HIST 2111U. S. History I

Discovery and ColonizationChapters 1-3

Mike “Wheels” Breakey

Questions

• Anything from last week to review• New students?

Words of the day• Meso-• a prefix meaning middle or intermediate• Imperialism• The policy of extending a nation's authority by territorial acquisition

or by the establishment of economic and political hegemony over other nations.

• Proprietary• Exclusively owned; private

• Civilization—what is it and what does it allow?• Wants versus needs

The First Colonization

Beringia Ice Age (15,000 years ago) Prehistoric (preliterate) people Studied by archaeologists and scholars

Studied using artifacts (humans made)

Why not studied by historians? How was information passed on?

Possible migrations from Asia by boat or over the Beringian land bridge.

Diversity

Paleo-Indians were hunter-gatherers What the heck is that?

Post Ice Age the New World becomes isolated Divided into tribes

Easier to support Adapted to climate and land forms What made them spread out?

Developed farming and other specialized skills as early as 8000 B.C.

Practiced settled agriculture Mesoamerica only place besides Middle East where agriculture

was discovered not learned from others

Cultural Cul-de-sac?

Conlin posits that many cultures make war for specific gains—like what?

He also posits the Mesoamericans did it for another reason—specifically what?

Mesoamerican Civilization

Development of Mesoamerican civilization Urban life Division of labor Hierarchical social system Writing

Maya Developed system of writing Built cities Were mathematicians and astronomers Developed accurate calendar Governed agricultural hinterland to provide food for

artisans, priests, and warriors

Mesoamerican Civilization (cont…)

Mayan Religion Compelled War Cities were independent and warred with

each other Used resources for war and to satisfy gods

Mayan Culture ended ~900 A.D. WHY? Erosion of soil and drought Constant fighting/sacrifices People dispersed

Map 1-1 p4

OlmecsTill about 200 BC

Organized states of Central and South America

Early 13th century until the last Inca stronghold was conquered by the Spanish in 1572.

Map 1-2 p5

Aztec~200 BC till 1500s

The Aztecs or Mexica

Immigrated from the north starting in 1200s By 1400, Aztecs controlled peoples and land from Gulf

of Mexico to Pacific Forced other peoples to pay tribute to Aztecs

Built Tenochtitlan on Lake Texcoco Population 60,000 to 250,000

Worshipped pantheon of gods Huitzilopochtli Practiced human sacrifice

Feared impending doom by 1502 (comets in the sky) Moctezuma II becomes emperor, a leader “on edge”

p2

Portugal (and then Spain) led way

Portugal first to look for new trade route Henry the Navigator (Portuguese), (b. 1394- d.1460)

Sent 15 maritime expeditions down African west coast Sponsored research into geography and cartography Encouraged shipwrights to improve vessels & create caravel

Bartholomeu Diaz (Portuguese) reaches Cape of Good Hope in 1488

Vasco Da Gama (Portuguese) reaches India in 1498 Portuguese establish series of trading forts along route

Pedro Cabral claims Brazil for Portugal, 1500

Why? What compelled them to look for new trade routes?

Map 1-3 p9

Map 1-4 p11

Spain Goes West with Christopher Columbus Exploration financed by King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella

of Spain Portugal refused to sponsor Columbus Landed in Bahamas on October 12, 1492 Believed he was in East Indies

Goal was find a better route to the Indies via the Atlantic Made four voyages but never realized he had found a new landmass,

not the Indies Lands (Cuba and Hispaniola) he discovered not considered valuable

to Spain until 1521

Text says he was motivated also by religion, glory, and greed Yes, seeking gold and silver but what else—who sent him? OK, and Columbus was from where?

So why an Italian sailor working (and claiming) area for Spain?

Part of why

Crusades left Europe with taste for Eastern goods Silks, spices, and other exotic goods and treasures

Muslims controlled overland route on 8000 mile silk road Difficult and dangerous trade routes Bribes and taxes made items very costly

Levantines’ share of profit The Italian middlemen

Venetian navy dominated eastern Mediterranean Alternate routes sought so as to avoid middlemen

Any theft?

p9

The castle of St. George at Elmina in present-day Ghana.

•The Portuguese founded West Africa’s first European trading colony here in 1482. •The castle was necessary to defend against both seagoing European rivals and the locals. •At first, gold was the commodity the Portuguese sought. Before long, however, the value of slaves eventually outstripped gold in value.

Why else would Spain and Portugal do this?

DIME All nations act in their own best interest The wish to make events proceed in the best

way for THEM

How do they do this?

