HIS 1122: Global History II .1500-Present

HIS 1122: GLOBAL HISTORY II.1500-PRESENTAmy M. White, M.A.| [email protected]| Central State University

SYLLABUS

• This course is the comprehensive examination of civilization from 1500 to Present day.

• We will examine humanity from Africa, to the Middle East, China, India, Europe, and on to the Americas in chronological order as geography allows.

CLASSROOM RULES• Attendance

• Coursework

• Study guides

• If you have a question ASK!

• Buy your textbook, it’s an investment in your future!

EXAMINATIONS AND PAPERS• Writing Assignments:

• Due Dates noted in Schoology

• 1 page typed.

• Double-spaced

• Times New Roman Font (ALWAYS)

• Chicago Citations Required

• Footnotes REQUIRED!

• Additional info: refer to syllabus

• Quizzes• These quizzes are

meant to quantify just how much you are learning.

• These should also serve as a stepping stone for your midterm & final examinations.

• Midterm & Final Examination • Midterm: Oct. 12th Final Exam: Dec. 14th

• Each term exam will consist of 3 sections• Short Answers: 2-3 sentences accurately defining keywords.

• Multiple choice, 10-15 questions.

• Essay portion: You will have the choice between 3 topics, pick one and write a 500-800 word essay answering the prompt to the best of your ability.

• Book Review:• “The Life of Olaudah

Equiano”

• Paper will be 3-5 pages, double-spaced, Times New Roman, 12pt font.

• Bibliography or Works Cited is necessary.

• Student must use two outside resources to help assist in the review of this book and cite them properly.

• Citations are REQUIRED!

• Give credit where credit is due!

HIST 1122 GLOBAL HISTORY IILecture #1: Global Transport and the Transformation of Europe

Global Transport and the Transformation of Europe

The Maritime Revolution to 1500

Global Transport and the Transformation of Europe• 1511- Magellan sailed from Europe around

the southern tip of Africa and into the Indian Ocean.

• 1521- Magellan sailed around the southern tip of South America.

• These, and other similar, expeditions opened the world up to progress by making the world a little smaller, closer together, easier to reach trade routes and furthered discoveries in various areas of civilization.

• The Glass Ceiling was shattered! A new world was discovered and trade routes with additional peoples, items for trade, resources, and of course luxury items changed the world one ship haul at a time.

• Asia’s wealth of technology and tradable goods facilitated the innovation of Western Civilization.• In Short, different ways of thinking allowed

great minds to not only think differently but gain ideas and perceptions that had previously been untapped.

Maritime Revolution: Broadened & Deepened Societies With:

• Contacts & Alliances • In trade, but also military alliances and

diplomatic relations were gained and

expanded upon.

• Pros & Cons to Expanding Civilization

• Pros:

• Trade, goods & Information

• Knowledge Expansion & Exploration

• Widening of borders/territories

• Cons:

• Conquests

• Genocide

• Spread of disease

• Colonization of once independent societies

• Slavery

Maritime Continued…

• From ancient times maritime travel had its risks, but it was ultimately faster & more efficient with goods or large numbers of people and cargo, including human cargo.

• The roads were very unreliable, the Roman network had barely survived, and most trade routes were barely accessible at various times of the year, and not at all if the weather was less than perfect.

• Sea travel was the future, and it was faster over long distances.

• Remember this is long before Trains, Cars, or even Bikes.

The Indian Ocean• South East Asia was internally

contained and connected through various trade networks.

• The inhabitants of SE Asia shared a common root language.

• SE Asian sailors were highly skilled navigators and ship builders

• Influenced by Chinese & Arab maritime advancements.

• They utilized nature to ride the winds further at certain times of the year.

• E.g. Monsoon season, in India could propel ships thousands of miles further than normal winds.

Trade Before the Maritime Revolution• Spice, gold, and aromatic woods

• Created a large, integrated, and highly profitable market.

• Islam:• Regulated trade & the spread of the

religion throughout SE Asia

• Common ground with which to build an expansive trade network around the Indian Ocean based on:• Language

• Ethics

• Laws

• Religious Adherence

• After 1400—China moved to the forefront of the Trade in SE Asia

• Tempted by the booming network, in 1368 Ming Dynasty over threw the Mongol Rule, seized wealthy trade ports– Restoring Chinese dominance throughout East Asia• In an apparent attempt to establish a Chinese Trade

Empire in the region.

Community to Community Trade• Societies were at that time quite divided in terms of class, wealth,

and religious beliefs.

