Climate-Smart Agriculture Project Knowledge Sharing Event

Chrismar Hotel Lusaka, Zambia - 26 March 2015 Dr Kaisa Karttunen, FAO Dr Armine Avagyan, FAO

Highlights of the process for developing Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions in agriculture

Outline• NAMA background• Overview of NAMA planning process• GHG emissions from agriculture and land use• Mitigation options • Stakeholders engagement • Financing questions• Monitoring, reporting and verification • NAMA tool

UNFCCC climate change negotiations and road to NAMAs

In 1992, countries joined an

international treaty to address climate change.

(195 Parties)

In 1997, the Kyoto Protocol legally binded

developed countries to

emission reduction

target(192 Parties)

In 2007 Bali Action Plan the NAMA

concept was introduced.

In 2009 114 Parties committed

to undertaking mitigation actions

as part of a shared

responsibility to reduce GHGs. Also, NAMA concept was

specified.

In Cancun in 2010, developed countries agreed

to provide $30 billion in fast-start financing and mobilise

$100 billion per year by 2020 to

finance mitigation and adaptation in developing countries.

In 2011 the Green Climate Fund (GCF)

was launched  and the NAMA

registry was establishment.

In 2012 a as a part of the agreed

outcome, developing country Parties will

take NAMAs in the context of sustainable

development. The UK and

Germany announced the establishment of the “NAMA Facility” to facilitate financial flows for NAMAs.

NAMAs – Nationally Appropriate Mitigation Actions

• NAMA concept first introduced in 2007 in UNFCCC’s Bali Action Plan: …”Nationally appropriate mitigation actions by developing country parties in the context of sustainable development, supported and enabled by technology, financing and capacity building, in a measurable, reportable and verifiable way. “

• A relatively new concept in agriculture -> substantial awareness raising and readiness building needed

• An opportunity for countries to maintain and enhance agricultural productivity while reducing GHG emissions

• Other sectors, including energy, transport and construction are more advanced in NAMA development

NAMA key characteristics

NAMAs

NAMA benefits Many agricultural practices reduce or remove GHG emissions. They can also provide many other important benefits, such as:•supporting climate change adaptation •fostering food security•addressing agriculture as a driver of deforestation and other land use changes•reducing agriculture’s contribution to non-point pollution of water sources•providing social benefits through improved land tenure and governance reform•increasing the potential for scaling up CSA practices •promoting access to energy in rural areas

Application for financing

Identify optionsEvaluate and

prioritize optionsIdentify

stakeholders

Engage key stakeholders

Agree on responsibilities

Identify financing sources

Develop a concept note

Design NAMA

ImplementCollect data for monitoring

Evaluate, report and verify

Involve all stakeholders

Identify financing options

Apply for proposal development funds

Apply for implementation funds

Apply for capacity development

Fast track NAMA development

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It may also be possible to build NAMA elements in an ongoing agriculture / livestock development programme.

GHG emissions from agriculture

GHG emissions: background

Carbon dioxide CO2, methane CH4 and nitrous oxide N2O

•Sources in agriculture:• CH4 and N2O from livestock (enteric fermentation, manure);

• N2O from agricultural soils;

• CH4 from rice cultivation;

• CH4 and N2O from burning agriculture waste; and

• CH4 and N2O from savannah burning

•Sources in land use/change/forestry: mainly CO2 (N2O) from forest clearing, on-site burning, off-site burning, on-site biomass decay, managed organic soils, application of lime. •Sinks: carbon uptake and biomass increment, dry matter, forest/biomass area abandoned over 20 years and annual growth

GHG emissions in Zambia

Source: National Communication 2014

Emissions by sector (%), 1994 Emissions by sector (%), 2000

Significant increase in GHG emissions from agriculture

Zambia, projected emissions

Source: National Communication 2014

GH

G e

mis

sion

s in

CO

2eq,

Gg

Year

Step by step NAMA development

Identify options Evaluate and prioritize options

Identify stakeholders

Engage key stakeholders

Agree on responsibilities

Identify financing sources

Develop a concept note

Design NAMA

ImplementCollect data for monitoring

Evaluate, report and verify

Involve all stakeholders

GHG emissions from the livestock sector Total: 5.26 Mt CO2eq

Source: GLEAM

*Excluding post farm emissions < 0.1 Mt CO2eq

FAOSTAT Database The FAOSTAT database www.faostat.org•contains country and regional data on agriculture and forestry,•estimates GHG emissions based on activity data reported by member countries. If needed, time series are completed with data from international sources and calculated through estimation methods.

