Highly Successful ERD Pilot EvaluationHighly Successful ERD Pilot EvaluationUtilizing a Simple Additive Delivery ApproachUtilizing a Simple Additive Delivery Approach

Kent C. Armstrong – BioStryke® Remediation Products, LLCP.O. Box 254, Andover, NH USA; Brampton, Ontario CDN

James Romeo PG – Partner Engineering & Science, Inc.Altamonte Springs, Florida

International Petroleum Environmental ConferenceDenver, Colorado November 2015

� Stennis Space Center (SSC), Hancock County, Mississippi

� Southern Edge of the Gulf Coastal Plain

� Approximately 55 miles NE of New Orleans, Louisiana

Project Background

� Approximately 55 miles NE of New Orleans, Louisiana

� Approximately 36 miles West of Biloxi, Mississippi

� Historical equipment cleaning and disposal practices contributed to groundwater contamination at SSC

� 10 Contaminant-of-Concern (COC) Trichloroethylene (TCE)

� Concentrations of [TCE] exceeding compliance standards detected at 5-separate locations

� Performed on-site PRS Based and microcosm evaluations

� Evaluations to determine efficacy and feasibility of biostimulation as a residual source mass site strategy

� [TCE] at depths ranging from 7 to over 90-ft bgs

Project Background

� Four Pump-and-Treat (P&T) systems currently operating

� NASA estimates cleanup timelines to exceed 20-years

� P&T systems currently reaching asymptotic conditions

� Unable to remove remaining residual contaminant mass effectively

� Recent independent evaluations determined little to no-effect over last 5-years of operations

� NASA and independent consultant believe both cleanup duration and costs of current P&T grossly underestimated

Pro’s & Con’s of Bioremediation

� Inappropriate without Physical Removal

� Pooled DNAPL Source Zone

� Time is of the essence

� Ideal Situation

� Accessible impact zone � Time constraints minimal� Homogeneous stratigraphic conditions

� Appropriate with Remedial Design Considerations

� Heterogeneous matrix, silty/clay soil, fractured bedrock� Residual DNAPL, cVOC and non-cVOC mixture � Highly aerobic overburden

� Nourishes, stimulates native microbial populations

� Eliminates above ground support equipment

Benefits to Biostimulation

minimize the impact of remediation

� Eliminates above ground support equipment

� Minimizes off-site removal, fuel and energy costs

� Eliminates nuisance noise, emissions and vapors

� Expedites residual source mass solubilization

� Increases contaminant bioavailability

� Facilitates cost-effective Long-Term Compliance

cVOC Biotransformation PathwaycVOC Biotransformation Pathway

� NASA and independent consultant (ITB, Inc.) desire alternative remedial strategy to optimize current cleanup strategies at SSC

� Conduct field based biostimulation demonstration

Evaluation ObjectivesField Evaluation

� Conduct field based biostimulation demonstration

� Utilize additive filled Passive Release Sock (PRS) deployment units

� Amended Area D Water Bearing Unit 3 (WBZ 3)

� Utilized Monitoring Well 06-12MW

� 4-inch OD test well; depth to water ≈27ft

� Total depth of well ≈92-ft w/10-ft screened interval at bottom

� Determine potential for native microbial populations to degrade TCE effectively

� Data gathered assists other NASA sites

� Performed independent microcosm evaluation (CB&I)

� Confirm field results supported by laboratory results

� Compare two additives efficacy as sole electron donor

Evaluation ObjectivesMicrocosm Evaluation

� Compare two additives efficacy as sole electron donor

� Included augmentation and amendment addition

� Compared ERDENHANCED™ to Lactate

� Each microcosm started with additive

concentration of 1.35 g/L

� Augmented with SDC-9 Dehalococcoides sp.

at 1 x 107 cells/ml

� Site groundwater spiked with ≈45 mg/L [TCE]

� 10-day evaluation period

Pilot Study Microcosm EvaluationERDENHANCED®

NASA Stennis Space Station - Mississippi

• Evaluation performed by CB&I, Lawrenceville, NJ

Pilot Study Microcosm Evaluation OneERDENHANCED™

NASA Stennis Space Station - Mississippi

40000

45000

50000

Lactateµg/L

• ≈97.8%REDUCTION by day-10

• An increase to 17,000 ug/L [cis-DCE] by day-7; followed by,

Lactate amended microcosm realized:

Lactate did not yield complete biotransformation during evaluation period

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10000

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Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 10

TCE DCE VC

by day-7; followed by,

• 19.0%REDUCTION [cis-DCE] from peak bioavailability at evaluation end

• Increases in [VC] start at day-7 with continued upward trend at evaluation end

• Increases in [VC] without reduction may result in 20 contaminant and compliance issues

Pilot Study Microcosm EvaluationERDENHANCED™

NASA Stennis Space Station - Mississippi

µg/L

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45,000

50,000

ERDERDENHANCED™• BioStryke® ERDENHANCED® realized:

• >99.99% REDUCTION [TCE] by day 5

• Overall >93.3% reduction in [cis-DCE]

Over 10-day microcosm study

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Day 1 Day 3 Day 5 Day 7 Day 10

TCE DCE VC

BioStryke® Faster, Safer Biotransformation of cVOC contaminants

• Initial 2,300% increase at day 5

• >71% than lactate microcosm

• >99.7% reduction from peak bioavailability at evaluation end

• A four order-of-magnitude increase [VC] at day-7 of the evaluation

• >99.99% reduction in [VC] at day-10

• Complete parent destruction with twice the daughter production and subsequent complete destruction

� NASA and independent consultant (ITB, Inc.) desire alternative remedial strategy to optimize current cleanup strategies at SSC

� Conduct field based biostimulation demonstration

Evaluation ObjectivesField Evaluation

� Conduct field based biostimulation demonstration

� Utilize additive filled Passive Release Sock (PRS) deployment units

� Amended Area D Water Bearing Unit 3 (WBZ 3)

� Utilized Monitoring Well 06-12MW

� 4-inch OD test well; depth to water ≈27ft

� Total depth of well ≈92-ft w/10-ft screened interval at bottom

� Determine potential for native microbial populations to degrade TCE effectively

� Data gathered assists other NASA sites

Site Plan – Area D

Direction of GW

Background ConditionsBackground ConditionsStennis Space Station Area D: 06Stennis Space Station Area D: 06--12MW12MW

� Deep Groundwater Bearing Unit

� Historical non-compliant [TCE]

� Ranging from >50 ug/L to ≈2,000 ug/L

� Asymptotic over time

Well-ID Date [TCE] [cis-DCE] [VC]

2007 69 12 ND

2008 1,201 233 ND� Asymptotic over time

� Indicative of residual source mass

� Limited daughter production

� No [Vinyl chloride] or [Ethene] recorded over entire period

� P&T systems effectiveness limited

� In terms of performance

� In terms of long-term cost

06-12MW

2009 186 16 ND

2010 1,259 177 ND

2011 1,893 331 ND

2012 1,017 99 ND

2013 154 13 ND

MCL (µg/L) 5 70 2

PRS Evaluation ProcessPRS Evaluation ProcessDetermine Additive Efficacy Under Real Biogeochemical Determine Additive Efficacy Under Real Biogeochemical

ConditionsConditions

� Utilize Passive Release Sock (PRS) deployment units

� Low-Risk, Low-Cost alternative to lab based evaluations

� Performed under actual Site biogeochemical conditions

� Provides Representative ‘Go-no-Go’ on-Site Evaluation

� ORP, DO, pH, Temp, Cond; NO3, SO4, diss. Mn/Fe Ethane, Methane, Ethene, and Contaminants of Concern

� Field indicator parameters monitored and recorded each replacement event

� Provides Representative ‘Go-no-Go’ on-Site Evaluation

� Baseline & Performance Monitoring/Sampling

� PRS replacement events every 6-8 weeks� 7 replacement events over 15 month evaluation� Performance sample collection/analysis each event

� Non-purge, low-flow sampling protocols

�

Well withdeployed PRS

Ground surface

�

Groundwater Flow Direction

Additive slowly dissolves into casing volume of test well

PRS unit acts as a wicking agent to manage additive delivery

Pilot Study ProgramPilot Study ProgramBenefits Benefits -- LimitationsLimitations

� Non-Scalable, PRS Pilot Study Generates Limited AOI

� Typically < 2 meters

� Confirm Additive Efficacy prior to Full-Scale Commitment

� Confirms presence/absence dehalorespiring bacteria

� Easily combined with BioTrap® and/or other evaluation tools

� Non-purge sampling otherwise skews results

� Removes amended groundwater� Removes enhanced microbial populations

� Helps identify presence/absence of residual mass and,

provides go no-go based results

� Utilizes casing volume of well as ‘laboratory microsm’