• India: Four Hindu Varna (Castes) in Indian Society:1. Braham—Religious

2. Kshatriya—Government

3. Vaishya—Farmers

4. Shudra—Lowest Class

5. Muslim citizens

• Throughout Asia and around the world, different societies went out and visited various neighboring regions to better know them, which ultimately stimulated religious movements and trade routes.

• Trade with other communities sustained the livelihood of those regions by mutually benefiting the others wealth.

• With the trade of surplus in exchange for items, resources, and luxury items these community did not have on their own, they didn’t grow or build these items locally, thus both sides would benefit when a fair trade was struck.

A sultan of Melaka, in now modern Malaysia once said:

• “We learned to master the blue Oceans, people

must engage in commerce and trade. All lands

within the seas are united in one body. Life has

never been so affluent in preceding generations as

it is today.”

• Bulliet, p. 391

What do you think the Sultan was saying? Why Importing goods is important?

The Pacific Ocean:

The Pacific Ocean• Beginning around 3000 BCE, seafaring peoples

arrived in South East (SE) Asia, specifically on the island of:

• New Guinea

• These people met with natives and began working together, which resulted in a population BOOM. Expanding outward to other nearby island settlements and thereby founding an entirely NEW cultural identity, Lapita.

• Lapita people reached the shores of Tonga, Fiji, and Samoa around 1000 BCE.

• The Maritime mastery of Polynesian colonization far surpassed the skill set of Europeans at this time, whose sailors still stayed close to shore.

• Beyond skill set, what other factors have kept the Europeans close to shore?

• Weather, technology, boat integrity, finances?

The Pacific Ocean Continued…• By 300 BCE Lapitan communities were established in

Marquesas (Mar-Kay-Suhs), and Cook Islands, and society archipelagos (groups of islands).

• Before 500 CE, Hawaii

• Easter Island was settled before 800 CE

• Permanent colonies were established in New Zealand around 1000 CE, while also making contact around that time with the Main land of South America.

• An exchange of agriculture began through trade, with the exchange of domestic chickens to South America and returning with the Sweet Potato.

• This was all achieved through the use of double-hulled canoes that utilized groups of paddlers and sails.

• The largest canoes reached 120 feet in length allowing for a crew of 50.

• Wide platforms connected the hulls

• These were large range crafts allowing for the shipment of livestock and other goods through out the islands. SEE PAGE Map 16.1 on page 392.

The Pacific Ocean Continued…

• Lapitan & Polynesian Culture & Society

• Hierarchical social & political structure

• Powerful Hereditary Chiefs

• Managing tribes & resources

• Competition between chiefs led to war.

• Other factors led to famine, deforestation, tribal warfare, & population reduction.

The Atlantic Ocean:

The Atlantic Ocean• The Vikings

• Early Middle Ages

• Like the Polynesians, the Vikings used their knowledge of the heavens and the seas rather than maps and other navigational devices to find their own way over long distances.

• Settled Iceland in 770 CE, and established a colony on Greenland in 982 CE.

• By accident one group of Vikings actually sighted North America as early as 986 CE.

• In 1001 CE, Leif Ericsson established a short-lived settlement on the island of Newfoundland, which he called Vinland.

• However, with the approach of a colder climate, “The Little Ice Age,” in 1200, the northern settlements in Greenland went into decline and the Vikings abandoned Vinland.

The Atlantic Ocean Continued…

• Southern European Peoples, along the Atlantic & Mediterranean coasts:• By utilized maritime skills to make use of the seas its peoples developed fishing

early, and the usefulness of harnessing the seas to travel to other communities up and down the coasts, exploring further south and pushing out towards the Azores & Canary Islands by the 14th century CE.

• Africans also took to the seas seeking new lands and the opportunity of trade or colonial pursuits. • There are tales told of a Ruler of the West African Empire of Mali, Mansa

Muhammad, that sent out 400 vessels with men & supplies, telling them:

• “Do not return until you have reached the other side of the Ocean or if you have exhausted your food or water.”

• Only 1 vessel returned to report the total loss of the expedition, reporting that the others were lost in rough currents.

• So Muhammad sent out a larger convey, with himself at the command, but this time, no one returned.

• Along the Americas early Indigenous also voyaged out into the Caribbean Sea and along the South American coastline, colonizing and establishing trade as early as 100 CE.

