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Note on the Date of Livy's Birth, and on the Termination of His History

Author(s): Gertrude HirstSource: The Classical Weekly, Vol. 19, No. 17 (Mar. 8, 1926), pp. 138-139Published by: Classical Association of the Atlantic StatesStable URL: http://www.jstor.org/stable/4388743 .

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138 THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY [VOL.XIX, No. 17, WHOLENo. 520

possible that Tiberius did not wish to see Germanicus

get too strong a hold upon the army of Syria. If so, he

might have given Piso instructions which would cover

much that he had done and for doing which he was

being furiously denounced in the Senate. I think it

likely that Piso had gone much farther than the Em-

peror intended, and that, in returning to Syria and pro-

voking a civil war, he had entirely exceeded his orders.

Nevertheless, the production of his instructions might

have made it possible for him to make a good defense on

some points and to extenuate his guilt on others.

It seems clear that after his death his friends attempted

to justify his conduct in this way and that this was the

only sort of apology which could possibly l)e made.

If he had such orders from Tiberius, it was necessary to

explain why he had not produced them, and his friends

put the blame on Sejanus and the Emperor by saying

that he had been duped and murdered to prevent it.

That Tiberius had a motive for not wishing such

orders made public is clear enough. Their productionwould not have convicted him of murder, but they

would have shown him in a verv bad light to the Roman

people. It would have appeared to them that lhe had

treated Germanicus treacherously, and that, while he

was conferring outward honors and distinctions upon

the prince, he had secretly striven to undermine and

thwart him. At that moment the people were wild

with grief over the death of their favorite and were al-

ready more or less suspicious of the Emperor. How-

ever sound the reasons which had led Tiberius to give

such instructions to Piso, the Emperor did not care to

face the storm which would have followed their pro-

duction. The story of Piso's friends was not, therefore,altogether incredible, though as to the assertion that

Piso was murdered I feel quite confident that it was

false.

That Tacitus inserted the passage in the Annales is

not due, I think, to a wish on his part to slander Tibe-

rius, but to an honest desire to be fair to Piso. In his

account of the trial he has followed the testimony of the

prosecution, and he does not think it fair to suppress the

defense entirely. Piso made no real answer to most of

the charges in open court and so Tacitus has told us

how his friends defended his memory after his tragic

death. Their apology had not found its way into the

usual histories and so Tacitus explains the source of hisinformation. He had it direct from men who had

heard what the friends of Piso said. He gives it for

what it is worth, because he strove to be impartial,

warns his reader that he can not vouch for it, and

passes on. Modern scholars have read into the passage

meanings which it can not have, and have thus first

created a myth and then used the myth to discredit the

innocent historian'5.UNIVERSITY OF TEXAS FRANK BURR MARSH

1In THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY for March I5 will be found anarticle by Mr. M. M. Odgers, of the University of Pennsylvania,entitled On Whitewashing Certain of the Ancients. Mr. Odgersdiscusses especially the attempts of Beesly to defend Catiline and

Tiberius, and the effort of Mr. Weigall to defend Cleopatra. Alongwith these indictments of ancient men of letters and historians wemay set the article by Dr. Alice A. Deckman, Livia Augusta, THECLASSICAL WEEKLY I9.2I-25.

C. K.>.

'Olympiad 180.2, according to Scaliger's edition, but OlympiadI80.4, 57 B. C., according to Mai's Armenian version.

2E.g. in the article Messala, in the Encyclopaedia Britannicall.3De M. Valerii Messalae Aetate, 7-8 (Stettin, i886). See also

Jacob Hammer, Prolegomena to an Edition of the PanegyricusMessalae: The Military and Political Career of M. Valerius MessalaCorvinus, Chapter I, 3-I0, for an exhaustive discussion of the datesof the birth and the death of Messala (Columbia UniversityPress, I925).

4The evidence for this is thereference, in

I.I9.3,

to the closing,by Augustus, of the Gates of Janus.5A Literary History of Rome, 642.6Einleitung und Quellenkunde zur R6mischen Geschichte, I46-

147 (Berlin, 192I).7Codex Nazarianus, now at Heidelberg.

NOTE ON THE DATE OF LIVY'S BIRTH, ANDON THE TERMINATION OF HIS HISTORY

The commonly accepted date for Livy's birth, de-pending on St. Jerome', is 59 B. C. Jerome's state-ment runs thus: Messala Corvinus orator nascitur, et

Titus Livius Patavinus, scriptor historicus. It waslong since seen that the date given for Messala'sbirth did not square with the statement made else-where by Jerome,that Messala died in ii A. D., aged72, and with other circumstancesin Messala's life.The dates now usually accepted for Messala are 64B. C.-8 A. D2. Schulz3first pointed out a plausibleexplanationof Jerome'smistake in assigning Messala's

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MARCH 8, 19261 THE CLASSICAL WEEKLY 139

two (22) books were written by Livy in the last three

years of his life, from his seventy-eighth to his eighty-

first year (if he was born in 64 B. C.). This tremend-

ous output, if substantiated, would suggest that the

aged author had a definite goal in view. Now, Drusus

was credited with democratic tendencies8. Livy,

when relating his death and funeral, would not onlv

have given the eulogies pronounced by Augustus and

Tiberius, but would also, in accordance with his own

custom9, have set forth the character of Drusus. He

would well have known how to indicate whatever

Republican sentiments Drusus had. WMay e not have

treated the burial of Augustus's nmoreliberal-minde(d

stepson as the burial of the last hopes for a restoration

of the Republic By praising Tiberius's brotherl,-

devotion in escorting on foot Drusus's body through-

out the long march from Germany to Rome'0, Livy

could avoid any appearance of censuring the Princeps

in eulogizing his more democratic brother. But the

contrast was doubtless clear to a discerning reader,and not least to Tiberius himself.

