Histo,Review Slides

8/3/2019 Histo,Review Slides

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REVIEW OF

HISTOLOGY

SLIDES



Cell , Parenchyma, and Stroma

Liver

organ – liver

arrangement of cells – anastomosing plates or cord

shape of the cell – polyhedral/polygonal

nucleus – 1-2/mononucleated – binucleated

- location – central-eccentric

- nucleolus – present

- type of chromatin - euchromatin

cytoplasm – fat vacuoles

- glycogen vacuolesspecialized membrane structure - microvilli

specilaized junctional structure

lateral surfaces – tight junction

parenchyma – hepatocytes/liver cells

stroma – reticular tissue – envelope the individual hepatocytematrix - ground substances

- fiber, type III collagen

characteristic cell – fibroblast/reticular cells

- glisson’s capsules - dense irregular

Function – endocrine, exocrine, detoxification



Spinal cord

organ – spinal cord

structure – gray and white matter

arrangement of cells – random

shape of the cell - irregular/stellate ( cytoplasmic processes)

nucleus – 1/mononucleated - owl-eye- nucleolus

- type of chromatin – euchromatic

cytoplasm

- processes - axon and dendrites

- Nissl’s bodies – RER and associated polyribosomes

- cytoskeletons – neurofilamentsparenchyma – neuron/nerve cell

- part of the nervous system - CNS

- functional classification - sensory, motor, autonomic

- morphologic classification – multipolar

- soma/ perikaryon and dendrites – gray matter

- axon – white matter stroma – neuroglia

location - gray and white matter

matrix – modified ectodermal elements

cells - astrocytes, microglia, oligodendrocytes

- meninges

Function – initiates and transmit electrical impulses



Skeletal muscle cell

organ – skeletal muscle

arrangement of cells – bundles/fascicles

shape of the cell – long cylindrical/tubular

nucleus – more than 1/multinucletated

- type of chromatin – heterochromatin

cytoplasm – striations – myofibrils (actin and myosin)

parenchyma – skeletal muscle cells

stroma – connective tissue investments

epimysium – dense irregular collageneous

perimysium – dense irregular collagenousendomysium – loose collageneous (external

lamina and reticular fibers ) – enveloping

the individual skeletal muscle cell

tendons – dense regular collageneous

aponeuroses – dense regular collagenousFunction – voluntary movements



Heart – organ

layer – myocardium

parenchyma - cardiac muscle cell

- arrangement – bundles

- branched, mono-binucleated, centrally

located nucleus- cytoplasm – striations

- glycogen granules

- joint at the branched portion by – intercalated disk

stroma – perimysium – dense irregular

endomysium – loose connective

specific subtype – cardiac musclesubtype – muscle

fundamental – muscle tissue

function – produce spontaneous contraction and rhythmic beat

under the influence - ANS



St h



Stomach – organ

structure/layer – muscularis externa

specific structure/sublayer – inner diagonal, middle circular

and outer longitudinal

parenchyma – smooth muscle cell

- spindle-shaped- mononucleated, centrally located

- cytoplasm – no striations

specific subtype – smooth muscle

subtype – muscle

fundamental type – muscle tissuefunction – produce peristalsis



Bone



Bone

organ - long bone, diaphysis

specific portion - cortex

gross- compact bone

histologic type – mature or lamellar bone – secondary bone

part of the long – cortex ( diaphysis)functional structure – osteon ( Haversian system)

bone matrix - concentric lamellae

inorganic – hydroxyapatite crystals

organic – osteoid, ground subs. and fibers, type I coll

haversian canal – BV, nerve, and looseVolkmann’s canal – interconnect osteon

connected to the periosteum – BVs and nerve

arrangement of the cells – concentric

cells are housed in Lacunae

shape of the cell – stellatenucleus – 1/mononucleated

- location – central

- type of chromatin – heterochromatin

cytoplasm cytoplasmic processes of each cells are joint



cytoplasm – cytoplasmic processes of each cells are joint

by gap junction to each other

cell to cell communication

- calcified matrix around it formed – canaliculi

source of nutrients, removal of wastesparenchyma – osteocytes – derived from osteoblast

