High Rise Building Mixed Use Development

8/15/2019 High Rise Building Mixed Use Development

1/18

INTRODUCTION Man has always built monumental structures for the gods, including

temples, pyramids and cathedrals which pointed to the sy! howe"er, today#s monuments, i$e$ tall

buildings, symboli%e power, richness, prestige, and glory$ The ma&or difficulty, from the ancientefforts to reach hea"en with the Tower of 'abel to the world#s tallest building ( 'hur& )halifa,

has been to o"ercome the limitations of nature with human ingenuity$ Until the introduction of

modern metal frame construction, ad"ent of electricity, fireproofing, and most importantlyele"ator, tall building actually was not practical$ These technological inno"ations were first

utili%ed in the *ome Insurance 'uilding +--./, and by the ad"ances in these inno"ations, tall

buildings become more and more practical$ Today, it is "irtually impossible to imagine a ma&orcity without tall buildings$ Tall buildings are the most famous landmars of cities, symbols of

power, dominance of human ingenuity o"er natural world, confidence in technology and a mar

of national pride! and besides these, the importance of tall buildings in the contemporary urban

de"elopment is without doubt e"er increasing despite their se"eral undeniable negati"e effects onthe 0uality of urban life$ The feasibility and desirability of tall buildings ha"e always depended

on the a"ailable materials, the le"el of construction technology, and the state of de"elopment of

the ser"ices necessary for the use of the building$ Therefore, ad"ances in structural design

concepts, analytical techni0ues, and a more sophisticated construction industry, in con&unctionwith the high1strength lightweight materials ha"e made it possible to construct "ery tall, much

more slender and lightweight buildings at a low cost premium compared to con"entionalconstruction$

*owe"er, e"ery ad"ance in height comes with a new difficulty and hence the race toward new

heights has not been without its challenges as well$ Understandably, the increased fle2ibility

maes contemporary tall buildings much more "ulnerable to en"ironmental e2citations such as

wind, which leads to hori%ontal "ibration$ The tall buildings are designed primarily to ser"e the

needs of the occupancy, and, in addition to the satisfied structural safety, one of the dominant

design re0uirements is to meet the necessary standards for the comfort of the building users andthe ser"iceability$ In this conte2t, since wind can create e2cessi"e building motion, the dynamic

nature of wind is a critical issue, negati"ely affecting occupancy comfort and ser"iceability$

Many researches and studies ha"e been done in order to mitigate such an e2citation and impro"e

the performance of tall buildings against wind loads$ *ence, different design methods and

modifications are possible, ranging from alternati"e structural systems to the addition of

damping systems in order to ensure the functional performance of fle2ible structures and control

the wind induced motion of tall buildings$

D34INITION O4 *I5* RI63 'UI7DIN5 8s the notion of si%e or appearance of tallness is a

relati"e matter, and not consistent o"er time and place, it is difficult to define or distinguish the

9tall building#, 9high1rise building# or 9syscraper# &ust in terms of si%e$ Unfortunately, there is noconsensus on what comprises a tall building or at what magical height, or number of stories,

buildings can be called tall$ The terms all mean the same type of building which is built

e2tremely high ( in which syscraper is a more asserti"e term$ 8lthough the high1rise building

has been accepted as a building type since the late :th century, tall buildings ha"e been

constructed since ancient times for se"eral purposes and, therefore, the history of tall buildings is

much older than a century$


2/18

A building whose height creates diferent conditions in the design, construction, and

use than those that exist in common buildings o a certain region and period.” -The

Council o Tall Buildings and Urban abitat !CTBU" Conse#uentl$, the use o the

terms %tall building&, %high-rise building&, and %s'$scraper& ha(e common

associations, and depending on time and place, the concept o height (aries in

relation to the progress o technolog$ and the desires o societ$.B)*)+T + /0)1 U) 1)2)34/)*T

5 6educed distances between housing, wor'places, retail businesses, and other

amenities and destinations

5 /ore compact de(elopment

5 tronger neighborhood character, sense o place

5 7al'able, bi'e-able neighborhoods, increased accessibilit$ (ia transit, both

resulting in reduced transportation costs

8.9 T) T)

8.9.8 A/ to design a bioclimatic architecture and integrating plants into

s'$scrapers or a high rise mixed use de(elopment.

