Hispanic American Civil Rights - Amphitheater Public Schools...characterized by anti-Hispanic &...
Transcript of Hispanic American Civil Rights - Amphitheater Public Schools...characterized by anti-Hispanic &...
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Hispanic American Civil Rights
Chicano Movement
El Movimiento
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Intro: Terminology
Review these different
groups and make sure you
understand the
classifications!
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IB Terminology• IB uses the term Hispanic because it covers the
largest group – people who’s heritage is linked to Spain (essentially anyone from a Spanish-speaking country)
• Please understand and be mindful that people’s own personal preferences may differ. – Ex: A person with Mexican heritage may prefer
Chicano instead of Hispanic
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Intro & Background A big difference in this movement is that it was Labor based!
• Brainstorm these terms specific to labor and working conditions.
• What does it mean to…..
• Unionize?
• Organize?
• Strike?
• Join a “grassroots” movement?
• Collective bargain?
• Watch this clip to learn about these terms and how they work together to ensure rights for laborers https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZwQn4G18_M
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=GZwQn4G18_M
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Origins of Movement: Lack of rights/representation for Latino Farmers
• A huge portion of Latino immigrants/citizens held positions in the agricultural sector.
• The U.S. labor movement focused on industrial, urban workers – ignored farmers!
• Because they were widely available, whenever a farmer would demand rights, the land owner would simply fire and replace them.
• There was no representation for these Latino farmers! Their rights were not protected.
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During the Civil Rights period, the increase in Hispanic
Farmers led to the
demand for more rights!
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Origins of Movement: Racial DiscriminationThe labor situation was also characterized by anti-Hispanic & racist attitudes of the 1940’s & 1950’s (Remember the Zoot Suit Riots???)
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In the southwest, Hispanics faced discrimination and were often deported in
mass numbers. This region became the center of the struggle for Civil Rights.
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Origins of Movement: Racial Discrimination
The largest example were the Bisbee Deportations! Over 1,300 Latino miners
went on strike in Bisbee, AZ to bring attention to the
dangerous mining conditions.
They were arrested, put on cattle cars and illegally deported (held with no
food/water for 16 hours!)
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Origins of Movement: Racial DiscriminationThroughout the Southwest, groups (like the Texas Rangers) intimidated, terrorized and lynched Latinos.
(They justified it by saying they were protecting the border
during the Mexican Revolution – remember Pancho Villa?)
During the Porvenier Massacre of 1918, the Texas Rangers summarily executed 15 Mexicans.
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Origins of Movement: Racial Discrimination
During the Great Depression, the U.S.
government sponsored a Mexican Repatriation program where they deported between
500,000-2M people to Mexico. 60% of these
people were U.S. citizens! Review racial discrimination and Zoot Suit Riots:
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxtThBTf0sI
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KxtThBTf0sI
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Origins of Movement: Gov. Policies• 1933: FDR passes collective bargaining laws, but excludes
farmers
• 1943: Bracero Program increases Mexican immigration to U.S. to work in agriculture during WWII.
• 1948: Hispanic WWII veterans organized the American G.I. Forum combat discrimination and improve social status
• 1953: Operation Wetback - U.S. Immigration Service arrests and deports 3.8 million Hispanics
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYdb_5R49XM
• 1960’s: Relations with Cuba impact U.S. view of all Hispanics
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZYdb_5R49XM
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United Farm Worker’s (UFW)• Largest farm workers union in the nation
• Founded in 1965 in CA by Cesar Chavez and Dolores Huerta
• Trained in grassroots, door-to-door, house meeting, nonviolent tactics
• Organized strikes throughout the mid-1960’s (agricultural strikes in rose, grape, melon, lettuce & pesticide industries)
• Demanded better working conditions, improved sanitation, increased wages, end to discrimination & right to collectively bargain.
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Cesar Chavez• Aimed to empower working class by
encouraging them to become politically active
• His public-relations approach and nonviolent tactics made the farm workers' struggle a moral cause with nationwide support.
• By the late 1970s, his tactics forced land owners to recognize the UFW as the bargaining agent for 50,000 field workers.
• His birthday, March 31, is a federal commemorative holiday (Cesar Chavez Day).
