HIS 112Midterm Exam Review

Multiple Choice:

1. Which of the following was NOT a reason for the European interest in finding a maritime trade route?a. that the spread of the bubonic plague made the silk roads more dangerousb. that Mongol domination had caused trade along the silk roads to stopc. the high prices charged by Muslim merchantsd. the demand in Europe for items such as Indian pepper and Chinese gingere. the desire to expand the boundaries of ChristianityAnswer: bPage: 467-468

2 . The first European to sail around the Cape of Good Hope wasa. Bartolomeu Dias. b. Vasco da Gama.c. Dom Henrique.d. James Cook.e. Christopher Columbus.Answer: aPage: 470

3. The explorer who led three expeditions into the Pacific in the eighteenth century wasa. James Cook. b. Ferdinand Magellan.c. Francis Drake.d. Vasco da Gama.e. Vasco Nuñez de Balboa.Answer: aPage: 475

4. The event that inspired Henry VIII to confront the pope wasa. Henry’s frustration with the pope’s inability to bring about church reform.b. Henry’s desire to gain a divorce. c. Henry’s desire to unify all of Europe for a new round of crusades.d. Henry’s belief that the pope was secretly backing the French in the latest war.e. a new English translation of the Bible.Answer: bPage: 495

5. Who said, “I cannot and will not recant anything, for it is neither safe nor right to act against one’s conscience. Here I stand. I can do no other”?a. Martin Luther b. Jesusc. John Calvind. Sima Qian

e. Henry VIIIAnswer: aPage: 493

6. The English, French, and Dutcha. were like the Spanish in that they viewed the Americas as a land to exploit rather than a place to

settle.b. did not play a role in the Americas until the mid-eighteenth century.c. never showed any serious interest in the Americas.d. discovered gold and silver mines that rivaled Spanish claims.e. were more interested in setting up permanent colonies than were the Spanish. Answer: ePage: 530

7. Which of the following sites in North America was originally a Dutch colony?a. Plymouthb. Jamestownc. Port Royald. New York e. QuebecAnswer: dPage: 531

8. The English colony of Jamestowna. was nearly destroyed due to mass starvation. b. was wildly successful and quickly recouped the original financial investment.c. mysteriously disappeared during a period in which the English were too busy to send aid.d. served as a remarkably satisfactory location for the Puritans.e. was burned to the ground during a French invasion.Answer: aPage: 531

9. The Manchus called their dynasty Qing, which meanta. “northern conqueror.”b. “brilliant.”c. “floating world.”d. “pure.” e. “the chosen.”Answer: dPage: 574

10. The phrase “Son of Heaven” refers to thea. near godlike status that the Jesuit Matteo Ricci reached in China.b. explanation for the incredible appeal of Christianity in Japan.c. Chinese emperor’s role in maintaining order on the earth. d. belief that the Japanese emperors were direct descendents of the sun goddess Amaterasu.e. the syncretic Christian-Buddhist religion.Answer: cPage: 576

11. In 1368 the Ming dynasty replaced the ________ dynasty.a. Songb. Qingc. Yuan

d. Tange. QinAnswer: cPage: 572

12. The Ottoman, Safavid, and Mughal empires were alla. Christian.b. anamistic.c. Zoroastrian.d. Buddhist.e. Islamic. Answer: ePage: 596

13. The founder of the Ottoman dynasty wasa. Süleyman the Magnificent.b. Osman Bey. c. Selim the Grim.d. Mehmed II.e. Shah Ismail.Answer: bPage: 593

14. The word ghazi refers toa. the tax that non-Muslims paid in Islamic countries.b. Islamic merchants with protected social status in Ottoman society.c. the law codes of Süleyman.d. Muslim religious warriors. e. Akbar’s universal religion.Answer: dPage: 596

15. Which of the following empires was inspired by its status as an Islamic outpost on the border of the Christian world?a. Ottoman b. Safavidc. Mughald. Yuane. UmayyadAnswer: aPage: 596-597

16. The author of the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen wasa. Marie Antoinette.b. Olympe de Gouges. c. Maximilien Robespierre.d. Simone de Beauvoir.e. Mary Wollstonecraft.Answer: bPage: 621

17. In response to the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen,a. the French revolutionary leaders called for complete equality for women.

b. its author, Olympe de Gouges, became a leading force in the French revolution.c. it was, in fact, the English who offered complete equality for women.d. French women achieved political but not economic equality.e. the French revolutionary leaders refused to put women’s rights on their political agenda. Answer: ePage: 621

