Histo Chap 24-26
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Transcript of Histo Chap 24-26
Alexandra Javier Borja. Frein Jarane Peliglorio Castañeda. Pia Vianca Nikka Quizon Garing. Gelyn Garduño Menorca. Dana Rosella
Dela Cruz Tolentino.
The Religious Schism
CAUSE: Conflict of races: Filipino civil and clerical groups against
the Spanish civil and clerical segment
• Majority if the Philippine Catholic Church belonged to oppressors. They
aided the policy of repressions of colonial government.
• Mabini wrote a letter to General Otis,
• Accusing the Spanish friars of supporting the colonial government
• Taking up arms against revolutionists
• Because of this, he also refused to free friar prisoners.
• Father Aglipay was sympathetic to Spain but hostile to the United States.
• Aglipay was used by Gov. Gen. Basilio Augustin and Archbishop Nozaleda as pawn
and oreded to confer with revolutionary leaders, unfortunately ,he failed.
• Aguinaldo sent Colonel Luciano San Miguel to Aglipay tto go to the north to
persuade the latter to work for the Filipino cause.
The Second Phase of Revolution
- It was not only political in nature but also religious.
- It commenced with Aguinaldo’s return from Hong Kong.
- It has Philippine Independent Church as the only living
- and tangible result of the Revolution.
• Nozaleda comissioned Aglipay to win over Aguinaldo to the Spanish cause.
• Aglipay
• Went to north to investigate the state of the diocese of Nueva Segovia
• Secured the release of two Jesuit priests
• Went to Cavite and joined Aguinaldo’s movement
• The Revolutionary Government recognized the validity of civil marriage. It
refused to recognize Nozaleda’s authority and prohibited Filipino priests from
accepting responsibility or occupying vacant parishes without their approval.
• These conditions made it propitious for the rebel government to win the full
support of the Filipino clergy.
• Aguinaldo made Aglipay Militar Vicar General ( religious leader of the
revolutionary movement)
Gregorio Aglipay
• As a Filipino, supports revolutionists
• As a Catholic priest, backs the head of the Church (a Spaniard)
• Chose to be Filipino first then Catholic second
• Issued a letter to the Filipino clergy
• Urging them to take charge of all vacant parishes
• Urged the priests under his jurisdiction to rally to the revolutionary
cause and support all favorable to the cause of the Filipino clergy
• Nozaleda charged Aglipay usurpation of power and made him
excommunicated, however, it did not work and didn’t caryy its usual weight
with the people.
• Aglipay, in return, excommunicated Nozaleda and charged him with
collaborating with the Spaniards and the American’s in the latter’s policy of
repression.
Apolinario Mabini
• Asked the Filipino clergy to organize a Filipino National Church
• Argued for the preservation of the Church but must be based upon the
appointment of the Filipino clergy of all positions
• The national church must cooperate with the Republic, uniting the Filipinos.
The Filipino Clergy
• Believed for the assertion of their rights to direct Philippine Catholicism at
the top
• An ecclesiastical assembly according to Aglipay. He discussed the
Filipinization of the Catholic Church and the prevention of anarchy in
religious matters and fought side by side with Filipino guerrillas.
Provisional Constitution of the Filipino Church
• Outlined the composition of the Filipino Church.
• Recognition of foreign bishops was forbidden.
• Declared independence of Filipino clergy from Spanish control and allowed
negotiation with Rome.
• However, the Filipino Church didn’t develop fully even the Filipino
Government was on the verge of collapse.
Mons. Placido Chapelle
• Pro-friar; Pope’s delegate; American
• He drive Filipinos away from Rome and Americans.
• He intends to dominate Filipino clergy, the “incompetent and capable of
holding only menial positions in the Church”, by force.
• Possibly caused the Filipino clergy to join the religious movement for a
Church independent of Rome.
THE SCHISM
Causes:
• Chapelle’s undiplomatic language and reaction to Filipino
reactions
• Filipino clergy agitated for a Filipino Church.