- nonsynthetic

- embedded in bone matrix

stroma – bone matrix – interstitial lamellae, outer and inner

circumferential lamellae

inorganic – hydroxyapatiteorganic – osteoid – ground subs. and fibers

- periosteum – distribute BVs

outer fibrous layer – dense irregular

collageneous tissue

- parenchyma - fibroblast

osteogenic layer - inner cellular layer

- parenchyma -ostoeprogenitor cells

Fundamental type of tissue



Fundamental type of tissue

connective tissue

Subtype – specilaized C.T.

Specific subtype

gross – compact bone

spongy or cancellous bonehistologic – primary bone, immature or woven bone

secondary bone, mature or lamellar bone

Compact bone

Pattern of bone formationintramembranous

endochondral

Intramembranous bone formation – flat bone

formation of primary ossification center – condensation of

mesenchymal cells --- differentiate --- osteoblast – synthesize --- osteoid --- calcification ----- osteoblast

trapped in the bone matrix ---- transform into

osteocytes – become spicules - fused ----- formed

trabeculae spongy bone

also formed bone marrow – hematopoeitic tissue

Periosteum and Endosteum developed from mesenchymal



Periosteum and Endosteum – developed from mesenchymal

cell – fibrous layer

- osteoprogenitor cells

Endochondral bone formation - long bone

hyaline cartilage – small model for bone

primary center of ossification – midriff, diaphysis

perichondrium – vascularization – chondroprogenbitor

cells transformed into osteoprogenitor cells

periosteum --- osteoprogenitor cells differentiate into

osteoblast

intramembranous bone formation

formingChondrocytes

hypertrophy and degenerate subperiosteal bone collar

formed spaces

perforated by

enter osteoclast – allow the entry of periosteal buds

Blood vessels, osteoprogenitor cells and mesenchyme enter the

Degenerated chondrocytes lacunae become confluent



Degenerated chondrocytes --- lacunae become confluent

entry of blood vessels

calcification ----- calcified-cartilage bone complex

osteoclastresorptions --- bone marrow cavity

Subperiosteal collar - thickened and elongates toward the

epiphysis

Secondary ossification center

epiphysis



Cancellous bone



Cancellous bone

organ – long bone, diaphysis

structure – medulla

specific structure

- bone trabeculae – bone matrix

random arrangement of osteocytes- endosteum – lined by osteoporgenitor cells

- marrow cavities – hematopoeitic cells

parenchyma – osteocytes

nonsynthetic

lodge within the lacunaestroma – matrix - osteoid

ground subs

fibers – type I collagen



Cartilage



Cartilage

organ – trachea

layer – adventitia

structure – C-shape hyaline cartilage

arrangement of the cells - isogeneous groups (4-8 cells)

- cells are housed in a lacunaeshape – round, spherical or ovoid

nucleus – 1/monnucleated

type of chromatin – heterochromatin

parenchyma – chondrocytes/cartilage cells

- nonsynthetic cells- embedded in an avascular matrix

stroma – matrix

territorial and interterritorial

ground substance and fibers, type II collagen

- perichondrium – distribute BV – provide bld supplyouter fibrous layer – dense irregular collageneous

- parenchyma - fibroblast

inner cellular layer – parenchyma –

chondroprogenitor cells

Fundamental type of tissue – connective tissue



Fundamental type of tissue connective tissue

Subtype – specialized C.T.