18. The revolutions of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century helped to spread Enlightenment ideals anda. encouraged the consolidation of national states. b. strengthened European control over South America.c. repudiated socialist and communist philosophies.d. resulted in the weakening of national states because of the growing emphasis on the individual.e. gave complete freedom and equality to women.Answer: aPage: 622

19. Revolutionaries of the late eighteenth and early nineteenth centurya. were able to destroy all vestiges of the ancien régime.b. were mainly influenced by Marxist ideology.c. focused on the necessity of popular sovereignty. d. accepted the legitimacy of the divine right of kings.e. always stressed the inherent equality between men and women.Answer: cPage: 622

20. The author of the Second Treatise of Civil Government wasa. Voltaire.b. Rousseau.c. Locke. d. Hobbes.e. Robespierre.Answer: cPage: 623

21. Which of the following was NOT one of John Locke’s main ideas?a. that governments were a result of a social contract between rulers and ruledb. that subjects had the right to remove their rulerc. that rulers derived their authority from the consent of those they governedd. that individuals retained personal rights to life, liberty, and propertye. that although kings did have divine sanction, their subjects maintained personal rights Answer: ePage: 623

22. Which of the following was NOT one of the basic ideals of the Enlightenment thinkers?a. popular sovereigntyb. social contract

c. political equalityd. equality for women e. individual freedomAnswer: dPage: 623-624

23. Jean-Jacques Rousseau, in his The Social Contract, argued that in every country the sovereign voice of governmenta. was the members of society acting collectively. b. was the king because, despite his faults, he was still of divine appointment.c. should be the nobles instead of the king because of their control of the land.d. should be the bishops and archbishops because of their special relationship to God.e. resided in the army.Answer: aPage: 623

24. After the end of the Seven Years’ War,a. the British lost complete control of their North American colonies.b. the French proved to be much better for the colonies after the British left.c. the British were forced to hand all of North America over to the French.d. the colonists grew much closer to the British in appreciation for the British sacrifices in the war.e. the colonists grew increasingly frustrated with British control and taxes. Answer: ePage: 624

25. The main slogan for the colonies in the years leading up to the American revolution wasa. “liberty, equality, fraternity.”b. “equal rights for women.”c. “self-government now.”d. “free and independent states.”e. “no taxation without representation.” Answer: ePage: 624

26. The Declaration of Independence’s contractual view of political structure in which the government drew its authority from “the consent of the governed” was influenced bya. Edmund Burke.b. John Locke. c. John Stuart Mill.d. William Wilberforce.e. Voltaire.Answer: bPage: 625

27. Which of the following was NOT one of the principles built into the government of the newly formed American state?a. the equality of all inhabitants b. freedom from British control

c. a written constitution that guaranteed personal freedomsd. a responsible government based on popular sovereigntye. the creation of a federal republicAnswer: aPage: 627

28. The leaders of the French revolutiona. were much more conservative than the leaders of the American revolution.b. accepted the fact that France would always have to have a king.c. called for a complete reorganizing of French political, social, and cultural structures. d. created concepts and documents that would later influence the American revolution.e. placed unlimited faith in the potential of the peasants.Answer: cPage: 627

29. The ancien régime was thea. estate that comprised the clergy in pre-revolutionary France.b. term for the first democracies in Greece and Rome.c. traditional, European-born ruling class in South America.d. term Metternich used to describe the dangerous and growing class of urban revolutionaries.e. old order in France that revolutionary leaders wanted to replace. Answer: ePage: 627

30. On June 17th, 1789, members of the third estate seceded from the Estates General and declared themselves to be thea. House of Commons.b. Convention.c. National Assembly. d. Directory.e. House of Representatives.Answer: cPage: 627-628

31. In August 1789, the National Assembly expressed the guiding principles of the French revolution by issuing a. the Declaration of Independence.b. the French Constitution of 1789.c. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen. d. the Declaration of the Rights of Woman and the Female Citizen.e. The Social Contract.Answer: cPage: 628

32. The guiding principles of the French revolution are summed up in the phrasea. “no taxation without representation.”b. “peace, bread, land.”c. “let them eat cake.”

d. “all men are created equal.”e. “liberty, equality, fraternity.” Answer: ePage: 628

