Hist 33D, L 5:

Kristallnacht and the Turn to Genocide

1. Turn in journals (2 piles: A-P; R-Y); Q1

2. Kristallnacht: Anatomy of event3. Announcements (Strike Tue; Tibet)

4. Holocaust denial (web)

(“midterm”) Question 1

• Name 2 reasons why National Socialism appealed to a specific group in German society.

For each reason, state (in at most 1 or 2 additional sentences) why.

(4 points total: reason+because, reason+because)

Some answers to Q1

• p. 76: ended “state of almost perm. crisis”Which group? (Mittelstand)

• Ended shame of loss in WW1/Versaillesp. 91 “political and psych. consequences”

• p. 101: who voted for

• p. 102: who did not vote for

Last Time: Causal role of history• Question:

What role did “history” (historical experience) play in the ultimate occurrence of the Holocaust?

• Answer:– Long-term (culture=militarism, antisemitism,

bureaucracy): highly contingent (it depends)– Middle-term (path to “modernity”): some

role, but you can “spin” it the other way, too(compare textbook pp. 76, 78, 83)

– Short-term (lived experience): professor thinks so, but lots of coincidences along the way

Kristallnacht: Anatomy of an Event

1. History of anti-Jewish measures since 1933 (longer-term)

2. Specific events during 1938(middle term)

3. Events November 6-12(short term)

Anti-Jewish Measures, 1933-38

• 1933 (March: Hitler "elected")April 1: boycottApril 7: barred from public service

• 1935 "Nuremberg Laws" at Party rally– Defined who was a Jew

• 1936: no welfare for "Mischlinge" & vets

• 1938– July 6, 25: barred from business, medicine – August: adopt names "Israel" and "Sarah"– Sept. 27: barred from practicing law

Specific events during 1938• March: Austria; Polish re-immigration ruling

• Sept.: Munich conference (appeasement)Germany gets Sudetenland

• Oct.: "Aktionen" in Vienna (7th-16th, 21st, 25th)

Announcements• Roll call

• STRIKE: no regular class next Tuesday– In IV, park on Pardall Rd.– Or: during Wed. lab time (Milgram film?)

• Rest of JOURNALS due Wednesday (Tue)

• FIELD TRIP Sunday Oct. 20, 8am: – See web site for information

• Free Tibet announcement (by Leron)– Meetings every Tuesday, 8pm, UCEN Harbor rm.

Events November 7-12• Nov. 7:

9:30am: Grynszpan shoots diplomat in Parisevening: violence in Kassel and Hannover

• Nov. 8: sporadic violence in Germany

• Nov. 97pm: commemorative dinner in Munich9pm: news of diplomat's death to Hitler10pm: Hitler leaves, Goebbels speaks11pm-midnight: SA leaders make phone callsmidnight: Himmler swears in SS recruits

Events, cont'd

• Nov 10: – 12:30am: Graz (Austria) synagogue blown up – 1:20am:Heydrich (SS): protect neighboring property– 2-4am: first synagogue fires in Germany proper– 9:15am-1:30pm: destruction of syn. in Vienna– 7pm-10pm: first 3 major synagogue fires in Hamburg– Most destruction happened on this day

• Nov. 11: second wave of destruction; arrests30,000 men and boys arrestedmost released within 3 months, to emigrate

Events, cont'd 2• Nov. 12: Goering presides over cabinet meeting

• 4 goals:1. Complete process of "Aryanization"2. Accelerate emigration3. Complete isolation of Jews from populace4. Abolish Jewish self-organization

Holocaust Denial (“revisionism”)

• Jsourcehttp://www.us-israel.org/jsource/Holocaust/kristallnacht.html

• Yad Vashemhttp://www.yad-vashem.org.il/about_holocaust/month_in_holocaust/

• Institute for Historical Review; essay:http://www.ihr.org/jhr/v06/v06p183_Weckert.html

Parting reminders

• Next Tuesday’s class probably NOT here(unless strike is called off) Class either in IV, or Wed. evening

• Check course web site for updates