Hip-Hop & Health Behavior: Relationships Between the Individual and Community
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Transcript of Hip-Hop & Health Behavior: Relationships Between the Individual and Community
Hip-Hop & Health Behavior:Relationships Between the Individual and Community
Raphael Travis, Jr., DrPH, LCSWTexas State University – San Marcos, School of Social Work
Hip-Hop & Youth Development Projects
HHYD
Practice 1 Syllabus (Students)
Full Course & Exercises:
Competence (SWers & Students)
Exercises: Therapy &
Change (Youth)
ETODAY Workshops
ETODAY Daily Guide (Youth)
Research: HHYD Attitudes
• Movement
Bboying
• Linguistic
Emceeing
• Musical
Deejaying
• Visual
Graffiti
High Risk Messages: Violence
47% Of Homicide DeathsAge 22 or younger
High Risk Messages: Substance Use
Drug-related Incarceration Stat:
High Risk Messages:Misogyny
“The Female Fear”
• Sexual victimization, • Verbal and physical
harassment, • Sexual exploitation
**Very High Risk**
Is that it?
EMPOWERMENT
Empowerment Any attempt to gain power over
decision-making, opportunities, or the meaning ascribed to one’s life.
Attitudes and behaviors that feel empowering to an individual or community may be risky or prosocial, or contain elements of both.
Travis & Deepak (2010): Individual & Community Empowerment (ICE)
Risk/Empowerment Framework based in the literature
Goal: Tool for understanding and practice Use: Prevention or intervention Value:
› building rapport; › general interactions (engagement) with youth; › assessment and goal development; › creates a structure for practice and evaluation.
What Do Young People Hear?
Content and Impacts
Characteristics (at Time 1) % of Sample nAge
13-1516-1819-2223+Missing
1843.824.212.51.6
235631162
GenderMaleFemaleMissing
Ethnicity
32.865.61.6
42842
African AmericanLatinoAsian/Pacific IslanderMulticulturalWhite, Not HispanicMissing
26.645.33.13.9
18.82.3
345845
243
Education/Grade LevelHigh SchoolCollegeMissing
49.245.35.5
63587
Demographics of Participants
Em
pow
erm
en
t Qu
estio
ns
Indiv
idual E
mpow
erm
ent
Com
munity
Em
pow
erm
ent
Hip-Hop music helps me make it through bad times
Hip-Hop music helps me think about doing more positive things
Hip-Hop encourages me to be proud of my ethnicity (community empowerment);
Hip-Hop helps me think critically about the world around me (community empowerment).
Ris
k Q
uestio
ns
Indiv
idual R
iskC
om
munity
Risk
“I am more comfortable with the idea of drinking alcohol while listening to Hip-Hop music”
“I feel more okay about committing some crimes after listening to Hip-Hop music”
“I am more comfortable with the idea of selling drugs after listening to Hip-Hop music”
“Treatment of women in Hip-Hop is worse than in movies”
“Violence talked about in Hip-Hop is worse than violence that I see in movies”
“Hip-Hop justifies criminal behavior”
Mean (SD) Potential Range
Alpha (Standardized)
# of Items
Individual Empowerment
Community Empowerment
Individual Risk
Community Risk
ICE Inventory Full Scale
30.9 (10.8)
13.3 (5.1)
29.2 (7.1)
26.7 (7.3)
100.2 (19.9)
11 – 55
5 – 25
7 – 35
10 – 50
33 – 165
.939
.877
.939
.859
.906
11
5
7
10
33
Table 7.ICE Inventory Subscale Means, Standard Deviations and Alpha ReliabilitiesNote. The variation in sample size is due to fluctuations in response rates for demographic information.
Empirical Results from Measurement and Structural Model for ICE Inventory
Key F
ind
ing
s:
Em
pow
erm
en
t
Indiv
idual E
mpow
erm
ent
Com
munity
Em
pow
erm
ent
37% of respondents reported that listening to Hip-Hop music has made it easier to talk about their problems.
Similarly, 39% of respondents reported that listening to Hip-Hop helps them think about doing more positive behaviors.
30% of respondents stated that Hip-Hop encourages me to be proud of my race/ethnicity.
33% of respondents felt that Hip-Hop they listen to gives them hope that conditions in their neighborhood can be better
23% felt Hip-Hop makes them want to do something positive for their neighborhood.