33. The leaders of the Convention hoped to hold off invading counterrevolutionary forces bya. calling for the levée en masse. b. forming a military alliance with the new American republic.c. restoring the power and position of the French monarchy and thus placating the other nations.d. handing over their most radical leaders for public trial.e. using new military technology purchased from the Ottomans.Answer: aPage: 629

34. The most radical period of the French revolution was reached during the leadership ofa. Louis XVI.b. Jean-Jacques Rousseau.c. Maximilien Robespierre. d. Napoleon Bonaparte.e. Simón Bolívar.Answer: cPage: 629

35. Maximilien Robespierre was known asa. “the Son of Heaven.”b. the “French Jefferson.”c. the “Lion of Paris.”d. “First Among Equals.”e. “the Incorruptible.” Answer: ePage: 629

36. During the rule of the Directory,a. the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen was written.b. the French revolution reached its most radical stage.c. the French monarchy was abolished and Louis XVI was executed.d. France was finally defeated by a combined British, Prussian, Austrian, and Russian army.e. the French revolution moved in a more pragmatic direction. Answer: ePage: 629

37. Napoleon’s Civil Codea. gave absolute free speech to French newspapers.b. was a modern restatement of Justinian’s Corpus iuris civilis.c. affirmed the political and legal equality of all adult men. d. had at its core the radical measures of the Convention.e. reduced patriarchal authority and gave more equality to women.Answer: c

Page: 630

38. The turning point in Napoleon’s career was his disastrous 1812 invasion ofa. England.b. Austria.c. Russia. d. Spain.e. Italy.Answer: cPage: 631

39. Napoleon’s final defeat occurred ata. Waterloo. b. Leipzig.c. Elba.d. Moscow.e. St. Helena.Answer: aPage: 631

40. The only successful slave revolt in history took place ina. Brazil.b. Saint-Domingue. c. Cuba.d. Virginia.e. Mexico.Answer: bPage: 631

41. The leader who was responsible for the success of the Saint-Domingue uprising wasa. Simón Bolívar.b. Boukman.c. Miguel de Hidalgo.d. Louverture. e. José de San Martín.Answer: dPage: 633-634

42. The creoles of Latin America were influenced by the ideals of the Enlightenmenta. and hoped for the establishment of an egalitarian society like that of Haiti.b. but only wanted to displace the peninsulares and still retain their privileged positions. c. but wanted to turn the tables and deny all rights to the peninsulares.d. and hoped for tremendous social reform like that promoted by the French revolutionary

Robespierre.e. but wanted to carry these notions to their logical conclusion and grant equality to women.Answer: bPage: 634

43. Colonial rule in Mexico ended in 1821 when the capital was seized bya. Augustín de Iturbide. b. Miguel de Hidalgo.c. Simón Bolívar.d. Bernardo O’Higgins.e. José de San Martín.Answer: aPage: 636

44. The goal of Simón Bolívar was toa. form stable, smaller South American states centered around distinct tribal or linguistic groups.b. have the colonies of South America remain linked to Spain but attain a measure of self-

government.c. bring the former Spanish colonies of South America into union with the United States.d. weld the former Spanish colonies of South America into a confederation like the United States. e. bring about unification through a strict authoritarian form of government.Answer: dPage: 636

45. Which of the following revolutionary leaders is NOT correctly linked with his country?a. Bernardo O’Higgins and Chileb. Toussaint Louverture and Haitic. José de San Martín and Argentinad. Augustín de Iturbide and Mexicoe. Miguel de Hidalgo and Peru Answer: ePage: 636

46. The leader who helped lead Brazil to independence wasa. Simón Bolívar.b. Bernardo O’Higgins.c. José de San Martín.d. Miguel de Hidalgo.e. Emperor Pedro I. Answer: ePage: 636

47. Among the leading proponents of conservatism in the eighteenth century wasa. Giuseppe Mazzini.b. John Stuart Mill.c. Edmund Burke. d. Simón Bolívar.e. Maximilien Robespierre.Answer: cPage: 637

48. William Wilberforce a. wrote the Declaration of the Rights of Man and the Citizen.

b. pushed a bill through Parliament that ended the slave trade. c. was the chief proponent of conservatism in the eighteenth century.d. focused his efforts on gaining complete equality for women.e. was the leader of the British forces that surrendered at Yorktown.Answer: bPage: 638

49. What nineteenth-century English thinker promoted individual freedom, universal suffrage, taxation of high personal income, and an extension of the rights of freedom and equality to women?a. Edmund Burkeb. John Lockec. Jean Jacques Rousseaud. Cecil Rhodese. John Stuart Mill Answer: ePage: 637

