Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos flavus) · Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos...
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Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos flavus) Alexandra Hameline, Megan Demshar, and Dr. Heather Ahrens Department of Biology, High Point University Abstract: The kinkajou, Potos flavus, is a medium-sized mammal that resides in the tropical rainforests of the Americas. They are fully arboreal, have a prehensile tail, and can rotate their hind feet 180° to facilitate climbing. This study provides detailed information about the myology of the hindlimb of the kinkajou. The right hindlimb of a male kinkajou was dissected and documented using descriptions and photographs. These data were compared with the myology of the red panda, Ailurus fulgens, and ringtail, Bassariscus astutus. There was little variation between these three species. Some muscles, such as M. popliteus, M. sartorius, and M. quadratus femoris, were closer with the origin and insertion of the red panda, potentially due to the similarity in locomotion of the mammals. Other muscles, such as M. obturator internus, were more similar to the ringtail, likely reflecting phylogeny. M. gracilis, M. fibularis longus, and M. extensor digitorum lateralis were found to have similarities in insertion, origin, or both. These observations indicate that both function and phylogeny influence limb myology, as well as provide additional comparative data for locomotor and phylogenetic studies of carnivorans. The Kinkajou • An arboreal mammal that lives in the rainforests of the Americas • Scientific name: Potos flavus • From the Procyonidae family • Related to raccoons, ringtails, and coatis • Have prehensile tails • Can turn their feet 180° • Nickname: Honey Bear (due to the fact that they enjoy eating fresh honey from beehives) • Nocturnal animals Photograph by San Diego Zoo Methods: • Dissected a frozen, male kinkajou • Identified the muscles of the right hindlimb • Documented by description and photographs • Compared attachment sites of the muscles to hindlimb documentation of the Ailurus fulgens (Red Panda) and Bassariscus astutus (Ringtail) Results: Conclusion: • It was found that the kinkajou shares many similarities with the red panda and ringtail. • Although, there are still commonalities between these three species. • These observations indicate that both function and phylogeny influence limb myology. • They provide additional comparative data for locomotor and phylogenetic studies of carnivorans. Citations: • “Kinkajou.” San Diego Zoo Global Animals and Plants, San Diego Zoo Global, 2018, animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/kinkajou. • Lie M, Zack S, Lucas L, Allen D, Fisheer R. 2015. Hind Limb Myology of the Ringtail (Bassariscus astutus) and the Myology of Hind Foot Reversal. Journal of mammology 97(1):211-233. • Fisher R, Adrian B, Elrod C, Hicks M. 2008. The Phylogeny of the Red Panda (Ailurus fulgens): Evidence from the hindlimb. J Anat 213:607-628. • Photos by Dr. Heather Ahrens and Megan Demshar Figure 1: 1- Tibialis cranialis 2- Gracilis 3- Gastrocnemius 4- Sartorius Figure 2: 1-Fibularis brevis 2- Fibularis longus 3- Tibialis cranialis 4- Sartorius 5- Extensor digitorum longus 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 Figure 3: 1- Quadriceps femoris 2- Gluteus superficialis 3- Femorococcygeus 4- Biceps femoris 5- Abductor cruris caudalis 6- Semitendinosus 5 4 3 2 1 6 Comparisons: • Gracilis: Origin and insertion similar in all three species. Origin from the pubis and ischii, insertion on the tibial crest distal to the tuberosity. • Sartorius: Origin and instertion similar to the red panda. Origin from the tuber coxae of the ilium, insertion fascia medial knee and medial distal to knee. • Fibularis longus: Origin similar to red panda, insertion similar to both red panda and ringtail. Originates from the craniolateral aspect of the fibular head, insertion assumed to be on the lateral aspect of the first metatarsal. • Fibularis brevis: Origin is similar to the ringtail, insertion similar to both red panda and ringtail. Originates from the craniolateral aspect of the fibular shaft, insertion assumed to be at the base of the 5 th metatarsal. • Gastrocnemius: Origin is different than red panda and ringtail. Medial head originates on medial supracondylar tuberosity, and lateral head originates on lateral supracondylar tuberosity. The insertion points are the same in all three species, the calcaneal tuberosity. • Gluteus superficialis: Origin and insertion is different than the red panda and ringtail. Originates from the dorsal iliac crest and caudal vertebrae 1 and 2, inserts laterodistal aspect of the greater trochanter. Assay localization of mutants and autophagy efficiency of mutants Assay localization of mutants and autophagy efficiency of mutants Acknowledgements: I would like to thank J. Davis for providing the specimen, J. Perry for giving advice about the dissection, and A. Walker for providing references. I would also like to thank Dr. Heather Ahrens for assisting and supporting me through this project.
Transcript of Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos flavus) · Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos...
