Highway Engineering Introduction to

Universiti Tun Hussein Onn Malaysia (UTHM)

BFC31802: Introduction to

Highway EngineeringCHAPTER 1

TELFORD PAVEMENT

•Thomas Telford started building roads inthe late 1700s while he was Surveyor of PublicWorks in Salop county.•He attempted to build relatively flatroads (no more than a 1 in 30 slope).•The pavement thickness was between 14 to18 inches.•Telford pavements did not use bindingagents to hold the stones togetherre.

MACADAM PAVEMENTS

Introduced by John McAdam (often known asMacadam) in the early 1800s.He introduced the usage of angular agregates onwell compacted subgrade for betterperformance.The subgrade was sloped to improve drainage.The angular agregates wereplaced in two layers for a total depth of 8 inches(maximum aggregate size was 3 inches).On top of this a wearing course was placed,about 2 inches thick (maximum aggregate sizewas 1 inch).He did not use binder to hold the stones togetherbecause he realized that the broken stoneswould eventually become bound together byfines generated by traffic.

HISTORY OF ROADS

One of the earliest Hot Mix Asphalt (HMA) pavements in history.Introduced by Frederick J. Warren when he issued patents for a hot mix asphalt paving material andprocess which he called ‘bitulithic’.A typical bithulitic mix contained 6% bituminous cement and graded aggregates proportioned for low airvoids.

Introduced in the mid-1800s, it consisted of sheet asphalt placed on a concrete base which had athickness of between 4 inches (for light traffic) and 6 inches (for heavy traffic).Traffic load, concrete strength and soil support were the parameters used to determine the final concretelayer thickness

Built using the basic Macadam pavement but the surface material was bound using tar.The tar (coal tar) was a residue from coal gas lighting.The first tar macadam road was build in Lincold Road in 1848.Tarmac” was also introduced in the early 1900s using blast furnace slag coated with tar, pitch, portlandcement and a resin.

BITHULITIC PAVEMENTS

SHEET ASPHALT PAVEMENTS

TAR MACADAM PAVEMENTS

TARTar, often called "coal tar" is a byproduct of thedestructive distillation of coal to form coke.In pavement applications, tar is generally more brittleand less elastic than asphalt causing it to crack undertypical loading and environmental conditions.Tar will, however, not dissolve as easily in the presenceof lighter petroleum distillation products such asgasoline and kerosene.Tar generally limited to sealant use.

ASPHALTAsphalt

is a petroleum residue left overfrom the distillation of crude oil.asphalt is used throughout the

pavementindustry

Tarand asphalt are twodifferent materials.!

PAVEMENT TYPESFLEXIBLE PAVEMENT

Those which are surfaced with bituminous (or asphalt)materials. These types of pavements are called "flexible" since the totalpavement structure "bends" or "deflects" due to traffic loads.A flexible pavement structure is generally composed of severallayers of materials which can accommodate this "flexing".Flexible pavement uses more flexible surface course anddistributes loads over a smaller area. It relies on a combination of layers for transmitting load to thesubgrade

PAVEMENT TYPESRIGID PAVEMENT

Those which are surfaced with portland cement concrete(PCC). These types of pavements are called "rigid" because they aresubstantially stiffer than flexible pavements due to PCC's highstiffness.Rigid pavement, because of PCC's high stiffness, tends todistribute the load over a relatively wide area of subgrade. The concrete slab itself supplies most of a rigid pavement'sstructural capacity.

WEARING COURSE

Flexible Pavement

BINDER COURSE

FORMATION LEVEL

BASECOURSE

SUBBASE COURSE

SUBGRADE

SUBBASE

Rigid Pavement

SUBGRADE FORMATION LEVEL

Concrete slab

ROAD CROSS-SECTIONAL ELEMENTSPROJECTED SUCCESS RATE

Presentations are communication tools thatcan be used as demonstrations and lectures.

