tanya Brassie, “Atlantic City’s Former Hotels – The United States Hotel,” published December 27, 2012, accessed February 12, 2019, https://historyhodgepodge.com/2012/12/27/atlantic-citys-former-hotels-the-united-states-hotel/. 4 “Atlantic City History.” 5 Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 14, 2019, https://www.acmuseum.org/?view=article&id=190:ryan-cottage-wright-s-hotel&catid=10012. 6 Atlantic City Comptroller, Annual Report: City Comptroller (Atlantic City, N.J, 1916), 66, exhibit T. 7 “Atlantic City FAQ’s: Where and when was the first boardwalk constructed?,” Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 12, 2019, http://acfpl.org/ac-history-menu/atlantic-city-faq-s. 8 United States Census Bureau, Tenth Census of the United States, 1880 (United States Census Bureau, 1880), www.Ancestry.com.

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By 1896, Atlantic City’s population grew to over 22,000 residents, many of whom moved to the city to work for the growing tourism industry in restaurants, hotels, boarding houses and entertainment venues.9 The increase in residents led to a significant increase in the development of what would eventually become the Northside neighborhood, an area of the city roughly bounded by Atlantic Avenue on the south, Arkansas Avenue and the bay on the west, Abescon Boulevard to the north, and Connecticut Avenue to the east (Historic Image 2).10 By 1896, the Northside neighborhood was densely developed between Atlantic and Baltic Avenue; however, development had barely pushed north of Mediterranean Avenue, except for certain streets, such as Indiana Avenue. The West New Jersey Seashore Railroad, formerly the Camden and Atlantic Railroad, terminated in two large railyards within the Northside neighborhood: the first was located between Arctic, New York, Atlantic, and South Carolina Avenues and the second was located between Baltic, Missouri, Atlantic, and Arkansas Avenues. A single track also curved its way through the present location of the Northside Institutional Historic District, cutting through the two blocks bounded by Atlantic, Indiana, Baltic, and Illinois Avenues. The lots within the boundaries of the district were fully developed. At the time, the only institutional buildings within the district were the Illinois Avenue School (the original portion of the school was built in 1895) (Photo 7, Historic Image 3) and an earlier version of the Indiana Avenue School (no longer extant). The district consisted primarily of houses, smaller lots were located along and near Arctic Avenue and larger lots with outbuildings were located near Baltic Avenue. Four hotels, including the Logan, Genesee, and Wyman Hotels and Ryan’s Cottage were within the boundaries of the historic district along Arctic Avenue.11 The 1900 census indicates that the population within the district was still almost entirely white and working class. Residents were employed as laborers, carpenters, and brick masons and, if not from New Jersey, had moved from other nearby states such as Pennsylvania and New York.12 By 1910, the demographics of the city were rapidly changing. The population of Atlantic City had more than doubled from the 1890s to over 46,000 people.13 Many of the residents who moved to Atlantic City in the early twentieth century were African Americans who came from elsewhere in New Jersey, the southern states, and the Caribbean. Most came to work in tourist industry jobs, which was considered an attractive alternative to working as a domestic servant.14 By 1915, the city’s black population was over 11,000, comprising approximately 27% of the city’s permanent residents and 95% of the hotel

9 Atlantic City Comptroller, Annual Report (1916), 66, exhibit T. 10 Map of the Northside Neighborhood, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 11 Ellis Kiser and O. Barthel, Atlas of Atlantic City New Jersey (Philadelphia: A. H. Mueller, 1896). 12 United States Census Bureau, Twelfth Census of the United States, 1900, (United States Census Bureau, 1900), www.Ancestry.com; Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey (New York: Sanborn Map, 1896); Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey (New York: Sanborn Map, 1906). 13 Atlantic City Comptroller, Annual Report (1916), 66, exhibit T. 14 Nelson Johnson, The Northside: African Americans and the Creation of Atlantic City (Medford, New Jersey: Plexus, 2010), chap. 5, Kindle.

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workforce.15 The percentage of African American residents was more than five times larger than any other northern city.16 As the city’s African American population increased, a policy of segregation emerged, resulting in changes to the city’s neighborhood demographics.17 Blacks were only welcome on the Southside to work, bathe on a restricted section of the beach, and walk on the Boardwalk.18 In 1880, 70% of black households had white neighbors; by 1915 that number had fallen to 20%.19 Barred from most recreational facilities, restaurants, and hotels in the Southside, black residents established a thriving neighborhood known as Northside.20 Arctic Avenue, stretching between Virginia Avenue and Arkansas Avenue, was the commercial backbone of the Northside neighborhood, featuring shopping, hotels, boarding houses, and churches.21 The changes that occurred during the first two decades of the twentieth century are evident in the census records of the district. By the 1910s, the white population within the district had significantly diminished, though the neighborhood was not yet entirely black. The transition of the neighborhood from white to black is exemplified by Ryan’s Cottage (see Historic Image 1). The building, located at 1702 Arctic Avenue, had been owned by Calanthe Ryan for a number of years, but in 1913, was sold to Solomon and Mary Wright who operated a boarding house for seasonal black workers.22 A couple of houses down, at 1708 Arctic Avenue, Frank Brown lived along with his family and a lodger. The household was black, and all members had been born in Washington D.C., Virginia, or Pennsylvania. At 1716 Arctic Avenue, Perry Snell also lived with his family and a lodger. This was also an all-black household where residents had been born in other Mid-Atlantic or southern states, such as Maryland, Virginia, North Carolina, or Georgia. Residents worked in hotels as cooks or porters, or else were employed as servants for a private family.23 A white Pennsylvanian family with boarders resided at 1706 Arctic Avenue. The residents worked mostly as servants or dressmakers. One boarder, Owen Golden (born 1888), was a sand artist with a considerable following on the Boardwalk.24 Despite the departure of a large number of white residents, the district appears to have been home to a small number of Jewish residents, centered around the Amunath Israel Synagogue (Photo 10, Historic Image 4) at 1714 Arctic Avenue. The houses at 1703, 1705, 1707, 1717, and 1717 Horace Avenue, a 15 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 5; Nelson Johnson, “A Plantation by the Sea,” The Northside Book, accessed February 15, 2019, http://www.thenorthsidebook.com/read-plantation-by-the-sea/. 16 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 5. 17 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 2. 18 Johnson, “A Plantation by the Sea.” 19 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 2. 20 Bryant Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams: Atlantic City and the Fate of Urban America (New York: Oxford University, 2004), chap. 3, Kindle. 21 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, chap. 3. 22 Atlantic City Free Public Library, https://www.acmuseum.org/?view=article&id=190:ryan-cottage-wright-s-hotel&catid=10012. 23 United States Census Bureau, Thirteenth Census of the United States, 1910 (United State Census Bureau, 1910), www.Ancestry.com. 24 Holly Metz, “Selling Sand & Sea: Sand Sculptors & the Development of the Atlantic City Resort, 1897–1944,” The Clarion, Summer 1992, http://www.hollymetz.net/files/essays_and_articles/Sand-Art.pdf; United States Census Bureau, 1910.

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dead-end road at the rear of the lots on the south side of Arctic Avenue, were inhabited by people who had immigrated from Russia during the 1890s through the first decade of the 1900s. Many were occupied as tailors or shoemakers. Harry Shore, who lived at 1705 Horace Avenue with his wife and their six children, owned his own shoe shop, and Solomon Wendell, who lived next door at 1703 Horace Avenue with his family, owned his own tailoring shop.25 In addition, the family living next door at 1720 Arctic Avenue also hailed from Russia. At that time, Banet Sendler, his wife, and their five children lived in the two-story house. The family had immigrated in 1906 and 1908, with Banet arriving first and his wife and children coming over two years later. Banet was a self-employed shoemaker.26 By 1920, the neighborhood had transitioned entirely to African American residents, no doubt due in part to the Great Migration. Henry Wadsworth, along with his family and a few lodgers, resided at 1414 Baltic Avenue. The Wadsworth household had primarily originated from Virginia, New York, or Kansas and all worked in the hotels in positions such as as houseman, cook, or waiter. Next door, at 1714 Baltic Avenue, lived Frank Tasher and his family who were from Maryland or Pennsylvania. Tasher worked as a waiter in a hotel.27 During this time, the development continued throughout the Northside neighborhood. The density of the neighborhood increased significantly between Baltic and Mediterranean Avenue, and development spread north, particularly west of Illinois Avenue. Notably, changes were occurring within the boundaries of the historic district. A number of additional buildings had been constructed on Horace Avenue. A new building had been completed for the Indiana Avenue School (Photo 8, Historic Images 5 and 11), and religious institutions were establishing themselves within the boundaries of the historic district, including St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church (the original building of this church has been replaced), Amunath Israel Synagogue, and Asbury Methodist Church (Photo 1, Historic Image 6).28 The heyday of Atlantic City as a resort city was during the 1920s. A large part of its popularity was driven by the fact that Prohibition, which began in 1920, was essentially unenforced in Atlantic City. Recognizing that alcohol was essential for the tourist-based economy of the resort, local authorities generally turned a blind eye on alcohol sales and consumption, and rumrunners were easily able to deliver shipments of the contraband to nearby beaches and docks.29 The Boardwalk was the hub of Atlantic City’s cultural and performance sector during the 1920s, with stunts, shows, big band music, parades and pageants providing entertainment to enthusiastic visitors. In 1929, just months before the stock market crashed, the New York Times described the Atlantic City Boardwalk as “A magnificent proof of

25 Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City (1896); Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City (1906); United States Census Bureau, 1910. 26 United State Census Bureau, 1910. 27 United State Census Bureau, Fourteenth Census of the United States, 1920 (United State Census Bureau, 1920), www.Ancestry.com. 28 J. M. Lathrop and Ellis Kiser, civil engineers, Atlas of Atlantic City, City of Ventnor, South Atlantic City and Borough of Longport, New Jersey (Philadelphia: A. H. Mueller, 1908). 29 “Prohibition in a Wide Open Town,” The Atlantic City Experience, The Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 12, 2019, http://www.atlanticcityexperience.org/nucky-s-empire-the-prohibition-years.html#the-places.

