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Transcript of high rise buildings
High Rise Structures
A preview of design and structural concepts of high rise
structures around the world
Special Design Considerations in High Rise structures
The principal forces carried by a building are vertical in nature
However buildings are subjected to horizontal or inclined forces due to wind and earthquake
The effect of wind is more pronounced as the height of the structure increases
Special Design Considerations in High Rise structures
The effect of wind will also change as per the surrounding conditions for example the effect on a building in the heart of the city surrounded by other buildings will be much less than a building in an open area.
The wind will impose a horizontal force on the structure.
Special Design Considerations in High Rise structures
The building can be imagined like a cantilever with one end fixed to the ground and the other free to move
The horizontal force of wind causes the free end to move causing swaying
The amount of swaying in some skyscrapers is so much that on windy days the occupants of the offices on the upper stories have to be given the day off because they become ‘sea-sick’
Special Design Considerations in High Rise structures
The amount of swaying will depend on various factors such as
a) Height of buildingb) Velocity and direction of windc) Orientation of building with respect to
wind direction d) Shape of building
Special Design Considerations in High Rise structures
• The building will thus have to be designed in such a way that it is stable for both vertical loads(dead and live loads) and horizontal loads (wind loads)
• Also the swaying will have to be kept minimal so that the regular functioning of the building is not hampered
Wind velocities
Effect of wind on buildings and how it is studied
Effect of wind on buildings and how it is studied
Effect of wind on buildings and how it is studied
Effect of wind on buildings and how it is studied
Systems of designing high rise buildings
Systems in steel Systems in Concrete
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
1. BEAM AND COLUMN FRAME Beam and column structural frame Entire Horizontal load carried by
structural frame Joints between beams and columns
were made rigid to carry bending stresses due to horizontal loads
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
COLUMN BEAM
JOINTS MADE RIGID
TO COUNTER ACT
LATERAL LOADS
COLUMN BEAM FRAME INTERACTION
LATERAL LOADS
DUE TO WINDGRAVITY LOADS CARRIEDBY BEAMS AND COLUMNS
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
2. VERTICAL SHEAR TRUSS Horizontal load supported by system of vertical
cantilever truss Shear truss is located around lift and staircase
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
BY BEAMS AND COLUMNSGRAVITY LOADS CARRIED
DUE TO WIND
LATERAL LOADS
SHEAR TRUSS FRAME INTERACTION
SHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRALCORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIESLATERAL LOADS
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
3. SHEAR TRUSS-FRAME INTERACTION This system is the interaction of Column Beam
Frame and Shear truss This concept was developed by Dr. Fazlur Khan
(Partner- Skidmore Owings and Merril) Advantages : 1) Lateral drift or sway is reduced
by 50%2) Distortion of floors is less significant.
Example: Chicago Civic Centre
Systems of Designing High Rise BuildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
SHEAR TRUSS-FRAME INTERACTION
Chicago Civic Center
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
4. SHEAR TRUSS-FRAME INTERACTION WITH RIGID BELT TRUSS
All exterior columns connected to interior shear truss through horizontal belt trusses
Addition of belt truss increases the stiffness of the structure by 30%
Structural economy can be achieved Neutralizes thermal movement effects on the exterior
columns of the building Example: BHP headquarters building in Melbourne
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
BHP head quarters, Melbourne
LATERAL LOADSCORE OF THE BUILDING CARRIESSHEAR TRUSS LOCATED IN CENTRAL
RIGID BELT TRUSSES AND SHEAR TRUSS
LATERAL LOADS
DUE TO WIND RIGID BELT TRUSSES LOCATED ON THEOUTER PERIPHERY OF THE BULDING ANDCONNECTED TO THE SHEAR TRUSS IN THE COREGIVE ADDITIONAL STIFFNESS TO THE STRUCTURETO COUNTER ACT THE LATERAL FORCES
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
BHP head quarters, Melbourne
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
5. FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM All column elements are connected to each other in such a
way that the entire building acts as a hollow tube or rigid box cantilevering out of the ground
A system of closely spaced columns with deep spandrel beams at each floor creates an equivalent rectangular or square hollow tube with perforated openings
Used by Dr. Fazlur Khan in 1963 in the 43 storey Dewitt Chestnut Apartment Building in Chicago (which is in concrete)
Also for the 110 storied World trade Center Building in New York
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
FRAMED TUBE SYSTEM
LATERAL LOADS
DUE TO WIND CLOSELY SPACED COLUMNS AND DEEP BEAMSFORM A ENVELOP WHICH IS LIKE A PERFORATEDTUBEWHICH IS CONNECTED TO THE INNER CORE CREATING ATUBE STRUCTURE
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
WORLD TRADE CENTRE
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
WORLD TRADE CENTRE
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
DEWITT CHESTNUT APARTMENT BUILDING IN CHICAGO
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE Columns are widely spaced but are connected
by diagonal members which makes the structure act like a tube.