In this very brief paper my object has been to bring

out two points which do not seem to have been noted:

(i) 64 B. C., not 59 B. C., is probably the date of the

birth of Livv.

(2) The death of Drusus mav really have been in-

tended by Livy to serve as the close of his work, that is,

the end he set himself in his declining years. One

may take for granted that he attended the ceremonies

at the funeral of Drusus, and that he wrote a copious

account of them, to be drawn on later for his History.

The Periochae of the last five books, which deal with

the period after the death of Agrippa in 12 B. C.. allrefer to the conquests miiade by Drusus. His death

must have seemed a national disaster. As Livy medi-

tated on it in the later years of Augustuis's rule, he

may well have thought that with Drusus was buried

also all possibility of a revival of the Republic-the

Republic that was the theme of his prose epic. Book

142 seems to have been devoted to the death and the

funeral ceremonies of Drusus; the last words of the

Periochae are supremis eius plures honores datill.BARNARD COLLEGE GERTRUDE HIRST

8Tacitus, Annales I.3.3, 2.82.3.

9Seneca, Suasoriae 21-22.?0Suetonius,Tiberius 7.sThis paper was read at the Fifty-Seventh Annual Meeting of

the American Philological Association, at Cornell University, onDecember 3T, 1925.

REVIEWS

The Greeks in Spain. By Rhys Carpenter. BrynMawr Notes and Monographs VI. London and

New York: Longmans, Green and Company (1925).

Pp. Viii + I80. 2 Maps, XXV Plates.

There is a well marked tendency in the historical

and archaeological work which is being done in the

European countries and in the Near East to fill up by

spade work the gaps in our historical information re-

garding the prehistoric and the early historical periods

in the life of the v-arious countries. The remoter the

past, the scantier our literary information, the keener is

our interest in such archaeological work. Spain, until

the last few decades, had been in this respect one of the

most neglected countries. From the archaeological

and the historical point of view, however, it is one of the

most interesting districts in Europe. The Roman re-

mains are numerous and well-preserved, especially in

the South. The Greeks and the Phoenicians have left

important traces of their soiourn in the peninsula.

The wealth of prehistoric remains, from palaeolithic

times down to the late Iron Age, is overwhelming.

Yet for generations very little had been done in the

wav of investigating the remote past of the peninsula,

and the record of wNhathad been done remained buiried

in local puiblications. In the last few decades, how-

ever, we notice an almost complete change. Systematic

work has been carried out by the local organizations;

the beautiful Musetum at Madrid, and many pro-

vincial Museums have been growing steadily and have

become better organized. French scholars have shown

a keen interest in studying the ancient remains of

Spain, and, lately, some German scholars have devotedtheir lives to the examination of the most important

problems of protohistoric Spain and Spain of the classi-

cal period. The result is that we now know much more

about Spain than was known in the days of Hiubner

and Mommsen. We are at least aware of the main

problems, and we see the way these main problems

ought to be solved. Leaving aside the great problems

of the palaeolithic, neolithic, and bronze periods (the

importance of Spaia here is a recognized fact and the

collected material very rich), I may mention the im-

portant ouestionl of the character of the 'native'

civilization of Spain, i. e. the civilization of the two

earliest conquerors of Spain, the Iberians and theCelts (or vice versa). Not less important are the

outesti9n of the Tartessos Kingdom, the problem of the

Greek settlements in Spain, and of the work of coloni-

zation which was done in Spain, first bv the Phoeni-

cians, later by Carthage, and, finally, the question of

the aspect which Spain presented when the Romans

first appeared on the peninsula and began their long

work of conquest and Romanization.

One of these problems is dealt with in a charming

little book, The Greeks in Spain, by Professor Rhys

Carpenter. This is a learned monograph, based on

some new and little known material, thorough and

painstaking in details, showing an excellent personalknowledge of the land, and an exhaustive study of

what had been done, both by Spaniards and by for-

eigners, in the field covered by the book. It is at the

same time fascinating reading for any one who is in-

terested in historical and archaeological problems,

whatever his special field may be.

The contents of the booklet are as follows:

I. Legend (i-5); II. Record (6-iI); III. In-ference (The Voyage to Tartessos, I2-36, The SantaElena Bronzes, 37-46, The Massiliot Sailing-Book, 47-56, Greek Art and Iberian, 57-96, Ampurias, 97-II6);Appendices (II7-I40); Commentary (I4I-I62); Bib-liography (I63-I68); List of Illustrations (I69-174);Index (I75-I78); Assumed Chronology for Ancient

Spain (I 79-I 80).

The story begins with the discovery of Spain by the

Samians, abouit 630 B. C., and runs through the