Historia 1er Semestre
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Primer ParcialAgrarians & Classical
Fernanda Hernández
Politics Society Achievmentz
Mesopotamia
Tigris & Euphrates
Laws are based on social class
Protection of property
Large urban centers
First writting system (cuneiform)First code of law (muraibi code) Invention of wheel
Both Kingdom
Centralized rule
Women work in farming
Develpment of calendarsmath
Egypt
Nile
God-given power to pharaoh
Orotection of people by the pharaoh
Most people lived in small farming villages along the nile
Piramids pharmacology
Fernanda Hernández
Politics Society Achievmentz
India
Indus
Small and unstable principalities
No written laws
Large towns
Caste system
Navigation artsEngineering skills
Both Dynastieswar-oriented reigns
Discrimination of women (submissive to men)
Metalwork
Philosophy (budhism & confusianism)
China
Yellow & Yangtze
Centralized dynasty
Extensive written records
Small farming villages
Apreciation of family
Use of money
Language arts develpment
Fernanda Hernández
Fernanda Hernández
Greece
0 Polis: city as a political unit0 Athens, Sparta
0 Types of Gov:0 Monarchy0 Aristocracy0 Democracy0 Oligarchy
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Athens & Policies
0 Senate: Patriachs0 GA: Plebeyans0 2 Consuls 1 year term0 Censors for reviewing
senate0 Tribunes to speak for
people
0 Ekklesia:0 Town meeting0 All free men could go
0 Boule:0 500 in 1 year term0 Legistaltion, executive
0 Deme:0 Territorial unit0 Could select
representatives
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Rom
eRome foundation by estruscans
Augustus starts empire• Also called Octavio• Made many political, social reforms
Marcus Aurelius = Empire decline• End of Pax Romana
Diocletian Divides empire in 2• Westen: fall into germanic tribes & Dark Age
begins
Bizantine Empire founded• eastern Half by Constantine• Constantinople was its capital
Fernanda Hernández
Politics Society Achievmentz
Greece Cities= PolisMass political activity = ekklesia
Rightful society to citizensMassive urban development
Philosophical developmentMathematical development
Both
Mediterranean sea
Belic statesMarine people
Slavery was commonShared theology
Science based upon greekLiterary works are based upon greek models
Rome RepublicEmpire later on
Impose of culture to other places
Arquitectual developmentRoman empire
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Country Beliefs Teachings
Buddha India Spiritual Eightfold path
Both No gods, more like a philosphy
Confucious China Secular Personal and governmental morality
Segundo ParcialAmerica, Islam & Mongols
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Government Economy Religion Art
Olmec State governmentelite priest classTheocracy
Long distant trade
Natural religionShamanismAnimal spirits
Colosal headstones
Mayas Hereditary kingdom
Trade of goods Natural gods stubborn
Public buildingsTemplesConcept of cero
Inca MilitaristicInherited powerConquering lands
Labor attolmentclothes
Rulers descent from sun god
Metalurgy, symetricla pottery
Aztec Central governmetRoyal family
Trade, agriculture
Natural gods,huitzilopochtli
Payed tributes to their godsAztec calendar
Toltecs Quetzalcoatl cultural hero
agriculture Quetzalcoatl: feather snake tezcatlipoca
Chac mol, Works in stone
Fernanda Hernández
Muhhamad& Islam
0 His life:0 Archangel Gabriel showed
him mystical revelations0 He starter preaching &
converting people0 He fled to Medina0 He returned to Arabia &
gained control there0 His beliefs
0 5 pillars of islam0 Qu’ran0 Straight doctrine of salvation
0 Islamic Authorities0 Allah: God0 Caliph: Muhammad
Succesor0 Sultan: mulsim leader0 Qu’ran: Muslim Bible
0 After the death of 4 of the Caliphs, they decided to made a Dynasty instead of elections. This created 2:
Fernanda Hernández
Islam Branches
Sunni Shia
0 Mayority (90%)0 Supported Umayad
& elected caliphates.
0 Made Damascus the Capital
0 Believed bloodline from Muhamad is important
0 Support Dynasty & hereditary caliphate
0 Rejected Umayad DynastyLater on Changed Capital to
BAGHDAD
Fernanda HernándezRIS
E O
F CH
RIS
TIA
NIT
Y
Council of Nicaea Decides theological stuff
Christians start gaining throug RE
Constantine (Roman Emperor) made Edcit of Milan to accept Christians
Disciples go and spread the word
Saul de Tarsus (San Pablo) spread the word
Teachings & Gatherings of Jesus affect Roman Empire Order, so he es sent to death (Golgota, under Pilatus)
Jesus Born during Cesar Augustus
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Christianity Spread
Cause Effect
Economical Church gained economical support
Disciples preached northConstantine’s mother was christianConstantine wanted to be united with his people
Political Stablishment of Church in Roman EmpireLater on, papacy controlss europe
People liked Catholic ideasOther religions offered very little
Social Many people converted to christianityMoral values changed to those of christians