Users can access FAOSTAT for GHG emissions data resulting from •enteric fermentation;•manure management, •rice cultivation, •agricultural soils (synthetic fertilizers, manure applied to soil, •crop residues, cultivated organic soils, manure left on pastures), •prescribed burning of savannas and burning of crop residues;•changes in land use, including net forest conversion to other•land and drainage of organic soils.

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Mitigation options in agriculture

Policy framework in Zambia Policy framework:•The 6th National Development Plan 2011-2015; •Zambia National Climate Change Response Strategy 2010-2015; National Communications to UNFCCC 2004 and 2014; •National Agricultural Policy 2004-2015; • National Programme of Action

on Adaptation to Climate Change (NAPA) 2007;

• National Policy Environmental & Environmental Management Act;

• Strategic Programme for Climate Resilience …

Mitigation options in Zambia

The National Communication (2014) provides several options for reduced and removed GHG emissions. For instance, •biogas production from manure and waste•green manure crops and conservation farming•reduced deforestation and forest degradation through improved cooking stoves;•sustainable agriculture and improved charcoal production

Less attention to livestock, in particular enteric fermentation and pasture management, although there’s considerable potential

Mitigation options in Zambia Utilizing carbon sinks in agriculture, e.g. •sustainable crop and grazing land management: Limitation- the saturation effect, i.e. after 20 years no additional carbon can be stored in soils. •Agroforestry: Advantage - the above ground biomass will continue storing carbon (agrosilviculture, alley cropping, woodlots…). The vast agriculture and pasture land area in Zambia -> an important option. Livestock related emission reductions (no saturation) when compared to an alternative sector development path (baseline scenario):

– Reduced enteric fermentation by addressing feeding, animal health and breeding……will reduce emission per unit of milk and meat

– Manure management e.g. use of manure for biogas– Improved pasture management (link to the first option)

•Need for transparent MRV methodologies for setting the baseline and monitoring the changes

Source: EPIC policy brief, forthcoming

The FAO EX-ACT tool• Analyses needed to identify

potential agriculture subsectors, policies and measures for mitigation and their mitigation potential. The mitigation priority setting is influenced by the economic mitigation potential and other characteristics of the possible actions, including their feasibility, trade-offs with other policy objectives, donor’s financing priorities and MRV requirements.

• Tools are available for screening the technical mitigation potential of different actions. E.g. the FAO EX-Ante Carbon balance Tool (http://www.fao.org/tc/exact/ex-act-home/en/) calculates estimates of the impact of agriculture and forestry development projects and policies on the carbon-balance. Also specifies the type of carbon pool

(biomass, soil, other) or GHG that is involved. The results help project

designers to prioritize project activities.

Assessment of non-GHG benefits In addition to GHG benefits, NAMAs should also deliver sustainable development benefits that are not related to the carbon balance and that are in line with national development priorities.

Stakeholder engagement

Stakeholder mapping and engagementThe identification, planning and implementation of mitigation actions must involve several stakeholders:

• smallholders and large-scale farmers, forest users, fishers, fish farmers (both men and women) and their organizations

• civil society organizations, NGOs• private processors, transporters, wholesalers and retailers• research and extension/development institutions• national and local governments, including agricultural planners• policy makers and administration • other ministries (e.g. environment, finance, planning, land, natural

resources, statistics) • climate change focal points and coordination units and the Parliament; • international partners• domestic and international financing agencies

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NAMA Financing

Sources of financing NAMAs can be financed from domestic, bilateral and multilateral sources.

Criteria considered by climate finance institutions

Source: Comstock and Davis, 2012, adapted by Wilkes et al. 2013b

NAMA registry

• Online platform under UNFCCC• For NAMA concepts and more advanced NAMA plans seeking

recognition or financing for planning or implementation • Additional information on sources of financing:

http://www4.unfccc.int/sites/nama/

Monitoring/Measuring, Reporting and Verifying

MRV

MRV – what does it stand for?

MRV assess the progress of a NAMA towards its mitigation and sustainable development goals.

What is MRV needed for? Is it to: • respond to donors’ requirements? • monitor policy performance and guide policy making?