The diagonal members themselves act as columns and do not develop tensile stresses.
Efficiency of the structure is very high (Same amount of steel used in 35 story column-frame building is required for a 100 story building with column diagonal truss tube)
Example: 100 story John Hancock Building in Chicago
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
OF MATERIAL IS MADESTRUCTURE AND MORE EFFICIENT USEDIAGONAL MEMBERS ADD TO THE STIFFNESS OF THE DUE TO WIND
LATERAL LOADS
COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE
JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING IN CHICAGO
JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING IN CHICAGO
JOHN HANCOCK BUILDING IN CHICAGO
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
7. BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM Framed tube and diagonal truss tube is used in
combination to create larger tube envelop In buildings with larger floor area interior
columns also take part in resisting lateral forces
First building to use this system is the 110 storey Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building in Chicago also called as ‘Sears Towers’ and is one of the tallest buildings in the world
Designers Skidmore Owings and Merril This system allows termination of each module
at different levels without loss of structural integrity
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN STEEL
BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM
Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building, Chicago
Sears Roebuck Headquarters Building, Chicago
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
1. BEAM COLUMN FRAME Same as that in steel structures2. SHEAR WALL The horizontal shear due to wind and
earthquake is resisted by a solid RCC wall which is designed as a vertical cantilever beam
Shear walls are located at lift or staircase enclosures or an external blank wall
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
3. SHEAR WALL AND FRAME INTERACTION The Shear wall acts in conjunction with
the frame structure increases the efficiency of the structure in resisting horizontal loads
Example Burnswick building (1962) designed by Dr. Fazlur Khan
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
Burnswick Building
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
4. FRAMED TUBE Same as that in steel structures5. TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM This is a combination of the framed tube
concept with the shear wall frame interaction concept
Exterior columns are spaced very closely (1.8m) and act together with rigid shear wall core enclosing the central service core area
Example the 52 story one shell plaza building, Houston , USA the building uses light weight concrete
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
5. TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM- ONE SHELL PLAZA
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
5. TUBE IN TUBE SYSTEM- ONE SHELL PLAZA
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
7. BUNDELED TUBE SYSTEM: Systems similar to steel structures
Example: One Magnificent mile building
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE
6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete
Systems of designing high rise buildingsSYSTEMS IN CONCRETE Onterie centre in Chicago
6. COLUMN DIAGONAL TRUSS TUBE: Principal same as that used in John Hancock tower only in this case in concrete
Marina City Towers, Chicago
Architect: Bertrand Goldberg Location: Chicago, Illinois, USA Date: 1959 to 1964 Building type: Mixed use residential and
offices Construction system: Concrete Two towers of 60 stories each
Marina City Towers, Chicago
450 apartments in upper 40 stories Parking in lower 20 stories with space for 450
cars Since the residential level started from the 21st
story it provides magnificent views of the city for the apartments
The services are housed in a 35feet cylindrical core
The form of the building is cylindrical with petal type shape for the balconies
Marina City Towers, Chicago
Other elements of the ‘City within a city’ are
16 story office building 1700 seat theatre 700 seat Auditorium Stores, restaurants, bowling alleys,
gymnasium, swimming pool, skating rink, a marina for 700 small boats and a sculpture garden
Marina City Towers, Chicago
Marina City Towers, Chicago
Water tower Place
Designed in 1975 in Chicago, USA Height 262 m Mixed use building with Mall, Offices,
Apartments Concrete of high strength M62 is used RCC peripheral frame with interior steel
columns steel slab system with concrete topping
Designers : Loebl, Schlossman, Dart and Hacker
Water tower Place
ONE MAGNIFICENT MILE BUILDING
• Chicago USA 1983• SOM building• Concept of Sears towers
Bundled tube concept only in this case in concrete
THE ONTERIE CENTER
• Chicago USA 1985
• SOM building last works of Dr. Fazlur Khan
• Concept of Column diagonal truss tube as in John Hancock centre only in this case in concrete
SOUTH WACKER DRIVE
1990-Chicago USA 295m height high
strength concrete of M80 and above used
Structural system : combination of RCC and steel
Use of PT slabs Shear wall frame
interaction
JIN MAO BUILDING
• Shanghai, China• 421m height• RCC and steel
PETRONAS TOWERS
• Kuala Lumpur Malaysia
• Tallest building in the world
• 452m height• Combination of RCC
and steel
SWISS RE BUILDING LONDONArchitect: Norman Foster
CITY CORP BUILDING
The tower elevated ten stories above street level to fulfill a "spiritual" request
Standing at the corner of 54th Street and Lexington Avenue in Midtown Manhattan since 1862, St. Peter's Lutheran Church controlled nearly 30% of the square block that developers considered ideal for Citicorp Tower. In 1970, the church congregation agreed to sell this property under two necessary conditions. The first was that a new church would be built in place of the old with "nothing but free sky overhead" and the second demanded the erection of a plaza under the tower to continue the church's tradition of hospitality. To accommodate these demands, the tower was elevated ten stories above street level on four 17.5-foot columns and a central core. The area opened below was designed as leisure space for pedestrians and workers. Most of the building's load (half the gravity and all the wind load) is directed to the trussed frame on the outside of the tower. The core carries the remaining gravity loads. The four columns were originally designed to stand at the building's corners, but this design would have interfered with the new church's desire for a "free sky." Structural engineer Le Messurier decided instead to move the four columns closer to the structure's center, thus clearing space for the church under the corner of the building.