Hindlimb Myology of the Honey Bear (Potos flavus) Alexandra Hameline, Megan Demshar, and Dr. Heather Ahrens
Department of Biology, High Point University
Abstract:
Thekinkajou,Potosflavus,isamedium-sizedmammalthatresidesinthetropicalrainforestsoftheAmericas.Theyarefullyarboreal,haveaprehensiletail,andcanrotatetheirhindfeet180°tofacilitateclimbing.Thisstudyprovidesdetailedinformationaboutthemyologyofthehindlimbofthekinkajou.Therighthindlimbofamalekinkajouwasdissectedanddocumentedusingdescriptionsandphotographs.Thesedatawerecomparedwiththemyologyoftheredpanda,Ailurusfulgens,andringtail,Bassariscusastutus.Therewaslittlevariationbetweenthesethreespecies.Somemuscles,suchasM.popliteus,M.sartorius,andM.quadratusfemoris,werecloserwiththeoriginandinsertionoftheredpanda,potentiallyduetothesimilarityinlocomotionofthemammals.Othermuscles,suchasM.obturatorinternus,weremoresimilartotheringtail,likelyreflectingphylogeny.M.gracilis,M.fibularislongus,andM.extensordigitorumlateraliswerefoundtohavesimilaritiesininsertion,origin,orboth.Theseobservationsindicatethatbothfunctionandphylogenyinfluencelimbmyology,aswellasprovideadditionalcomparativedataforlocomotorandphylogeneticstudiesofcarnivorans.
TheKinkajou
• AnarborealmammalthatlivesintherainforestsoftheAmericas
• Scientificname:Potosflavus• FromtheProcyonidaefamily• Relatedtoraccoons,ringtails,
andcoatis• Haveprehensiletails• Canturntheirfeet180°• Nickname:HoneyBear(due
tothefactthattheyenjoyeatingfreshhoneyfrombeehives)
• Nocturnalanimals
PhotographbySanDiegoZoo
Methods:
• Dissectedafrozen,malekinkajou• Identifiedthemusclesoftheright
hindlimb• Documentedbydescriptionand
photographs• Comparedattachmentsitesofthe
musclestohindlimbdocumentationoftheAilurusfulgens(RedPanda)andBassariscusastutus(Ringtail)
Results:
Conclusion:• Itwasfoundthatthekinkajousharesmanysimilaritieswiththeredpandaand
ringtail.• Although,therearestillcommonalitiesbetweenthesethreespecies.• Theseobservationsindicatethatbothfunctionandphylogenyinfluencelimb
myology.• Theyprovideadditionalcomparativedataforlocomotorandphylogenetic
studiesofcarnivorans.
Citations:• “Kinkajou.”SanDiegoZooGlobalAnimalsandPlants,SanDiegoZooGlobal,2018,
animals.sandiegozoo.org/animals/kinkajou.• LieM,ZackS,LucasL,AllenD,FisheerR.2015.HindLimbMyologyoftheRingtail
(Bassariscusastutus)andtheMyologyofHindFootReversal.Journalofmammology97(1):211-233.
• FisherR,AdrianB,ElrodC,HicksM.2008.ThePhylogenyoftheRedPanda(Ailurusfulgens):Evidencefromthehindlimb.JAnat213:607-628.
• PhotosbyDr.HeatherAhrensandMeganDemshar
Figure1:1-Tibialiscranialis2-Gracilis3-Gastrocnemius4-Sartorius
Figure2:1-Fibularisbrevis2-Fibularislongus3-Tibialiscranialis4-Sartorius5-Extensordigitorumlongus
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Figure3:1-Quadricepsfemoris2-Gluteussuperficialis3-Femorococcygeus4-Bicepsfemoris5-Abductorcruriscaudalis6-Semitendinosus
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Comparisons:• Gracilis:Originandinsertionsimilarinallthreespecies.Originfromthepubisandischii,insertiononthetibialcrestdistaltothetuberosity.• Sartorius:Originandinstertionsimilartotheredpanda.Originfromthetubercoxaeoftheilium,insertionfasciamedialkneeandmedialdistaltoknee.• Fibularislongus:Originsimilartoredpanda,insertionsimilartobothredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthecraniolateralaspectofthefibularhead,insertionassumedtobeonthe
lateralaspectofthefirstmetatarsal.• Fibularisbrevis:Originissimilartotheringtail,insertionsimilartobothredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthecraniolateralaspectofthefibularshaft,insertionassumedtobeatthe
baseofthe5thmetatarsal.• Gastrocnemius:Originisdifferentthanredpandaandringtail.Medialheadoriginatesonmedialsupracondylartuberosity,andlateralheadoriginatesonlateralsupracondylartuberosity.
Theinsertionpointsarethesameinallthreespecies,thecalcanealtuberosity.• Gluteussuperficialis:Originandinsertionisdifferentthantheredpandaandringtail.Originatesfromthedorsaliliaccrestandcaudalvertebrae1and2,insertslaterodistalaspectofthe
greatertrochanter.
AssaylocalizationofmutantsandautophagyefficiencyofmutantsAssaylocalizationofmutantsandautophagyefficiencyofmutants
Acknowledgements:IwouldliketothankJ.Davisforprovidingthespecimen,J.Perryforgivingadviceaboutthedissection,andA.Walkerforprovidingreferences.IwouldalsoliketothankDr.HeatherAhrensforassistingandsupportingmethroughthisproject.