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America’s newly found wealth and leisure. It is an iridescent bubble on the surface of our fabulous prosperity.”30 During this period of prosperity, Atlantic City’s population peaked at approximately 67,609 people living full-time in the city between the years of 1926 and 1929.31 In the Northside, numerous brick garages and rowhouses were constructed, many replacing early wood-framed dwellings. While Atlantic City’s economy was centered around tourism, a number of industrial buildings were located within the Northside neighborhood. This included the Atlantic City Lumber Company, which stood adjacent to the Illinois Avenue School. By 1920, Arctic Avenue had evolved into the main street of the Northside, filled with retail establishments, churches, and boardinghouses, which served the city’s black population.32 Many of the businesses were owned by African Americans, with the exception of furniture and clothing stores, which were owned by whites, particularly Jews.33 These businesses catered to the city’s Northside residents as well as black tourists, who were barred from the Boardwalk and stayed in hotels and boardinghouses located on the Northside.34 Residents of the boardinghouse at 1708 Arctic Avenue were representative of other nearby dwellings. It had exclusively black occupants who were almost all from southern states: Virginia, Louisiana, Florida, South Carolina, North Carolina, and Tennessee; one family moved from Bermuda. Occupants of the boarding house had a variety of jobs, but most were in the service industry, such as a cook, maid, or servant in a private house; a waitress, cook, or porter in a hotel; a laborer; and even a cabaret performer.35 Existing institutional buildings, such as the Indiana and Illinois Avenue Schools, continued to expand, and new buildings, such as the Northside YMCA (Photo 11, Historic Image 8), Engine Company 5 & 6 and Drill School (Photo 4, Historic Image 9), the Boys’ Vocational School (Photos 2-3, Historic Image 10), and the Indiana Opportunity School (Photos 12-13, Historic Images 11–13) were constructed, a reflection of the city’s booming economy. The result was that most of the residential buildings within the boundaries of the district were demolished. Other changes included the removal of the railroad tracks, which opened up additional lots for development. At least two hotels, Kendall House and Wrights Hotel, continued to operate within the district.36 The stock market crash of 1929 and the subsequent Great Depression led to a decline in tourism to Atlantic City as families did not have the means to vacation; Atlantic City suffered more economic ruin

30 “History of the World Famous Boardwalk in Atlantic City,” Hotel Experts of Atlantic City, accessed February 12, 2019, http://blog.achotelexperts.com/history-of-the-atlantic-city-boardwalk/. 31 Atlantic City Comptroller, Sixty-sixth Annual Report of the Comptroller of Atlantic City, New Jersey (1961), 41; “The Northside,” The Atlantic City Experience, the Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 12, 2019, http://www.atlanticcityexperience.org/?view=article&id=10:northside-atlantic-city-black-community&catid=10001. 32 Bryant Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, chap. 3; Johnson, The Northside, Prologue. 33 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, chap. 3. 34 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, chap. 3. 35 United States Census Bureau, Fifteenth Census of the United States, 1930 (United States Census Bureau: 1930), www.Ancestry.com. 36 J. M. Lathrop and Ellis Kiser, civil engineers, Atlas of Absecon Island, N.J.: Embracing the City of Atlantic City and City of Brigantine, (Philadelphia: A. H. Mueller, 1924).

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during the Great Depression than other cities because of the lack of diversification of its economy.37 Compounding Atlantic City’s decline in tourism in the 1930s was the lifting of Prohibition in 1933, which diminished the city’s intrigue as a place to buy and consume illegal alcohol.38 By the mid-1930s, Atlantic City’s 75-year reign as one of the country’s premier seaside resorts had come to an end. The United States began to emerge from the Great Depression by 1940. New Deal programs from the mid-1930s gained traction and the European need for war material due to the outbreak of WWII were contributing to the economic recovery. Despite the broader recovery, Atlantic City lagged behind, particularly the urban core, which included the historically black neighborhood of the Northside. Contributing to the sluggish rebound was the practice of redlining, which was the result of the National Housing Act of 1934. The Housing Act was a New Deal Program, designed to control the costs of mortgages and lower the rate of foreclosures by federally insuring housing loans that met federal standards. These benefits were not available to neighborhoods that banks, with the assistance of federal agencies, had determined were undesirable and posed too much of a lending risk. Many of these neighborhoods were in urban cores and were historically black neighborhoods. The Northside, which comprised a significant portion of Atlantic City, was among them (see Historic Image 2).39 The district continued to exist as an all-black neighborhood with residents, primarily from southern states, working in hotels or for private families. At that time, Victoria Jones lived at 1720 Arctic Avenue with a number of lodgers, who were from Virginia, Washington D.C., or Georgia and were employed as teachers or laborers, cooks or domestic servants for a private family, or else in hotels. Virginia B. Walker and her family were from Maryland and lived at 1705 Horace Avenue; Virginia worked as a domestic in a hotel.40 The entry of the United States into World War II in 1941 delayed the sluggish recovery because of gas shortages and rationing that limited the tourism that Atlantic City relied on as its principle economic driver. In 1942, however, Atlantic City became a training hub for the US Army and Atlantic City transitioned, albeit briefly, into a military town.41 With this transition, Atlantic City joined the rest of the United States in recovering from the Great Depression and, at the end of the war, transitioned from a military town back to its resort town roots; however, the numbers of tourists visiting Atlantic City declined in the post-World War II period. As airfare became more affordable many people were choosing to visit more distant locales, such as Florida or the Caribbean.42 The fall in tourism coincided with the

37 “Atlantic City: Shaped by Corruption and Gambling,” Shaping Atlantic City, accessed February 12, 2019, https://shapingatlanticcity.weebly.com/atlantic-city-late-19th-century---great-depression.html. 38 “Atlantic City: Shaped by Corruption and Gambling.” 39 Steve Hughes, “How a single map helped determine the fate of Atlantic City’s Northside,” Press of Atlantic City (Pleasantville, NJ), July 13, 2017, https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/news/press/atlantic_city/how-a-single-map-helped-determine-the-fate-of-atlantic/article_6f3c5f16-506a-5081-bf07-0d0209bc10f8.html. 40 United State Census Bureau, Sixteenth Census of the United States, 1940 (United State Census Bureau, 1940), www.Ancestry.com. 41 Patricia Chappine, New Jersey Women in WWII (Charleston: History, 2015), 32-34, https://books.google.com/books?id=0b6qCQAAQBAJ&lpg=PA1&pg=PA1#v=onepage&q&f=false. 42 Nick Paumgarten, “The Death and Life of Atlantic City,” The New Yorker, September 7, 2015, https://www.newyorker.com/magazine/2015/09/07/the-death-and-life-of-atlantic-city.

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national movement towards greater suburbanization and the implementation of urban renewal, all of which had devastating implications for the Northside neighborhood. The policies associated with urban renewal were born during the Great Depression (1929–1940) and expanded significantly in the post-World War II (1941–1945) period. In 1933, as part of the New Deal programs and policies, passed under President Franklin D. Roosevelt (1882–1945), a housing department was established in the Public Works Administration (PWA) and supplied federal funding and assistance to housing developers to return faith and activity to the construction fields and housing market. This marked the first time that federal funding was available to create public housing. The PWA transitioned to the Federal Housing Administration (FHA) the following year and subsequent public policies passed under the Truman Administration (1945–1953), the Eisenhower Administration (1953–1961), and the Johnson Administration (1963–1969) focused on rebuilding economically depressed urban neighborhoods. These laws included the Housing Acts of 1949, 1954, and 1956, which allowed cities to engage in neighborhood clearance by identifying areas as blighted in order to build public housing for both families and the elderly. These laws also established the U.S. Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) (1965), which had the intent of revitalizing inner cities by providing low-interest loans.43 m Atlantic City was the first municipalityt in the State of New Jersey to take advantage of federal funding available for new housing under the PWA. In May 1937, the Stanley S. Holmes Village was dedicated. The complex, constructed with federal funding under the PWA, cost $1,700,000 and was the first public housing project in both Atlantic City and New Jersey. It was also one of the earliest in the United States.44 The complex was named for Stanley S. Holmes (1881–1935) who served as Chairman of the New Jersey State Housing Authority.45 The project was heralded by Dr. Claiborn Morris Cain, who was also selected to manage the new complex (see Criterion B). In Atlantic City, large public improvement projects during the mid-twentieth century occurred with the support of New Jersey State Senator Frank “Hap” S. Farley (1901–1977). These were predominantly transportation and entertainment related and included the Atlantic City Expressway (1964) that connected Atlantic City to Philadelphia, and the Atlantic City Marina.46 One of the first residential urban renewal projects in Atlantic City was constructed in the Northside neighborhood. The project occurred under the leadership of Pauline Hill (born 1910), who, in 1963, was promoted to Executive Director of the Atlantic City Housing Authority and Urban Redevelopment Agency. Hill believed that available federal funding for urban renewal projects would restore the City’s

43 Virginia H. Adams, Carolyn S. Barry and Elizabeth DeBlock, “Hancock Village,” National Register of Historic Places Nomination Form, June 2015, 20-24; Jane Jacobs, The Death and Life of Great American Cities (New York: Random House: 1961), 6; James M. Lindgren, Preserving Historic New England: Preservation, Progressivism, and the Remaking of Memory (New York, NY: Oxford University Press, 1995), 296; Viola Osgood, “HUD Housing a Blight on City,” Boston Globe, 14 April 1977. 44 “Low Rent Project Dedicated At Shore,” Courier-Post (Camden, NJ), 3 May 1937. 45 “Housing Chairman Dies Suddenly,” Daily Home News (New Brunswick, NJ), April 1, 1935. 46 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams,141–142.

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tax base and reverse the trend of economic decline by eliminating poor neighborhoods and creating new environments. Beginning in the late 1950s, the City purchased and then demolished a few blocks of rowhouses in the Northside at the intersection of Arctic Avenue and Virginia Avenue. The neighborhood housing was replaced with a single, simple high-rise apartment building constructed in 1967. Known as the Altman Terrace, it was a massive L-shaped, six-story, 90-unit building that dominated the surrounding area and faced inward onto a shared courtyard. The complex was named for Atlantic City Mayor, Joseph Altman (died 1967), the longest serving mayor of the city. Despite the Fair Housing Act, which forbid segregation practices as part of any federally-funded project, there were no white residents at Altman Terrace when it was built.47 Occurring around the same time as the Northside urban renewal effort, Hill next contracted in wholesale demolition in the South Inlet part of the City in the mid-to-late 1960s. She identified this all-white neighborhood as the most valuable though least commercially developed in Atlantic City that had suffered from post-war stagnation. The resulting project demolished about 80 acres of buildings and would eventually relocate 1,600 people and displace 3,500.48 The swath of cleared land became known as “Pauline’s Prairie” and for decades the City and developers promised to fix it with mixed results. In 1967, the Atlantic City Housing Authority and Urban Redevelopment Agency hired the Renewal Development Corporation to build on the cleared land. The following year, the development company backed out of the deal without constructing anything. Next, the project was assumed by Barco Urban Renewal Corporation from Philadelphia. In 1971, the company had completed construction on the Beachgate Condominium Complex – 75 garden-style apartments that faced inward to an interior shared courtyard.49 These two urban renewal projects were representative of the new plan for Atlantic City. They marked the continued segregation of housing in existing black and the white neighborhoods. Projects, such as demolition in the South Inlet, were also part of a larger plan to rebuild the city using federal funding as a bedroom community for Philadelphia, with residents using the newly-constructed Atlantic City Expressway. New projects would focus on attracting the middle and upper classes rather than the needs of existing poor and working-class residents.50 Urban renewal did not reverse the trend of economic decline of the city as officials anticipated it would. Many residents of the city left for the suburbs due to a continued lack of economic opportunity, an increase in crime, and a reduction in housing in some areas in the wake of urban renewal projects. Many of the city’s black residents moved inland to Pleasantville. 51 By the late 1960s, the surviving portion of

47 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 141–142. 48 Reuben Kramer, “Promises for Pauline’s Prairie could fall flat, again,” Press of Atlantic City, 19 July 2015, https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/business/promises-for-pauline-s-prairie-could-fall-flat-again/article_827f9046-2cdc-11e5-84d3-e33b621f0f34.html; Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 142–148. 49 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 146. 50 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 144–146. 51 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 149–153.