FORRURALCROSS

SECTIONSThe roadway width is thecombined width of the:

traveled waymedianshouldersauxiliary lanes

FOR URBAN CROSSSECTIONS

the roadway consists of the:travel lanesauxiliary lanes including parking lanes, any bike lanesmediancurb and gutter

ROAD CROSS-SECTIONALELEMENTS

TRAVELLANE

provide the path for travel lane width greatly inf luences thesafety and comfort of dr iv ingtravel lane widths general ly varybetween 2.7 m and 3.6 m dependingon functional classif icat ion, traff icvolumes, and project scope of work

MEDIANalso known as the central reservationthe median width is measured from the inside edgeof the two traveled ways and includes insideshoulders and/or median curb and guttersprovides segregation between opposing direct ions ofthe traveled waysassists in draining of surface runoff when planted with trees and shrubs, a median wi l lhelp reduce glare from vehicle headl ightsmedian can be used for future expansion of thehighway (for addit ional number of lanes due totraff ic increase)

SHOULDERThe road shoulder is a reserved area by the verge ofthe road. I t may be either paved (HMA or concrete)or unpaved (aggregate or turf). The functions of road shoulder include:

provide structural support for the traveled way

provide support for guardrai l and preventserosion around guardrai l posts

prevent or minimize pavement edge drop-offs

provide space for emergency and discret ionarystop

improve roadside safety by providing morerecovery area for run-off-the-road vehicles

faci l i tate maintenance operations

faci l i tate pavement drainage

provide space for pedestr ian and bicycle use

CLEARZONE

Clear zone is defined as the total roadside border area,start ing at the edge of the traveled way, avai lable for safe useby errant vehicles.

Simply stated, i t is an unobstructed, relatively f lat area beyondthe edge of the traveled way that al lows a driver to stop safelyor regain control of a vehicle that leaves the traveled way.

This area may consist of a shoulder , a recoverable slope, anon-recoverable slope, and/or a clear run-out area.

The desired minimum width is dependent upon traff ic volumesand speeds and on the roadside geometry.

DEVELOPMENTOF ROADS INMALAYSIA

The road development in the MalayPeninsula started during theBrit ish occupation.

Roads were built to transportproducts of mining and plantation industry.

The construction then was extendedto Pulau Pinang. The active mining activ ityin Lembah Kinta also become the reasonof road construct ion from Taiping to Ipohin 1891 .

Currently , Peninsula Malaysia has about 847.7 k i lometersof road l inking North Malaysia to South Malaysia. The totallength of highway throughout Malaysia is about 1 192ki lometers , including expressways such as NKVE, EL ITE ,KESAS and BESRAYA

ROADSTANDARDS INMALAYSIA

RURALROADS

ExpresswayHighway

Primary RoadSecondary Road

Minor Road

URBANROADS

tExpresswayArterial

CollectorLocalStreet

CATEGORIESOF

ROADS

TOLL EXPRESSWAY

ClaffisicationOF

ROADS

FEDERAL ROAD

STATE ROAD

MUNICIPAL ROAD

Persiaran Persekutuan, PutrajayaLebuh Sentosa, PutrajayaKLCC Tunnel

RURALROADS

EXPRESSWAYS

divided interstate highways for through traffichas full access controlwith grade separated intersectionsfor fast travelingserve long tripsprovide higher traveling speed and comfort designed to thehighest standards

HIGHWAYSconstitute the interstate national networkcomplement the expressway networklink up directly or indirectly the federal and state capitals,and points of entry/exit to the countryserve long to intermediate tripshigh to medium speedsmooth traffic is provided partial access control

PRIMARY ROADSconstitute the major roads forming the basic network withina stateserve intermediate trip lengths and medium travelingspeedssmooth traffic is providedpartial access controllink up state and district capitals or other major towns

RURALROADS

SECONDARY ROADSconstitute the major roads forming the basic network within a district or regional development areasserve intermediate tripspartial access controllink up major towns within the district or regional developmentareas

