HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from...

HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328


Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92.I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander IIIII.The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward.III.Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause

Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I.I.John Balliol’s difficulties in ruling ScotlandII.Scottish responses to Edward’s overlordshipIII.Edward’s subjugation of the Scots in 1296

Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305.•The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7•The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301•The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5

Issue 4: The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland’s independence.•The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce•Robert Bruce’s abilities as a military leader•The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92.I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander IIIII.The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward.III.Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause

Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I.I.John Balliol’s difficulties in ruling ScotlandII.Scottish responses to Edward’s overlordshipIII.Edward’s subjugation of the Scots in 1296

Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305.•The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7•The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301•The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5

Issue 4: The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland’s independence.•The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce•Robert Bruce’s abilities as a military leader•The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328



Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92

I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander III

II.The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward

III.Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause

Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from 1286-92

I.The problems caused by the death of Alexander III

II.The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward

III.Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause



Problems caused by the death of Alexander

III in 1286

Fear of Civil war between Bruce and Balliol factions

Margaret, Maid of Norway, chosen as queen but she is a child and a female

Guardians had to be chosen carefully to rule Scotland in Margaret's name until she was old enough-she could be overthrown or kidnapped easily

A suitable husband had to be found for the Margaret

Scots Nobles initially failed to agree on heir to the throne despite twice meeting at Scone

Alexander III children had died before him leaving no clear heir to the throne

Problems caused by the death of the Maid

in 1290There is no clear and apparent heir to the throne of the Kingdom

Need for someone powerful to keep the Scottish nobles in check and decide upon new King, Edward demanded overlordship to adjudicate on succession

Treaty of Birgham, with all its guarantees for Scottish sovereignty and independence is null and void

Fear of Civil war between Bruce and Balliol factions arises once again

Sub issue 2 The reasons for the Scots’ appeal to Edward.



•Maid of Norway died on reaching Orkney causing the succession crisis. •Bishop Fraser believes that Edward should come to an understanding with Balliol, and this is the only way to avoid civil war. •The Earls of Mar and Atholl were collecting their army, which further led to fear of civil war. •Scots were looking for Edward I to arbitrate between the two competitors. •Fear that the guardianship would collapse. •Alexander had had a good working relationship with Edward I of England. •Edward I had a reputation as a statesman. •Fraser’s letter led to a reaction from the Bruce faction: letter of the seven earls. •Balliol was also manoeuvring for the crown, he had established a close relationship with Bishop Bek, Edward’s chief representative in Scotland. •Desire of Edward to revive English claims of overlordship. •The majority of Scots looked kindly on Edward’s intervention, at least at the beginning.

Sub issue 3 Edward’s resolution of the Great Cause

•Edward’s demands at Norham•Details of the Great Cause and the competitors•The reasons behind Edward’s decision





Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I

I.John Balliol’s difficulties in ruling Scotland

II.Scottish responses to Edward’s overlordship

III.Edward’s subjugation of the Scots in 1296

Issue 2: The relationship between John Balliol and Edward I

I.John Balliol’s difficulties in ruling Scotland

II.Scottish responses to Edward’s overlordship

III.Edward’s subjugation of the Scots in 1296



Edward I also demanded feudal military forces from Scotland to go to war against France in 1294, this showed that Edward regarded King John like one of his regional Barons and expected him to do military service for him.

THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN KING JOHN

AND EDWARD I

John was forced by Edward to swear loyalty and fealty to Edward on several occasions for the King’s lands in Scotland as Edward sought to impose his superiority as feudal overlord.

Edward’s final humiliation of King John when he stripped him of Kingship and ripped his royal emblem from his robes.

This idea of Edward being the highest judge on cases involving Scots was shown with the MacDuff case and when Roger Bartholomew successfully took a case to Edward’s Court in 1292 and shows how John’s judgements were superseded by Edward on a number of occassions.

John was imprisoned in the Tower of London and sent in exile to his families lands in France. Edward believed he had the feudal right to do this.

Scottish responses to Edward’s overlordship

Edward’s subjugation of the

Scots in 1296

that the subjugation of the Scots was complete in 1296 with the vast majority of the Scots clergy and nobility stamping their seals on a document declaring their loyalty to Edward I, this became known as the “Ragman Roll”.

Edward further subjugated the Scots in 1296 by removing from Scotland artefacts, like the Stone of Destiny, and papers relating to the kingdom to show that he was in full control of the country and government.

Edward removed the title of the King of Scots from John Balliol. This was one of the final acts of Edward’s subjugation as it ensured Scotland had no king and no succession

Edward’s army destroyed the Scots at the Battle of Dunbar and captured many leading nobles. This ensured the success of Edward’s subjugation as the Scots lost the political and psychological will to resist Edward.