8.: C4) + T) T)

5 Anal$sis and incorporating bioclimatic design principles or high rise mixed use

de(elopment.

5 Anal$;ing and using new design techni#ues

< 8.< B=)CT2)

8. To stud$ how architecture contribute to the mixed use de(elopment

9. To design spaces which enhances the ph$sical and (isual interaction and reduce

isolation.

:. To design spaces which bring closer to nature and harmon$.

uidit$ o space.

?. 4riorit$ to sustainable materials and unctional re#uirements in design, while

integrating ser(ices to it.

8.? /)T13@

The +ig 8.8 show the methodolog$ chart or this stud$. This methodolog$ chart

explains the rst step, about the stud$ o general inormation o high rise planning.

This includes the components o high rise planning, denition o high rise and its

complex ser(ices. The next step is the stud$ o high rise planning rom (arious case

studies. Then the classication o issues in diferent aspects is made rom the

ndings. Then the detail stud$ is made or each aspects through diferent case


3/18

studies. +inall$, the concept or the design is e(ol(ed, and progressed towards

de(eloping the design.

CA4T)6 -9 3T)6ATU6) U62)

9.D 1ATA C33)CT*

9.8 43A***@ A*1 1)@**@ + @ 6) BU31*@

9.8.8 BAC 43A***@ C*1)6AT* Basic planning considerations or high rise

building design include the ollowing parameters

5 4lanning module 5 pan 5 Ceiling height 5 +loor-to->oor height 5 1epth o

structural >oor s$stem 5 )le(ator s$stem 5 Core planning 5 4ar'ing 4lanning

module, namel$ the space one needs or li(ing, changes according to the culture

and the economic class. pan, described as the distance rom a xed interior

element such as building core to exterior window wall, is another important criterion

or good interior planning. These depths change depending on the unction o the

space, and acceptable span is determined b$ oEce la$outs, hotel room standards,

and residential code re#uirements or outside light and air. Usuall$, the depth o the

span should be between 89 and 8F m or oEce unctions, except where (er$ large

single tenant groups are to be accommodated. 3ease span or hotels and residential

units range rom G to 89 m.

Ceiling height +4ig;


4/18

functions re0uire ceiling heights of $@ m$

4loor1to1floor height +4ig;


5/18

through the interior %one, interior %one is defined as the area between the perimeter and the

public corridor$ On the other hand, core %one consists of those areas between ele"ator bans

which become rentable on floors at which ele"ators do not stop$ Central core, which is generally

used in the buildings with a rectangular plan, and split core, which is generally used in the

building with a relati"ely s0uare plan, is the most typical core arrangements$ Cores accommodate

ele"ator shafts, mechanical shafts, stairs, and ele"ator lobbies$ Core elements that pass throughor ser"e e"ery floor should be located, so that they can rise continuously, and thus a"oid

e2pensi"e and space1consuming transfers$

aring is another planning re0uirement, which "aries according to different functions such as

business, residential, and lie$ ?hen paring facility pro"ided within the footprint of the

building, it has a great impact on the plan and the structure$ If it is ine"itable, the structural bay

should be well arranged to obtain efficient space use for paring and functional areas, and the

core elements should be effecti"ely located to minimi%e interference with car paring and

circulation$ Mechanical "entilation is one other important concern for the user of paring facility,

and pedestrians$

'86IC D36I5N CON6ID3R8TION6

The basic design considerations for a high rise building include the following parameters;

the cultural, political, and social aspects of the city where the building will be located

a strong relationship with the city

the master plan and an appropriate site selection sustainability safety and security issues

learning about the possibilities and limitations of technology

?hen a high rise building is designed, the design team should also be aware of the codes,

regulations, %oning re0uirements, and life safety issues$

The master plan is one of the significant design considerations for high rise buildings, in which

well1performed site analysis include, automobile, traffic and pedestrian impact, accessibility,

minimal blocage of "iew, and minimi%ing the building shadows to neighboring buildings$