50. The author of A Vindication of the Rights of Woman wasa. Mary Astell.b. John Stuart Mill.c. Mary Wollstonecraft. d. Olympe de Gouges.e. Elizabeth Cady Stanton.Answer: cPage: 639

51. The organizer of the Seneca Falls conference wasa. Elizabeth Cady Stanton. b. Thomas Jefferson.c. William Wilberforce.d. John Stuart Mill.e. Olympe de Gouges.Answer: aPage: 639-640

52. Theodore Herzl was the founder ofa. German nationalism.b. modern conservatism.c. the Seneca Falls conference.d. modern anti-Semitism.e. Zionism. Answer: ePage: 642

53. The leading conservative politician at the Congress of Vienna wasa. Napoleon.b. Otto von Bismarck.c. Edmund Burke.

d. Klemens von Metternich. e. Theodore Herzl.Answer: dPage: 643

54. The German leader Otto von Bismarck believed that the great issues of his day would be determined bya. “class struggle.”b. “liberty, equality, fraternity.”c. “the resurgence of the ancien régime.”d. “blood and iron.” e. “the realization of freedom.”Answer: dPage: 645

55. The industrial revolution began ina. the United States.b. Great Britain. c. France.d. Italy.e. Russia.Answer: bPage: 652

56. Crucial to industrialization wasa. the leadership role taken by the Luddites.b. the willing support of the major industrial unions.c. the peasants’ planned and willing relocation to the cities.d. the leading role that Russia provided in technology.e. the replacement of human and animal power with inanimate sources of energy such as steam. Answer: ePage: 652

57. The growing demand for cotton cloth in the eighteenth century threatened Britisha. wool producers. b. monopoly over the Chinese silk trade.c. naval strength because of the dramatically rising cost of sails.d. educational dominance.e. trade with the Americas.Answer: aPage: 653

58. The British Calico Acts of 1720 and 1721a. restricted British importation of cotton cloth to the Americas.b. showed favoritism to cotton producers over wool producers.c. prohibited the importation of cotton cloth. d. required that a corpse be buried in a cotton shroud.e. encouraged the importation of printed cotton cloth in an effort to boost British trade.Answer: c

Page: 65359. James Watt’s steam engine did not adapt well to transportation uses because

a. it weighed too much to be supported by rubber tires.b. the heat, combined with the vibrations of movement, caused instability in the structural integrity.c. the engine grew too hot and often exploded.d. it used too much gasoline to be cost efficient.e. it consumed too much coal. Answer: ePage: 654

60. Cheaper iron was produced after 1709 when British smelters began to use what substance as a fuel?a. keroseneb. coke c. charcoald. woode. gasolineAnswer: bPage: 654

61. Henry Bessemer’s innovations made it possible to produce cheapera. iron.b. cotton.c. steel. d. oil.e. wool.Answer: cPage: 654

62. The first steam-powered locomotive was George Stephenson’sa. Rocket. b. Blazer.c. Meteor.d. Lightning.e. Comet.Answer: aPage: 655

63. The dominant form of industrial organization by the end of the nineteenth century wasa. the putting-out system.b. cottage industry.c. the factory system. d. the guild system.e. a socialist-directed economy.Answer: cPage: 656

64. Interchangeable parts were invented bya. Henry Ford.b. Henry Bessemer.c. Eli Whitney. d. Josiah Wedgwood.e. George Stephenson.Answer: cPage: 659

65. In America the petroleum monopoly, Standard Oil Company, was owned bya. John D. Rockefeller. b. Robert Owen.c. Andrew Carnegie.d. George Stephenson.e. Henry Bessemer.Answer: aPage: 659

66. Beginning in the nineteenth century, industrializing lands experienced a social change known as the demographic transition whena. 60 percent of the people were 55 years old and older.b. the rural population increased dramatically.c. the fertility rate increased dramatically.d. the majority of the population was college educated.e. the fertility rate began a marked decline. Answer: ePage: 662

67. Marx and Engels proposed that capitalism divided people into two classes. The classes werea. the capitalists and the bourgeoisie.b. the capitalists and the proletariat. c. the workers and the peasantry.d. the capitalists and the middle class.e. the proletariat and the nobility.Answer: bPage: 669

68. One of the authors of the Manifesto of the Communist Party wasa. Marx. b. Fourier.c. Rousseau.d. Owen.e. Lenin.Answer: aPage: 669