Key F
ind
ing
s: R
isk
Indiv
idual R
iskC
om
munity
Risk
22% of respondents reported feeling more violent while listening to Hip-Hop.
20% reported feeling more comfortable about drinking alcohol while listening to Hip-Hop, while
16% of respondents reported feeling more comfortable with smoking marijuana.
Comfort with use of ecstasy, cocaine and codeine promethazine ranged from 9% to 13% of respondents.
40% of respondents felt Hip-Hop justifies criminal behavior.
40% of respondents felt violence in Hip-Hop is worse than what they see in movies.
Demographic Differences
Females and college students scored significantly higher for each subscale with the exception of community risk.
Table 8.Relationship between demographic variables and scale scores (n=120).
ScaleOutcome Variable
IndividualEmpowerment
CommunityEmpowerment
Individual Risk
CommunityRisk
ICE FullScale
Intercept
Age
Gender
Ethnicity
Grade
22.6 (2.6)*** 10.1 (1.3)*** 23.3 (1.8)*** 24.7 (1.9)*** 80.7 (4.5)***
0.1 (1.5) -0.1 (0.7) 0.9 (1.0) 1.0 (1.1) 1.9 (2.6)
5.1 (6.1)** 2.5 (0.9)** 3.4 (1.3)** .05 (1.4) 11.0 (3.3)**
0.8 (0.9) 0.4 (0.5) 0.9 (0.6) 0.5 (0.7) 2.6 (1.6)
8.0 (2.7)* 2.5 (1.3) 2.6 (1.9) -0.3 (2.0) 12.9 (4.7)**
R-square .205 (9.7)*** .119 (4.8)** .140 (6.6)** .015 (7.2) .250 (16.8)***
*p<.05, **p<.01, ***p<.001Note. The variation in sample size is due to fluctuations in response rates for demographic information.
Table 9. One-Way ANOVAs and Post-Hoc Contrasts for ICE Inventory Scores by Gender and Age (n=126)
ScaleGender Age
Male Female 13-15 16-18 19-22 23+
M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD) M (SD)
Individual Empowerment
27.3 (9.3)* 32.8 (11.0)* 30.6 (10.6)* 26.8 (10.7)* 35.4 (9.3)* 37.6 (7.6)*
Community Empowerment
11.7 (4.5)* 14.2 (5.1)* 14.1 (5.3) 11.7 (5.1)* 14.8 (4.9)* 15.2 (2.8)*
Individual Risk 27.0 (7.8)* 30.7 (6.1)* 25.8 (9.2)* 29.3 (6.4)* 31.5 (4.7)* 31.0 (6.6)*
Community Risk
26.8 (8.6) 27.0 (6.4) 26.0 (8.8) 27.0 (6.9) 26.5 (6) 28.8 (7)
ICE Inventory 92.7 (20.1)* 104.7 (17.4)* 96.4 (25.6)* 95 (16.6)* 108.2 (16.7)* 112.7 (10.2)*
* Difference from other category is significant at the 0.05 level (Gender = Analysis of Variance; Age = Fisher’s Least Significant Difference test, LSD)Note. The variation in sample size is due to fluctuations in response rates for demographic information.
Table 11.Correlations ICE Inventory Subscales, Self-Esteem & Depression Variable
Scale EST DEP IE CE IR CR
EST 1
DEP .215* 1
IE .011 .000 1
CE .109 -.055 .873** 1
IR -.303** -.120 .156 .115 1
CR -.134 -.084 -.114 -.032 .407** 1
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
*. Correlation is significant at the 0.05 level (2-tailed).
Note for Scales: EST is self-esteem; DEP is depressive symptom; IE is individual empowerment, CE is community empowerment, IR is individual risk, and CR is community risk
ESTEEMNEW
INDRISKRCX
0,
SE11
0,
IR11
IDENTITYRC
0,
I1
1
INDEMPRCXCOMMEMPRCX
0,
ie1
0,
ce1
1 1
Age Recode
0,
a1
1
Gender
0,
gend1
1
FEW SAD, UNHAPPY, DEPRESSED DAYS SERC
0,
sad1
1
How many hours do you listen to music?
0,
HL1
1
COMMRISKRCX
0,
cre1
ICE: Study Findings
Reliable…. Can inform prevention and intervention
Brief… Can be used over time to capture shifts in attitudes.
Identity and esteem are influential in how people perceive what they listen to.