HIS 120 Skull Structure and Articulation

Skull Structures & ArticulationSkull Structures & Articulation

• The mandible/”jawbone”The mandible/”jawbone”

Exhibits dramatic changes with Exhibits dramatic changes with age.age.

ref. Zemlin pg. #290ref. Zemlin pg. #290


• Muscles of the MandibleMuscles of the Mandible

There are two sets of muscles which There are two sets of muscles which control the motion of the mandible. control the motion of the mandible.

They are:They are:1.1. The mandibular depressors The mandibular depressors (four muscles)(four muscles)2.2. The mandibular elevators The mandibular elevators (three muscles)(three muscles)

ref. Zemlin pages 260 and 261ref. Zemlin pages 260 and 261


The mandible/”jawbone”The mandible/”jawbone”

Contributes very little in speech production. Contributes very little in speech production. (modifies resonances from the vocal tract)(modifies resonances from the vocal tract)

Never completely closes during speech Never completely closes during speech production.production.

When wide open i.e. during oration or singing—When wide open i.e. during oration or singing—may contribute four or five decibels of intensity.may contribute four or five decibels of intensity.


• The Occipital boneThe Occipital bone

Is located at the posterior—base area Is located at the posterior—base area of the skull.of the skull.

It forms the lower and back portions It forms the lower and back portions of the cranium.of the cranium.


• The Occipital boneThe Occipital bone

It articulates with six bones: the two It articulates with six bones: the two parietals, the parietals, the two temporal bonestwo temporal bones, the , the sphenoidsphenoid and the atlas. and the atlas.

We primarily will focus on the two We primarily will focus on the two temporal bones and the sphenoid.temporal bones and the sphenoid.


• The temporal boneThe temporal bone

Let’s view the right temporal bone Let’s view the right temporal bone and its attendant structure.and its attendant structure.

(ref. Zemlin pg. #219)(ref. Zemlin pg. #219)


• The temporal bone—”landmarks”The temporal bone—”landmarks”

1.1. Mastoid processMastoid process2.2. Sphenoidal marginSphenoidal margin3.3. Cochlear canalCochlear canal4.4. Auditory meatus (internal & external)Auditory meatus (internal & external)5.5. Tympanic portionTympanic portion6.6. Opening of carotid canal (internal & external)Opening of carotid canal (internal & external)

ref. Zemlin page #219 ref. Zemlin page #219


• The Mastoid of the Temporal boneThe Mastoid of the Temporal bone

At birth, it is mostly filled with bone. At birth, it is mostly filled with bone.

However, during the first six years of life, it However, during the first six years of life, it develops cells which are filled with air and develops cells which are filled with air and lined by the same mucous membrane lined by the same mucous membrane which lines the middle ear/tympanic cavity.which lines the middle ear/tympanic cavity.


• The Temporal BoneThe Temporal Bone

The The petrous portionpetrous portion of the temporal of the temporal bone is located between the sphenoid bone is located between the sphenoid and occipital bones. It houses the and occipital bones. It houses the essential parts of the organs of essential parts of the organs of equilibrium and hearing.equilibrium and hearing.


• The Sphenoid BoneThe Sphenoid Bone

It is located at the basilar part of the It is located at the basilar part of the occipital bone. It appears as occipital bone. It appears as “butterfly wings with the squamous “butterfly wings with the squamous portion of its greater wings contacting portion of its greater wings contacting the right and left temporal bone. the right and left temporal bone.



The body of the sphenoid contains The body of the sphenoid contains two sphenoid sinuses which are two sphenoid sinuses which are separated from one another by the separated from one another by the midline septum.midline septum.



On the its inferior side along the On the its inferior side along the petrous portionpetrous portion of the temporal bone, of the temporal bone, the sphenoid bone is grooved to the sphenoid bone is grooved to accommodate the Eustachian tube.accommodate the Eustachian tube.


• The Sphenoid boneThe Sphenoid bone

It articulates with all of the bones of It articulates with all of the bones of the cranium: the the cranium: the occipitaloccipital, parietal, , parietal, frontal, ethmoid, and frontal, ethmoid, and temporaltemporal..


• The Vocal TractThe Vocal Tract

It can create formants of speech It can create formants of speech by modifying the resonances from by modifying the resonances from the vocal folds of the larynx.the vocal folds of the larynx.