• Fr. Salustiano Araullo and Fr. Jose Chanco had an audience with
the Pope in Rome; however, the Pope was more inclined to the
Spaniards and promised nothing to the Filipinos.
Isabelo de los Reyes
• Radical propagandist and scholar
• Wrote in the newspaper Filipinas Ante Europa that a Filipino Church
must be formed, conserving all good in the Roman Church and
eliminating the evil of Roman corruption
• Campaigned for the establishment of Filipino Church
• Founded the Union Obrere Democratica (Democratic Labor Union)
• Delivered an anti-friar speech and proposed the establishment of a
Filipino Church independent of Rome with Aglipay as Supreme Bishop in
a meeting of Democratic Labor Union
• His proposal was approved and the new church was called Iglesia
Filipina Independiente. This marked the commencement of schism with
Rome.
Aglipay and the Jesuits
• Jesuit priest, Fr. Francisco Foradada tried to persuade Aglipay to the
Catholic fold for four days. He promised Aglipay an appointment as
bishop/archbishop and bribed him with money.
• Aglipay wanted an assurancew that the Filipino Catholic priest problem
will be solved, but Fordada replied with insults.
• With this, Aglipay directly turned down Fordada’s offer and defend his
fellow Filipinos.
• The break with Rome was complete.
• The Jesuits tried to repair the damage done by Fordada.
• Fr. Joaquin Villalonga was accompanied by Fr. Santiago Fonacier to ofer
Aglipay again, however, Aglipay still resisted. Jesuit stopped trying to
make Aglipay return to the catholic fold.
American Protestants
• Persuaded by Aglipay to join him in dividing the ranks of the Catholics to
join his church, but he failed.
• They felt superior to the Filipino. They thought the Filipino church was
too Roman and too rationalistic.
• Aglipay then accepted the post of Supreme Bishop of the Independent Church
officially. He was consecrated Supreme Bishop by the bishops of Isabela,
Cagayan, Pangasinan, Abra, Nueva Ecija, Cavite, and Manila. The convertion
in the country was on its way without any other influence from the Pope or
his representatives.
Filipino National Church
• Reaction of the nationalistic priests to centuries of prejudice and
belittlement.
Bases of Spanish Prejudice:
• Feeling of Racial Superiority
• Alleged Incompetence of the Filipino Clergy
Spanish friars
• Handled Mausers and Remingtongs when the colonial government was
losing the battle
• Fought for the continuance of their power and authority in the Philippine
society
Results of the Revolution:
• Liquidation of the Spanish empire in the Orient
• Alienation of a Segment of the Population from the Catholic Church
The continuing resistance (1901-1913)
The resistance continued and can be seen in three sectoral perspectives:
• Christian community
• Muslim community
• Tribal community
The Katipunan Inertia
• Bonifacio initiated struggle continued to sustain the struggle for
independence.
• Despite Aguinaldo’s capture, the remaining leaders of the army, Gen.
Miguel Malvar in Batangas and Gen Vicente Lukban in Samar continued
the war.
• Macario Sakay attempted to keep alive the struggle fo independence even
after the surrender of Lukban and Malvar through putting up his own
Tagalog Republic with its own constitution.
• In Luzon, 1905
• Disturbances were reported in Cavite and Batangas
• Outbreaks were noted at San Pedro Tunasan, Parañaque, Taal, and San
Francisco Malabon by Gov. Shanks of Cavite
• By 1907, a strong mass movement was led by Salvador Felipe, “Apo Ipe”, whose
cause was Santa Iglesia, literally means crusade of the “Holy Church”. This
movement was spread ti Bulacan, Pamapanga Tarlac and Nueva Ecija.
• The Republican administration became Democratic during 1912.
• By 1913, Filipinization, a policy by Gov. Gen. Francis Burton Harrison was
initiated.
• In Bicol, 1902, a movement which Simeon Ola led with 1,500 “insurrectors”
worried the Americans.
• The American answer to Ola’s movement was a Reconcentration System. This wa
from March to October 1903. The authorities persude Ola and his men to
surrender. On September 22, 1903, Col. Bandholtz and Simeon Ola signed an
agreement promising Ola’s immunity and “other things”. Later, the authorities
denied promising Ola anything.