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Mongols
0 Sang dinasty was doing great in China
0 Mongols were nomads who practised pastoral nomadism.
0 Their leaders where called KHANS and made campaigns to size land
0 Chingis Khan conquests:0 Fail china, move to
persia & turks0 South russia=tartars0 Invade China
(chanchanchan)0 Destroyed Baghdad =
end muslim golden age
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Fernanda Hernández
Pax Mongolica
0 Unified Asia0 Supported the Silk Road0 Move China Technology
to europe0 Spread diseases
0Yuan Dynasty0 Imposed by Kublai Khan0 Based upon Chinese
costumes0 Peaceful0 Foreigners had higher
state0 Gunpowder, cunfusianism
& budhism
Fernanda Hernández
Fernanda Hernández
Mongols Conquest
Cause Effect
Mongols had a greater warrior powerConstant threats from north
Economical Silk roadExpansion of chinese invntions
China asked Chingis to defend from other tribe Political Pax mongolica
Yuan DynastySupport to foreigners
Mongols were really united tribesMongols believed they were entitled to conquer the entire world
Social People tired of mongol impositionCultur stuck for a while
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European Middle Ages
0 Feudal system: peasant were part of gained land
0 Classes were strictly stablished
0 Improved agriculture, trade
0 Important cities:0 Berlin0 Munich0 Moscow
0 Black death killed thousands and changed geography
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Social Classes
Peasants
Serfs who worked land
Knights
Fighted & protected
upper classes
Nobles
• Owned land • Lords,
barons, etc
King
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Rennaisance 1300
0 Started in Italy 0 Because of trade
advantages and financial genius
0 Patrons were those who paid artists so they could develop art
0 Attitude:0 Individualism0 Secularism0 Classical Values
0 Humanism: government need to change instead of people (Utopia)
0 Theory of State0 Legitimacy0 Sovereignity0 Territory
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Renaissance
Cause Effect
Wealth in Italy because of financial genius & tradeSurplus of agriculture
Economical Cities developed artistsMore Stable economical system
Important families supported artirsts (patrons)Kingdoms settle
Political Theory of StateStates unified
Rainnasance AttitudeUrban towns and middle class
Social Cultural advances in art and literatureRise from obscurantism
Third PartialModern World
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Age of Explotarion
Mercantilism Motivations
0 To improve economy trough trade, countries only let their conquered lands to trade with them.
Gold
Glory
God
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Explorers
Origin Discovered/conquered
Vasco da Gama Portugal Indian Sea
Alvarez Cabral Portugal Brazil
Columbus Spain America
Cortés Spain Mexico
Magallanes Spain Cirvumnavigate the world
Pizarro Spain Peru
Walter Raleighs England Carolina Coast
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Tordecillas
0 Treaty that separated Spain & Portugal territories0 Allowed other countries to attack Portugal.
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Age of Explorations
Cause Effect
New inventions Good trade = money Economical Mercantilism got more
money to European StatesExchange of products
Countries wanted controlCountries wanted to prove their power
Political Countries gained new territories in AmericaAmerica changed of government
Church wanted to spread christianity Explorers wanted glory & adventure
Social Racial mixtureAmerica was subject of slavery & poverty
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Japan
0 Protugal arrived0 Jesuitst wanted to convert people to Chriatianity0 They had a Feudal system:
Peasants Samurais Daimyos Shogun
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ReformationCause Effect
Church was getting all the money
Economy Money was now in hands of kingsChurch left without taxation = has to beg for money
Church CorruptionCountry leaders tired to follow orders from Church
Political Separation of States from ChurchMany religions created
Change of point of view from the RenaissanceThey wanted the promise of eternal life
Social Church starts Inquisition to keep followersPeople change of religion
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Reformants
Causes Major ch.
Luther – Lutheranism - Germany
Church selling indulgencies
Posted 95 thesisFaith gets you to heaven
Calvin – Calvinism - France
French lawyer, tired of corruptionHe wanted no politics in religion
Spread through EuropePredestination
Henry – Anglican Church - England
He wanted to divorce Same beliefs of RCC, different leadership
Loyola – Jesuir Order - Spain
Church needed to preserve followers
Orderof misionairesWent to many places to preach
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Henry’s Succesors
Edward• Sick boy, died shortly afterwards
Mary• Catholic Bloody Mary
Elizabeth• Virgin Queen, Succesful ruler
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CounterReform
0 Council of Trent0 Reunion to decide what does the church believe in0 Completely separated RCC from Protestants
0 Jesuit Order0 Attempet to gain back followers
0 Index0 Books that catholics should not read
0 Inquisition0 Savage acts to asure people won’t go to other church
Peace of Augsburg:
Ended war between RCC &
Protestants
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AbsolutismCause Effect
Surplus in wealth because fo tradeMoney owned by the state- not the church
Economical Empoverishment of common peopleState wasted a lot of money in luxuries
Reformation gived power to monarchsRaison d’etat allowed them to do what they wanted
Political State gain strenght as a central governmentConflicts between countries (provocated by kings)
Common people was ignorant so didn’t complainRenaissance ideals of individualism
Social Huge gap between rich and poorSocial unconfort for poverty
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Luis XIV
0 Started governing at age 50 “Sun King”0 “founder” of Royal Absolutism0 Removed aristocrats from states to form a central gov0 Palace of Versailles: kept his court close to him
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Elizabeth I
0 Used her status of unmarried queen in her favour0 Avoided religious wars0 Supported arts0 Let people had the religion they pleased
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Peter the Great
0 Modernized Russia from middle ages0 Brought experts from Europe 0 Supported arts & education0 Made great navy0 Saage & brutal leader
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Without words,
without writing and
without books there
would be no history,
there could be no
concept of humanity.
-Herman Hesse