Flash forward to a current event—Iran and nuclear enrichment

Spain Goes West

Vasco Núñez de Balboa discovered Pacific in 1513 Crossed Isthmus of Panama

Magellan’s expedition circumnavigated world 1519-1522 Found an all-water route to Pacific by rounding South

America

Inter Caetera, papal decree, divided world’s lands not in the possession of a Christian ruler between Spanish & Portuguese

Cortés in Mexico

Spanish conquistador Cortés invades Mexico from Vera Cruz in 1519

Defeats Tabascans of the coast Forms alliance with native enemies of Aztecs—WHY?

Totemac, Tlaxcala, Tolucan, Cholulans Spanish fight with horses, war dogs, and firearms

Aztecs believe Cortés is a god Cortés demands Aztec gold

Aztecs rebel: Spanish flee with gold

Cortés regroups and defeats Aztecs in 1520 Cortés wins a huge empire

Spanish Conquistadores

Hidalgos came as conquerors Promised land and gold

Conquistadores given great share of gold & silver Given large land grants & encomiendas or the right to demand

work from the natives

Came for national glory Exhibited bravery, fortitude, ruthlessness and cruelty

Came to spread Catholicism Believed that a war even nominally for spreading Christianity

was holy

Exploration South and North Francisco Pizarro conquers Incas high in the Andes

Had 168 men and 62 horses Captured and murdered the Incan emperor,

Athualpa

Hernando De Soto explored what is now southeastern United States, 1539-1542

Coronado explores Southwest 300 conquistadors, a few blacks, and 800 Indians Sought Seven Cites of Cibola, never found it

New World gold and silver makes Spain richest nation in Europe $4.5 million in precious metals cross Atlantic by 1550 $12 million cross Atlantic by 1600

Spanish America

Roman Catholic church exercised great power in Spanish America Many priests, though not all, attempted to protect Indians from

rapacious fellow Spaniards

Ultimately, Spaniards decimated native Indian populations in warfare, savagery, and infectious diseases 1492– Indian population in Santo Domingo was 200,000, in

15,000 it dropped to 14,000 By 1570, only two small villages survived on the island

The Columbian Exchange

Spanish brought Animals: horses, cattle, sheep, chickens, hogs Foods: citrus, wheat, barley, sugar cane, lettuce

New foods from New World Maize, beans, squash, potatoes, pumpkins, sweet potatoes,

peppers, tomatoes, vanilla, and chocolate These foods transformed Old World, reduced starvation and led

to population increases

Infectious diseases From Europe: smallpox, measles, influenza, black death,

tuberculosis, typhoid – natives had no immunities From America: venereal diseases, syphilis

European Expansion

• Western European society underwent transition from medieval to Renaissance (“rebirth”) culture, 1450-1550– Birth of “modern” world– Revival of learning and inquiry– Explosive growth of trade, towns, and

corporations– Decline of feudalism and rise of nation-states

Increasing Competition

• Protestant Reformation divides Europe in sixteenth century

• Competition between Catholic and Protestant nations

• England and France begin to compete with Spain and Portugal for domination of Americas—look at all that wealth!

Europe Divided Over Religious Problems

Martin Luther German catholic monk

Disputed the claim that freedom from God's punishment for sin could be purchased

You could buy indulgences which forgave you for sin God’s grace is the only oath to salvation Bible as only source of God’s word Direct challenge to the Pope

Protestantism spreads German princes seized church lands Large parts of Germany, Netherlands and Scandinavia turn to

Lutheranism

European Claims in New World

John Cabot claims Newfoundland and Nova Scotia for England in 1497

Giovanni Verrazano claims much of North America’s eastern coast for France in 1523

Spain still enjoys New World monopoly in 16th century 1500s were Spanish century Gold and silver funded armies and navy

Henry VIII’s Reformation

Henry VIII wanted his marriage to Catherine of Aragon annulled Wanted male heir

In Catholicism there was no such thing as divorce Anne Boleyn became pregnant—GASP!

Henry establishes Church of England, 1534 Dissolved 400 monasteries and nunneries Henry as head of Church of England

Elizabethan England In Edward VI reign (1547-1553) Mary, rules 1553–1558

Married prince Philip of Spain Returns England to Catholicism Persecutes Protestants, “Bloody Mary” Dies childless

Elizabeth I takes throne in 1558 Protestant but shrewd politician Refused to persecute Catholics Phillip II of Spain offered marriage but she put him off

English Sea Dogs attack Spanish ships Francis Drake and the Golden Hind sail around world

He returned with much Spanish loot

In 1580, Elizabeth gave up pretense of friendship with Spain--Knighted Drake and accepted his loot

Sir Walter Raleigh and Roanoke

Humphrey Gilbert 1583 sailed to Newfoundland to try and establish colony Died in storm in failed colony attempt

Sir Walter Raleigh inherited colony license Sent expedition whose chose Roanoke Island for the site of the