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the former Camden and Atlantic City Railroad was scaled back to a commuter service as a result of widespread reliance on the automobile and the city’s declining economy.52 The Congress of Racial Equality (CORE) -Atlantic City Chapter complained that the Atlantic City Housing Authority and Urban Redevelopment Agency was racist in its policies. CORE argued that the redevelopment agency was using federal funds to support businesses and residents in white neighborhoods, while neglecting the needs of the black neighborhoods. When Hill purposed the clearing of what was known as the Uptown Urban Renewal Tract, which stretched between Atlantic Avenue and Maryland Avenue to the Boardwalk, in the Northside neighborhood, CORE- Atlantic City Chapter, which objected to the demolition and neglect in the African American neighborhood, demanded that Pauline Hill resign from her position. This demand was accomplished in 1973 when Hill retired.53 The economy of Atlantic City changed significantly during the last three decades of the twentieth century. By the 1970s, the vision for the City’s redevelopment was anchored on the Boardwalk and tourists rather than as a suburb for Philadelphia.54 In 1976, New Jersey legalized casino gambling in Atlantic City, becoming the first state outside of Nevada to do so. The first casino, Resorts Atlantic City, opened two years later. The casino building boom throughout the late 1970s and 1980s that followed the legislation dramatically changed Atlantic City and resulted in a rebirth of tourism. Construction included Caesar’s Boardwalk Regency, Bally’s Park Place, Sands Hotel and Casino, the Atlantic Club Casino Hotel, the Trump Plaza Hotel and Casino, and the Taj Mahal Casino Resort. In 1988, the casinos were bringing in $2.73 billion worth of revenue; this number reached $4.2 billion by 2000. Atlantic City casinos reached a peak in 2006 before experiencing a dramatic economic decline.55 The 1976 measure was an effort to rescue Atlantic City from financial ruin; however, much of the money that was made did not stay within city limits to benefit residents, rather they stayed with the casino owners and operators who lived elsewhere. The 1977 Casino Control Act required that casinos reinvest a percentage of their profits in urban redevelopment projects in Atlantic City and New Jersey, at large. However, loopholes in the law that persisted until the mid-1980s allowed casino owners to circumvent this policy. In 1984, the Casino Reinvestment Development Authority was established and required casinos to spend 1.25-percent of their gross annual revenue on approved urban renewal projects; however, since that date there has been no major redevelopment or housing project completed with this funding to benefit Atlantic City’s residents who were hurt by urban renewal and economic policies of the mid-to-late-twentieth century. 56

52 “Pennsylvania-Reading Seashore Lines,” Passenger Railroads of the 1930’s-1940’s in North America, accessed February 14, 2019, http://www.r2parks.net/PRSL.html. 53 Kramer, “Promises could fall flat;” Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams, 144–149. 54 Simon, Boardwalk of Dreams,149. 55 “The Complete History of Gambling in Atlantic City,” New Jersey Online Gambling, accessed February 2019, https://www.njonlinegambling.com/atlantic-city-history/; Paumgarten, “The Death and Life of Atlantic City.” 56 Donald Janson, “Slum in Atlantic City is Set for Renewal,” New York Times, August 29, 1987, https://www.nytimes.com/1987/08/29/nyregion/slum-in-atlantic-city-is-set-for-renewal.html.

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The area in and around the Northside Institutional Historic District experienced great change between the mid-twentieth century and the early twenty-first century. Through the late 1940s, the area was defined by numerous institutional buildings that supported the surrounding neighborhood, which was densely developed with two- and three-story dwellings. By the early 1960s, the dwellings in the middle of the blocks on either side of present-day Martin Luther King Jr Boulevard between Atlantic Avenue and Arctic Avenue were demolished to make way for parking lots. This was followed by the demolition of Wright’s Hotel at the corner of Arctic and Illinois Avenues in 1973. Demolition continued around the historic district, and in the late twentieth century, Illinois Avenue was widened into a four-lane road, which necessitated the demolition of a stretch of buildings on either side of the road. In January 1988, Illinois Avenue was renamed Martin Luther King Boulevard to honor the late Dr. King (1929–1968).57 Several of the district’s institutions ceased operation or moved and many of the buildings were sold. In 1979, United Way sold the Northside YMCA to Sencit-Liberty Associates.58 That same year, Sencit-Liberty Associates purchased the Illinois Avenue School and the Boys’ Vocational School from the Housing Authority of the City of Atlantic City.59 The two buildings were rehabilitated into apartments, resulting in significant changes to the interiors; however, the exteriors of the buildings were left largely intact. In 1998, Asbury Methodist Church, which has occupied the building at 1713 Arctic Avenue for more than eight decades, moved to 1213 Pacific Avenue.60 Within the neighborhood, buildings continued to be cleared in the early twenty-first century, including an apartment building adjacent to the former Amunath Israel Synagogue.61 Some new construction replaced sections of this once densely packed neighborhood, including Tanger Outlets The Walk, a 109-store open-air mall spanning three city blocks, which was constructed one block from the district in 2003. Two of the buildings within the district changed ownership. 1713 Arctic Avenue, formerly Asbury Methodist

57 Jim Beckerman, Jim Walsh, Celeste E. Whittaker, Phaedra Trethan, and Stacey Barchenger, “New Jersey’s Martin Luther King boulevards: Hope fulfilled or dream deferred,” Record (Woodland Park, NJ), published January 18, 2019, https://www.northjersey.com/story/life/2019/01/18/new-jersey-streets-named-dr-martin-luther-king-jr-newark-trenton-atlantic-city-elizabeth-morristown/2528600002/; Historic aerials of Atlantic City, NJ, Historic Aerials, NETR, accessed February 18, 2019, http://www.historicaerials.com; Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey (New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1921); Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey (New York: Sanborn Map Company, 1949). 58 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, United Way of Atlantic County, Inc. to Sencit-Liberty Associates, August 15, 1979, bk. 3383, p. 32. 59 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Housing Authority of the City of Atlantic City to Sencit-Liberty Associates, October 10, 1979, bk. 3404, p. 113. 60 Lucia C. Drake, “Asbury United Methodist Church marks 128th anniversary with hope of growing,” The Press of Atlantic City, November 20, 2013, https://www.pressofatlanticcity.com/communities/atlantic-city_pleasantville_brigantine/asbury-united-methodist-church-marks-th-anniversary-with-hope-of/article_f3b03dae-f0ae-555c-92fa-7a4a82fecafa.html. 60 “Episcopal Passage: The First African American Bishops,” The Church Awakens: African Americans and the Struggle for Justice, the Archives of the Episcopal Church, accessed February 15, 2019, https://www.episcopalarchives.org/church-awakens/exhibits/show/divergence/episcopal-passage. 61 Historic aerials of Atlantic City, NJ, Historic Aerials.

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Church, was purchased by the Church of God New Jerusalem, Inc. in 2003, and the New Redeemed Pentecostal Temple Church of God in Christ purchased the former Amunath Israel Synagogue in 2004.62 The Great Recession of 2008 ended the casino boom of the late-twentieth century and Atlantic City’s economy was significantly affected. The bankruptcy and closure of multiple casinos in the city coupled with the loss of a monopoly on gambling on the East Coast meant that the economy could no longer rely on income and jobs from the gaming industry.63 In addition, Atlantic City was one of the places severely damaged by Hurricane Sandy, which reached the city on October 29, 2012. The storm became one of the costliest in United States history after Hurricane Katrina. It destroyed about 346,000 homes in New Jersey and left approximately 70-80 percent of the Atlantic City underwater. The hurricane destroyed sections of the historic Boardwalk and damaged or destroyed numerous houses and beachfront businesses. Hurricane Sandy caused significant damage to the city’s tourism-driven economy, as casinos, the Convention Center, restaurants, businesses, and hotels were temporarily or permanently closed. The closed casinos caused an almost 30 percent drop in revenue for November alone. The employees who worked at these places were also affected as they experienced a temporary or permanent drop in hours.64 By late summer 2015, the Atlantic City government was on the brink of bankruptcy when three of the remaining 11 casinos in Atlantic City were closed and 5,000 people lost their jobs.65 By 2016, casino revenue had declined by over 50-percent from the 2006 statistics.66

62 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Asbury United Methodist Church to Church of God New Jerusalem, Inc. December 16, 2003, bk. 7645, p. 1; Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, The Holy Temple Church of God in Christ to the New Redeemed Pentecostal Temple Church of God in Christ, February 26, 2004, bk. 7677, p. 1. 63 Paumgarten, “The Death and Life of Atlantic City.” 64 Associated Press (AP), “Up and Down East Coast, Bracing for a Superstorm,” The Central New Jersey Home News, 29 October 2012, https://www.newspapers.com/image/313908811/?terms=Hurricane%2BSandy%2BAtlantic%2BCity%2BNew%2BJersey; Chris Gentilviso, “Atlantic City Hurricane Sandy Devastation: Storm Rips Through Area,” HuffPost, 30 October 2012, https://www.huffingtonpost.com/2012/10/30/atlantic-city-hurricane-sandy_n_2045158.html; Thomas Kaplan and N.R. Kleinfield, “Empty of Gamblers and Full of Water, Atlantic City Reels,” New York Times, 29 October 2012, https://www.nytimes.com/2012/10/30/nyregion/storm-overwhelms-atlantic-city.html; Laurie Kellman, “Disaster politics tricky for presidents,” Herald News, 16 September 2018, https://www.newspapers.com/image/511935480/?terms=Hurricane%2BSandy%2BAtlantic%2BCity%2BNew%2BJersey; Amy McKeever, “Atlantic City Post-Sandy: The Myths and Facts of Hurricane Sandy’s Damage,” Eater.com, published 4 February 2013, accessed February 19, 2019, https://www.eater.com/2013/2/4/6485937/atlantic-city-post-sandy-the-myths-and-facts-of-hurricane-sandys; Liz Roll and Nicole Bonaccorso, “Rebuilt, Repaired, Abandoned: Five Years After Sandy,” NBC News, accessed 25 October 2017, https://www.nbcnews.com/news/us-news/rebuilt-repaired-abandoned-five-years-after-sandy-n813696. 65 Kramer, “Promises could fall flat.” 66 “The Complete History of Gambling in Atlantic City.”

