Histology 2 2006

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Histo Review #2

• Blood

• Epithelia

• Connective Tissue• Musculoskeletal

• Neural Tissue

• Cardiovascular

• Bone

• Skin

• Renal

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Your Test

• 45 ?’s

– ~13 are slides, ~17 are printed micrographs

(EM, LM) – 15 are not based on images

– Coordinate with the person opposite from

you• 70 min.

• Check your bulbs and oil.

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Blood(4500-10000) c/uL

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Lymphocytes

• T-cell- Cell-mediated immunity,

– Helper-T and Cytotoxic-t

– Mature in the Thymus

• B-cell – Humoral immunity

– Mature in Bone Marrow

– Release IgG in extravascular tissue

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Granulocytes

• PMN – Neutrophil, Multi-Lobed Nucleus, 10-12um

– Granules• Specific- Lysozyme, collagenase, etc. Azurophilic- MPO, Defensins

• Monocyte – Macrophage precursor

– Kidney Bean Nucleus, 10-20 um – Lysosomal Granules

• Eosinophil – Bilobed Nucleus, Red Granules w/ crystalline core on EM, 10-12 um

– Basophil inhibitor• Histaminase, Aryl Sulfatase

• Basophil – Bilobed Nucleus, Blue Granules, 10-12 um

– Vasoactive Traits• 1.Bind IgE (don’t produce it! B-cells do)

• 2. Secrete histamine and SRS (slow releasing substance of anaphylaxis)

• 3. Heparin sulfate is an anti-coagulant

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Platelets

• 2-5 um, anucleate

• 2-400,000/ mL blood

• Granules – Alpha- fibrinogen, coag. Factors

– Delta- serotonin, ADP, histamine

• Know Clotting Cascade – Thromboplastin activates Thrombin

– Thrombin activates Fibrin

– tPA or pPA activates Plasmin

– Plasmin breaks the clot

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Erythrocytes

• Anucleate, 7.5 um

• 4-5 million/ mL blood

• Know Hb, Spectrin, Glycophorin C,

Band 3

• Basis of Blood Groups

• Life Span 120d.

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WBC Population Hierarchy

• Never (neut.) 54 – 62 %

• Let (lympho.) 25 – 33 %

• Monkeys (mono.) 3 – 7 %

• Eat (eosin.) 1 – 3 %

• Bananas (baso.) 0 – 0.75 %

More Populous

Less Populous

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EpitheliaBody Surface

Coverings

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The Junctional

Complex(Terminal Bar)• ZO- Zona Occludens- Occludin

– Tight junction. Used to exclude particles.

• ZA- Zona Adherens- Cadherins, Catenins – Used to hold cells together. Calcium-dependent

binding. Fascia Adherens in non-epithelial tissue.

– Links the PM to ACTIN

• MA- Macula Adherens- Desmosome

– Plakogobin, Plakophilin, Desmoplakin, Cadherins – “Spot Welding”- found all over the basolateral

membrane.

– Connects to INTERMEDIATE FILAMENTS

• Hemidesmosome- – Cell-ECM connection, integrin-associated.

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CILIABas

al

body

Axonememicrovilli

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axonemes

tubulin

dynein

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Cilia Vs. Microvilli• Cilia-

– Usually in pseudostratified epithelia in therespiratory tract. Also in oviduct.

– Axoneme made of microtubules, dynein.

– 9X2 + 2 arrangement in the axoneme. – Transports stuff along the cell surface.

– Anchored to the cell with a basal body. (9X3)

• Microvilli- – “Brush border” of intestinal epithelial cells.

– Actin filaments, grow from the terminal web.

– Non-motile, increase the surface area forabsorption of food.

– Sterocilia are actually long microvilli (testes, inner

ear)

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Mesothelium- simple squamous

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Kidney tubule- simple cuboidal

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Mallory stain of

Kidney tubule

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PAS stain of kidney tubule

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Simple columnar epithelium

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1. Nucleus of

simple columnar

epithelium

2. Brush border of

s.c.e. (microvilli)

3. Lymphocyte

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Simple columnar with goblet cell

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Mallory stain of pseudostratified columnar epi

Blood Vessel

Loose CT (cellular)

Goblet Cell

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Cilia

PseudostratifiedColumnar epi

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Pseudostratified ciliated epi- Found in nasal cavity and airway

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Transitional:

Ureters and

Bladder.

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Stratified squamo

Non-keratinized

(mucosa)

Loose CT

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Dens

e

irreg.