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Cesar Chavez
• To learn more about Chavez’s background, inspiration and impact on the movement, watch this clip
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wznw9TA2jXk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Wznw9TA2jXk
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Dolores Huerta• As an elementary teacher, Huerta saw that
students (many were children of farm workers) lived in poverty without food or other basic necessities.
• Worked to improve social and economic conditions for farm workers, children and to fight job discrimination
• Experienced with unions and organizing
• Lobbied politicians on many issues (allowing migrant workers to receive public assistance and creating Spanish-language voting ballots and driver's tests)
• She helped pass several reforms including the CA Labor Relations Act.
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In 1972, during Cesar Chavez's 25-day fast
in Phoenix, Arizona, Dolores Huerta, came up
with the slogan “Si Se Puede!” Roughly
translated to “yes we can” – this became the
motto of the movement.
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Dolores Huerta
• Watch this video and describe Huerta’s impact on the movement
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxX89_ZpP2w
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=cxX89_ZpP2w
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Huerta became the first Latina inducted into the National Women’s Hall of Fame and was awarded the Presidential Medal of Freedom by President Obama in
2012! She remains active in politics today and was even honored by the state of California with the
establishment of “Dolores Huerta Day” on April 10th!
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UFW: Chavez & HuertaThe two activists made a great team! Chavez was the face of the movement – a dynamic speaker and leader; Huerta worked behind the political scenes as a skilled organizer and tough negotiator.
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Delano Grape Strike (CA)• Record grape harvest in 1965 farm workers demanded union
representation in order to negotiate a pay raise. • Grape growers refused, and instead, arrested workers• Workers sought help from Chávez and UFW
– Multi-ethnic movement; also included Filipino Farmers!
• 2,000 workers went on strike from September 1965-July 1970• Through grassroots efforts— consumer boycotts, marches,
community organizing and nonviolent resistance—the movement gained national attention
• In the end, the UFW succeeded in reaching a collective bargaining agreement with the grape growers (positively impacted more than 10,000 farm workers!)
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Watch this video about the causes and tactics of the strike https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXgorh4taF4
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=HXgorh4taF4
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Salad Bowl Strike• Lettuce farmers
went on strike in 1970
• Directly led to passing of CA Agricultural Labor Relations Act.
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East L.A. Walkouts; 1968• Series of student-led protests against Los Angeles high
schools• Citywide walkouts and protests brought attention to unequal
treatment by the school district; for example: • Students were punished for speaking Spanish • Overcrowded classrooms • High drop out rate • Hispanic students were actively discouraged from going to college• Lack of quality education and opportunities
• Walkout participants were subjected to police brutality• They created a list of demands; which included academic,
administrative, and facility improvements.
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East L.A. Walkouts• Students organized with help from
a teacher & activist, Sal Castro.
• Following the large number of students involved with the protest, the attention of the school board was gained, and they agreed to negotiate with students and meet their demands.
Read the demands here: http://latinopia.com/latino-history/ela-high-school-walk-out-demands/
http://latinopia.com/latino-history/ela-high-school-walk-out-demands/
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Art of the Movement
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This Chavez mural is in South Tucson!
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Achievements in Movement• 1974: Lau v. Nichols ruled educational programs cannot be denied
to students because of their inability to speak or understand English.
• 1974: Equal Educational Opportunity Act made bilingual education available in public schools• Important in equalizing education and decreasing drop-out rates
• 1975: Congress expands the Voting Rights Act to require language assistance at polling stations
• 1975: CA Agricultural Labor Relations Act legalized collective bargaining to settle agricultural labor disputes (largely in part to Grape Strike and Huerta’s lobbying efforts)• This allowed unions to bargain for better working conditions (a huge goal of
the movement!) regulations on working age, pay, hours, contracts
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Review
• Overview of the Movement & it’s achievements:
– https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG8Cwl7bhpk
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=vG8Cwl7bhpk
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U.S.-Mexican Trade Relations
• Watch this video about current U.S.-Mexican trade relations and answer the question on the wkst
• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMsaxS8pyjw
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=VMsaxS8pyjw
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PBS documentary (55 mins)
• If you want to learn more about the movement (or are bored during quarantine), check out this documentary!
• https://www.pbs.org/video/latino-americans-episode-5-prejudice-and-pride/
https://www.pbs.org/video/latino-americans-episode-5-prejudice-and-pride/