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St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church and the Asbury Methodist Church Black churches were essential pieces of the social fabric within the Northside. The churches provided the black community with the freedom to worship, socialize, and participate in a hierarchy that was not determined by white people. The establishment of black churches in the North began in the eighteenth century.67 While many black people attended service in predominantly white congregations, by the late eighteenth century, black people began to join benevolent associations called African Societies from which independent black churches were often established. One of the most significant was the Free African Society of Philadelphia, which was organized in 1787. It would evolve into two congregations: the Bethel Church, which was the origin of African Methodist Episcopal (AME) denomination, and St. Thomas Episcopal Church, the first black parish. While some black churches operated autonomously, others, like St. Thomas Episcopal Church, remained affiliated with a white denomination.68 Over the nineteenth and the first half of the twentieth century, the number of congregants belonging to black denominations and churches increased substantially througho ut the United States. The first black church in Atlantic City, the Bethel African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, was founded in 1875.69 Many more quickly followed. Certificates of incorporation detail the establishment of 14 churches in the Northside neighborhood during the first three decades of the twentieth century, including St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church and Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church.70 St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church at 1709 Arctic Avenue was established at the turn of the twentieth century for black congregants who were attending the Episcopal Church of the Ascension at Pacific and Michigan Avenues in Atlantic City. It was the second black Episcopal congregation in the Diocese of New Jersey.71 Seeking to create a separate church for black congregants in the Northside, the Reverend John H. Townsend invited the African American Reverend James N. Deaver of Charlestown, West Virginia to come to Atlantic City to establish a black congregation within Atlantic City.72 The Episcopal Church viewed Atlantic City as a strategic location, where vacationing African Americans that would return home to their own communities could be introduced to the church and its teachings.73 Townsend purchased a vacant lot at 1709 Arctic Avenue, adjacent to the present building, in 1900, and in the autumn of that year, the Reading Room Association donated a building at 12 South Indiana Avenue.

67 Johnson, “A Plantation by the Sea.” 68 “The Black Church,” PBS, accessed February 12, 2019, http://www.pbs.org/godinamerica/black-church/. 69 Johnson, “A Plantation by the Sea.” 70 Richlyn F. Goddard, “’Three Months to Hurry and Nine Months to Worry’: Resort Life for African Americans in Atlantic City,NJ (1850-1940),” (PhD diss., Howard University, 2001), 140. 71 The first was established by Reverend John H. Townsend in Camden in 1886; George Freeman Bragg, History of the Afro-American Group of the Episcopal Church (Baltimore: Church Advocate Press, 1922), 229, https://books.google.com/books?id=RIfZAAAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 72 “Unique Work in Atlantic City,” The Living Church, September 10, 1921, 614. 73 “Unique Work in Atlantic City,” 614.

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The building was moved to 1709 Arctic Avenue and renovated.74 Regular church services began on March 1st, 1901, and the church received its certificate of incorporation in 1904.75 The adjacent lot, upon which the present church stands, was purchased by the church on June 6, 1919.76 In 1920, construction began on the present church (Photo 9), designed by the renowned Philadelphia architect Frank W. Watson (1859-1940; see Criterion C).77 The adjacent three-story wooden building, which the new church would replace, was to be used as a home for working black women.78 Atlantic City’s Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church was established in 1886 by Reverend L. Y. Cox, having emerged out of Bible study meeting being held at a home on Delaware Avenue. It was the third black church to be established in Atlantic City.79 Its establishment was due, in part, to the increasing black population that had migrated from the South, where the Methodist Episcopal Church had a large African American following.80 The church was initially served by visiting pastors until the appointment of Reverend Thomas M. Draper in the spring of 1887. The congregation quickly became too large for the room it occupied on Delaware Avenue, and in 1888, it moved to an old church building at Michigan Avenue between Arctic and Baltic Avenues. The congregation continued to grow, and a new church was constructed at Michigan and Baltic Avenues, before, under the leadership of Reverend Adam L. Martin, they purchased the lot at 1713 Arctic Avenue in 1908.81 At the time, the lot was occupied by the old Wayman Hotel. A tabernacle was initially erected in the rear of the lot. Construction of the new church began in 1912 (Photo 1, Historic Image 6).82

74 The Diocese of New Jersey, Journal of the Proceedings of the One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Annual Convention (Trenton, NJ: The John L. Murphy Publishing Company, Printers: 1901), 65; Rev. George F. Bragg, ed., “The Tenth Anniversary St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church: A Work Among the Colored People,” 11, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 75 The Diocese of New Jersey, One Hundred and Twenty-Ninth Annual Convention, 65; Certificate of Incorporation, Saint Augustine Episcopal Church, June 7, 1904, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 76 William T. Brown to The Rector, Warden’s and Vestrymen of St. Augustine’s Church of Atlantic City, NJ, conveyance record, May 29, 1919, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 77 Engineering News Record 84, no. 7 (February 1920): 118, https://books.google.com/books?id=5b4cAQAAMAAJ&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 78 “Church News,” The Chronicle (1915), 263, https://books.google.com/books?id=pyMNVyas8WYC&printsec=frontcover&source=gbs_ge_summary_r&cad=0#v=onepage&q&f=false. 79 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 4; Asbury United Methodist Church, “Historical Sketch of Asbury United Methodist Church” in One Hundredth Anniversary (1985), African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 80 Herbert James Foster, “The Urban Experience of Blacks in Atlantic City, New Jersey: 1850-1915” (PhD diss., Rutgers University, 1981), 190-191. 81 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, William R. Page to Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church, December 12, 1908, bk. 393, p. 288. 82 Asbury United Methodist Church, “Historical Sketch;” Foster, “The Urban Experience of Blacks in Atlantic City,” 190-191.

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Amunath Israel Synagogue Eastern European Jews began to immigrate to the United States in large numbers in the late-nineteenth century.83 The arrival of Jewish refugees from areas controlled by Russia in the late-nineteenth century into the first decades of the twentieth century represents a significant wave of immigrants to the United States. The Jewish community, which was falsely blamed for the assassination of Tzar Alexander II (1818–1881) , became the victims of state-sponsored massacres, known as pogroms.84 Between 1880 and the introduction of restrictive quotas in 1924, it is estimated that as many as 3 million Eastern European Jews immigrated to the United States.85 More than half came from the Russian Empire; however significant numbers also immigrated from Austria-Hungary (mainly Galicia), and Romania.86 The Jewish population of New Jersey grew significantly during this time, from an estimated 5,600 in 1880 to 258,306 in 1927.87 Overcrowding in the cities, such as New York and Philadelphia, and anti-Semitism led the Hebrew Immigrant Aid Society (HIAS) and the Jewish Agricultural Society to provide aid and support to those looking to settle elsewhere. Russian Jews were encouraged to leave the challenging conditions of their homeland with the promise of paid passage to New York, as well as a deed to a new home and 15 acres with one cow in the farming communities for southern New Jersey. While German Jews were the first to establish a congregation in Atlantic City in the late 1880s with financial support from Philadelphia’s Reform Congregation Rodelp Sholom, other members of the Jewish community followed.88 During the last decade of the nineteenth century, Atlantic City was fast becoming “one of the largest Jewish playgrounds,” as Jews facing more discriminatory policies at hotels, clubs, and restaurants in nearby Cape May took their business elsewhere.89 While Atlantic City wasn’t specifically established as a Jewish summer resort, it was a popular location for urban Jews to vacation; however, as the number Jewish vacationers increased in Atlantic City, racist attitudes prevailed. Fearing that the large number of Jewish vacationers would negatively affect the number of white, non-Jewish tourists visiting the city, many hotels began operating under “Christians only” policies. Indeed, the Hotel Traymore maintained their whites-only policies until around World War II (1941–1945).90

83 Joellyn Zollman, “Jewish immigration to America: Three Waves,” My Jewish Learning, accessed February 8, 2019, https://www.myjewishlearning.com/article/jewish-immigration-to-america-three-waves/. 84 “A People at Risk,” Immigration, Library of Congress, accessed February 15, 2019, https://www.loc.gov/teachers/classroommaterials/presentationsandactivities/presentations/immigration/polish5.html. 85 Zollman, “Jewish immigration to America.” 86 Eli Lederhendler, “America,” Yivo Encyclopedia of Jews in Eastern Europe, accessed February 15, 2019, http://www.yivoencyclopedia.org/article.aspx/America. 87 “Virtual Jewish World: New Jersey, United States,” The Virtual Jewish World, Jewish Virtual Library, accessed February 15, 2019, https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/new-jersey-jewish-history. 88 Vernon and Meyers, Jewish South Jersey, 7-9. 89 Vernon and Meyers, Jewish South Jersey, 39. 90 Vernon and Meyers, Jewish South Jersey, 7, 9, 38.

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The Amunath Israel Synagogue (Photo 10, Historic Image 4), 1714 Arctic Avenue, was the second synagogue to be constructed in Atlantic City.91 The congregation was founded in 1900 by Polish and Galicianier Jews that broke away from the congregation of Rodef Sholom. They referred to themselves as the “True Believers of the Faith in Israel,” and met near Baltic and Missouri Avenues. The congregation expanded when a group of shoemakers and tailors joined the synagogue, creating the only class-oriented minyan in Atlantic City.92 By 1906, it appears that the congregation had repurposed an earlier dwelling at 1714 Arctic Avenue for the Hebrew International School, and by 1908, the dwelling had been demolished to make way for the new synagogue.93 The congregation suffered during the Great Depression, and by the 1940s the congregation was unable to gather a minyan (congregation). Financial difficulties and a shifting population led the congregation to merge with Beth Jacob in 1951, and the synagogue was closed the following year.94 In the 1950s, the YMCA purchased the building to use as an annex.95 The Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA (aka the Northside YMCA) The first Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) in Atlantic City opened in 1893; however, it denied access to African Americans. Racial segregation was the policy of the YMCA’s national organization from its beginnings in 1851 until 1946. While the national organization excluded African Americans from whites-only YMCAs, African Americans were encouraged to form separate branches.96 In 1894, responding to the discrimination he saw in Atlantic City, George Walls, a prominent local businessman, organized a group that would help establish an African American YMCA in the Northside. George Walls was a successful African American businessman, who ran the only African American-owned business on the Boardwalk. In addition to helping establish the Northside YMCA, Walls was a strong advocate for social, educational, and community programs in throughout the neighborhood.97 The Northside YMCA originally operated out of a small cottage on North New York Avenue. In 1910, they purchased the lot and wood-frame building at 1711 Arctic Avenue.98 In 1914, Claiborn Morris Cain (see Criterion B) became executive director of the Northside YMCA. Cain was one of the most influential

91 The congregation appears to have been referred to by different names over the years, including Emanus Israel and Amonat Israel. 92 A minyan is the quorum of Jewish adults required for traditional public worship. 93 Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City (1906); Lathrop and Kiser, Atlas of Atlantic City. 94 “Merged Synagogues to Build at Shore,” Courier-Post (Camden, NJ), May 18, 1953; Jerry Gordon, The Jewish Community of Atlantic City Area (Chanhassen, MH: SmartPress, 2016), 9-10. 95Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Atlantic County United Fund, Inc. to The Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, May 25, 1967, bk.2522, p.319. 96 Jay Shockley for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, “Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Building, 135th Street (later Harlem) Branch,” LP-1973, February 10, 1998, 2, http://www.neighborhoodpreservationcenter.org/db/bb_files/1998YMCA135thStreet.pdf. 97 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 5. 98 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, John Mackin to Young Men’s Christian Association of Atlantic City New Jersey, November 9, 1910, p.414.