– Should the MRV system focus on the GHG and/or non-GHG impacts? – Accuracy requirements? How much uncertainty can be accepted? – Should the estimation/monitoring be on-site, or do official statistics exist

and can they be utilized? – Who is going to use the results?

• comply with UNFCCC reporting requirements? – Through which channels will the results be reported (i.e. how local project

level data collection can be organised in a consistent manner with other projects, and how the local data can be centrally stored and utilised)?

– Is it going to inform farmers / extension staff to track performance and benchmark production systems?

Estimation of GHG emissions/removals

Activity data: E.g. livestock type and numbers; area of managed agriculture land, pastures or forests; amount of synthetic or organic fertilizer applied; area of paddy rice; area of burned land…….

Emission factor: A coefficient/multiplier that quantifies the emissions or removals of GHG per unit of activity (e.g. emissions per ha). E.g. IPCC emission factors database or national emission factors through measurements and modeling

Source: 2006 IPCC Guidelines; FAOSTAT manual

Activity Data

Activity Data

Emission Factor

Emission Factor

Emissions /removalsEmissions /removals

Preparing MRV planMRV plan for NAMA should include e.g. :

1.The objective(s), activities and timelines of the NAMA e.g. reduce emissions by 40 % 2.Geographical scope: province, national

3.Indicators for objectives (and activities);– Including description of methods for monitoring changes– Sources of information (measured/monitored) and assumptions– Targeted accuracy and certainty requirements

4.Frequency of monitoring and reporting e.g. livestock population-annual, animal health improvements- every 3 years, job creation- every 4 years5.Responsible entities: who is doing what? 6.Information on how data will be reported, centrally aggregated and stored7.Details on quality assurance and verification

Overall, the MRV plan should enable provision of a credible NAMA which is consistent, complete, accurate and transparent.

What to monitor?

E.g. Goals of a Livestock NAMA

• Scale: From piloting in one district to scaling up• Sinks: Additional carbon storage through rotational grazing,

live fences and improvement of pastures • GHGs: Emission reduction through manure management and

reduced enteric fermentation • Economy: Private-sector engagement and investments• Cost-Effectiveness: Increased livestock productivity• Sustainable Development: Strengthened capacities of male

and female producers

Baseline for MRV A baseline is essential as it – describes the situation without the intervention (e.g. NAMA) – provides a reference level to monitor the targeted and real GHG emission

reductions and other NAMA benefits

It is a data-intensive exercise:– The main challenge to establishing baseline emissions lies in the data

which may not exist or are incomplete or out-dated.

Data needed for the NAMA and the baseline may have been collected for other purposes (e.g. annual national surveys)

Important to identify– existing monitoring and MRV schemes (e.g. GHG inventories), – other data collection/reporting systems nationally and internationally

Zambia, Data issues • Inadequate land cover maps• Inadequate capture of information from existing crop survey forms • Inadequate data on slash-and burn practices• Inadequate categorization of improved pastures (liming, manure

management, irrigation, improved seeds…)What to do? • Using the Integrated Land Use Assessment (ILUA) to generate land

cover maps for various time series• Involving institutions to provide data, e.g. Remote Sensing Centre,

Meteorological Department…

Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov 2014

Proposed solutions

• Institutionalizing GHG inventory preparation • Including GHG inventory costs as part of national budget • Incorporation of GHG data requirements as part of periodic

national surveys conducted by Central Statistics Office • Involvement of Academia for specific research needs • Review of mandatory data requirement format submitted to

Environmental Agency

Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov 2014

Data generation and reporting structure

Source: Michael Phiri’s presentation Nov 2014

NAMA tool

Why a NAMA Learning tool?

• Generic NAMA guides and tools do not address specific questions related to agriculture and land use.

• FAO–CCAFS joint publications are among the only ones targeting NAMAs in agriculture:

National integrated mitigation planning in agriculture – A review paper, 2013

National planning for GHG mitigation in agriculture – A guidance document, 2013

FAO’s new learning tool for the development of NAMAs in the agriculture,

forestry and other land use sectorStructure of the tool

FAO NAMA tool aims to help agriculture sector actors get started with NAMA identification and planning.

Format Web-based detailed guidance,Available for individual learning from June 2015.

Thank you very much!

For more information: Kaisa.Karttunen@fao.orgArmine.Avagyan@fao.org

micca@fao.org www.fao.org/climatechange/micca/policies-namas/