European Expansion, 1400-1550

• “While the pace and intensity of maritime contracts increased in many parts of the world before 1450 CE, the epic sea voyages sponsored by the Iberian Kingdoms of Portugal & Spain are of special interest, because they began a maritime revolution that profoundly altered the course of World History.” p. 394

• Expansion was achieved by decreasing the isolation of many regions and expanding global interactions through Trade.

• Motives for Exploration:• The rulers of Spain & Portugal wanted to leave a mark, but society in Latin

cultures required sustenance.

• Latin Europe, since 1000 CE

1. The revival of Urban culture & trade, without the one the other is unsustainable.

2. The Alliance between Merchants & Rulers

3. The Unease between religious groups (i.e. Christians & Muslims), and yet a strong necessity to work together in trade and other economic pursuits remained.

4. The Growth of intellectual curiosity of the Outside World was prevalent in the culture and therefore became a priority to the Latin society.

European Expansion

• By 1450

• Northern Italy had stable trade routes with:

• Northern Europe

• Indian Ocean

• Black Sea

• This was achieved by working with whomever was available. They had difficulties, but call it greed or business, deals were established and economies benefited.

• As the Ottoman Empire Expanded, tensions grew between Christians & Muslims, but Exploration was led by the West.

• Iberian Kingdoms went different ways, striking out West towards the New World.

• Muslim Invaders from N. Africa had conquered most of the Iberian peninsula in the 8th century, and after centuries of warfare, by 1450 CE, most of the Iberian peninsula was taken back by Christian Kingdoms, pushing the Muslims to the far South.

European Expansion Continued…

• Spanish Voyages:

• With the Marriage of Isabel of Castile & Ferdinand of Aragon in 1469, the rest of the Muslim southern lands were taken and the country of Spain (the 16th Century Europe’s most powerful state) was established.

• Christian militancy an important motive to Spain & Portugal,

• But their explorations were more about trade revenue than any religious concern, or even about winning souls or territories for Christ (that would just be a bonus).

• The Italians were at that time the Kings of the Sea and Trade

• The Iberians needed to go further a field to obtain better business, that had otherwise been conquered by Italy and others, thus Exploration of the Seas was demanded.

• By seeking new trade routes, in the original hope that crossing the Atlantic would take them to Asia then that would certainly set them apart from the crowd.

• Important to remember:

• To get to Asia at that time it had to be done by land, portage, or around the southern tip of Africa which was quite hazardous.

• By securing a different, more direct route, the Iberians were promised wealth via faster and easier transits between ports.


European Expansion Continued…• Portuguese Voyages

• Portugal had a well established fishing industry in the Atlantic and anti-Muslim warfare was prevalent.

• They took ground in the N. African city of Ceuta (Say-OO-tuh) in Morocco.

• This became the base of operation for the Portuguese as they leapt from here further down the African coast to meet with local tribes and forge some kind of business relationship within the gold trade, thus the Gold Coast.

• The King’s son, Prince Henry, or as History calls him Henry the Navigator, sought out trade, took Ceuta, but never went far from there.

• However, Henry did finance and funnel money directly towards future expeditions, by successfully financing and making these exploits possible.

• Henry’s ships established permanent contact with the island of Madeira in 1418 and the Azores in 1439.


• Increased Skills & Experience of Sailors and Navigators.

• Improved vessels—for long distance exploration

• Needed for larger cargo areas for necessary supplies for a long voyage.

• Better sails to sail at an angle to the wind, allowing for important course corrections and speed despite wind velocity

• Results of A Mandate for Exploration:

• Improvements in navigational instruments

• Some brought from other cultures reached on travels, others crafted by sailors.

• Tools:

1. Magnetic Compass (China)

2. Astrolabe (Arab & Greek)

• Finding location at sea by using the stars in the Night Sky.


• The necessity for these improvements led to the design of the Caravel Ship.

• The Caravel (Kar-uh-vel)• Small ship compared to ships of the period.

• Size permitted them to enter shallow coastal waters and upriver in some cases.

• They were, despite the size, strong ships, enough to weather ocean storms and rough currents.

• Triangular Lateen Sail

• Utilized side winds to increase maneuverability

• Square Sails

• Speed when sailing with the wind

• Small Cannons

• Better strength in battle and lighter, so the ships wouldn’t be hindered in weight but a lighter ship moves faster.

• Overall an update giving the Portuguese better economy, speed, agility, and the power of the seas.


• Trials of Pioneering• Fears

• Overcoming superstitions

• These were not well educated peoples, they were more than likely subsistent farmers or small shop owners in medieval towns.