CT

Stratified squamo

keratinized

(thin skin)

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Thick Skin

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Non-keratinized

Stratified

Squamous

Epi

Submucosal

Gland

muscularis

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The Basement Membrane

• Basement Membrane

– PAS Positive, Made of Type IV collagen,

Proteoglycans, Laminin, Entactin,

Fibronectin,Type VII collagen anchors – All secreted by the epithelial cell, not

fibroblasts

– Lamina rara- clear area seen in EM.

Contains laminin

– Lamina densa- dark area, coll IV, proteo,

etc.

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Laminae

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Connective Tissue

• “Welds” other tissuestogether

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Embryonic mesenchyme-no fibers

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Reticular Tissue

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Stellate Reticular

Cells/ Processes

H/E stain

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Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT

tubules

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Loose Areolar (Irreg.) CT

Simple columnar epitheliumWith brush border

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Dense Irregular CT

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Adipose Tissue

Capillary w/ RBC

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Serous Gland

Muscular Artery

Striated muscle

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Tendon, Dense Regular CT

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tendon

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Collagen Synthesis

• 3 glycosylated and hydroxylated

polypeptides combine to make

procollagen in rER. Procollagen is

exocytosed.

• Procollagen is cleaved outside of the

cell to make tropocollagen.

• Tropocollagen polymerizes to make

collagen fibers.

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Connective Tissue Cells

A melting pot

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Fibroblasts

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Fibroblast and

Its collagen fibers

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Fibroblasts are translationally active

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Adipose tissue

Macrophage

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Mast

Cells

Granules (heparin, histamine)

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Mast Cell

Collagen

Muscle (Cardiac)

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Mast Cell

Granules

“Whorls”

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Plasma Cell

Areolar CT

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Plasma Cell

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Plasma Cell

-clockface nucleus

-lots or rER

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Eosinophil

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PC’s Fibroblast

Lymphocytes

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Muscle

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Smooth Muscle

Spindle-shaped

nuclei

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Skeletal Muscle-multinucleated,

peripheral nuclei

-striations

-triads of t-tubules and SR

Peripheral Nuclei

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Z

H

I

Hi, We Change

A

M

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Intercalated disk

Cardiac Muscle

-dyads of T-tubule and SR

-gap jcn’s -central nuclei

-branching

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Endomysiu

Peripheral Myelinated Axons

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Tendon (Dense Reg. CT)

Dense Irreg. CT

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Cardiac Muscle

Central Nuclei

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Skeletal mm.

E d di

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Purkinje Fibers

Cardiac Muscle

Endocardium

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Neural Tissue

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Anterior Horn

(somatic motor) Neurons

-pale nuclei

-nissl substance

Glial cells (oligodendroglia)

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White Matter, Oligodendroglia

with Axons

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Astrocyte

Capillary

Silver Stain:

Brain Cortex

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Dura Mater

(one tough mother)

Spinal Ganglion

(Dorsal Root)

Sensory Neurons

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Sensory Neurons-connective tissue

-satellite cells

-central nuclei

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Axon

Hillockof sensory

neuron

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Oocyte Follicle

Don’t Confuse.

It’s watching you.

Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

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Sympathetic Chain Ganglion

(motor) Neurons

-smaller than sensory

-random scattering-no good capsule of satellite c

-lipofuchsin

-2nd order neurons (1st is in CN

Parasympatheti

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Parasympatheti

c Neurons

-Found in the walls of viscera

-Between smooth muscle (Auer

Plexus, Meissner’s Plexus)

-Eccentric nuclei

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Peripheral Nerve Axons: pink

Epineurium,

Perineurium: Blue

Peripheral Nerve

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-Bundle of Myelinated Axons

-Surrounded by perineurium

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Axons cut longitudinally

-Node of Ranvier

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Schwann Cell

Nucleus

Axon

Myelin

Peripheral Nerve

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Peripheral Nerve

Perineurium

Epineurium

Axons

Motor

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Motor

Endplate

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Axon

Dendrite

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Skeletal Muscle

Muscle Spindl

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Gray matter

White matter

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Cortical Pyramidal Neurons

-axons descend

-dendrites ascend

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Cardiovascular

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Mesenchyme

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• Endothelial Cell Structures – Have pinocytotic vesicles

– Contain Weibel-Palade bodies: rod-like inclusionscontaining coagulation factors (VIII)

– Are Nitric Oxide (NO) Factories (contain NOS-nitric oxide synthase)

Small Arteriole

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Small Venule

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Lymphatic

Arteriole

Lymphatic

Venule

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media: SMC, elastin. No fibroblasts

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intima:

endothelial cells,connective tissue

media: SMC, elastin. No fibroblasts

adventitia:

fibroblasts, macrophag

Inner EM

Oute

EM

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media

adventitia artery

Small veins

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Adipocytes

Lymphatic

Valve

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Intima: Endothelium, loose CT

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Aorta: Elastic arter

,

Media: SMC, Elastic Fibers, loose CT

Vasa Vasorum Adventitia: Denser CT

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endocardium

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endocardium

myocardium

pericardiu

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Aorta

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Cusp of Aortic Valve

Cusp of Mitral Valve

Papillary mm.