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individuals in the history of Atlantic City and the Northside.99 In his role as executive director, Cain sought new and improved facilities for the YMCA in the Northside. Progress was incremental. It appears that by 1921, a one-story addition had been added to the existing building.100 In was not until 1927, after years of effort, that construction of a new YMCA (Photo 11, Historic Image 8) on Arctic Avenue began at the cost of $250,000. The new building, which was financed through private donations, included a gymnasium, recreation room, showers, and dormitory accommodations. By 1930, the Northside YMCA had a membership of 250 young African American men and a staff of seven full-time assistants as well as dozens of volunteers.101 Through the leadership of Dr. Cain, the Northside YMCA became the headquarters for many African American community organizations and clubs, including the Northside Board of Trade, the Northside Business and Professional Woman’s Club, the Lincoln University Alumni Associates, the Young Men’s Progressive Club, the Great Building and Loan Association, the Lion’s Social Club, two of the city’s four African American Boy Scout Troops, and the Woman’s Home Missionary Society. The missions of these clubs and organizations reached hundreds of youth, regardless of their membership with the YMCA. Significantly, the Building and Loan and the Board of Trade were two financial institutions that were integral to the financial growth of the African American community; both organizations began in the Northside YMCA.102 By the 1930s, National Council of the YMCA came under increasing criticism for its policy of racial segregation. In 1946, it passed a resolution to move towards abolishing all racial discrimination, and by 1950, more than half of all YMCAs had open membership policies.103 In the mid-twentieth century, the Northside YMCA joined the Community Chest. During the early decades of the twentieth century, several communities organized councils to coordinate their community welfare activities. Referred to as community chests, the first one within the United States was begun in Elmira, New York in 1910. Many other communities, including Atlantic County, followed suit. By 1950, the Community Chest and Welfare Council of Absecon Island included nonprofits, such as the Boy Scouts, the Salvation Army, the Travelers Aid Society, the Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA, and the YWCA. In 1950, the United Fund was started, which combined all county fundraising drives for these

99 Ralph Hunter (Director of the African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey), interview by Corinne Engelbert, Atlantic City, NJ, November 8, 2018. 100 Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City (1906). 101 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 5. 102 Johnson, The Northside, chap. 5. 103 Theresa C. Noonan for the New York City Landmarks Preservation Commission, “Young Men’s Christian Association (YMCA) Building, West 135th Street Branch” LP-1848, December 13, 2016, 4, http://s-media.nyc.gov/agencies/lpc/lp/1848.pdf.

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groups into one.104 In all other respects it appears that the YMCA continued for a time to operate independently. In the 1950s, the YMCA purchased the Amunath Israel Synagogue to use as an annex.105 In 1967, the Community Chest of Atlantic City changed its name to the Atlantic County United Fund.106 For reasons that are not known, the Northside YMCA was sold in 1974 to the Atlantic County United Fund; the Atlantic County United Fund sold the building to Sencit-Liberty Associates in 1979.107 CRITERION A – EDUCATION History of Public Education in New Jersey In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries in America, education was primarily restricted to children whose parents could afford to pay tutors or pay for a private school. Even then, most education ended at the elementary level. By the early nineteenth century, local and religious schools became unable to serve the needs of the expanding national population.108 In 1817, the State government of New Jersey assumed a leadership role in education when the legislature established a state “School Fund” financed by sales of state-owned land subject to the flows of the tides; however, significant action for the allocation of the funds did not occur until 1829 after an 1828 state-wide survey to gather data on the condition of the education system was conducted. The study concluded that many school-age children were still unable to attend school, one in every five voters was unable to read and write, and the majority of the state’s residents wanted a free public-school system.109 The disbursement of the School Fund was primarily based on the amount of taxes received by the state from each county, which provided the wealthiest counties with the largest allocations. Also, in 1829, legislature was enacted including the establishment of a state board of education and a state superintendent of public instruction with authority to enforce school law. The law included stipulations that schools be free to all children age 5 to 18 and that local districts could appoint their own local school superintendent. Although the School Fund existed, it was never well financed and often the funds were diverted to meet other demands. Voters at the local level often rejected proposals to raise supplemental funds to finance

104 “United Fund Drive Starts in Atlantic County to Aid Two Dozen Welfare Agencies,” Daily Journal (Vineland, New Jersey), October 18, 1950, https://www.newspapers.com/image/280251277/?terms=%22atlantic%2Bcounty%2Bcommunity%2Bchest%22. 105 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Atlantic County United Fund, Inc. to The Holy Temple Church of God in Christ, May 25, 1967, bk. 2522, p. 319. 106 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Atlantic County United Fund, Inc. to The Holy Temple Church of God in Christ. 107 Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, Trustees of the Young Men’s Christian Association of Atlantic City, New Jersey to Atlantic County United Fund, June 28, 1974, bk. 2868, p. 46; Atlantic County Registry of Deeds, United Way to Sencit-Liberty. 108 Richard Vespucci for the New Jersey Department of Education, “Public Education in New Jersey,” the State of New Jersey, 2001, https://www.nj.gov/education/genfo/penj.pdf. 109 Vespucci, “Public Education in New Jersey.”

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education. As a result, many schools were closed early in the school year or required parents to pay a tuition.110 In 1844, a new state constitution was adopted with provisions that ensured the permanence of the School Fund and prohibited the legislature from using the revenues for any purpose other than the support of free schools. An Act to Establish Public Schools was passed in 1846, required towns to raise “at least equal to and not more than double the amount” apportioned from the School Fund, but did nothing to alter the distribution of funds based on taxes; therefore, the system still favored wealthier communities. It was not until 1851 that the act was revised to apportion the distribution of the School Funds based on each school district’s student population, as counted in an annual school census.111 An Act to Make Free the Public Schools of the State was enacted by legislation in 1871 and “was the first to provide that public schools would be entirely financed by a state-derived revenue source, the distribution of which was based on the population of each district’s school-aged children.” 112 Each locality could raise additional revenue. The law also eliminated tuition fees often used by towns to supplement school funding. It also required that the schools be open for at least nine months, that all public schools be free to those over 5 years old and under 18 years old, and set the state school tax on the value of real and personal property.113 In 1881, New Jersey became one of the first states to pass a law that prohibited school boards from excluding children from public school base on race, nationality, or creed. In the twentieth century, changes were made to state public education law. The eligibility age requirements for free public-school education was extended from 18 to 20, and attendance was made compulsory for all students between 6 and 16. Kindergartens, nursey schools and child-care centers became more popular, as well. In addition, special classes and services were established for gifted students as well as for those who were physically, mentally, or emotionally impaired. The demand for secondary education continued to grow, which resulted in the creation of junior high schools and local and county vocational schools. Many communities that were unable to provide their own high schools provided means for students to attend high schools in adjacent districts or merged to construct high schools and form regional districts.114 New Jersey’s school system remained primarily locally controlled and was financed through the tax on real property. The taxes became a strain in the years after World War II and the “baby boom” period. Urban communities also suffered a great loss in revenue due to the exodus of residents in the post-War years. In 1972, the reliance on revenues from local property tax was ruled unconstitutional by the state Supreme Court in Robinson v. Cahill; however, the approval of a state income tax to raise funds was not passed until 1976.115

110 “Education – History,” New Jersey Almanac, accessed February 15, 2019, https://www.newjerseyalmanac.com/education-history.html. 111 “Education – History.” 112 “Education – History.” 113 “Education – History.” 114 Vespucci, “Public Education in New Jersey.” 115 “Education – History.”

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Although New Jersey passed a law that prohibited segregation in schools in 1881, it was not strictly enforced until the summer of 1947, when the New Jersey Constitutional Convention drew up an article that prohibited segregation in the public-school system in the state. Although attempts were made to desegregate the schools, the limited racial diversity in most neighborhoods resulted in an equally limited racial diversity in neighborhood schools, which continued into the 1960s and 1970s. In 1975, the state Education Department ordered 26 major school districts including Camden, Trenton, and Atlantic City to submit desegregation plans. Those 26 districts were indicated as the only districts in the state that had not complied with a 1969 integration rule that stated, “each school and classroom should contain a fair cross-section of the community.”116 History of Public Education in Atlantic City and the Northside In 1836, the first school to open in Atlantic City was held in the Atlantic House, located at the corner of Massachusetts and Baltic Avenues. It had less than 10 students, all children of the Leeds family. The first public school was opened in 1858 with one teacher, after the city was officially incorporated in 1854, and was housed in the “old” Ocean House (no longer extant) at Maryland and Arctic Avenues. The following year, the first public school house was built at Arctic and Pennsylvania Avenues. It consisted of three rooms and employed five teachers. The steady growth in population meant that, by 1863, the school was woefully undersized, and a two-story, four-room addition was constructed.117 As Atlantic City developed as a resort destination in the mid-nineteenth century and families moved there for work, there was a growing need for educational facilities. By 1870, the full-time population reached over 1,000 residents. As enrollment expanded for students in all grades, the board constructed new school buildings across the city. Primary schools were the first schools, followed by secondary schools toward the end of the nineteenth century. In 1879, a new school was built on Indiana Avenue between Baltic and Arctic Avenues in the Northside neighborhood. The first Indiana Avenue School was a wood-frame, three-story Italianate-style building on a raised brick basement. By 1879, there were approximately 400 black families in Atlantic City, whose children would have attended the Indiana Avenue School. The New Jersey Avenue School, also located in the Northside neighborhood (outside of the district), was constructed just four years later in 1883 and was almost identical in design. In the early 1890s, the Indiana Avenue School was one of three schools along with the New Jersey Avenue and Texas Avenue Schools, to receive a four-room addition. The Indiana Avenue School was then comprised of fourteen school rooms, a library, a teachers’ room, and a principal’s office. Additional teachers were hired throughout the city, and manual training teaching was introduced to the curriculum. Between 1894 and 1898, the population of school-age children increased by over 1,000 students in the city. In 1895, the Illinois Avenue School at the corner of Illinois and Arctic Avenues in the Northside neighborhood was constructed as the first purpose-built high school for the city. Prior to this, the high

116 Douglas C. McVarish and Courtney L. Clark for John Milner Associates, “Atlantic City Schools: A Historic Overview, Context And Survey,” December 2006. 117 John F. Hall and George W. Bloodgood, The Daily Union History of Atlantic City, New Jersey (John F. Hall, 1899), 75-76, https://play.google.com/books/reader?id=Ah0VAAAAYAAJ&hl=en&pg=GBS.PA4.