69. Marx and Engels suggested that music, art, and literaturea. should be used by the communists to facilitate the revolution.

b. were the “opiate of the masses.”c. were the only aspects of the modern world that had not been contaminated by the capitalists.d. served the purposes of the capitalists because they diverted the workers from their misery. e. represented the peasants and were thus useless.Answer: dPage: 669

70. Marx and the communists believed that private propertya. would be the only aspect of industrial society that would survive the revolution.b. should be divided up on a more equitable basis.c. would be the foundation of the post-revolutionary world.d. should be abolished. e. should pass into the ownership of the workers.Answer: dPage: 669

71. Marx and Engels believed that the final result of the socialist revolution would be thea. “usurpation by the proletariat of the bourgeois hegemony.”b. “dictatorship of the proletariat.” c. “complete inversion of the class hierarchy.”d. “realization of freedom.”e. “opiate of the masses.”Answer: bPage: 669

72. According to the Manifesto of the Communist Party, all of human history had been a history ofa. class struggle. b. the quest for religious self-awareness interfering with the development of the peasantry.c. the search for equality.d. the search for freedom.e. industrial integration.Answer: aPage: 669

73. In the late nineteenth century, Germany led European countries in the movement toa. dramatically reduce the rights and benefits of workers.b. provide medical insurance and unemployment compensation for workers. c. crush the trade union movement so thoroughly that it didn’t return for over fifty years.d. recognize trade unions only if they would publicly renounce their ties to the communists.e. convert to communism.Answer: bPage: 670-671

74. Throughout most of the nineteenth century, employers and governmentsa. readily established their own trade unions.b. worked closely with the trade unions to improve the conditions of the working class.c. tried to convince trade unions to switch their allegiance from communists to socialists.d. viewed trade unions as illegal associations designed to restrain trade.

e. saw the trade unions as the single best alternative to Marxian-type class revolution.Answer: dPage: 671

75. Over the long haul, trade unionsa. reduced the likelihood of a revolution by improving the lives of working people. b. dramatically increased the chances for a revolution through their ties to Marxian socialists.c. were completely unsuccessful in improving the conditions of the working class.d. stood out as the most radical critics of industrial society.e. fell under communist control.Answer: aPage: 671

76. Charles Fourier wasa. the Belgian foreign minister whose disastrous trade policies blocked Belgian advancement.b. the German nobleman who stood as the chief obstacle to German industrialization.c. the French nobleman who seized the throne after an economic collapse.d. the English radical who founded the Bolsheviks.e. a social critic who is often referred to as a utopian socialist.Answer: ePage: 668

77. By 1900, which was the largest city in the world?a. New Yorkb. Berlinc. Parisd. London e. TokyoAnswer: dPage: 663

78. The use of which of the following increased dramatically in the nineteenth century?a. steel b. ironc. copperd. golde. aluminumAnswer: aPage: 654

79. Which of the following was a key feature in the rapid industrialization of Great Britain?a. high agricultural productivityb. population densityc. navigable rivers and canalsd. sophisticated banking and financial institutionse. All these answers are correct. Answer: ePage: 653

80. Horizontal organization isa. the framework for powerful European trade unions in the industrial age.b. the consolidation or cooperation of independent companies in the same business. c. the control of all facets of an industry.d. a method of mass production.e. the assembly line process developed by Henry Ford in 1913.Answer: bPage: 659

Essay Questions:Three from the following five questions will be selected for the exam.

1. What are some of the characteristics of “industrial capitalism”? How did industrial giants like J. D. Rockefeller achieve such dominance over the marketplace?

2. Eli Whitney is known for inventions such as interchangeable parts. In what ways did industrialization turn workers into interchangeable parts?

3. Why did the French revolution turn against itself when the American Revolution didn’t? In what ways was the French revolution more radical than its American predecessor? How radical did the French revolution become? Could it be argued that the American Revolution did turn against its roots? Were there limits to the social and political change in the American Revolution?

4. Was Napoleon a child of the French Revolution or the absolute antithesis of it? What were Napoleon’s goals? Why was he successful, and why did he eventually fail? Was he a reformer or just a dictator? Was he a child of the Enlightenment?

5. Otto von Bismarck proposed that “the great questions of the day will not be settled by speeches or majority votes . . . but by blood and iron.” What did Bismarck mean by this statement? Were his words proven true by the actions of the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries? Discuss the philosophy and actions of Otto von Bismarck.