In the trial during November that year:
• Ola obtained executive clemency.
• Some of his men were freed, some were sentenced under Vagrancy Law, and
others were tried under Sedition Law of 1901.
• In Visayas, 1902
• The surrender of Gen. Lukban in Samar during 1902 caused outbreaks
until 1906.
• The Tauiran Affair took place on July 10, 1904 where hundred houses
were burned and 21 people were killed.
• Cantaguic Affair was led by Juliano Caducoy
• Outbreaks by the Pulahan movement in Negros, Panay, Cebu, and Leyte in
1905
• Disturbances in Leyte, which were encouraged by its governor, Gov. Jaime
De Veyra, began in June 1907
• In Mindanao, 1903
• Armed disturbances in Surigao by a group of “outlaws” took place on March
23, 1903. This inciident was reported by Civil Gov. William Howard Taft.
• In May 1903, an Attack in Misamis was led by real “insurrectors”.
The Muslim Struggle
• The Lanao Resistance, 1902- 1912
• The “Moro resistance” was led by traditional leaders like Sajiduciman,
Ampuanagus, and Datu Datu Grande.
• Datu Tungul of Onayan attacked Cam Vicars in June 1902.
• Sultan Ganduli and Sultan Tanagan, with 150 to 200 Muslims, fought
against the American soldiers in Maciu
• The Sulu Struggle, 1899 – 1913
• The Bates Treaty, 1899
• An agreement between the American government and the Sulu
Sultanate
• Datu Julkanain and Datu Kalbi of Patikul were the ones who refused
to join the Sultan and chose to continue the movement against the
Americans.
• Panglima Hassan, 1903
• Hassan’s band was a threat to the American forces so Governor Wood
decided to eliminate him and his followers.
• After his death, Pala, a rebel who had just returned from Borneo and
was associated with several crimes, organized his own band but was
also eliminated and his band was destroyed.
• Besides Pala, there were also local leaders from Jolo where Tausug
resistance was concentrated. Its leaders were Datu Usap, Paruka
Utik, Salip Masdal, Maharaja Untung, Jikiri, and Nakib Amir.
• Bud Dajo, 1906
• Rumors about the American intention of wiping out the Jolo Muslims
triggered Bud Dajo to form a movement against the American forces
• Jikiri, 1907
• Jikiri’s revolt was one of the most significant ones. He became known to
media as a result of his “piratical” attacks on trading vessels or villages
early in the American period.
• Bud Bagsak, 1913
• Sabilallah attacks on American troops became the source of colonial
horror.
• The entire population practically joined the rebellion.
• The American authorities appealed of non-combatants and combatanats to
retun to their abandoned farms and homes.
• Part of the compromise was the withdrawal of American troops from Jolo
Island.
• The Bud Bagsak affair ended with pax Americana dawning in Sulu as over
500 rifles were gathered from the island.
• The Cotobato Resistance, 1903 - 1912
• Datu Ali, 1903
• Datu Ali began to defy American offer of peace and to persuade the
Maranaos to join the anti-colonial movement.
• Ali changed tactics from the traditional method of confronting the
enemy to the guerrilla- type of engagement.
• They also used sabilallahs to harass the Americans during the day while Ali’s
warriors attacked American troop encampments in the evening.
• The prospect of success was neutralized by the collaboration of Datu Piang
with the American authorities.
• On October 31, Ali’s followers were killed, including him and three of his sons.
• Datu Alamada, 1912
• Datu Almada and 300 followers rose in rebellion, supported by
thousands of sympathizers who vowed not to accept American
sovereignty.
• The movements were concerntrated in Buldon and Upper Cotobato.
• There were other Muslim disturbances in the Muslim south but these
were either isolated, personal or small group encounters staged by
recalcitrants from the Muslim masses.
A Glimpse of Philippine Culture and Past Governance
The Highlander’s Reaction
• Back to Tradition
• The tribal groups had joined the revolutionary movement against
colonialism. However, they did integrate into the Aguinaldo government and
the armed forces.
