HINDU ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN...
Transcript of HINDU ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN...
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HINDU ART AND ARCHITECTURE IN
INDIA Lecture 2C
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HINDUISM: AN OVERVIEW
• Hinduism has no single founder, spokesman, prophet, or God. It is very complex and CONFUSING!
• Pluralism: The combination of many beliefs into one system. Four goals to life on earth:
– Dharma: Righteous living
– Artha: Wealth
– Kama: Emotional and physical acts of love
– Moksha: Spiritual salvation thru bhakti
Krishna and Radha in a Pavilion, ca. 1760
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THE RIG VEDA STATES…
• “The truth is one, but the learned refer to it by many names”.
• In other words, in this worldview there are many paths to the divine and the ultimate goal.
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TEMPLES: GRAND MANDALAS FOR REACHING THE GODS
Mandala: Diagram of the Cosmos. Mt. Meru is at the center.
The Square represents the 4 cardinal directions, and the outer
Circle is the universe.
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TEMPLE ARCHITECTURE: TERMS
• Porch: Entryway
• Mandapa: hallways/worship rooms that lead to the inner areas of temple.
• Garbhagriha: the “womb” of the temple, the inner shine and home to cult statue or symbol
• Vimana: (south temples) mountain shaped pyramid over the Garghagriha.
• Shikhara: (northern temples): mountain shaped pyramid over the Garghagriha
Video Link:
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Yiupwf
u_h0k
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TEMPLE COMPLEX OF THE RAJARAJESHVARA TEMPLE (AKA THE BRIHADESVARA TEMPLE) TO SHIVA, THANJAVUR, INDIA, CA.
1000.
Plan shows several temples surrounded by a wall. The precinct is
entered through a Gateway called a Gopura.
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Rajarajeshvara Temple . Figure 3.24
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The Vimana (tower)
over the
Garbhagriha, the
“womb” of the temple.
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Linga of Shiva at the
center of the temple.
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KANDARYA MAHADEVA TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, INDIA, CA. 1000.
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Vishnu and Lakshmi,
Mithuna Scene.
Figure 3.29
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MITHUNA RELIEFS, DETAIL OF THE
NORTH SIDE OF THE VISHVANATHA
TEMPLE, KHAJURAHO, INDIA, CA.1000.
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(Very Few) HINDU DEITIES
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Nataraja: Shiva as King of Dance, South India (Chola period, 11th century CE). Bronze.
SHIVA
• One of the main
Hindu gods.
• Associated with
change/death…but
as with new
opportunities.
• Nataraja: Lord of
the Dance.
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Universe
Raised
foot =
salvation
Agni=fire,
destruction
Free flowing hair=clashing
of cosmic forces
Small
drum=creation
Mudra=protection
for righteous
Demon
Apasmara=Ignorance
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DANCING SHIVA, ROCK-CUT
RELIEF IN CAVE TEMPLE,
BADAMI, INDIA, LATE SIXTH
CENTURY.
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SHIVA
• Also associated with yogis, self-control, and the shedding of attachments.
• Shown here as Satyam: Truth, Goodness, and Beauty.
• Symbols of Shiva include the Trident (3 gunas), Snake (represents he is beyond death), and Tiger Skin (representing the mind).
• What mudra is shown here?
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Linga with one face, 9th century Afghanistan. Marble
SHIVA
• Shiva is also the symbol of the regenerative force of the universe.
• Linga: Phallus shape that represents Shiva as supreme consciousness.
• The linga is oftentimes merged with the yoni, the symbol for the female regenerative force.
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Standing Parvati, ca. 10th century India,Copper alloy.
PARVATI
• Wife of Shiva. Other forms of Parvati include Shakti and Kali.
• Loving wife, and equal to her husband. Their statues often placed together to symbolize how partners complement each other to form ultimate oneness.
• Mother of the deity Kama and Ganesha.
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Dancing Ganesha, 11th Century, North Bengal.
GANESHA
• Son of Shiva and Parvati.
• Remover of obstacles and Lord of beginnings.
• Easily recognized by human body with elephant head.
• Since he is a child, often shown with a chubby body, holding candies in one of his hands.
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AFTER THIS LECTURE YOU SHOULD
BE ABLE TO:
• Define pluralism and explain how Hinduism is a pluralistic faith.
• Compare the features of a mandala to a Hindu Temple, noting the similarities.
• Identify the major components of Northern and Southern Indian temples, their functions, and symbolism.
• Recognize the sacred meaning to mithuna imagery.
• Identify the major Hindu deities and their iconography.