• Scientific theories and ideologies were complex and for the rich or well funded scholars of the day, but not for laymen.

• Superstitious ideas:

1. Southern Waters would be boiling

2. Ocean currents would trap those from returning back to Europe

3. The Ever prevalent idea of a Flat Earth.

• Many believed you would actually reach the ends of the earth and simply drop off into oblivion.

• Laughing? Check out the Flat Earth Society

• It took 14 years for Prince Henry, 1420-1434, to coax any expedition to venture beyond Southern Morocco.

• It took 40 years for the Portuguese to make the 1,500 mile trip from Lisbon to Sierra Leone, and another 30years to round the southern tip of the African continent.


• Fear slows progress!

• 1400s: Portuguese raids on the NW coast of Africa & the Canary Islands began to return with slaves, finding a profitable market in an Iberian coast that was still recovering from the population losses of the Black Plague.

• The Black Plague (1346-1353)

• 60% of the population of Europe died (that’s a huge blow to the workforce).

• Caused by the Bacterium Yersinia Pestis

• By 1500, 80,000 African slaves had been scavenged from the coast of Africa.

• Still Gold trade was the top industry for the Portuguese, so much gold was filtering into Portugal at this time, that they issued new coinage, naming it the “Crusader” (Cruzado).

• Further depicting their nation as a Christian nation, but also demonstrating how deeply entrenched & intertwined religious and secular matters of Portugal truly were.


• Meanwhile agriculture ventures were also taking place and with the utilization of slave labor, the Portuguese established a sugar cane monopoly—truly dependent on Slave Labor.

• Process of a sugar cane plantations began at São Tomé, just off the coast from the modern day African country of Gabon.

• The thrust for more led the Portuguese in their drive to find a quicker route to the Indian Spice trade, to further their revenues, thereby leading the charge for a push around the African continent and into the Indian Ocean.

• 1500: The Portuguese sailor Pedro Alvares Cabral sailed to far west, discovering S. America and laying claim to Brazil.


• Spanish Voyages:

• While Portugal explorations were harnessed by long drawn out planning, investments, and technology. Spain can be considered a hasty and lucky undertaking.

• Throughout the 15th century (1400s), Spain was preoccupied by internal matters.1. Reconquering their territories from the Muslim invaders.

2. Consolidation of the territories of Isabel & Ferdinand

3. And the Spanish Inquisition

• All of which distracted Spain from Progressing as the Portuguese.

• At Seas

• Leader of Spanish overseas initiatives was Christopher Columbus (1451-1506), a Genoese mariner.

• 4 Voyages between 1492-1504

• Columbus established the existence of the New World across the Atlantic Ocean.

• At the time Columbus insisted he had simply found a new route to India, as was the common belief at that time.

• Yet, he had ultimately discovered a new continent.

• Early Career of Christopher Columbus

• Participated in Portuguese explorations throughout the South Atlantic and along the African Coast.

• Became convinced through his journeys that there must be a shorter route to Far East.

• Utilizing various references from seafaring countries/societies, Columbus was convinced that the coast of Japan was within reach.

• However, he misread those studies and therefore his calculations were false.

• His plan to cross the Atlantic was rejected twice by potential benefactors.

• But in 1492, King Ferdinand of Aragon agreed to fund a modest expedition under the Spanish flag.

Why was this route so important?

Encounters with Europe, 1450-1550

• Western Africa

• Trade was desired from both the Europeans and the Africans, trade with anyone was a great economic benefit, and becoming a part of a trade route ensured revenue and goods for these people.

• Portugal is positioned perfectly, thus with their nautical expertise they were the leaders into West African trade, first visiting the Gold Coast in 1471.

• By 1482 the Portuguese sought permission to erect a trading fort.

• Why were these trade routes, forts, and permissions so important to the Portuguese?

• Over the seas a higher quantity of goods could be sent home and back, thus yielding higher profits, and by seeking permission of local governments (Kings or Tribes) they ensured a monopoly over that area from the rest of Europe and by rolling out the red carpet in pageantry and the exchange of gifts, tight bonds and business relationships were established.

• Now Portuguese did not fair so well with rolling out the red carpet, the locals saw them as arrogant and rude. So when Spain came along, “unlike the “few, foul, and vile” Portuguese visitors” the Africans were impressed and a form of mutual respect was struck, winning Spain that region.