MINOR ROADSapplies to all roads other than those described aboveform the basic road network within a land scheme or other inhabited areas include roads withspecial functions such as holiday resort roads, securityroads or access roads to microwave stationserve local traffic with short trip lengthspartial or no access control

Expressway

Arterial

Collector

Local Street

URBANSTREETS

Schematic

illustration of an urban road

network

EXPRESSWAYS•divided highways for through trafficform the basic network in urban areahas full access control•with grade separated intersectionsfor fast travelingserve long tripprovide higher traveling speed and comfortdesigned to the highest standardscomplement the rural expressways

ARTERIALS•continuous roads with partial access controlfor through trafficconvey traffic from residential areas to thevicinity of the central business, district, or fromone part of the city to another which does notintend topenetrate identifiable neighbourhoodsmooth traffic flow is essential since they carrylarge traffic volumesed partial access control

URBANROADS

URBANROADS

LOCAL STREETS

the basic network within a neighbourhood and serves tooffer direct access to abutting land•links to the collector roads and thus serve short trip lengthsthrough traffic should be discouraged

COLLECTORSroads with partial access control designed to serve on acollector/distributor of traffic between arterial and local roadsystemsmajor roads which penetrate and serve identifiableeighbourhood, commercial areas and industrial areas

ROADADMINISTRATION

IN MALAYSIA

FEDERAL ROADroads that are gazetted under the FederalRoad Ordinanceroads linking state capitals, airports, railwaystations and portsalso includes roads within FELDA landschemes and those in other regional landschemes constructed with federal fundsmaintenance of these roads is theresponsibility of the federal governmentmaintenance is carried out through the stateJKR and funded by the federal government

Forthe purpose of road administration,

roads are classified as TolledHighways,

Federal, State, Local Authority (CityHall, Municipal or Local Council) and

Kampung(District Office) Roads depending

upon their jurisdiction.

TOLLED HIGHWAYSlink cities/towns/new developments in order toincrease mobility and reduce congestion on federalhighwaysfor through traffic with full access controlinvolve grade-separated intersectioneach carriageway consists of two to three travelinglanes and an emergency laneprovide facilities such as rest and relax areas,shelters for motorcyclists, emergency phone service,etc.e.g. PLUS, NKVE, ELITE, SPRINT, KESAS

ROADADMINISTRATION

IN MALAYSIALOCAL AUTHORITY ROADSOLLED HIGHWAYS

all roads within the limits of the local authority(city hall, municipal or town council)the local authority is responsible for themaintenance of such roads

VILLAGE / DISTRICT OFFICE ROADSall roads directly under the jurisdiction ofthedistrict officeusually unpaved roads with no right of waythe district office is responsible for themaintenance of these roads

Forthe purpose of road administration,

roads are classified as TolledHighways,

Federal, State, Local Authority (CityHall, Municipal or Local Council) and

Kampung(District Office) Roads depending

upon their jurisdiction.

STATE ROADSall other roads within the states outside thejurisdiction of the local authority or district office built to JKR standardsconstructed with state fundsmaintenance of these roads is the responsibility ofthe state governmentmaintenance is carried out through the state JKR

ORGANIZATIONSINVOLVED IN THEADMINISTRATION OF ROADS INMALAYSIA

ECONOMIC PLANNING UNIT (EPU) UNIT PERANCANG EKONOMII

(UPE1forming and planning policies for all aspects of socioeconomicdevelopments for the country

the Infrastructure and Utilities Section plays a role in à theplanning, formation and evaluation of transportation policies andprograms identifying, analyzing, evaluating and coordinating all roaddevelopments plans

HIGHWAY PLANNING UNIT (HPU)UNITPERANCANG JALAN

(UPJ)conducts traffic engineering studies such as traffic volume, origin-destination, traffic growth rate, vehicle speed, accident-prone areas, etc.