� Overall 94.8%REDUCTION [TCE] over 15-month evaluation

� >99.99% continuous reductions in [TCE] from months T7-T10

� Overall 79.3%REDUCTION [cis-DCE] over 15-month

Changes in concentrations of cVOC contaminants

ERDERDENHANCEDENHANCED™™ PRS Pilot StudyPRS Pilot StudyNASA Stennis Space Station NASA Stennis Space Station -- MississippiMississippi

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50.00

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MW-06-12Moles/L P:D Ratio

DCE] over 15-month evaluation

� Initial 85.7% reduction at month 4

�>1,530% increase by month 8

� >91.1%REDUCTION [CIS-DCE]from peak bioavailability at end

� Consistent decrease in ORP values (from +69 to -191mV)

� No [VC] or [Ethene] recorded

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[TCE] [cis-DCE] ORP

Final PRS Deployment

� As TCE molecules are respired, moles TCE drop 100%

in ≈8 mos.

� Similarly, moles DCE drop 86% in ≈4 months; afterwards,

NASA ERDenhanced™ Field Evaluation Results

60.0%

70.0%

80.0%

5.00E-03

6.00E-03

06-12 MW

ERDERDENHANCEDENHANCED™™ PRS Pilot StudyPRS Pilot StudyNASA Stennis Space Station NASA Stennis Space Station -- MississippiMississippi

� >1,500% increase moles DCE next 4 months

� Moles DCE decrease 91% from peak bioavailability

� Overall molar decrease

� TCE 94.8%

� DCE 79.3%

� Parent Daughter Ratio Confirms biotransformation of

cVOC contaminants

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10.0%

20.0%

30.0%

40.0%

50.0%

0.00E+00

1.00E-03

2.00E-03

3.00E-03

4.00E-03

Moles TCE Moles DCE P:D Ratio Linear (P:D Ratio)

Final PRS Deployment

Contaminant Reduction but NO Destruction?

The importance of molar comparisons

200

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800,000

1,000,000

1,200,000

%Moles TCE vs. Sulfate and [TCE]

Potential Start of Biotic Activity

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600,000

[TCE] P:D Ratio Sulfate

Period of No Biotransformation of Parent TCE Contaminant

Parent Daughter Ratio No Change in P:D Ration Regardless of [SO4] or [TCE]

ERDENHANCED™ PRS Pilot StudyNASA Stennis Space Station - Mississippi

1000

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120000

MW-06-12mg/L mV• 4 Order-of-Magnitude

increase in [dissolved Fe]

• >98.3% decrease [diss. Fe] from peak availability

• >3,000% increase [dissolved

Geochemistry; 20 lines of evidence supporting biotic reductive dechlorination

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1-Jul-13 1-Aug-13 1-Sep-13 1-Oct-13 1-Nov-13 1-Dec-13 1-Jan-14 1-Feb-14 1-Mar-14 1-Apr-14 1-May-14 1-Jun-14

Diss Fe ORP Diss Mn

• >3,000% increase [dissolved Manganese] at month

• >85.7% decrease [diss. Mn] by evaluation end

• 30,000% increase [Sulfate] by month 6; complete depletion by end of evaluation period

• Sustained decrease in ORP, general increases [Methane]

ConclusionsConclusions

� Demonstrated biostimulation cost-effective strategy

� ERDENHANCED® amended microcosm superior performance

� Field evaluation data supported complete cVOC biotransformation

� PRS study proved effective as ‘Go no-Go’ evaluation process

� Current estimations place biostimulation capable of obtaining sustainable reducing conditions and 3-5 year compliance timeline

� From results of Treatability evaluation determine full-scale loading and site requirements

� PRS study proved effective as ‘Go no-Go’ evaluation process

� 2016 proposed on-site treatability evaluation

� DPT injection of ERDenhanced about performance well� Confirm subsurface distribution capabilities� Determine transferability of PRS and Microcosm studies

� Site currently undergoing additional characterization

Thank You ?? Questions ??

BioStryke Remediation Products, LLCBioStryke Remediation Products, LLCP.O. Box 254, Andover NHP.O. Box 254, Andover NH

www.biostryke.comwww.biostryke.com603.731.3159 karmstrong@biostryke.net603.731.3159 karmstrong@biostryke.net