Specific subtype

1. Hyaline cartilage

organ – trachea

layer – adventitiaspecific structure – C-shape cartilage

function – support soft tissue

located in the following organs/tissues

articular ends, long bone

nose, larynx, trachea and bronchiventral ends’ ribs

template for endochondral bone formation

no perichondrium in articular surfaces

pattern of growth – interstitial – division of pre-

existing chondrocytesappositional – division of

chondroprogenitor cells in the perichondrium

chondroblast (synthesized matrix - ground subs and fibers)

trapped in the matrix ---- transformed into chondrocytes



2. Elastic cartilage



2. Elastic cartilage

organ – epiglottis

layer – cartilageneous layer – beneath the

mucosa

function – flexible support

located in the following organs/tissuespinna of ear

auditory canal and tube

epiglottis

larynx

stroma – matrix – elastic fibersperichondrium

pattern of growth

interstitial – division of pre-existing chondrocytes

appositional – division of chondroprogenitor cells in

the perichondrium chondroblast (synthesizedmatrix - ground subs and fibers) trapped in

the matrix ---- transformed into chondrocytes



3. Fibrocartilage



g

tissue – intervertebral discs

located in the following organs/tissues

articular discs

pubic symphysis

insertion of tendonsmeniscus of knee

function – support and tensile strength

parenchyma – chondrocytes

arrangement – rows

lodge within the lacunaestroma – dense collagneous tissue, type I collagen

- no perichondrium



Epithelial tissue



Kidney – organ

structure – renal corpuscle

specific part – Bowman capsule

specific layer – parietal layer

specific subtype of tissue – simple squamoussurface epithelium,

lining epithelium,

parenchyma

flat, mononucleated,

subtype – simple - single layer fundamental – epithelial

stroma – basal lamina, type IV collagen

function - protection



Thyroid gland – organ



functional structure – follicle

lining epithelium

colloid – T3, T4, iodine,

mono,diiodothyronine

specific subtype – simple cuboidalsurface epithelium,

lining epithelium,

square, mononucleated

parenchyma

other name – follicular cellstroma – basal lamina, type IV collagen

specilaized membrane structure – blunt microvilli

subtype – simple – single layer

fundamental type – epithelial

function – synthesize and store thyroid hormonesunder the influence of TSH of anterior pituitary



