Higher education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It has been suggested that this article be...

5/20/2018 Higher education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It has been suggested that this article be merged with Tertiary education. (Discuss) Pr

1/8

Higher educationFrom Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

It has been suggested that this article be merged with Tertiary education. (Discuss) Proposed since February 2014.

Princeton University is an Ivy League institution of higher learning in New Jersey, United States.

McGill University is an institution of higher learning in Montreal, Canada.

The University of Cambridge is an institution of higher learning in Cambridge, United Kingdom.

Moscow State University is an institution of higher learning in Moscow, Russia.

The University of Tokyo is an institution of higher learning in Tokyo, Japan.

The University of So Paulo is an institution of higher learning in So Paulo, Brazil.

The University of Cape Town is an institution of higher learning in Cape Town, South Africa.

Higher education, post-secondary education, tertiary education or third level education is an optional final stage of formal learning that occurs after secondary education. Often delivered at universities, academies, colleges, seminaries, and institutes of technology, higher education is also available through certaincollege-level institutions, including vocational schools, trade schools, and other career colleges that award academic degrees or professional certifications.

The right of access to higher education is mentioned in a number of international human rights instruments. The UN International Covenant on Economic, Social and Cultural Rights of 1966 declares, in Article 13, that "higher education shallbe made equally accessible to all, on the basis of capacity, by every appropriate means, and in particular by the progressive introduction of free education". In Europe, Article 2 of the First Protocol to the European Convention on Human Ri

ghts, adopted in 1950, obliges all signatory parties to guarantee the right to education.

Contents [hide]1 Overview1.1 Entrance standards: Reading, mathematics, and writing2 Types2.1 Engineering2.2 General2.3 Liberal arts2.3.1 Performing arts2.3.2 Plastic or visual arts2.4 Vocational

2.5 Professional higher education2.6 Trends3 Recognition of studies4 As employers5 See also6 Notes7 References8 External linksOverview[edit]Question book-new.svg


2/8

This section does not cite any references or sources. Please help improve this section by adding citations to reliable sources. Unsourced material may be challenged and removed. (June 2013)Higher education is an educational level that follows a completion of a school providing a secondary education, such as a high school, secondary school, or gymnasium. Tertiary education is normally taken to include undergraduate and postgraduate education, as well as vocational education and training. Colleges, universities, and institutes of technology are the main institutions that provide tertiary education (sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions). Examplesof institutions that provide post-secondary education are vocational schools, community colleges, independent colleges (e.g. institutes of technology), and univ

ersities in the United States, the institutes of technical and further educationin Australia, pre-university colleges in Quebec, and the IEKs in Greece. They are sometimes known collectively as tertiary institutions. Completion of a tertiary education program of study generally results in the awarding of certificates,diplomas, or academic degrees.

Rupert I founded the University of Heidelberg in 1386Higher education includes teaching, research, exacting applied work (e.g. in medical schools and dental schools), and social services activities of universities. Within the realm of teaching, it includes both the undergraduate level, and beyond that, graduate-level (or postgraduate level). The latter level of educationis often referred to as graduate school, especially in North America.

In many developed countries, a high proportion of the population (up to 50%), now enter higher education at some time in their lives. Higher education is therefore very important to national economies, both as a significant industry in itsown right and as a source of trained and educated personnel for the rest of theeconomy. College educated workers command a significant wage premium and are much less likely to become unemployed than less educated workers.[1][2]

Higher education in the United States and Canada specifically refers to post-secondary institutions that offer Associate's degrees, Bachelor's degrees, Master'sdegrees, Education Specialist (Ed.S.) degrees or Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) degrees, or their equivalents, and also higher professional degrees in areas suchas dentistry, law, medicine, optometry, pharmacology and veterinary medicine.

Such institutions may also offer non-degree certificates, which indicate completion of a set of courses comprising a body of knowledge on a particular topic, but the granting of such certificates is not the primary purpose of the institutions. Tertiary education is not a term used in reference to post-secondary institutions in the United States or Canada.