• The Vocal TractThe Vocal Tract It can produce sounds separate from It can produce sounds separate from

those created by the larynx.those created by the larynx.1.1. By placing the tongue against the upper teeth By placing the tongue against the upper teeth

we can create the “th” formant.we can create the “th” formant.2.2. By placing the lower lip against the upper teeth By placing the lower lip against the upper teeth

we can create the “f” formant.we can create the “f” formant.


• Cavities of the Vocal TractCavities of the Vocal Tract

There are five cavities which are:There are five cavities which are:

1.1. The buccalThe buccal2.2. The oralThe oral3.3. The pharnygealThe pharnygeal4.4. The two nasal cavitiesThe two nasal cavities

ref. Zemlin page 226 and 227ref. Zemlin page 226 and 227


• The Nasal CavityThe Nasal Cavity

The landmarks of the nasal cavity are well The landmarks of the nasal cavity are well described on page #230 of Zemlin.described on page #230 of Zemlin.

We will focus primarily on the We will focus primarily on the Oral cavityOral cavity (to include the tongue) and the (to include the tongue) and the pharyngeal pharyngeal cavitycavity..


• Oral cavity—the TongueOral cavity—the Tongue It can be defined by four “landmarks” It can be defined by four “landmarks”

for speech formation.for speech formation.1.1. The tip (next to the teeth)The tip (next to the teeth)2.2. The blade (area between tip and front of The blade (area between tip and front of

tongue)tongue)3.3. The front (below the hard palate)The front (below the hard palate)4.4. The back (beneath the soft palate)The back (beneath the soft palate)


• Oral Cavity—the TongueOral Cavity—the Tongue

The tongue has two sets of muscles.The tongue has two sets of muscles.

1.1. There are four There are four intrinsic musclesintrinsic muscles (ref. Zemlin (ref. Zemlin page #253)page #253)

2.2. There are four There are four extrinsic musclesextrinsic muscles (ref. (ref. Zemlin page #254)Zemlin page #254)


• Oral Cavity—The TongueOral Cavity—The Tongue

There are seven articulatory There are seven articulatory parameters which define various parameters which define various tongue positions and configurations tongue positions and configurations used during speech production.used during speech production.

ref. Zemlin page 257 and 258ref. Zemlin page 257 and 258



Vowel formantsVowel formants are the are the least complexleast complex using primarily two of the seven using primarily two of the seven articulatory parameters. While articulatory parameters. While consonantsconsonants use use primarily fiveprimarily five of the seven of the seven parameters and fricative sounds such as parameters and fricative sounds such as “s” use all of the articulatory parameters.“s” use all of the articulatory parameters.



A diagram of English vowel formation A diagram of English vowel formation and the various tongue positions and the various tongue positions during formation is found on page during formation is found on page #301 of Zemlin.#301 of Zemlin.


• The PalateThe Palate There are two defined palates of the oral There are two defined palates of the oral

cavity/mouth structure. They are:cavity/mouth structure. They are:

1.1. The Hard PalateThe Hard Palate2.2. The Soft PalateThe Soft Palate


• The Soft PalateThe Soft Palate

Grows rapidly in length during the Grows rapidly in length during the first two years of life.first two years of life.

Increases in thickness until maximum Increases in thickness until maximum thickness is reached at age sixteen.thickness is reached at age sixteen.


• The PalateThe Palate

The tongue moves against these two The tongue moves against these two palates during the formation of palates during the formation of speech/phonation i.e. when speech/phonation i.e. when performing a portion of the seven performing a portion of the seven tongue articulators.tongue articulators.


• The PharynxThe Pharynx There are three primary components to the There are three primary components to the

Pharynx area. They are:Pharynx area. They are:

1.1. The nasopharynx The nasopharynx (respiratory).(respiratory).

2.2. The oropharynx The oropharynx (digestive and respiratory).(digestive and respiratory).

3.3. The laryngopharynx The laryngopharynx (digestive and respiratory).(digestive and respiratory).

ref. Zemlin page #271ref. Zemlin page #271


• The velopharyngeal mechanismThe velopharyngeal mechanism This is a mechanism in the pharynx area This is a mechanism in the pharynx area

which has a an important role in speech which has a an important role in speech production.production.


• The velopharyngeal mechanismThe velopharyngeal mechanism

Its closure is very important for speech Its closure is very important for speech production. Inadequate closure can result production. Inadequate closure can result in nasalized speech or the inability to in nasalized speech or the inability to impound air pressure within the oral cavity impound air pressure within the oral cavity for the production of consonants.for the production of consonants.

HIS 120 Skull Structure and Articulation

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Transcript of HIS 120 Skull Structure and Articulation