CITY CORP BUILDING
Citicorp Tower
Location: New York, New York, USA Height: 279m/915ft Stories: 59 Use: Multiple Area: 1.3 million sq. Ft. Material: Steel Cladding: Aluminum, reflective glass Completed: 1977 Architect: Hugh Stubbins and Associates; Emery Roth & Sons Structural Engineer: Le Messurier Consultants; Office of James Ruderman Services Engineer: Joseph R. Loring & Associates Developer: Citibank
CITY CORP BUILDING
To reduce swaying of the structure in heavy winds, a revolutionary system was designed in the building's crown on the 63rd floor. A tuned mass damper (TMD) consists of a 400-ton concrete slab that counteracts swaying much like a shock absorber. The damper reduces swaying of the building by up to 40%.
CITY CORP BUILDING
CITY CORP BUILDING
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
• Architect: C.Y. Lee• Construction period: 1999-2004• Worlds tallest building• Height: 508 meters• Uses: Communication, conference,
library, observation office, restaurant, retail, fitness centre
• Materials: Glass, Concrete, and steel
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
Foundation: Mat foundation on RCC piles of 1525mm diameter
Eight super columns: high strength box columns filled with high fluidity concrete
New technique which is going to adopted for high rise structures
Diagonally braced frames for wind and earthquake loads
61 elevators 2 elevators are the fastest in the world with
speed of 1010 m/min. They reach the 89th floor in 39 seconds
800 ton ball shaped damper to reduce swaying
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
TAIPEI 101 TOWER
Dr. Fazlur Rehman Khan(1929-1982)
“The technical man must not be lost in his own technology. He must be able to appreciate life; and life is art, drama, music, and most importantly, people.”
THE FUTURE-MILLENIUM TOWER JAPANARCHITECT: NORMAN FOSTER
Tokyo, Japan 841m height Conical shape most stable for
horizontal forces
BURJ DUBAI
Burj Dubai became the world's tallest high-rise building on July 24, 2007, Burj" is Arabic for "Tower".Designed by Adrian D. Smith, FAIA, RIBA Design Partner at Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP.The exterior cladding is of reflective glazing with aluminium and textured stainless steel spandrel panels with vertical tubular fins of stainless steel.The cladding system is designed to withstand Dubai's extreme summer temperatures.The building sits on a concrete and steel podium with 192 piles descending to a depth of more than 50 metres (164 feet).Although the building's shape resembles the bundled tube concept, it is structurally very different and is technically not a tube structure.Structural system: buttressed coreStructural material : steel, concrete
– REF: http://www.emporis.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.weirdomatic.com
REF: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Look at the edge (uppermost right corner) of the picture, you can almost see the turn of the earth The persons who are working on the upper most Girders can see the ‘ROTATION OF EARTH’
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref:http://www.openbuildings.com
Ref:http://www.openbuildings.com
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
Ref: http://www.eface.in
The Burj Dubai has been designed with highly fire-resistant concrete corridor walls and slabs. Certain elevators will function in emergencies to allow a controlled evacuation. And because people cannot easily walk down 160 flights of stairs, pressurized, air-conditioned waiting areas are located every 25 floors to allow evacuees the chance to stop and rest.
Ref: http://caf.architecture.org
William F. Baker, Structural Designer Partner, Skidmore Owings & Merrill LLP
Adrian D. Smith, Architect
DESIGNERS OF BURJ DUBAI