'esides this, an appropriate site selection also includes the consideration of reuse orrehabilitation of e2isting buildings, and physical security$ The location of high rise buildings

within an urban area affects the amount of day lighting, and may e"en create wind tunnels$

6ustainability is also a ey element in high rise building design$ This concept is based on the

following ob&ecti"es; optimi%ation of site potential, minimi%ation of energy consumption,

protection and conser"ation of water, use of en"ironmental1 friendly products, enhancement ofindoor en"ironmental 0uality, and optimi%ation of operational and maintenance practices$ Day

lighting, natural shading, energy efficient and photo"oltaic facades, wind power systems, and the

sy garden concept are also the main parameters for a more sustainable high rise building design$

designing a safe and secure high rise building has always been a primary goal for owners,

architects, engineers, and pro&ect managers$ There is an increased concern on these issues for


6/18

high rise building design especially after the disastrous :E incident$ Natural disasters, acts of

terrorism, indoor air 0uality, ha%ardous materials, and fire are "ery significant and immediate

safety issues to be considered in the design$

7earning about the possibilities and limitations of technology is critical for the success of the

pro&ect$ New technology and new building materials are being introduced at a fast rate! it isimportant to trac these changes$ The different demands of the e"er changing nature of business

and lifestyle also force us to be aware of the technological changes$

9.9 @ 6) 1)@* +6 )A6THUAI) J*)

9.9.8 *ATU6) + )A6THUAI)

The earth&s outer la$er is composed o plates ranging in thic'ness rom :9 to 9


7/18

ma$ subside. 9.9.< +U*1AT* 1)@* +6 )A6THUAI) 1eep oundations

generall$ displa$ better seismic resistance than shallow oundations. +loating

oundations can pro(e ad(antageous on sot ground, since the$ ma$ be better able

to attenuate resonance action. The ris' o subsidence is considerabl$ greater with

>oating oundations than with deep oundations. MBase isolation” is an anti-seismic

construction techni#ue that uses the principle o attenuation to reduce (ibrations. The building is isolated rom the solid subsoil b$ damping elements arranged on a

oundation ring or oundation plate. The building was retroacti(el$ more or less

mounted on ball bearings which are intended to gentl$ damp down the impact o a

uture earth#ua'e. As in the case o wind loads, earth#ua'es can also gi(e rise to

resonant (ibration.

9.9.? )@T + T) BU31*@

igh rise buildings are more susceptible to damage rom strong remote earth#ua'es

than rom wea' earth#ua'es close at hand. The$ normall$ ha(e a lower resonant

re#uenc$ and a lower attenuation than low buildings. hort-wa(e oscillationcomponents in earth#ua'es are rapidl$ damped, while the long-wa(e components

!re#uenc$ N8 ;" can still ma'e themsel(es elt at a distance o se(eral hundred

'ilometers, particularl$ in the orm o surace wa(es.

9.9.L //)T6 + T) @-6) BU31*@

$mmetric la$outs, rigidit$ and mass distribution lead to a considerabl$ better

seismic response than as$mmetric la$outs, rigidit$ and mass distribution. This is

because as$mmetric buildings are subOected to stronger torsion !twisting" around

the (ertical axis b$ hori;ontal seismic loads.

9.9.K A4) + T) @-6) BU31*@

7hen parts o diferent height are permanentl$ connected to one another as, or

example, is oten ound in high-rise buildings with atriums, then the (arious

structures in the building can be subOected to considerable torsional stresses b$ the

seismic loads. Buildings o diferent heights can also be subOected to a whole series

o efects in an earth#ua'e, higher buildings were literall$ Oammed in between lower

buildings, thus extensi(el$ damaging the >oors at the clamping point. n some

cases, the buildings simpl$ buc'led o(er at the edge o the lower adOacent buildings.

6esonance efects can also cause buildings to oscillate so strongl$ that the$

hammer against one another. Another efect obser(ed in high-rise buildings is the

sot-store$ efect due to lobbies, atriums or gla;ed shopping passages, some >oors

P usuall$ near the ground >oor P are distinctl$ Msoter” than those abo(e them.

These Msot” >oors then collapse in an earth#ua'e.