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school was housed in three dedicated classrooms in the Pennsylvania Avenue School.118 The Illinois Avenue School was originally a three-story, brick, Renaissance Revival-style edifice with a four-story tower in the center of the façade (Historic Image 3). The original configuration comprised seven classrooms, an assembly room, physical and chemical laboratories, a library, two manual training rooms, and the Board of Education office.119 In total, the city spent $205,000 on school construction between 1879 and 1897. In 1898, the manual training courses were expanded to the grammar school-age children.120 By 1910, the population of Atlantic City had more than doubled from the 1890s to over 46,000 people, many of whom were blacks relocating from the south, elsewhere in New Jersey, and the Caribbean.121 Black children initially attended elementary school together with their Caucasian counterparts at the Indiana Avenue School. Following the employment of a black teacher, Hattie Merritt, at the school in 1896, white parents demanded she be removed from their children’s classrooms. The same year, the first-grade black students were segregated and a room in the Indiana Avenue School was set aside for this purpose; however, the entire school system was not yet segregated. This led to a decision by the school board in 1900 that black children should be educated separately from white students by black teachers.122 In each of the four schools extant at that time, there was a classroom set aside specifically for use by a black teacher and “[black] pupils of corresponding grades of the other rooms are assigned to them” through the fifth grade. After that point, black students were assigned to rooms taught by white teachers for the remainder of their primary school education and into high school.123 Although an 1881 New Jersey law prohibited the exclusion of any child from receiving an education based on nationality, religion or skin color, a segregated education system existed in Atlantic City during the early and mid-twentieth century. By the 1930s, the city’s black schools were the New Jersey Avenue School, Indiana Avenue School, West Side School, and the Indiana Opportunity School. The secondary schools included the integrated Boys’ Vocational School and Atlantic City High School, and the segregated Girls’ Vocational School. In 1902, a new Atlantic City High School was constructed at the corner of Ohio and Pacific Avenues, outside of the Northside neighborhood. The high school building had the capacity for more than twice the number of students that were accommodated at the Illinois Avenue School. The Illinois Avenue School was reconfigured to include ten classrooms, an assembly room, a library, a teachers’ room, a Principal’s office, a manual training room, and a large stock room and began to be used for grades five through

118 Atlantic City Board of Education, The Annual Report of the Public Schools for the Year Ending June 30, 1930 (1930), 26. 119 Atlantic City Board of Education, Course of Study: Public Schools of Atlantic City, N.J. (Atlantic City, NH: Press of Review Job Printing House, 1897). 120 Hall and Bloodgood, History of Atlantic City. 121 Hall and Bloodgood, History of Atlantic City. 122 Nelson Johnson, The Northside: African Americans and the Creation of Atlantic City (Plexus Publishers, 2010), 12-13. 123 Atlantic City Board of Education, Annual Report for the Year Ending June 30, 1902 (Atlantic City, NJ: Shaner & Knauer, 1903), 32.

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seven.124 An addition, nearly identical to the original main block, was constructed at the Illinois Avenue School in 1910, and the building’s tower was removed.125 A new, three-story brick, Classical Revival-style school replaced the original wood-frame Indiana Avenue School (Photo 8, Historic Images 5 and 11) on the same lot in 1906. In 1914, an addition was constructed to the north of the main block, using the same architectural detailing, which housed the manual training rooms and additional classrooms.126 The Boys’ Vocational School (Photo 2, Historic Image 10), erected at the corner of Arctic Avenue and Surf Place, on the same lot as the Illinois Avenue School, was completed in 1916. This public trade school included three shops, a drafting room, and two classrooms and offered both day and evening course work. By 1925, they operated departments in electrical, printing, drafting, carpentry, auto mechanics, and general academic departments, including English, science, history, and mathematics. The 1927 annual report celebrated the placement of the majority of the graduating class prior to graduation in jobs for which they had trained.127 The Boys’ Vocational School began admitting African American students during the early 1930s and remained one of only two integrated secondary schools in Atlantic City.128 The greatest period of Atlantic City’s popularity as a resort city was during the 1920s. During this period of prosperity, Atlantic City’s population peaked at approximately 67,609 people living full-time in the city between the years of 1926 and 1929.129 The Indiana Avenue Opportunity School (Photos 12-13, Historic Images 11-12), which was connected to the Indiana Avenue School at the corner of Indiana and Baltic Avenues, was completed in 1925. The manual training room and the drawing room were to be used by the students enrolled in the main-stream education of the Indiana Avenue School. Six classrooms were dedicated to special education for black students grades four through eight and continuing education for older students in the evening. The Girls’ Vocational School for the city’s female black students was originally established in 1913 at the Texas Avenue School but were moved to the third floor of the new Opportunity School, where classes in both manual training including cooking, sewing, millinery work, and household arts, as well as general academic subjects were held. 130 The purpose of the school was to “prepare girls for the business of life whether it be in industry or in homemaking.”131 A brochure issued by Atlantic City Public Schools for the Indiana Avenue Vocational School advertised that the domestic science course could lead to jobs in catering or as a highly paid cook, and the millinery course would allow a dressmaker to receive added income and be a money saver to the homemaker.132 Beauty courses were added to the Girls’ Vocational School curriculum in 1929.133 The school maintained a relationship

124 Atlantic City Board of Education, Annual Report for 1902. 125 McVarish and Clark, “Atlantic City Schools.” 126 Sanborn Map Company, Insurance Maps of Atlantic City (1921). 127 Atlantic City Board of Education, Report: Board of Education, Atlantic City, NJ (1927). 128 The second integrated secondary school was the Atlantic City High School; Johnson, The Northside, 13. 129 Atlantic City Comptroller, Sixty-sixth Annual Report, 41; The Northside, The Atlantic City Experience. 130 Atlantic City Board of Education, Report: Board of Education, Atlantic City, NJ (1929), 27. 131 Atlantic City Public School, Indiana Avenue Vocational School, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 132 Atlantic City Public School, Indiana Avenue Vocational School. 133 Atlantic City Board of Education, Report: Board of Education, Atlantic City, NJ (1929), 27.

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with APEX Beauty Products, a successful Atlantic City beauty company founded by Sara Spencer Washington, although the exact nature of the relationship is not known.134 By 1950, enrollment in the vocational schools had declined. Vocational classes for girls at the Monterey Avenue School were discontinued and all vocational classes were held at the Illinois Avenue School.135 In 1951-1952, the entire Atlantic City School System was restructured to create 6-3-3 plan. The former plan divided the public schools into elementary schools with grades K to 6, a middle school with grades 7 and 8, and a high school through grade 12. The 6-3-3 plan divided the public schools into K-6 elementary schools, grades 7 through 9 junior high schools, and 10 through 12 high school.136 This was primarily the result of the need to upgrade or replace the high school if population increased, which was estimated to cost a minimum of $2 million. Although the State of New Jersey never had a formal and generally applicable state law requiring school segregation, the state still had segregated schools into the 1950s. In 1948, the city, in an attempt to comply with the legislation passed by the state in 1947, began integrating the schools by reassigning black teachers to teach in white classrooms. This continued primarily until the 1954 Brown v. Board of Education Supreme Court decision that student segregation was mandated in the city, but due to the limited racial diversity in most neighborhoods in the city most of the schools were also limited in their diversity. In 1966, the tri-state director of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) Phillip Savage and the chairman of the local chapter of the Congress of Racial Equality George Hackley reported the “de facto” segregation existing in the Atlantic City school system based on the segregation caused by segregated housing. Programs were established in the 1960s in an attempt to increase the communication between the black and white students in the public schools; however, interracial conflicts continued to occur intermittently into the 1970s. In 1972, the tension rose to such a level the city’s high school and two junior high schools were closed early due to a threat of racially-fueled fights. In 1979, the United States Department of Health, Education and Welfare ranked Atlantic City 82nd in the nation’s 100 most segregated school districts. 137 Between 1859 and 1925, twelve public schools were opened in the Northside neighborhood. Many of these schools were built and later demolished to be replaced with a more modernized school in the same or nearby location; however, only five of these schools are still extant. Four of these extant schools are located in the Northside Institutional Historic District: the Illinois Avenue School and the Boys’ Vocational School, the Indiana Avenue School, and the Indiana Opportunity School (connected).138 The last two active schools in the Northside neighborhood were the Indiana Avenue School, which last housed an alternative public high school, and the New Jersey Avenue School. The schools were closed in 2014 and 2012, respectively. Students in grades pre-k through eight now attend either the new Pennsylvania

134 Ralph Hunter (Director of the African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey), interview by Corinne Engelbert, Atlantic City, NJ, November 8, 2018. 135 Atlantic City Board of Education, Annual Report: Atlantic City Public Schools, 1950-1951 (1951). 136 Atlantic City Board of Education, Annual Report: Atlantic City Public Schools, 1951-1952 (1952). 137 McVarish and Clark, “Atlantic City Schools.” 138 McVarish and Clark, “Atlantic City Schools.”

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Avenue School (2012) at Pennsylvania Avenue between Baltic and Mediterranean Avenues or the new Richmond Avenue School (2012) at Richmond and Ventnor Avenues. CRITERION B Claiborn Morris Cain (1883–1962) Claiborn Morris Cain was an important Historic Image within the Northside neighborhood through the early and mid-twentieth century.139 His contributions to the neighborhood were not limited to his 25-years of work as Executive Director of the Northside YMCA (see Historic Image 8). He was committed to improving the lives of all Northside residents. Author Nelson Johnson referred to him as “a giant of his generation” and noted that “few people in Atlantic City history left a mark comparable.”140 Dr. Cain was born on March 27, 1883 in Hillsboro, North Carolina. He was orphaned as a young child and after his early education in his home state relocated to Atlantic City looking for work in the many seasonal hotels. In 1908, he worked as a bellman at The Chalfonte where his uncle also worked.141 That same year, Cain enrolled in Lincoln University, located in Chester County, Pennsylvania and a historically black college and university. As an undergraduate, Cain was a founding member of the university’s Alpha Phi Alpha Fraternity. Upon graduating, his first job was at the African American YMCA in Princeton, New Jersey. In 1914, Cain moved back to Atlantic City where he was appointed the Executive Director of the Northside YMCA (see Criterion A). In September 1918 Cain registered to serve during World War I (1914–1918). At that time, his place of residence was listed at YMCA at 1711 Arctic Avenue.142 By 1930, Dr. Cain had helped raise funds to construct a new YMCA. He worked to make the organization’s building a headquarters for many black community groups and clubs.143 During this period, Cain returned to Lincoln University Seminary where he earned a master’s degree in divinity. He was known afterwards as Dr. Cain.144 While pursuing social change in his leadership position at the Northside YMCA, Dr. Cain was also seeking out other tangible ways to improve the lives of black Northside residents. He worked to secure newly available federal funding for an apartment complex in the Northside bounded by Sewell Avenue on the north, New York Avenue on the east, Adriatic Avenue on the south, and Kentucky Avenue on the west. Dr. Cain was selected by Atlantic City to manage the new housing complex, and in May 1937, the Stanley S. Holmes Village was dedicated (see Criterion A for a greater discussion of the Stanley S. Holmes Village). In 1941, Cain was awarded the city’s Citizen Award by the Mayor for his civic work

139 While most often referred to as C. Morris Cain, Cain’s first name is spelled as both Claiborn or Claiborne in various resources. 140 Johnson, The Northside, Prologue, chap. 4. 141 Gopsill’s Atlantic City Directory, (Philadelphia, PA: C.E. Howe, 1908). 142 US, World War I Draft Registration Cards, 1917–1918. www.Ancestry.com, accessed February 2019. 143 Johnson, The Northside, Chapter 5. 144 Johnson, The Northside, Prologue, Chapter 5.