Encounters with Europe, continued…• Trades with Africa

• After a century of aggressive expansion, the Kingdom of Benin in the Niger Delta was near the peak of its power when it first encountered the Portuguese.

• The King (Oba) of Benin reigned over an elaborate bureaucracy from a large palace in a large capital city.

• After establishing a relationship with the Portuguese following their visit in 1486, the King sent an Ambassador back to Portugal to learn about these people. After his return a fruitful trade was established including such items as:

• Pepper, ivory tusks, stone beads, textiles, and prisoners of war (for sale as Slaves)

• Europe’s Christians were always pushing their religion, but while some partook, others rejected the faith.

• Other items often exchanged in these trades were a mix of commercial, military, and religious exchanges. Notably firearms.

• Benin’s relationship with Portugal demonstrates that the African Rulers were not at the mercy of European traders, but rather that the Africans had the final word.

• After 1538, realizing that the trade in human cargo was in actuality weakening their country with the “unauthorized Kongalesekidnapping” people, the King banned further male slave sales.

Encounters with Europe, continued…

• Kongo

• Accepted Catholicism

• Impressed by Christianity

• However, the Kongo had less to offer in terms of trade than regions like Benin.

• This led to an unsanctioned slave trade by other citizens of the Kongo, often selling and kidnapping to maintain their supply.

• So many of his people were kidnapped that it destabilized the regimes of governments and they crumbled as different factions rose up.

• As a result of strained relationships with the African Coast, Portugal set it sites on the Indian Ocean Trade.

Indian Ocean States• Vasco da Gama arrived on the Malabar Coast of India

in May of 1498.

• Da Gama’s 4 small ships were less imposing than the Chinese fleets that had called at Calicut 65 years earlier in 1433.

• Da Gama’s presents were laughable in India, where it seemed to be inferior goods to those of India accustomed to the luxuries of the Indian Ocean trade.• African’s were still primitive, and with Da Gama’s ignorance he

brought similar gifts along to India not realizing there was a difference in the definition of luxury from one place to another.

• Da Gama returned in 1499 with greater goods, weaponry, and domination of the sea with faster ships. The intention of the Portuguese was to not just trade, but to own the seas.

• By 1535, with the use of more than 80 ships the Portuguese controlled the Indian Ocean, taking over ports and private ships at sea, they dominated.

Indian Ocean States, continued…• Religion across the world and throughout history has

always been a factor. The Portuguese encounter many languages and religions alike, but those Christian nations often encouraged their growth if for only to off-set the growth and power of the Muslims throughout Asia and Africa.

• Diplomacy was often the method of gaining trade rights with some countries/kingdoms. On the Chinese coast, local officials and merchants were interested in a profitable trade with Portuguese and persuaded the Imperial government to allow the Portuguese to create a trading post at Macao (muh-COW) in 1557.

• The reaction to these foreigners varied, the Emperors of China and Mughal (MOO-gahl) emperors of India were not interested in the domination of the seas, but rather focused on controlling land and maintaining governance; thereby ignoring Portugal’s maritime intrusions.

• As they were ignored by many of the Indian Ocean, the Portuguese went on to establish a monopoly and squeezed out their enemies or simply shut them down, by shifting resources elsewhere.• The Portuguese funneled their profits elsewhere when resistance

was met to crush opposition.

The Americas • While the Portuguese went East, the Spanish went West, to the

New World.

• The Portuguese created a vast trade empire, while the Spanish created a territorial empire in the Americas.

• The Spanish and Portuguese monarchies had similar motives for expansion and used identical ships and weapons.

• The difference was in the interactions of the peoples. Africa & India’s peoples were not isolated as the American Natives had been. The level of technology and defense was much different, as far as the use of metals. So for the Spanish their conquest was made easier in regards to any type of resistance.

• Another factor was again due to the isolation, the Americans had not had the opportunity to develop immunities to many diseases of the Old World, therefore the spread of theses new diseases were deadly at a catastrophic level. Again reducing the likelihood of successful defense of their homelands unlikely.

• The Arawak people of Hispaniola (modern Haiti & the Dominican Republic) were the first to meet Christopher Columbus in 1492. They were well developed, cultivating maize, sweet potatoes, cassava (a tuber), hot pepper, cotton, and tobacco.

• Although they did not trade in gold over long distances, the natives were skilled in working gold.

• But soon the recognized the intent of the Spanish and began telling them stories of large gold deposits elsewhere to persuade them to move on.