Roanoke colony Roanoke colony established in 1584

Made enemies amongst Indians and those settlers withdrawn In 1587, ninety-one men, seventeen woman, and nine children sent

to colony Poorly managed and the Governor, John White, leaves Returned three years later Croatoan message Colony abandoned after three years; Roanoke colonists never

found--“Lost colony” of Roanoke

Beginnings of an Empire

In 1588, Spanish Armada attacked England Transported 30,000 troops England easily victorious England now has upper hand in colonizing the New World

Richard Hakluyt and Sir Walter Raleigh promoted settlement of New World Principle Navigations, Voyages and Discoveries of the English

Nation (1598) Offered hopes of easy riches Raleigh imprisoned, eventually beheaded following another

failed overseas adventure in South America

Hard Economic Facts

England covets Spain’s gold Spain had to use convoys to protect ships from Sea Dogs Still believed a Northwest Passage existed

Spain’s economy sputters Failed to invest, economy declines Gold moved out of Spain to merchants A nice way of saying frivolously spent!

NOW add a BOOMING population created social problems in England Enclosure movement forced small farmers off land Wandering refugees gather in cities Hakluyt saw colonies as social safety valve

Private Enterprise

Private stock-holding companies spread the financial risk among investors What do investors want?

James I charters companies to “plant” colonies Plymouth (New England) Company Virginia Company of London

Jamestown, 1607 Easily defended peninsula on James River Land was swamp poorly suited to agriculture Ill informed and prepared for problems of living in wilderness Ill-prepared for the labor and farming know-how requirements

required for settlement

So how was this supposed to make any MONEY?

Map 2-1 p31

The “Stinking Custom”

Tobacco used by natives At first not popular in Old World Viewed as stinking custom and addictive Became popular in Europe in late 1500s

John Rolfe improves tobacco production Brings West Indian tobacco seeds More appealing taste 3 shillings per pound

Tobacco becomes major export in 1600s

Who Shall Plant the Fields Abundant land made it hard to hire labor

Tobacco labor intensive Profits were high Any problems here?

Attempts to enslave Native Americans fail Dutch brought African slaves in 1619

By 1660, 900 black Virginians Not much increase until 1700

White indentured servitude predominated “Headright system”

The Massacre of 1622 Powhatans, name of Virginia natives given by

English, were loosely confederated tribes of natives under a single chief

English settlers have a relatively peaceful relations at first Number of settlers too small to be threat

Colony grows and prospers—hmmmm? In 1622 Powhatan under Chief Opechancanough

attack; settlers retaliate (O-pech"un-kä'nO) 1644 second attack but beaten back Powhatan extinct by 1685

Maryland: A Second Tobacco Colony

George Calvert Catholic noble In 1632, got Charles I to issue charter for colony north of

Potomac River His son Cecilius would found colony

In 1634, Colony of Maryland founded Prospered as tobacco colony Hoped to be refuge for Catholics but always outnumbered Act of Toleration of 1649 Sounds like freedom of religion? Repealed by Protestants in 1654 Passed again in 1658—this time it lasts 30 years.

Other Imperialist Plans France

Few failed attempts in South Caroline & Florida Samuel de Champlain

Quebec founded in 1608 New France grew slowly Traded with natives

Spain in North America Founded St. Augustine in 1565 Santa Fe established in 1609

New Netherlands and New Sweden 1624, Dutch West India company established settlements between

Connecticut and Delaware Rivers Capital at New Amsterdam on Manhattan Peter Minuit established small Swedish settlements along Delaware

River

Discussion Questions

Who is in the lead now?

Why?

The New England Colonies

1608 Pilgrims or Separatists moved to Leiden, Holland William Bradford leader Pilgrims dislike Dutch values Were English at heart

Became part of Plymouth Company Promised freedom from persecution

The Mayflower and the Speedwell 1620 Establish Plymouth Plantation on site of deserted native

village Half died in first winter Learned native fishing and cultivation methods—Squanto

p41

Self Government

Mayflower Compact (1620) Civil Body Politik First governing political document of Plymouth Colony Most males could vote William Bradford Plymouth colony governor for 30 years

Plymouth Colony survived from fishing and fur trade

Mostly subsistence farming

Settlers bought out Plymouth Company Plymouth Absorbed into Massachusetts in 1691

Massachusetts

Started by Puritans in 1630 Well organized and funded Great Migration—leaving the moral decay behind

Includes cross-section of English society Equal numbers of men and women

Want to create godly commonwealth = New England Abhorred Church of England

Massachusetts Bay Company charter gives them right to self-government

Puritan beliefs

Calvinists; humans inherently sinful God’s “Elect” or Saints: chosen for salvation

“Elect” form covenant with God “Elect” must enforce God’s law in community Dissatisfied with Church of England

On an errand in the wilderness Believed England was flaunting God’s laws and would be

punished Puritans to set an example of how to keep God’s covenant Strong sense of community Strict code of moral and social behavior—The Scarlett Letter Intolerant of individualism, disciplined members