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(Historic Image 14).145 In May 1947, the New Jersey Organization of Teachers awarded Dr. Cain an achievement award in Atlantic City for his effort in establishing the Stanley S. Holmes Village.146 Dr. Cain was invested in opportunities for Northside residents, especially youth, as seen in his efforts relating to the city’s social organizations, affordable housing, and his commitment to education. In May 1947, Dr. Cain spoke on a panel as part of the New Jersey Organization of Teachers in Fair Haven. The topic was “Education for Integration -or Living Together.”147 By 1954, Dr. Cain was the State Director of Education.148 He also created a scholarship in his name at his alma mater.149 Rev. Cain died on March 31, 1962.150 He is buried at Lincoln Memorial Park in Atlantic City and shares a gravestone with his sister, Julia Coleman (1886–1981).151 CRITERION C – ARCHITECTURE Late-Nineteenth and Early-Twentieth Century Revival Styles The Northside Institutional Historic District meets Criterion C in the area of Architecture as a surviving example of a group of buildings that embody the distinctive characteristics of late-nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century institutional architecture. Some of the buildings were designed by locally and regionally significant architects and the buildings are good examples of a variety of related revival architectural styles, such as the Classical Revival, Renaissance Revival, Late Gothic, Institutional Tudor, and Mission styles. These are revival styles are often referred to as “Eclectic Revival” styles because they often incorporate several very precise interpretations of historical traditions from different periods into one work. Along with the original uses of the buildings in the Northside Institutional Historic District, the representative styles of the district are tied to its understanding as a collection of institutional buildings. Revival styles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century generally sought to produce more exact versions of previous architectural styles and traditions. This was primarily achieved by gaining more familiarity with the original classical styles through wider availability of photographs and publications.152 The revival styles of the late nineteenth and early twentieth century share common classical stylistic and decorative elements with a concentration on classical forms and massing. The concentration on the

145 Thomas D. Taggart Jr. to C. M. Cain, December 5, 1941, African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ. 146 “Robinson Cited For Aid to Race,” Asbury Park Sunday Press (Neptune, NJ), 11 May 1947. 147 “N.J. Organization of Teachers Meet in Fair Haven,” Red Bank Register (Red Bank, NJ), 15 May 1947. 148 “At Elks Track Meet,” Sunday Times, June 27, 1954. 149 Johnson, The Northside, Chapter 5. 150 US, Presbyterian Church Records, 1701–1910, accessed February 2019, www.Ancestry.com. 151 “Rev C. Morris Cain,” Memorial No. 129993440, Find A Grave, 2014, accessed February 2019, https://www.findagrave.com/memorial/129993440. 152 Pennsylvania Historical and Museum Commission (PHMC), “Pennsylvania Architectural Field Guide: Italian Renaissance Revival Style 1890-1930,” accessed February 12, 2019, http://www.phmc.state.pa.us/portal/communities/architecture/styles/italian-renaissance.html.

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monumental scale and massing of late nineteenth and early twentieth revival styles was not solely a preferential choice on the part of the designer or the owner. Building code requirements in urban environments, building technology, and population growth all began to affect construction and design during this period. Atlantic City, specifically, was growing rapidly in the early twentieth century from 5000 residents to 51,000 residents between 1880 and 1920, with spikes in population during the tourist seasons that could reach close to 300,000.153 While not exclusive in their application, these factors contribute to late nineteenth and twentieth century revival styles lending themselves to institutional, governmental, or commercial architecture. Each of the contributing buildings in the Northside Institutional Historic District has retained significant amounts of the character features that are needed to understand and interpret it association with late nineteenth and early twentieth century revival styles and thereby common contemporaneous practices in institutional architecture. The Renaissance Revival style was popularly used in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries in institutional and civic architecture. The Illinois Avenue School, constructed in two phases in 1895 and 1910, and the main block of the Boys’ Vocational School, constructed in 1916, exhibit features of Renaissance Revival traditions using an Italian palazzo-inspired form with a shallow-hip roof, deeply overhanging eaves, and denticulated cornice. As is often typical of the Renaissance Revival style, the first story walls are rusticated, banded, or divided by projecting belt courses that run between each story.154 Each of these buildings also exhibit some influence by Romanesque architectural details, however, they stay rooted to classical traditions through the formal and symmetrical order of their window and door arrangements and their monumental massing and scale. Additionally, the masonry construction at each property is an element typically seen in the Renaissance and Romanesque traditions and provide a sense of weight and permanence. The rear addition of the Boys’ Vocational School mimics the Renaissance Revival style on the first story, with a very simplified band of brick, but completely omits the style’s typical roof detailing. There are two examples of the Romanesque style in the district, which, like the Renaissance Revival style became popular in the design of civic and institutional buildings in the late nineteenth century. The Romanesque style took inspiration from a mix of styles, including some classical as well as Gothic, medieval and Byzantine.155 The buildings designed in this style were almost always masonry, usually textured stone and brick, and are primarily characterized by polychromatic stonework or trim; round or Syrian arches springing from squat columns or piers or from the floor level; and bands of round-arch windows. Engine Company 5 and 6 and Drill School, designed by Howard A. Stout in 1920, is red brick with limestone trim elements, round arched window panels and entries, and a flat roof with a decorative parapet with faux battlements. The hose tower also features round-arch openings and decorative brickwork. Amunath Israel Synagogue, constructed between 1908 and 1914, is also red brick with a contrasting stone trim. It also features round arch windows heavily inspired from Gothic and Byzantine predecessors and decorative parapet with stepped pediment. 153 Bob Barnett, “Population Data for Atlantic County Municipalities” West Jersey, updated December 2010, accessed November 16, 2018, http://westjersey.org/popatl_04.htm. 154 Virginia Savage McAlester, A Field Guide to American Houses (New York: Alfred Knopf, 2012), 497-498; Leland M. Roth, American Architecture (Boulder, CO: Westview, 2000), 186. 155 Roth, American Architecture, 181-182.

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The Indiana Avenue Public School (1906, 1914) and the Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA (1927) are both representative of the Classical Revival style, which gained popularity in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries. This period of eclecticism in American architecture was influenced by the major national expositions, such as the Columbian Exposition of 1893 in Chicago, which celebrated the Classical Revival style. During this period, many of the first American architects trained at the Ecole des Beaux Arts in Paris emerged, where they were taught an approach to architectural design that emphasized order, symmetry, formal design, and elaborate ornamentation.156 Common Classical Revival style elements, including block massing, symmetry of elements, and extensive use of classically inspired columns or pilasters and other ornamental details are seen in a restrained form throughout the exterior of the Indiana Avenue Public School and the Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA. The Indiana Avenue School features a prominent cornice, symmetrical window and door arrangements, and a centralized entry with a fanlight that is expressed by a columned portico. Brick pilasters can also be seen at the corners and between bands of window. Perhaps more modest, but no less lacking in classical features is the Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA building which employs a raised parapet identifying the building as a YMCA, an expressed cornice, and symmetrical window arrangements with a centralized door. The door is encased in bracketed door surround that is topped with an ordered entablature. Keystones at the masonry lintels further express Classical Revival stylings. The Asbury Methodist Episcopal Church is a Late Gothic Revival-style church with pointed arched windows, parapets with faux battlements, multicolored stone, and small turrets at the corners and centrally located at gable ends. Unlike what is seen in early Gothic Revival styles of the mid-nineteenth century, somewhat an afront to the popular and orderly Greek Revival tradition preceding it, later Gothic Revival stylings became influenced by contemporaneous popular styles, such as Romanesque and Classical Revival styles. This is seen in weighty, monumental massing of the stone and the stone relief pilasters, and symmetrical window arrangements on the first and second stories reflect a Classical and Romanesque influence that can connect the church to other classical stylings in the district. The Mission, or Spanish Colonial Revival style, represented in the Saint Augustine Episcopal Church, originated in California and first gained prominence nationally after the Panama-California Exposition of 1915 in San Diego, CA. This style is characterized by a stucco exterior with brick trim elements, round and round-arched openings, and the exposed wood rafter tails beneath the deep overhang of the gable roof. The original church, which included a two-story main aisle with a one-story side aisle was designed by Frank Watson in 1920. In the 1960s, a front one-story addition in the same Mission style and a side and rear, L-shaped, one-story addition were constructed that mimicked the same Mission style architectural details including a stucco exterior with stepped parapet with polychromatic brick trim, round-arch blind windows, and decorative stepped buttresses. Many of the buildings in the Northside Institutional Historic Districts have been altered over time. Alterations include added stories, and wing additions that are generally located away from primary

156 Lakshmi Bhaskaran, Designs of the Times: Using Key Movements and Styles for Contemporary Designs (Switzerland: Roto Vision, 2005) 58.

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elevations. Those additions that are more conspicuously located have put forth effort to incorporate many sympathetic design features that recognize the significance of the original constructions. Additionally, many of the alterations have occurred within the historical period. There are also infill alterations where the windows have been replaced, most notable at the Boys Vocational School and at the Illinois Avenue School. Still, for the most part alterations that have taken place have not resulted in compromised spatial relationships that reduce the expression of the original design intent, nor do the alterations collectively diminish the conveyance of the district as an intact area of significant institutional architecture. Howard A. Stout (1874-1959) and Howard A. Stout Jr. (? -1984) Local architect(s), Howard A. Stout, and possibly his son, Howard A. Stout Jr., designed the fire station and alterations to the Indiana Avenue Public School and the Illinois Avenue School. Howard A. Stout Sr. was educated at the University of Pennsylvania (class of 1895) and started his own firm in Atlantic City in 1896.157 He was the architect of numerous public buildings within Atlantic City, such as the Atlantic City Post Office, Chelsea National Bank, and several school buildings including the New Jersey Avenue School, the Massachusetts Avenue School, and the School Administration Building. His firm was one of the first to move into the newly-constructed, notable Bartlett Building on Atlantic Avenue, later renamed the Guarantee Trust Building.158 Stout, Sr. served as a member of the State Board of Architects for 30 years and served as president for 24 years. He was also named a Fellow of the AIA in 1944.159 His son, Howard A. Stout Jr. joined his practice in the early 1920s. Howard A. Stout Jr. attended Temple University and previously worked for the Baldwin Locomotive Works in Philadelphia as well as for Graham, Anderson, Probst and White, architects of the Pennsylvania Railroad Station in Philadelphia.160 Stout, Jr. took over the firm after his father’s death and became a notable architect in his own right. He designed several buildings in Northfield, New Jersey, where he resided, including the bandstand at Birch Grove Park where free concerts and other public events took place.161 Stout, Jr. also made his mark on the historic 1750 Risley Homestead, which has since been listed in the National Register, when he and his wife, a descendant of the original builders, bought the house and updated it in the 1930s and 1940s. The National Register nomination for the house includes Stout Jr.’s additions within the period of significance and lists him as an architect/builder. The nomination form also states that his additions serve as good examples of Depression-era thriftiness and “cozy colonial” style that was popular in the 1930s and 1940s.162

157 “Stout, Howard Ackerman (1874-1959),” Philadelphia Architects and Buildings, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, accessed February 2019, https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/80362. 158 “Like Father, Like Son: Stouts, Sr. & Jr. Have Designed Some of Resort’s Best Buildings,” Atlantic City Press, June 22, 1953. 159 “Obituaries: Howard Stout, Noted Architect,” Atlantic City Press, May 20, 1959. 160 “Stout, Howard Ackerman, Jr.” Philadelphia Architects and Building, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia. 2019, accessed February 2019, https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/90901. 161 Northfield Cultural Committee and Northfield Historical Society, Images of America. Northfield (Charleston, SC: Arcadia, 2004). 162 Constance M. Greiff, “Jeremiah II or Edward Risley House/Risley Homestead,” National Register of Historic Places Registration Form, 1991.