The Americas, continued…

• Columbus’ 2nd voyage in 1493, he brought with him several hundred settlers who hoped to make their fortune, as well as missionaries who were eager to persuade the American Indians to accept Christianity. • However, bad behavior of the settlers, including forced

labor and sexual assaults on native women, provoked the Arawak to rebel in 1495. They were out matched against the Spaniards weaponry and armor, the slaughtered thousands were forced to labor for the Spanish.

• Meanwhile cattle, pigs, and goats were introduced by the settlers and they devoured the Arawak’s food crops, causing death from famine and disease.

• In 1502 a Governor of Hispaniola divided surviving Arawak peoples among his allies as laborers.


• The behavior of the Spanish did not apply just to the islands of the Caribbean, but wherever they went, this was after all how they Spanish had expelled the Muslims from their lands a century before. Now the Conquistadorscontinued their assault on other lands.

• Conquering Puerto Rico in 1508 and Cuba in 1510 and 1511.

• Now they moved from the islands further West.

• After two failed attempts of conquests in Mexico, Governor Velázquez of Cuba commanded an ambitious and ruthless nobleman, Hernán Cortés (kor-TEZ) to take Mexico.

• Cortés left Cuba in 1519 with 600 soldiers, a stock of weapons and horses.

• Cortés dominated in battles against the Mayan’s of Central America (modern day, Mexico, Guatemala, El Salvador, Belize, and Honduras).

• Cortés then heard tell of the Aztec’s (aka Mexica) north of the Mayan Empire.


• The Aztecs had conquered their vast empire only during the previous 150 years, many were ready to embrace the Spanish as allies.

• The Spanish found the ritualistic sacrifices of the Aztec’s to be distasteful and resented much of the bureaucratic backdrop of forced labor and tribute payments forced on their citizens.

• The Aztec’s also had powerful native enemies, including the Tlaxclans, who became allies to Cortés.

• Cortés had an inside view of Aztec culture, as he had been given a native woman shortly after his arrival, a lady named Malintzin (mah-LEENT-zeen) and became his translator, key source of intelligence, and his mistress.


• Emperor Moctezuma II (mock-the-ZOO-ma) (r. 1502-1520)

• Hesitant to use force and attempted to use diplomacy with Cortés, but that failed.

• Cortés pushed with force using firearms, Calvary tactics, and steel swords to great advantage in battles along his route.

• In the end Moctezuma agreed to “welcome” the Spanish and all things went smoothly, with Cortés promising friendship but quickly imprisoned Moctezuma, looted his treasury, interfered with the city’s religious rituals, and eventually massacred hundreds during a festival.

• As a result an uprising began against the Spanish and Moctezuma. Moctezuma was killed and 4,000 Spanish and their allies were killed in their desperate attempt to escape.

• In 1521, the Spanish survivors, assisted by reinforcements recaptured the city, aided by a small pox outbreak, and moved up and down the region decimating its people with disease.

The Americas, continued…• 1502 Pizarro came to the Americas at the age of 25 in search of fortune. He participated in the

conquest of Hispaniola and in Balboa’s expedition across the Isthmus of Panama to the Pacific.

• In the 1520’s he put his entire fortune on the line to finance an exploration of the Pacific south of the equator, where he learned about the riches of the Inka.

• In 1531 Pizarro set off from Panama to conquer the Inka.

• Once Pizarro and his men landed they witnessed signs of civil war amongst the people and set up a meeting with the Inka Ruler, Atahullpa in November 1532. There they brutally attacked Atahullpa and his followers.

• Though they were surrounded by an Inka army of at least forty thousand, the Spanish used their cannon to create confusion while their swords brought down thousands of the emperor’s lightly armed retainers and savants.

• Pizarro now replicated in Peru what Cortés had accomplished with the Aztec’s by capturing the Inkan ruler.

• In an attempt to save his life, Atahuallpa offered a substantial ransom and paid accordingly, but still the greed of the Spanish met they killed him anyway.

• The Spanish then placed Manco Inka (Atahullpa’s brother) on the throne, but a massive rebellion in 1536 arose. Manco retreated into the interior and created a much reduced independent kingdom that survived until 1572.

• The Spanish decided to end this of their own accord and launched a bloody civil war fueled by greed and jealousy.

• During the war Pizarro lost his own life and most of the prominent conquistadors. Peace was eventually won by the Spanish and again they moved on to loot more lands of the Americas.

QUESTIONS?

HIS 1122: Global History II .1500-Present

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