9.: 3AT)6A3 3A1 * @ 6) BU31*@

+rom the structural design point o (iew, due to its height, a high rise building could

be described, as one that is more afected b$ lateral loads created b$ wind or

earth#ua'e actions compared to other building t$pes. Thus, loads acting on high


8/18

rise buildings are diferent rom those on low rise buildings in terms o accumulation

into much larger structural orces, and the increased importance o wind loading.

7ind loads on a high rise building act not onl$ o(er a (er$ large surace, but also

with greater amount at the greater heights, and with a larger moment arm than on

a low- rise building. )(en though the wind loads on a low-rise building generall$

ha(e a minor afect on the design and structural conguration, the$ can pla$ a (italrole or the selection o the structural s$stem in a high rise building. 1epending

upon the mass and shape o the building, and the region, although, the wind load is

(er$ important in the design o high rise buildings, in seismic regions, inertial loads

rom the sha'ing o the ground also pla$ an important role. +urthermore, in contrast

to (ertical loads which can be estimated roughl$ rom pre(ious eld obser(ations,

lateral loads, namel$ the wind and earth#ua'e loads, on buildings are airl$

unpredictable, and cannot be assessed accuratel$.

9.:.8 *ATU6) + 7*1

7ind, which is created b$ temperature diferences, could be described as an air

motion, generall$ applied to the natural hori;ontal motion o the atmosphere. The(ertical motion, on the other hand, is termed as a current. Air close to the surace o

the earth mo(es three dimensionall$, in which hori;ontal motion is much greater

than the (ertical motion. 7hile the (ertical air motion is signicant particularl$ in

meteorolog$, the hori;ontal motion is important in engineering. The surace

boundar$ la$er concerning the hori;ontal motion o wind extends upward to a

certain height abo(e which the hori;ontal air>ow is no longer afected b$ the ground

efect. /ost o the human acti(it$ is perormed in this boundar$ la$er, and hence

how the wind efects are elt within this ;one is o great concern in engineering.

7ind is a (er$ complex phenomenon owing to the man$ >ow situations resulting

rom the interaction o wind and structure. n wind engineering, on the other hand,

simplications are made to nd meaningul predictions o wind beha(ior b$distinguishing the ollowing eatures 5 (ariation o wind speed with height 5

turbulent and d$namic nature o wind 5 (ortex-shedding phenomenon 5 cladding

pressures

9.:.9 7*1 )++)CT * @ 6) BU31*@

The wind is the most powerul and unpredictable orce afecting high rise buildings.

igh rise building can be dened as a mast anchored in the ground, bending and

swa$ing in the wind. This mo(ement, 'nown as wind drit, should be 'ept within

acceptable limits. /oreo(er, or a well-designed high rise building, the wind drit

should not surpass the height o the building di(ided b$ ?DD. 7ind loads on

buildings increase considerabl$ with the increase in building heights. +urthermore,the speed o wind increases with height, and the wind pressures increase as the

s#uare o the wind speed. Thus, wind efects on a high rise building are

compounded as its height increases. Besides this, with inno(ations in architectural

treatment, increase in the strengths o materials, and ad(ances in methods o

anal$sis, high rise building ha(e become more eEcient and lighter, and so, more

(ulnerable to de>ection, and e(en to swa$ing under wind loading. The swa$ing at

the top o a high rise building induced b$ wind ma$ not be seen b$ a passerb$, but


9/18

its efect ma$ be a concern or those occup$ing the top >oors. Unli'e dead loads

and li(e loads, wind loads change rapidl$ and e(en abruptl$, creating efects much

larger than when the same loads were applied graduall$, and that the$ limit

building accelerations below human perception.

9.:.: 2A6AT* + 7*1 4))1 7T )@T An important characteristic o wind

is the (ariation o its speed with height !+ig 9.9". The wind speed increase ollows acur(ed line (ar$ing rom ;ero at the ground surace to a maximum at some distance

abo(e the ground. The height at which the speed stops to increase is called the

gradient height, and the corresponding speed, the gradient wind speed. This

important characteristic o wind is a well understood phenomenon that higher

design pressures are specied at higher ele(ations in most building codes.