• In Luzon
• the Igorot armed struggle until the end of the Spanish rule
• However, the tribal communities were won over by American Episcopal
missionaries, medical missions and schools
• In Visayas, particularly Negros and Iloilo, were Presbyterian missions
contributed to health and sanitation and education at grassroots level.
• In Mindanao
• the Manobos resisted against the Spaniards by providing support and
assistance to political leaders
• the work of pacification was undertaken by American laymen,
entrepreneurs, and teachers particularly during the period of the Moro
Province from 1903 to 1906.
The Subanun Affair, 1909
• In Mindanao
• Americans make use of local datus and leaders to promote the
need for social services
• A campaign against unsanitary living conditions and diseases
like cholera, dysentery, smallpox and malariaàlocal leaders
helped by setting personal examples of hygiene and proper
sanitation.
• Education for children was very much emphasized.
• In the Cordillera
• Americans encountered many problems of the Filipino-American
War, which forced the retreating groups of 20 Filipinos under
Aguinaldo to the traditionally hostile Ifugao country.
• Americans demonstrated their firepower when the Ifugaos took
the head of an American soldier.
• By the beginning of 1906, upon the arrival of Lt. Jeff. D.
Gallman in Ifugao, the province saw the beginning of an
era of peace among the Ifugaos and American rule set pace
and patterns for the rest of the Cordillera.
Literature of Resistance
• Dramas were effectively used in attacking American
colonialism.
• American rule and predicated the outbreak of violent
Filipino resistance to further American intrusion.
Compromise with colonialism
Involvement During The Military Phase, 1899 – 1913
• The Christian Filipinos
• In the Local Level
• In the case of Negros Island, the landowning class and the
ilustrados cooperated with the American colonists.
• The Negrense provincial junta became the Americans’
useful comrade in fighting against the Malolos government
• In the Central Government
• The few who occupied top executive, legislative and judicial
positions exercised vast powers and influence in national
affairs
• Why the elite
• The natural fear of losing the security of their interests
because of the growing demand of the masses for the
redistribution of economic benefits and resources.
• The elites desired to preserve their privileges.
• The Cultural Communities
• American teachers and missionaries led the natives to
understand the American benevolent policy through schools,
religious missions and especially medical work.
• In the Cordillera
• Americans demonstrated three traits which helped them win over
native support in the Cordillera region
• Treaties
• The southern region of Sulu and other areas governed by the Sultanate
system partly accepted American presence.
• The Bates Treaty
• Carpenter-Kiram Agreement, 1915
Increase in Filipino Participation
• At the turn of the century there came a change in the landscape of American
politics. The rise of the Democratic Party prompted a change in the United
States’ motivations for colonialism.
• The first Democratic Governor General, Francis Burton Harrison, was
appointed. He provided a realistic implementation of American policies, and
made a point to increase the presence of Filipinos in position.
• His policies led to a rapid Filipinization of government.
Limits to Filipinization
• Elitism was present in the system which was increasingly becoming populated
by Filipinos.
• Positions were given to citizens who met certain criteria for election: they had to
be able to read and write, owned property, and/or were government employees
during the Spanish period.
• The American market dominated the nation and was replete with American
goods, while Philippine exports were given quotas and limited only to raw
materials needed by American business.
• TheUnderwood-Simmons Tariff Act of 1913 abolished quotas, but this was
rendered ineffective with the implementation of the Tydings-McDuffie Law of
1934 which restored quotas.
Social Effects
• System of government was identical to the American form, except for the
federal aspect.
• The elite, many members of which held position in government, became more
than collaborators with the Americans, but were now partners.
• The political landscape of the Philippines became American in form, but still
held Filipino traditions and influences.
• These local values and decisions were maintained in the operating of the
government. The Americans saw this as detrimental to the government’s
development.
• There were reports of corruption, bribery, and some shady deals. These were
associated with traditional Filipino ideals such as pakikisama, utang na
loob, and tendency to maintain kinship.
-END-