among the function of the HPU are :data collection of travel characteristics and traffic operationsincorporating highway planning and land use planningestablishing the needs of the highway sector for long-term/short-term programsstudying the feasibilities of highway projects - studying the causes of accidents, identifying areas prone toaccidents and coming up with steps to reduce/prevent accidents


MALAYSIAN HIGHWAY AUTHORITY (MHA)LEMBAGA LEBUHRAYAMALAYSIA

(LLM)LLM is responsible in

the supervision and execution of highway design, constructioand maintenancethe supervision and execution of the design,construction andmaintenance of rest and relax areas and other facilitiestoll collection from highway usersplanning and research of effective usage of highways and itsfacilitiestaking steps to further develop existing highways and itsfacilities

PUBLIC WORKS DEPARTMENT (PWD) JABATAN KERJARAYA

(JKR)responsible for development projects, especially in the constructionof public buildings, federal roads, state roads and bridgesinvolved in planning, construction and maintenance the Road Branch (Cawangan Jalan) is responsible for planningand preserving the conditions of roads for the safety and comfortof the road usersthe Road Branch is also involved in pavement rehabilitation, roadwidening, and the strengthening and repair of pavements,pavement drainage systems and road furniture


ROAD TRANSPORT DEPARTMENT (RTD) JABATAN PENGANGKUTAN JALAN

(JPJ)Objectives:improve road safety by monitoring motorized vehicles and drivers collection of road taxes.Functions.enforce the Road Transport Act 1987update the tax collection systemassist in reducing road accidentsassist the government in their effort reduce the effects of transport onthe environment

COMMERCIAL VEHICLE L ICENSING BOARD (CVLP)LEMBAGA PERLESENAN KENDERAANPERDAGANGAN

(LPKP)responsible for issuing and controlling of license permits of commercial vehicles and public transport such as taxis, buses and rented carsthe function of this board is limited to the consideration of applications forlicenses and the imposing restrictions after applications are approved


STATE POLICE POLIS NEGERIthe Traffic Branch is responsible for ensuring safety anddiscipline of drivers on the road, and law enforcementagainst traffic offenders the role of the State Police include

ensuring smooth traffic by patrolling the roads andeasing traffic congestion manually if the need arisesissuing summons to traffic offenders and collectingcompounds from themrecording, analyzing and investigating road accidentscontrolling traffic during large-scale functions

DEPARTMENT OF TOWN AND COUNTRY PLANNING JABATANPERANCANGAN BANDAR DAN DESA

(JPBD)arrange and control developments in accordance with theTown and Country Planning Act 1976 in the transportation sector, JPBD is in charge of carrying outplanning of transportation systems within a town the State JPBD assists the State government and TownCouncils in the planning of land use and the control of development inaccordance with state and national policiesthe State JPBD also prepares structure plans and local planscovering all aspects related with planning, which includestransportation


LOCAL AUTHORITIES P IHAK BERKUASATEMPATAN

(PBT)District Council, Town Council, Municipality Council, and City Hallplan and develop areas within its administrationthe PBT is responsible for'

infrastructure allocation and road planningmanaging and controlling traffic congestioncreating adequate parking space and managing parking feecollectionstreet landscapingproviding public transportation services which are prompt, affordableand effectiveconstructing and maintaining roads

DEPARTMENT OF ENVIRONMENT (DOE) JABATAN ALAM SEKITAR

(JAS))controls and monitors environmental pollutionpreserve and conserve the environment in the context of road transport, the DOEplays its role in

enforcing the Motorized Vehicle Regulations 1977 through theEnvironment Quality Act 1974controlling and monitoring of exhaust and noise emission of vehiclesstudying and analyzing the impacts of transportation on theenvironment producing Environmental Impact Assessment reports for new projectsand developments

Summary ofthe

Functions ofGovernmentAgencies in

Road andransportAdminis

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