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Frank R. Watson (1859-1940) St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church at 1709 Arctic Avenue was designed by Frank R. Watson. Watson was one of Philadelphia’s most successful ecclesiastical architects during the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries and was president and Fellow of the Philadelphia Chapter of the AIA. He started his career at the office of Edwin F. Durang, a notable architect who focused on Catholic church projects. After five years with Durang, Watson opened his own firm and became well-known for his own church designs. He expanded his work beyond Catholic churches. In 1898, he opened a branch office in Atlantic City, NJ. Throughout his career, Watson partnered with other prominent architects, including Samuel Huckel, another architect of area churches. By the end of his career, Watson had completed 338 commissions, many beyond churches, including office buildings, residences, the Cumberland County Court House in Bridgeton, NJ (within the Bridgeton Historic District), and the Wellington Hotel in Atlantic City.163 Bertram Ireland (1881-1948) Bertram Ireland was an active architect and structural engineer in Atlantic City during the twentieth century. His office was located in the notable Bartlett Building, later renamed the Guarantee Trust Building, on Atlantic Avenue.164 In addition to designing the Indiana Opportunity School, he designed several high-style buildings in the city, including a residence for Ignatius Horstman that was featured in an advertisement for asbestos singles, and a residence for A.C. Buzby, whose family owned the prominent Dennis Hotel.165 Information on other Ireland projects is limited, but he was awarded several contracts to design apartment homes, department stores, schools, as well as hotel alterations and additions.

163 “Watson, Frank Rushmore (1859-1940),” Philadelphia Architects and Buildings, The Athenaeum of Philadelphia, accessed February 2019, https://www.philadelphiabuildings.org/pab/app/ar_display.cfm/117215. 164 The American Contractor 35 (April–June 1914), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=nyp.33433071603991;view=1up;seq=41. 165 American Institute of Architects, Yearbook of the Twentieth Annual Architectural Exhibition held by the Philadelphia Chapter American Institute of Architects and the T Square Club (Philadelphia, 1914), https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015082455869;view=1up;seq=186; “John Stafford Historic District,” The Gombach Group, accessed February 2019, http://www.livingplaces.com/NJ/Atlantic_County/Ventnor_City/John_Stafford_Historic_District.html.

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Latitude/Longitude Coordinates Datum: WGS 84 1. Latitude: 39.362101 Longitude: -74.43377 Verbal Boundary Description Please refer to sketch map. Boundary Justification The Northside Institutional Historic District boundary encompasses nine historic institutional buildings in the Northside neighborhood of Atlantic City. The approximate boundaries stretch south from Baltic Avenue to Arctic Avenue between Dr. Martin Luther King Boulevard on the east and Indiana Avenue on the west. The buildings, all constructed within three decades of each other, are reflective of late nineteenth- and early twentieth-century development in Atlantic City. The boundaries exclude surrounding commercial and residential buildings, as well as a number of the nearby vacant lots. Despite widespread demolition in the neighborhood, the nine buildings within the district represent a unique enclave of surviving institutional buildings in the Northside neighborhood.

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Section Photo Log Page 1

Photo Log

Name of Property: Northside Institutional Historic District City or Vicinity: Atlantic City County: Atlantic State: New Jersey Photographer: Corinne Engelbert Dates: November 8, 2018 and February 6, 2019 Digital files are stored at VHB, Watertown , Massachusetts

Description of Photograph(s) and number, include description of view indicating direction of camera: 1 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0001.jpg South façade of the Asbury Methodist Church, camera facing northwest. 2 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0002.jpg North (right) and east (left) elevations of the Boys’ Vocational School, camera facing south. 3 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0003.jpg East elevation (right) elevation of the addition to the Boys’ Vocational School, camera facing southwest. 4 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0004.jpg East façade (right) and south elevation (left) of the Fire Department 4 and Drill School, camera facing west. 5 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0005.jpg East façade (left) and north elevation (right) of the Fire Department 4 ad Drill School, camera facing southwest. 6 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0006.jpg West façade (right) and north elevation (left) of the Illinois Avenue School, camera facing east. 7 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0007.jpg West façade (right) of the original portion of the Illinois Avenue School, camera facing northeast.

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Section Photo Log Page 2

8 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0008.jpg West façade (left) and partial south elevation (right) of the Indiana Avenue Public School, camera facing north. 9 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0009.jpg South façade of the Saint Augustine’s Episcopal Church, camera facing northwest. 10 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0010.jpg North façade (left) and west elevation (right) of the Amunath Israel Synagogue, camera facing southeast. 11 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0011.jpg South façade (left) and east elevation (right) of the Northside YMCA, camera facing northwest. 12 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0012.jpg West façade (left) and south elevation (right) of the Indiana Opportunity School, camera facing northeast. 13 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0013.jpg West façade (right) and north elevation (left) of the Indiana Opportunity School, camera facing southeast. 14 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0014.jpg View west of the north side of Arctic Avenue – showing Asbury Methodist Church (left), Northside YMCA (center), and St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church (right) – camera facing west. 15 of 15. NJ_Atlantic County_Northside Institutional Historic District_0015.jpg Looking southeast from the intersection of Baltic and Indiana Avenues – showing Indiana Opportunity School (left), Indiana Avenue School (center), and Fire Department 4 and Drill School (right) – camera facing southeast.

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New Jersey and National Registers NominationAtlantic City, Atlantic County, New Jersey

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4.29 Acres

Datum: NAD 1983 State Plane New Jersey1

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Section Historic Images Page 1

HISTORIC IMAGES

Historic Image 1.Wright’s Hotel and Restaurant, 1926 (Source: Atlantic City Free Public Library, accessed February 2019, https://www.acmuseum.org/?view=article&id=190:ryan-cottage-wright-s-hotel&catid=10012).

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Historic Image 2. Map of the Northside Neighborhood, n.d. (Source: African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, New Jersey).

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Historic Image 3.Illinois Avenue School, ca. 1897 (Source: Atlantic City Board of Education, Course of Study: Public Schools of Atlantic City, N.J. [Atlantic City, NH: Press of Review Job Printing House, 1897]).

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Historic Image 4. Amunath Israel Synagogue, n.d. (Source: Irene C. Brown, “Arctic ‘Y’ Buys Old Synagogue,” Atlantic City Press¸ November 28, 1951).

Historic Image 5. Indiana Avenue Public School, 1915–1945 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019, https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204360/state/map).

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Historic Image 6. Asbury M. E. Church, 1947 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204239/state/map). DRA

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Historic Image 7. Illinois Avenue Boys’ Vocational School, 1939 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019, https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204363/state/map). DRA

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Historic Image 8. Arctic Avenue Branch YMCA (aka Northside YMCA), ca. 1947 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019, https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204352/state/map).

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Historic Image 9. Engine Company 5 & 6 and Drill School, n.d. (Source: African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ).

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Historic Image 10. Boys’ Vocational School, ca. 1930 (Source: Atlantic City Board of Education, The Annual Report of the Public Schools for the Year Ending June 30, 1930 [1930]).

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Historic Image 11. Indiana Avenue Public School and Indiana Opportunity School, n.d. (Source: African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City, NJ).

Historic Image 12. Indiana Avenue Girls’ Vocational School, 1925–1955 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019, https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204364/state/map).

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Historic Image 13. Indiana Avenue School Graduation, 1934 (Source: HistoryPin.org, accessed February 2019, https://www.historypin.org/en/explore/geo/39.362091,-74.433654,17/bounds/39.358735,-74.442087,39.365446,-74.425221/paging/1/pin/204362/state/map).

i Historic Image 14. Dr. Claiborn Morris Cain receiving the Citizen Award, 1941 (Source: African American Heritage Museum of Southern New Jersey, Atlantic City,.

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Section Current Photographs Page 1

Photo 1. South façade of the Asbury Methodist Church, camera facing northwest.

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Photo 2. North (right) and east (left) elevations of the Boys’ Vocational School, camera facing south.

Photo 3. East elevation (right) elevation of the addition to the Boys’ Vocational School, camera facing southwest.

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Photo 4. East façade (right) and south elevation (left) of the Fire Department 4 and Drill School, camera facing west.

Photo 5. East façade (left) and north elevation (right) of the Fire Department 4 ad Drill School, camera facing southwest.

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Photo 6. West façade (right) and north elevation (left) of the Illinois Avenue School, camera facing east.

Photo 7. West façade (right) of the original portion of the Illinois Avenue School, camera facing northeast.

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Photo 8. West façade (left) and partial south elevation (right) of the Indiana Avenue Public School, camera facing north.

Photo 9. South façade of the Saint Augustine’s Episcopal Church, camera facing northwest.

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Photo 10. North façade (left) and west elevation (right) of the Amunath Israel Synagogue, camera facing southeast.

Photo 11. South façade (left) and east elevation (right) of the Northside YMCA, camera facing northwest.

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Photo 12. West façade (left) and south elevation (right) of the Indiana Opportunity School, camera facing northeast.

Photo 13. West façade (right) and north elevation (left) of the Indiana Opportunity School, camera facing southeast.

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Photo 14. View west of the north side of Arctic Avenue – showing Asbury Methodist Church (left), Northside YMCA (center), and St. Augustine’s Episcopal Church (right) – camera facing west.

Photo 15. Looking southeast from the intersection of Baltic and Indiana Avenues – showing Indiana Opportunity School (left), Indiana Avenue School (center), and Fire Department 4 and Drill School (right) – camera facing southeast.

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