Entrance standards: Reading, mathematics, and writing[edit]Demonstrated ability in reading, mathematics, and writing, as typically measuredin the United States by the SAT or similar tests such as the ACT, have often replaced colleges' individual entrance exams, and is often required for admissionto higher education.[3] There is some question as to whether advanced mathematical skills or talent are in fact necessary for fields such as history, English, p

hilosophy, or art.[4]

Types[edit]Engineering[edit]Main article: Engineering collegeTeaching engineering is teaching the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge in order to design, build, maintain, and improve structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. It may encompass using insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem orobjective. The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a


3/8

range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis on particular areas of technology and types of application. Engineering disciplines include: aerospace, biological, civil, chemical, computer, electrical, industrial, and mechanical.

General[edit]The general higher education and training that takes place in a university, college, or Institute of Technology usually includes significant theoretical and abstract elements, as well as applied aspects (although limited offerings of internships or SURF programs attempt to provide practical applications). In contrast,the vocational higher education and training that takes place at vocational univ

ersities and schools usually concentrates on practical applications, with very little theory.

In addition, professional-level education is always included within Higher Education, and usually in graduate schools, since many postgraduate academic disciplines are both vocationally, professionally, and theoretically/research oriented,such as in the law, medicine, pharmacy, dentistry, and veterinary medicine. A basic requirement for entry into these graduate-level programs is almost always abachelor's degree, although alternative means of obtaining entry into such programmes may be available at some universities. Requirements for admission to suchhigh-level graduate programs is extremely competitive, and admitted students areexpected to perform well.

Mean financial wealth of U.S. families by education of the head of household, 1989-2010

Mean income of U.S. families by education of the head of household, 1989-2010In the United States, there are large differences in wages and employment associated with different degrees. Medical doctors and lawyers are generally the highest paid workers, and have among the lowest unemployment rates. Among undergraduate fields of study, science, technology, engineering, math, and business generally offer the highest wages and best chances of employment, while education, communication, and liberal arts degrees generally offer lower wages and a lower likelihood of employment.[1][5][6][7]

Liberal arts[edit]Main article: Liberal arts collegeAcademic areas that are included within the Liberal arts include Environmental Science, Great Books, History, Languages including English, Linguistics, Literature, Mathematics, Music, Philosophy, Political Science, Psychology, Religious studies, Science, Sociology and Theater.

Performing arts[edit]Main article: Performing arts educationThe performing arts differ from the plastic arts or visual arts, insofar as theformer uses the artist's own body, face and presence as a medium; the latter uses materials such as clay, metal or paint, which can be molded or transformed tocreate a work of art.

Performing arts institutions include Circus schools, Dance schools, Drama schools and Music schools

Plastic or visual arts[edit]Main articles: Art education and Art schoolThe plastic arts or visual arts are a class of art forms, that involve the use of materials, that can be moulded or modulated in some way, often in three dimensions. Examples are painting, sculpture, and drawing, etc.


4/8

Higher educational institutions in these arts include Film schools and Art schools.

Vocational[edit]Main articles: Vocational university, Vocational school and Technical schoolHigher vocational education and training takes place at the non-university tertiary level. Such education combines teaching of both practical skills and theoretical expertise. Higher education differs from other forms of post-secondary education such as that offered by institutions of vocational education, which are more colloquially known as trade schools. Higher vocational education might be contrasted with education in a usually broader scientific field, which might concen

trate on theory and abstract conceptual knowledge.

Professional higher education[edit]

This section appears to be written like an advertisement. Please help improve itby rewriting promotional content from a neutral point of view and removing anyinappropriate external links. (April 2014)The European initiative on harmonising approaches to professional higher education,[8] defines it as a distinct form of Higher Education that offers a particularly intense integration with the world of work in all its aspects (including teaching, learning, research and governance) and at all levels of the overarching Qualifications Framework of the European Higher Education Area. Its function is to diversify learning opportunities, enhance employability, offer qualifications

and stimulate innovation, for the benefit of learners and society.[citation needed]

The intensity of integration with the world of work (which includes enterprise,civil society and the public sector) is manifested by a strong focus on application of learning. This approach involves combining phases of work and study, a concern for employability, cooperation with employers, the use of practice-relevant knowledge and use-inspired research.[citation needed]

Examples of providers of Professional Higher Education may include, Graduate Colleges of Architecture, Business, Journalism, Law, Library Science, Optometry, Pharmacy, Public Policy, Human Medicine, Professional Engineering, Podiatric Medicine, Scientific Dentistry and Veterinary Medicine.