Scotland was subjugated easily in 1296 because many of the Scottish nobles failed to support Balliol and chose to remain outside the fight or sided with Edward I. Robert the Bruce the competitor sided with Edward at this time as he had lands in England.

Edward began his subjugation of Scotland by besieging and then sacking Berwick and putting thousands of men, women and children to the sword.



Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305

I.The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7

II.The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301

III.The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5

Issue 3: Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1305

I.The growth of Scottish resistance to Edward, 1296-7

II.The changing military balance between Scotland and England, 1298-1301

III.The crushing of Scottish resistance by Edward, 1301-5

1. Murder of Sheriff of Lanark-May 12972. Southern Rebellion- May to July 1297, Noble uprising in South-

West capitulated at Irvine on 7th July3. Wallace and Sir William Douglas raided Dumfriesshire and then

attacked Ormesby at Scone4. Northern Rebellion-May 1297, Sir Andrew Murray captured

Inverness, Urquhart, Nairn and Banff, no English north of Tay by summer of 1297

5. Moray joins with Wallace at Dundee in August 1297 and call themselves “Commanders of the Armies of Scotland”

6. Defeat of English forces at the Battle of Stirling Bridge- 11th September 1297

7. Wallace and Murray appointed Guardians in the name of King John- Sep 1297

Scottish resistance to Edward I, 1296-1297

1. Taking back of Scots Castles 1297-1298- all except Berwick and

Roxburgh2. Scots raids on Newcastle and Carlisle- Early 12983. The Battle of Falkirk-22nd July 1298- Scots army routed but Nobles

did not capitulate as readily as they had after their last defeat in the field at Dunbar in 1296 which showed that the Scots still had some effective military power

4. John Comyn and Robert Bruce become Guardians-heads of two of the most powerful families in Scotland showing that the Scots nobility was still keen to stand up against the English

5. John Comyn and John Soules become Guardians in1300 after resignation of Bruce. Leading Scots Nobles were no longer presenting a united military front

6. Bruce resigns in 1300 and joins with Edward in 13027. Caerlaverock Castle, a strategic stronghold, is captured in 1300 by

Edward as he campaigned in the south west of Scotland

Changing Military Balance, 1298-1301

1301 - Edward I and son campaign in Southern Scotland

1302- 9 month truce between Scots and Edward

May 1303 - Battle of Roslin, English defeated during a night raid

May 1303 - English sign teaty with French King and Scotland left isolated

June 1303 - Edward I invades Scotland

May to July 1304- Siege of and then surrender of Stirling Castle

Summer 1304- Scots nobles surrender to Edward-except Wallace and Soules

August 1305- Wallace betrayed, captured, transported to London and executed

gf

The Crushing of Scottish resistance-1301-1305

Issue 4: The reasons for the ultimate success of Bruce in maintaining Scotland’s independence

I.The opposition of many Scots to Robert Bruce

II.Robert Bruce’s abilities as a military leader

III.The methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328



Explain the opposition of many

Scots to Robert Bruce

Comyn family opposed to him because of murder of John Comyn of Badenoch

Many nobles still supported Balliol’s claim to the Scottish

throne and see Bruce as a usurper

Bruce had killed Comyn in a church. This was an offence against God himself Bruce had changed sides on a

number of occasions and had given allegiance to Edward and acted as a Guardian of Scotland

Bruce’s brutality during the civil war led to loss of

support, Herschip of Buchan



Describe Robert Bruce’s abilities as a military leader

Use of guerrilla tactics meant he could

outmanoeuvre larger English forces and force them to retire for lack of

supplies

Knew that he had to destroy castles rather than hold them

during the civil war to stay mobile

Able to draw the English forces into land that he had

prepared for battle at Loudon Hill , 1307

Managed to mastermind the defeat of the powerful

Comyn family in Scotland and win the Civil war

Prepared the ground and trained the Scottish army to fight together

and win against superior English forces at Bannockburn

Winning of duel against De Bohun showed his skill

as a warrior and further inspired his men



Explain the methods used by Bruce to attain the peace settlement made with England in 1328

Winning of Battle of Bannockburn

Declaration of Arbroath used to get political

support from papacyInvasion attempts by Edward II in 1322 and

1323 hampered by Scots invading Northern

England and attacking Carlisle

Regular raids and destruction of the North

of England to force a settlement-1315, 16 and

18

Opening of a second front in Ireland led by Edward Bruce to put

pressure on Edward II

Retaking of all Scots castles and then Berwick by 1318

Further raids and avoidance of all out

battle with English in the field 1327-28

HIGHER HISTORY: The Wars of Independence 1286-1328 Issue 1: The succession problem in Scotland from...

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