Additionall$, at heights o approximatel$ :LL m rom the ground, surace riction

has an almost negligible efect on the wind speedQ as such the wind mo(ement is

onl$ depend on the pre(ailing seasonal and local wind efects. The height through

which the wind speed is afected b$ the topograph$ is called atmospheric boundar$

la$er. The wind speed prole within this la$er is in the domain o turbulent >ow and

could be mathematicall$ calculated. +ig 9.9 2ariation o wind speed with height.

9.:.< TU6BU3)*T A*1 1*A/C *ATU6) + 7*1

7ind transers some amount o its energ$ to the obOect that it hit on its path. The

measure o the amount or energ$ transerred is called the gust response actor.

Terrain roughness and (ariet$ o the height abo(e ground, afect wind turbulence

!also 'nown as gustiness".7ind loads related with gustiness or turbulence, change

rapidl$ and e(en abruptl$ unli'e the mean >ow o wind with static characteristic.

+urthermore, the motion o wind is turbulent. Turbulence can be described as, an$

mo(ement o air at speeds greater than D.G to 8.: mRs, resulting in random


10/18

mo(ement o air particles in all directions. The scale and intensit$ o turbulence can

be related to the si;e and rotating speed o eddies !a circular mo(ement o wind"

that create the turbulence. Additionall$, the >ow o a large mass o air has a larger

o(erall turbulence than that o a small mass o air. Conse#uentl$, rom the

structural engineer&s point o (iew, the wind speed can be considered to include two

componentsQ a mean speed component increasing with height and a turbulentspeed >uctuation.

9.:.? 26T)0-)11*@ 4)*/)**

Along wind and across wind are two important terms used to explain the (ortex-

shedding phenomenon. Along wind or simpl$ wind is the term used to reer to drag

orces. The across wind response is a motion, which happens on a plane

perpendicular to the direction o wind. 7hen a building is subOected to a wind >ow,

the originall$ parallel wind stream lines are displaced on both trans(erse sides o

the building !+ig 9.:", and the orces produced on these sides are called (ortices.

At low wind speeds, the (ortices are shed s$mmetricall$ !at the same instant" on

either trans(erse side o the building !+ig 9.


11/18

role in glass brea'age, also afected b$ solar radiation, mullion and sealant details,

tempering o the glass, double or single gla;ing o glass, and atigue. Brea'ing o

large panels o glass in high rise buildings can badl$ damage the neighboring

properties and inOure the pedestrians.

9.< T6UCTU6A3 T)/ +6 @ 6) BU31*@ 3AT)6A3 3A1 6)T*@

T)/

The 'e$ idea in conceptuali;ing the structural s$stem or a slender high rise

building is to thin' o it as a beam cantile(ering rom the earth. As a general rule,

when other things being e#ual, the high rise building more necessar$ is to identi$

the proper structural s$stem or resisting lateral loads, in which the rigidit$ and

stabilit$ re#uirements are oten the dominant actors in the design. /oreo(er, the

selection o the structural s$stem o a high rise building in(ol(es the ollowing

actors

5 economic criteria related to the budget o the proOectQ

5 unction o the buildingQ

5 internal planningQ

5 material and method o constructionQ

5 external architectural treatmentQ

5 planned location and routing o the ser(ice s$stemsQ

5 height and proportions o the building. Conse#uentl$, the efect o lateral loads

must be considered rom the (er$ beginning o the design process, and the

structural s$stems need to be de(eloped around concepts associated entirel$ with

resistance to these load Basicall$, there are three main t$pes o buildings steelbuildings, reinorced concrete buildings, and composite buildings.

9.


12/18

Although concrete as a structural material has been 'nown since earl$ times, the

practical use o reinorced concrete was onl$ introduced in 8FLK. The in(ention o

reinorced concrete increased the signicance and use o concrete in the

construction industr$ to a great extent. 4articularl$, because o its moldabilit$

characteristics, and natural reproo propert$, architects and engineers utili;e the

reinorced concrete to shape the building, and its elements in diferent and elegantorms. Besides this, when compared to steel, reinorced concrete high rise buildings

ha(e better damping ratios contributing to minimi;e motion perception and hea(ier