Trends[edit]A report titled 'Education at a Glance 2014' published by the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development on 9 September 2014, revealed that by 2014,84 percent of young people were completing upper secondary education over theirlifetimes. Tertiary-educated individuals were earning twice as much as median workers. In contrast to historical trends in education, young women were more likely to complete upper secondary education than young men. Additionally, access to education was expanding and growth in the number of people receiving university education was rising sharply. By 2014, close to 40 percent of people in the 25-34 age bracket and around 25 percent of those in the 55-64 age bracket, were being educated at university.[9]

Recognition of studies[edit]The Lisbon Recognition Convention stipulates that degrees and periods of study must be recognised in all Signatory Parties of the Convention.

As employers[edit]Universities may employ a number of people. Depending on the funding, a university typically hires one teacher per 3-25 students. According to the ideal of research-university, the university teaching staff is actively involved in the research of the institution. In addition, the university usually also has dedicated research staff and a considerable support staff. Typically to work in higher educ


5/8

ation as a member of the academic faculty, a candidate must first obtain a doctorate in an academic field, although some lower teaching positions require only amaster's degree.[citation needed]

Most of the administrative staff works in different administrative sections, such as Student Affairs.[citation needed] In addition, there may be central supportunits, such as a university library which have a dedicated staff.[10]

The professional field involving the collection, analysis, and reporting of higher education data is called institutional research. Professionals in this fieldcan be found at locations in addition to universities, e.g. state educational de

partments.[citation needed]

Post secondary institutions also employ graduate students in various assistantship roles. In the US, close to 50% of graduate students are employed as graduateassistants at some point. These apprenticeship-like positions provide opportunities for students to gain experience in, and exposure to, professional roles in exchange for funding of their academic programs.[11]

See also[edit]Book iconBook: EducationPortal icon Education portalPortal icon University portal

List of higher education associations and alliancesGovernance in higher educationHigher education accreditationHigher education bubbleHigher education policyHigher Education Price IndexUnCollegeHochschuleLeague of European Research UniversitiesTechnical and Further Education (TAFE)Notes[edit]^ Jump up to: a b Michael Simkovic, Risk-Based Student Loans (2013)Jump up ^ OECD, Education at a Glance (2011)

Jump up ^ O'Shaughnessy, Lynn (26 July 2009). "The Other Side of 'Test Optional'". The New York Times. p. 6. Retrieved 22 June 2011.Jump up ^ Andrew Hacker (July 28, 2012). "Is Algebra Necessary?". The New York Times. Retrieved July 29, 2012.Jump up ^ Scott L. Thomas, Deferred Costs and Economic Returns to College Major,Quality, and Performance, 41 RES. HIGHER EDUC. 281 (2000)Jump up ^ Charlotte Christiansen et. al, The Risk Return Trade-off in Human Capital Investment, 14 LABOR ECON. 971, 984-85 (2007)Jump up ^ Dan A. Black et. al, The Economic Reward for Studying Economics, 41 ECON. INQUIRY 365 (2003)Jump up ^ harmonising approaches to professional higher educationJump up ^ Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development (September 2014). "Higher levels of education paying off for young, says OECD". Retrieved Septe

mber 11, 2014.Jump up ^ "Cornell University Library Staff Web". Retrieved 8 January 2013.Jump up ^ Haley, K., Hephner LaBanc, B., & Koutas, P. (2011). New school, new job, new life: Transitions of graduate assistants in student affairs. Journal of College Orientation and Transition, 18(2), 5 - 19.References[edit]Bakvis, Herman and David M. Cameron (2000), "Post-secondary education and the SUFA". IRPP.Commission Reports: A National Dialogue: The Secretary of Education's Commissionon the Future of Higher Education, United States Department of Education, 2006.


