HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third...
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Transcript of HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third...
![Page 1: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
HIST2134The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945
Lecture 5:
Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38
26 February 2013
![Page 2: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Religious Anti-Judaism
Based on deeply rooted ideological, cultural, psychological prejudices in Europe:
• Christian ideas of Jewish guilt for Jesus’ death
• Christian defamation of Jewish religious texts & practices
• But: Jews had chance to become Christians
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Economic Anti-Judaism
Based on religious Anti-Semitism since Medieval:
• Jews allegedly using dirty tricks & attempting to enrich themselves on Christians’ costs
→ Jews seen as economic parasites
Increased with modern capitalism of 19th c.:
→ Jews allegedly profited strongly from rapid changes of European economies
• But: Jews had chance to assimilate to Christian societies
![Page 4: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
German Jews, 1871-1933• 1871: Equal citizens: no official Anti- Semitism but
common prejudices
• WW I: 10,000 Jewish men in army
• 1933: Mostly fully assimilated: business, academia, cultures, media
= Ca. 550,000: only 1% of German population
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Anti-Semitism in 1920s
• Based on anti-Semitic works of late 19th c.
• Common pattern to comprehend Germany’s national, social, economic situation after 1918
• Reflected in Hitler’s obsessions in Mein Kampf & speeches: Jews seen as alien elements, parasites, bacillus, enemies
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Racial Anti-Semitism• Based on religious & economic Anti-Semitism:
• Social-Darwinist ideas + ‘scientific’ race theories • Jews seen as having specific “Jewish” features:
Characters, attitudes, habits
→ Biologically-defined ‘Jewish race’
• And: Jews not permitted to change or adapt but only to leave society
![Page 7: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
NS Anti-Semitism• Based on racial Anti-Semitism:
• Jews to be removed from Germany• Other ‘sub-humans’: ‘gypsies’, ‘idiots’, homosexuals
to be persecuted
→ To “clean nation from parasites”
→ To achieve NS peoples’ community & ‘living space’
![Page 8: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
NS Anti-Semitic Politics (1)• No master plan but mainly improvised measures
• Hitler’s role disputed among historians:
• Intentionalist school: Hitler’s program & ideology prevalent
• Structuralist school: Economic goals, bureaucratic rivalries without Hitler’s direct influence: ‘No Führerbefehl’
• Integrated school: Both elements mattered !
![Page 9: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
NS Anti-Semitic Politics (2)Improvised step-by-step process:
• Conducted by polycratic power system → Hitler, SS, police, bureaucracy
• Executed in usual two-folded way: ↑ Propaganda + terror by regional-local NS ↓ Legal sanctioning by NS government
![Page 10: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
NS Anti-Semitic Politics (3)‘Legally’ conducted & generally accepted:
• 1933: “Racial laws” to exclude Jews from various professions & offices
• 1935: ‘Nuremberg Laws’ to create second-class citizens
• 1938: Anti-Jewish legislation to discriminate & withdraw elementary rights
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‘Racial laws’ (1)• Who is a Jew?
1) A Jew with at least 3 full-Jewish grandparents2) A half-breed (Mischling) with 2 full-Jewish
grandparents who has either or all …a. Jewish religionb. Jewish spousec. A parent as 1)
► A ‘Full Jew’ (Volljude) ☻= German national of ‘lower status’ (since 1935)
![Page 12: HIST2134 The Third Reich through Documents, 1933-1945 Lecture 5: Anti-Semitic policies of the Third Reich, 1933-38 26 February 2013.](https://reader035.fdocuments.in/reader035/viewer/2022071807/56649dce5503460f94ac293c/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
‘Racial laws’ (2) ► Jewish half-breed (Mischling)
a. Of 1st grade (2 Jewish grandparents) → ☺ ☻b. Of 2nd grade (1 Jewish grandparent) ☺
► Jews with military honours →☺ ☻
→ ☺ ☻Since 1935: Step-by-step exclusion + isolation
(e.g. education, military)Since 1943: Forced labour service
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Pogrom of 9 Nov 1938 (1)
‘Night of the Broken Glass’ (Reichskristallnacht): Only large-scale Anti-Jewish action in Germany 1933-9
• Assassination: German diplomat by young Jew in Paris
• Up-heated propaganda: Goebbels
• Putting-on-fire of synagogues/shops: ‘Broken crystal glass’
• SA maltreatment of Jews
= Organized destruction, plunder, extortion, denunciation
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Pogrom of 9 Nov 1938 (2) • Arrest of 30.000 Jewish men in concentration camps
(Buchenwald, Sachsenhausen, Dachau)
• Capital levy of 20 %: payable in four instalments, resulted in 1,2 Billion RM extra government revenue
• Strong pressure on Jews to emigrate (USA, UK, Palestine, Argentina, South Africa, China)
• ‘Aryanization’ (Arisierung) of Jewish property
• ‘Elimination’ (Entfernung) of Jews from public life
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… and other Germans ?• Mainly silent, indifferent, intimidated but often tacitly
critically about “senseless destruction”
• Some actively participated in destruction & profited from “Aryanization”
= Anti-Semitic propaganda generally not effective= Clear distinction between popular anti-Jewish
sentiments + radical NS Anti-Semitism
“► But people knew what was going on …”
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Conclusion• 1933-9: To force Jews to emigrate: Hitler & polycracy
care about public mood
= Life strongly worsened for Jews in Germany
• 1940-5: To mass murder Jews: Hitler & polycracy act in war + outside Germany
= Life unbearable & highly dangerous for Jews