Gallbladder – organ

l



layer – mucosa

sublayer/specific layer – lining epithelium/surface epithelium

specific subtype – simple columnar

surface epithelium,

lining epithelium,rectangular, mononucleated, nucleus basally

located

parenchyma


subtype – simple, single layer fundamental type – epithelial

function – absorption, concentration of bile

other characteristic structure of the epithelium – R-A

sinus and diverticula



Uterus

t t /l d t i



structure/layer – endometrium

specific structure/ sublayer – functional layer

specific subtype – simple columnar ciliated/secretory

surface epithelium,

lining epithelium,rectangular, mononucleated, nucleus basally

located

two type of cells

peg cells – nourishes the spermatozoa

secretory granulesciliated – transport developing embryo

parenchyma

specialized membrane structure - cilia


subtype – simple/single layer

Fundamental – epithelial

under the influence of estrogen and progesterone



Trachea – organstructure/layer mucosa



structure/layer – mucosa

specific structure/sublayer – surface/lining epithelium

specific subtype – pseudostratified columnar ciliated

with goblet cells

surface epithelium,lining epithelium,

rectangular, mononucleated, nucleus basally

located

parenchyma

other name - respiratory epitheliumstroma – basal lamina, type IV collagen

specialized membrane structure – cilia

function – removal of trapped particles

in the mucus

goblet cells – secrete mucus

cuboidal, mononucleated, nucleus

is peripherally located

subtype – simple, single layer

fundamental type – epithelium

function – conditioning the air – removal of trapped

particles in the mucus



Epididymis – extratesticular duct of male genital systemcontent spermatozoa



content – spermatozoa

structure/layer – mucosa

specific structure/sublayer – lining epithelium

specific subtype – pseudostratified columnar with

stereociliasurface epithelium,

lining epithelium,

rectangular, mononucleated, nucleus basally

located

parenchymastroma – basal lamina, type IV collagen

specialized membrane structure – stereoilia –

long irregular microvilli

subtype – simple/single layer

fundamental type – epithelial

function – fluid resorption and secrete

glycerophosphocholine

under the influence of testosterone



Ureter – excretory passage of urinary systemcontent - urine



content - urine

layer/structure – mucosa

specific structure/sublayer – lining epithelium

specific subtype – transitional epithelium

surface epithelium,lining epithelium,

rounded – relaxed state, mononucleated,

nucleus centrally located

- dome-shaped cells – specialized

membrane structure – plaques thickluminal plasma membrane) and

flattened elliptical vesicles in the

cytoplasm

flat – distended state – mononuclated, nucleus

centrally located

- squamous

- insertion of elliptical

vesicles into the luminal

plasma membrane

parenchyma, other name - urothelium




Subtype – stratified

Fundamental type – epithelial

Function – prevent back flow of urine into the

epithelium



Esophagus – organstructure/layer – mucosa



structure/layer mucosa

specific structure/ sublayer – lining epithelium

specific subtype – stratified squamous non-keratinized

surface epithelium,

lining epithelium,flat, mononucleated, nucleus centrally located

parenchyma


subtype – stratified

Fundamental type – epithelialFunction - protection



Skin – organstructure/layer – epidermis



structure/layer epidermis

specific structure/sublayer – stratum corneum

specific subtype – stratified squamous keratinized

surface epithelium,

lining epithelium,horny cells or squame - flat, anucleated,

nonviable scale-like structure – filled

with tonofilaments (keratine) – keratinized

desquamated

parenchymaother name – keratinocyte, epidermal cells


subtype – stratified

Fundamental type – epithelial

Function – protection – dessication, infection,



Connective TissueSkin – organ



g

structure/layer – dermis

specific structure/sublayer – reticular layer

specific subtype – dense irregular collageneous

stromamatrix

parenchyma – fibroblast/fibrocytes

spindle-shape

syntheized ground subs and fibers

fiber – type I collagensubtype – connective tissue proper,

fibrous/collageneous/regular

function – allows irregular or multidirectional

movement of the skin

also found in ligaments

Tendon – tissuespecific subtype – dense regular connective tissue



subtype – connective tissue proper, fibrous/collageneous,regular

fundamental type – connective tissue



Aorta – organstructure/layer – tunica media



specific structure - fenestrated elastic membrane

specific subtype – elastic tissue

stroma

matrixparenchyma – smooth muscle cells

synthesized ground subs and fibers

fiber – elastin

subtype – connective tissue proper,

fibrous/collageneous/regular fundamental tissue – connective tissue

function – return the normal diameter of the lumen after

conducting the blood

also found in muscular artery (medium-sized)

structure/layer – tunica intima

specific structure/sublayer – internal

elastic lamina



Lymph node - organstructure – cortex and medulla



specific subtype – reticular tissue

stroma

matrix

parenchyma – reticular cellsstellate, mononucleated, nucleus

centrally located

fiber – type III collagen

function – framework

located in the following organs/tissuesBone marrow, liver, thymus, spleen

smooth muscle cells, fat cells

endocrine glands



Umbilical cordWharton jelly

ifi bt ti ti



specific subtype – mucous connective tissue

stroma

matrix – jelly-like (more fluid than fibers)

parenchyma – fibroblast-like cellsstellate

fiber – type I collagen

subtype – specialized connective tissue


Function – support the arteries and vein



Embryobody wall

ifi bt b i ti



specific subtype – embryonic tissue

parenchyma – mesenchymal cells

stellate, mononucleated, nucleus

centrally locatedstroma

matrix – gel-like amorphous

fiber – type III collagen



Function – differentiate into soft tissues/connective tissue



Adipose tissuehypodermis/ subcutaneous layer

specific subtype white adipose tissue



specific subtype – white adipose tissue

brown adipose tissue

stroma – reticular tissue with rich neurovascular

supplymatrix

parenchyma – unilocular or multilocular adipose cell

fat cells

- cytoplasmic structure – fat vacuoles

content – triglycerides

release – neural and adrenaline

- synthesize – lipoprotein lipase

hydrolyze – dietary lipids

- synthesize – fatty acids from glucose

- mononucleated, peripherally located

- ovoid/polygonal- under the influence of insulin –

increase synthesis of lipoprotein

lipase and uptake of glucose

,





function – source of energy

source of heat – brown adipose

thermogenin

infant

Stomach - organstructure/layer – mucosa

specific structure lamina propia



specific structure – lamina propia

specific subtype – loose connective tissue (areolar)