6/8

[1]Davies, Antony and Thomas W. Cline (2005). The ROI on the MBA, BizEd.Douglass, John A. and Todd Greenspan, eds. "The History of the California MasterPlan for Higher Education."El-Khawas, E. (1996). Campus trends. Washington, DC.: American Council on Education.Ewell, P.T. (1999). Assessment of higher education and quality: Promise and politics. In S.J. Messick (Ed.), Assessment in higher education: Issues of access, quality, student development, and public policy. Mahwah, NJ: Erlbaum.Finn, C. E. (1988, Jul.-Aug.). Judgment time for higher education: In the courtof public opinion. Change, 20(4), 34-39.

Forest, James and Kinser, Kevin. (2002). Higher Education in the United States:An Encyclopedia. Santa Barbara: ABC-CLIO.Green, Madeleine, F., ed. 1988. Leaders for a New Era: Strategies for Higher Education. New York: Macmillan.Miller, Patrick L. (1979). Choosing a College. Madison, Wis.: Inter-Varsity Christian Fellowship. p. 43. Briefly considers the criteria by which a student mightselect a college or university for study. ISBN 0-87784-172-1Roszak, Theodore, ed. (1968). The Dissenting Academy. New York: Pantheon Books.x, 304 p.Snyder, Benson R. (1970). The Hidden Curriculum. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press.Spellings, Margaret, "A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education", A Report of the Commission Appointed by Secretary of Education Margaret Spellings, September 2006. (highlights of report)

Veblen, Thorstein (1918). The Higher Learning in America: A Memorandum on the Conduct of Universities by Businessmen. New York: HuebschExternal links[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Higher education.Look up higher education in Wiktionary, the free dictionary.

Association for the Study of Higher EducationAmerican Educational Research AssociationCenter for Higher Education Policy StudiesWorld Bank Tertiary Educationcollege.gov - U.S. Department of EducationAccrediting Counsel for Independent Colleges and Schools"College, Inc.", PBS FRONTLINE documentary, May 4, 2010Preceded by

Twelfth grade or Grade 13 Higher Educationage varies (usually 18-22) Succeeded byGraduate school[show] v t eAcademic degrees[show]Higher education by region[show] v t eSchool types[show] v t eStages of formal educationCategories: Educational stagesHigher educationNavigation menu

Create accountLog inArticleTalkReadEditView history

Main pageContentsFeatured contentCurrent eventsRandom articleDonate to WikipediaWikimedia ShopInteraction


7/8

HelpAbout WikipediaCommunity portalRecent changesContact pageToolsWhat links hereRelated changesUpload fileSpecial pagesPermanent link

Page informationWikidata itemCite this pagePrint/exportCreate a bookDownload as PDFPrintable versionLanguages???????AragonsAsturianuAz?rbaycanca?????????

???????????????????? (???????????)??????????CatalCymraegDanskDeutschEspaolEuskara?????FurlanGalego???/Hak-k-ng

????????????????Bahasa IndonesiaItaliano?????????????LietuviuNederlands?????????Norsk bokmlNorsk nynorsk

OccitanPolskiPortugus???????Simple EnglishSvenskaTagalog?????????Trke


8/8

??????????????Ti?ng Vi?t??Edit linksThis page was last modified on 11 September 2014 at 19:38.Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License; additional terms may apply. By using this site, you agree to the Terms of Use and Privacy Policy. Wikipedia is a registered trademark of the Wikimedia Foundation, Inc., a non-profit organization.Privacy policyAbout WikipediaDisclaimersContact WikipediaDevelopersMobile viewWi

kimedia Foundation Powered by MediaWiki

Higher education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It has been suggested that this article be...

Documents

Transcript of Higher education From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia It has been suggested that this article be...