Blue Laws

Statutes of Massachusetts Regulated and Prohibited Sunday activities including working,

“idle chatter,” and “walking in a garden” (Blue Laws)

Used corporal punishment Dunking, stocks Mandatory church attendance

Capital punishment rarely used Convictions of Blasphemy, witchcraft, treason, rape, murder, etc

resulted in sentences short of capital punishment

Social Assumptions

Monarchy was sacred and democracy was abhorrent

Strict discipline for children Social and economic distinctions part of God’s

will Carefully planned communities

Home sites were assigned Church and school in each community Most literate society in world Harvard established 1636

Rhode Island, Connecticut, and New Hampshire Roger Williams

Came to disagree with Puritan ministers No one can know if others are “Elect”

Separation of church and state Remove religious qualifications for voting This threatened Puritan control of Massachusetts

Questions Puritan legal right to land Indians owned by right of occupation

Guess What happens next?

Rhode Island: “The Sewer of New England”

Puritan authorities banish Roger Williams Fled, lived with Narragansett Tribe Founded Providence and Rhode Island and attracted followers Returned to England in 1644 Won charter for new colony in 1644

Williams founded Rhode Island Home for religious dissenters “Sewer of New England” according to Massachusetts Puritans

Map 3-1 p47

Anne Hutchinson

Criticized for speaking out as a woman Believed Holy Spirit inspired some to speak out Believed some people specially blessed and thus above the

laws Gains popularity for her religious views

Guess what happens next?

Convicted for heresy and banished from Massachusetts Hutchinson sent to Rhode Island in 1638 with some of her

followers

What is developing between new colonies?

Corporate, Royal, and Proprietary Colonies Corporate colony

Charters as constitutions King sovereign, but self-governing commonwealths Leaders elected by male members of Congregationalist church Examples: Plymouth, Massachusetts Bay, Rhode Island

Royal Governed by King through governor Elected Assemblies Example : Virginia after 1624

Proprietary Power placed in hands high placed persons Lord proprietors appointed governor Example: New Hampshire and Maryland

Maryland – Making Money – The Headright System The headright system was an attempt to solve labor

shortages due to the growing tobacco economy Large disparity between the amount of land available and

the population—although lands available is a misnomer Low supply of labor, resulting in the growth of indentured

servitude and slavery. Need more people! Colonists who had already been living in

Virginia were each given two headrights of 50 acres Immigrant colonists who paid for their passage were given

one headright Individuals would subsequently receive one headright each

time they paid for the passage of another individual. Does this solve the issue of lack of workers?

Indentured Servants Wealthy would pay for transport a young worker from

England or Germany (typically) What did this do for the person paying the passage? Work for several years to pay off the debt of their travel costs. During the indenture period the servants were not paid

wages, but were provided with food, accommodation, clothing and training.

The indenture document specified how many years the servant would be required to work, after which they would be free.

Terms of indenture ranged from one to seven years with typical terms of four or five years.

Is there a cheaper way?

The Carolina Grant Charles II granted land to 8 gentlemen and nobles

Charleston first major settlement Most early settlers from Barbados Brought slavery and sugar Main crop = rice Demand for slaves grew

Northern Carolina Small farmers, mostly tobacco Democratic spirit

Southern Carolina Dependent on plantation system and African slave labor Aristocratic and urban Did not live on rice plantations because of disease

Map 3-2 p50

Map 3-3 p52

New Jersey and the Quakers

Duke of York gave southern Dutch lands in 1665 to John Berkeley and George Carteret

Society of Friends (Quakers) in New Jersey and Pennsylvania Believed in pacifism Challenged civil authority Guided by “inner light” so no earthly authority Believed in equality Allowed women to preach and gave women substantial moral

authority and power in the family Grew rapidly in North America Did not take civil oaths

Pennsylvania: “The Holy Experiment”

William Penn Colony chartered out of royal debt Named after his father “Penn’s woods”

Pennsylvania Paid Indians for land Haven for Quakers and all Christian worship tolerated Many German immigrants Philadelphia: well planned, largest city in America

Delaware Created out of three lower Pennsylvania counties and became a

royal colony in 1701

Georgia: A philanthropic experiment

James Oglethorpe, founder of colony of Georgia Chartered in 1732 Becomes buffer between South Carolina and Florida Governed by council in England originally

Tried to help debtors get a fresh start Banned slavery and alcohol

Experiment failed as others rush in

Georgia becomes royal colony in 1752 Oglethorpe returns to England disgusted his

prohibitions on slavery and alcohol and philanthropic policies had failed to take hold

Next week

Chapters 4-5 From toehold to foothold Friction between the colonies So much land, so few workers! Natives not digging this