stroma

matrix – more ground subs than fibersparenchyma – fibroblast

- spindle-shaped

- synthentize ground subs and fibers

fiber – type I collagen

subtype – connective tissue proper,

fibrous/collageneous, regular

fundamental tissue – connective tissue

function – allow diffusion/ delivery of nutrients and

removal waste products of metabolism



Bloodparenchyma – cellular elements

RBCs WBCs Platelets



RBCs, WBCs, Platelets

stroma - plasma



Respiratory systemlayers of the walls

mucosa – lining epithelium



mucosa lining epithelium

pseudostratified columnar ciliated with

goblet cells

lamina propialoose and dense lymphatic tissues

capillaries and lymphatic channels

submucosa – serous mucous glands

arterioles and venules

muscular arteries and veins

dense irregular connective tissue

muscularis layer – smooth muscle

adventitia /serosa

Nasal cavity – respiratory portionmucosa – lining epithelium – PSCCE with GC

lamina propia – venous plexuses and



a a p op a e ous p e uses a d

serousmucous glands

nerve

cartilage – hyaline



Larynxmucosa

respiratory portion – false vocal cord

li i ith li PSCCE ith GC



lining epithelium PSCCE with GC

lamina propia – serousmucous glands

true vocal cord

lining epithelium – SSNKlamina propia – elastic ligaments

cartilages – hyaline and elastic

muscle – skeletal muscle – vocalis muscle



Tracheamucosa

lining epithelium – PSCCE with GC



lamina propia – loose and dense lymphatic tissue

capillaries and lymphatic channels

loose connective tissuesubmucosa – serousmucous glands

adventitia – C-shaped hyaline cartilage

open end – smooth muscle – trachealis muscle



Intrapulmonary bronchus – segmental bronchusmucosa

lining epithelium - PSCCE with GC to simple columnar



ciliated with GC

lamina propia – loose and dense lymphatic tissue

capillaries and lymphatic channelsloose connective tissue

muscularis layer

spiralling smooth muscle bundles

irregular hyaline cartilage

submucosa – serousmucous glands

connective tissues – PV,PA,BA and BV



Bronchiolesmucosa

lining epithelium



regular bronchiole – simple columnar with cilia and GC to

simple cuboidal with cilia and Clara cells

terminal bronchiole – simple cuboidal with Clara cellsrespiratory bronchiole – simple cuboidal with clara cells