Chordae Tendinae

Atrium

Ventricle

Bone and Cartilage

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Bone and Cartilage

https://www.arthritis-aid.com/neworders.html

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Hyaline Cartilage

Perichondrium

(dense reg. CT)

Collagen II, elastin,

hyaluronan, chondroitin sulfates and keratan sulfate

chondrocytes

H li C til

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Hyaline Cartilage

-joints

-respiratory tract-avascular in adult

-not innervated

Perichondrium

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Fibroblasts

Chondroblasts

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Isogenous Group

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Elastic Cartilage:

-epiglottic cartilage

-ear, auditory tube

-fine elastic fibers

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Fibrocartilage- found in IV discs-Collagen I!

-mix btw. Hyaline Cartilage

and Dense CT.

Hyaline Cartilage

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Fibrocartilage

y g

Bone: -vascularized

i t d

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Haversian Canal

-innervated

-collagen I

-ground substanc

Volkmann’s Canal

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Collagen Fibers

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Osteocyte

Mineralized Bone

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Gap Junctions!

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Marrow De-calcified Bone Skeletal mm.

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De-calcified Bone

PeriosteumOsteoblasts

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Endochondral Ossification

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Early Endochondral Ossification

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Cartilage

Bone

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Osteoblast

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OsteoblastUnmineralized

Bone

Bone

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Resorption

Unit

Osteoclast

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Integument

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• Thick

Skin

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corneum

lucidum

granulosum

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Eccrine Sweat Gland

Adipose

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Myoepithelial Cells

Pacinian Corpuscle:

Senses Vibration and Pressure

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Senses Vibration and Pressure

Found in Hypodermis

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Meissner’s Corpuscle

Rete Ridge

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Urinary System

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• Kidneys

• Ureters

• Urinary Bladder• Urethra

Kidney

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PAS Stain

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Cells of the Glomerulus

• Fenestrated Endothelium – 70-90 nm

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Fenestrated Endothelium 70 90 nm

complete fenestrations allow small moleculesthrough

• Podocytes – the visceral layer of Bowman’scapsule, have foot processes that interdigitateand form filtration slits (25 nm) with a thindiaphragm.

– Both these cells contribute to the secretion of the

Glomerular Basement Membrane (350nm) – The GBM is a charge filter (Glycosaminoglycans)

and a size filter (Coll IV). Particles larger than 70kD or greatly positively charged are usually

excluded from the urine

GBM DiagramLamina Rara ext. -

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e .

Att.to podocytes.Contains polyanions

Lamina Densa –

Contains mostlyCollagen IV

Lamina Rara int. –

Att.to endothelium

Contains polyanions(GAG’s,

Proteoglycans)

Cells of Glomerulus (cont’d)

• Mesangial Cells:

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• Mesangial Cells:

– Form the structural framework of the glomerular

tuft.

– Secrete mesangial matrix, phagocytose large

particles, are also contractile (regulate RPF) – Are known as lacis cells when near the vascular

pole

• Parietal epithelium – Is impervious to water and solutes

– Forms the outer portion of Bowman’s urinary

space

Juxtaglomerular Apparatus

• Occurs at the Vascular Pole of the Glomerulus

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Occurs at the Vascular Pole of the Glomerulus

• Regulates Blood Pressure.• Macula Densa: Modified Distal Tubular Cells –

taller and narrower than other tubular cells.

– Detect changes in blood NaCl, send paracrine signal to

the Juxtaglomerular Cells to release renin.

• Juxtaglomerular Cells: modified Smooth Muscle

cells of the afferent (sometimes efferent) arterioles.

– Secrete Renin (aspartyl peptidase), which cleavesangiotensinogen to Angiotensin I.

– The net result is decreased Na+ excretion and increased

blood pressure.

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Simple

Squamous

Epith

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Arteriole-

Efferent

orAfferent

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BS

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Macula Densa

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Polkissen

(Lacis)

Cells

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JG Cell

DT PT

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PT

PT

DT

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PT

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Ureter

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• Transitional Epi

• No MuscularisMucosae

• Inner longitudinal,outer circularmuscularis

externa(backwards)

• Lower 1/3 ofureter has an

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Bladder

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• Empty

Bladder –Distended

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• The bladder has three muscularis layers:Inner and outer longitudinal, and middlecircular. (just like the lower ureter.)

Strat. Squamous Epi

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Histology 2 2006

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