aveolar portion – simple squamous

smooth muscle

Alveolar ducts

walls – with alveoli lined by simple squamous –

pneumocyte type I and simple cuboidal –

pneumocyte type II

smooth muscle

Alveolar sacswall - alveoli lined by simple squamous –

pneumocyte type I and simple cuboidal –

pneumocyte type



Alveolilining epithelium – simple squamous – pneumocyte type I

gas exchange

i l b id l t t II



simple cuboidal – pneumocyte type II

secrete surfactant

lamellar bodies -- alveolar macrophages

interalveolar septum

capillaries – lined by simple squamous - endothelium

connective tissue – elastic and reticular fibers

parenchyma – fibroblast

pores of Kohnalveolar macrophages



Lymphatic tissuesThymus

capsule - dense irregular connective tissue

septa – dense irregular connective tissue divide it into



septa – dense irregular connective tissue divide it into

lobules

cortex and medulla

immature T cells mature T cells

parenchyma - T lymphocytes

scanty cytoplasm – azurophilic granules

nucleus – heterochromatin

mononucleatedstroma – epithelial reticular tissue

stellate, mononucleated, centrally located

secrete – thymosin and thymopoeitin

type III collagen

- Hassal’s corpuscle – accretions of epithelialreticular cells

- numerous in medulla

subtype of lymphatic tissue – dense

fundamental type of tissue - connective

Function – differentiation and maturation of T cells



Lymph nodecapsule – dense irregular connective tissue

trabeculae - dense irregular connective tissue

cortex



cortex

lymphatic nodules with or with germinal center

B cells

subcapsular sinusoids and cortical sinusoids

lined by endothelium – simple squamous

paracortex – dense lymphatic tissue -T cells

- postcapillary venule - HEV

medulla

medullary sinusoids – lined by endothelium – simplesquamous

medullary cords – lymphocytes and plasma cells

parenchyma – T and B lymphocytes

stroma – supportive framework - reticular tissue,

fibers Type III collagenreticular cells - stellate-shaped

ground subs and fibers

- capsule – dense irregular

function – filter lymph, housed memory cells, maintain and

produce T and B cells

Specific subtype -lymphatic nodules without germinal center –

B cell- memory/naive

lymphatic nodules with germinal center



lymphatic nodules with germinal center

B cells – immunoblast – differentiate into

plasma cell and memory cell

dense lymphatic tissue – T and B cells

subtype – dense

nodular

loose

Fundamental type – connective tissue



Spleencapsule – dense irregular connective tissue

trabeculae – dense irregular C.T. and smooth muscle

trabecular arteries and veins



red pulp – splenic cords - sinusoid lined by splenic

macrophages and endothelium

function – removal of senescent, damaged,

abnormal rbcs

content - blood

white pulp

specific subtype - dense lymphatic tissue

PALS - central arteriole surroundedby T lymphocytes

nodular lymphatic tissue with

germinal center - B cells –

immunoblast – differentiate into plasma cells

nodular lymphatic tissue withoutgerminal center – B cells –

memory/naïve

parenchyma - lymphocytes

subtype – dense, nodular or loose




Tonsillocated in the oropharynx

MALT - aggregates of lymphatic nodules

- layer - located in the lamina propia



y p p

crypts – lined by stratified squamous nonkeratinized

M cells

parenchyma – T and B lymphocytes

specific subtype – dense lymphatic tissue

nodular lymphatic tissue without germinal

center – B cells – memory/naive

nodular lymphatic tissue without germinal

center – B cells – immunoblast – differentiate into plasma cells


Fundamental type – connectiive tissue

function – interact and processed the antigens



Ileumstructure – Peyer’s patch

MALT – aggregates of lymphatic nodules

mucosa - villi



lining epithelium

specific subtype - simple columnar

absorptive cells

goblet cells

M cells

lamina propia

aggregates of lymphatic nodules – Peyer’s patch

dense lymphatic tissueloose lymphatic nodules

Peyer’s patch

specific subtype – lymphatic nodules with germinal center

memory/naïve cells

specific subtype – lymphatic nodules without germinalcenter – B cells – immunoblast –

differentiate into plasma cells and

memory cells





AppendixMALT – aggregates of lymphatic tissues in the appendix

Mucosa - flat

lining epithelium



specific subtype - simple columnar

absorptive cell

lamina propia

colonic gland

dense and lymphatic nodules

specific subtype – dense lymphatic tissues

specific subtype – lymphatic nodules

with germinal center – Bcells – immunoblast – differentiate

into plasma cells and

memory cells

without germinal center –

B cell – memory/naïvesubtype – dense or nodular

muscularis mucosae – bundle of smooth muscles

Submucosa

Meissner’s plexus

BVs and lymphatics

Muscularis externainner circular and outer longitudinal bundles of

smooth muscles

Auerbach’s plexus



ganglion – parasympathetic

nerves – pre and post ganglionic nerve fibers

function – increase peristaltic activity

Serosa – mesothelium, simple squamous epithelium



Digestive systemLip

part – Mucous membrane

mucosa

li i ith li ifi bt SSNK



lining epithelium – specific subtype SSNK

surface epithelium

lamina propia – minor salivary glands – labial

glands

dense irregular connective tissue

muscularis layer – skeletal muscle – orbicularis

oris

Skinepidermis – specific subtype – SSK

surface epithelium

dermis

papillary – loose connective tissue

reticular – dense irregular appendages

hair follicle

sebaceous

Mucocutaneous junction or Vermillion border

junction bet SSNK and SSk

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