concrete structures ofer impro(ed stabilit$ against wind loads. /oreo(er, high

strength concrete and lightweight structural concrete allow using smaller member

si;es and less steel reinorcement. All high rise buildings can be considered as

composite buildings since it is impossible to construct a unctional building b$ using

onl$ steel or concrete. n this stud$, buildings ha(ing reinorced concrete beams,

columns, and shear walls are accepted as reinorced concrete !or concrete"

buildings, and in the same wa$, buildings ha(ing steel beams, columns and bracings

are accepted as steel buildings. *amel$, the rame and bracing or shear walls P but

not the >oor slabs P are the determining parameters or the building t$pe. A

concrete column became more economical than a pure steel column than's to the

introduction o high and ultra- high-strength concrete with compressi(e strength up

to 8F8/4a in 8GLD. Besides the economic eature, moldabilit$, high stifness and

insulating, and re-resisting #ualit$ o concrete, ha(e all contributed to reali;e its

structural combination with steel which has merits o high strength-to-weight ratio

especiall$ or seismic ;ones, ast construction, long span capacit$, ease o assembl$

and eld wor'.

Both steel and concrete constructions ha(e ad(antages and drawbac's. /oreo(er,

without composite construction, man$ o our contemporar$ high rise buildings ma$

ne(er ha(e been constructed in their present orm toda$. n the other hand, here,

the term composite s$stem means an$ and all combinations o steel and reinorcedconcrete elements and is considered s$non$mous with other denitions such as

mixed s$stems, h$brid s$stems, etc. The classication o structural s$stems o high

rise buildings are 5 +rame !rigid rame" s$stemsQ 5 Braced rame and shear walled

rame s$stemsQ 5 utrigger - belt truss s$stemsQ 5 +ramed tube s$stemsQ 5 Braced

!exterior braced" s$stemsQ 5 Bundled tube s$stems.

9.? *TA33AT* + )62C) T)/

The installation or air-conditioning, (entilation, lighting and re alarms are usuall$

located between the load-bearing ceiling and a suspended alse ceiling into which

the lamps are normall$ integrated. mall-scale electrical installations are contained

in truc'ing in the screed >ooring. Cables can then be routed as desired in the spacebelow the >oorQ the e#uipment is connected to soc'ets in so-called >oor tan's. +alse

>oors are to be ound almost e(er$where in modern houses, since cables can be

rerouted without diEcult$, as is increasingl$ re#uired on account o the rapid pace

o change in oEce and communications technolog$. /oreo(er, the space below the

>oor can also be used or (entilation and air-conditioning installations. 4articular

attention must be paid to the #uestion o re protection in such alse >oor

constructions. Connection o the >exible partition walls to both the suspended


13/18

ceiling and the ele(ated alse >oor can pose problems. +rom the point o (iew o

soundproong and thermal insulation, it would be better to install high rise the

partition walls between the load-bearing >oors.

owe(er, since the suspended ceilings and alse >oors normall$ extend o(er the

entire area and are not conned to an$ single room on account o the technical

installations, the partition walls must also be tted between the suspended ceilingand alse >oor. This conse#uentl$ ma'es it necessar$ to use soundproong and

thermall$ insulating >oor co(erings, as well as ceiling materials. +acade elements

into which technical components ha(e alread$ been incorporated b$ the

manuacturer are con(enientl$ lin'ed to the remaining networ' b$ means o screw-

in and plug-in connections. owe(er, it is becoming increasingl$ rare or such

technical ser(ice connections to be installed in the external walls, as the$ do not

permit as >exible use o the room as >oor tan's. 1ue to the relati(el$ small area

a(ailable per >oor, re resistant elements !re walls" are usuall$ onl$ to be ound in

the core areas incorporating the ele(ators, stairwells, ser(ice and installation shats,

sanitar$ and ancillar$ rooms. A (ertical brea'down into re compartments is mostl$

obtained with the aid o re-resistant >oor

9.?.8 )*)6@ A*1 7AT)6 U443

Unli'e the case with normal multi-store$ buildings, the technical ser(ice

components in high rise buildings must meet special re#uirements i onl$ on

account o the height, since the re#uired suppl$ o energ$, water and air and the

eSuent (olume are incomparabl$ larger. These utilities must also be transported to

the (er$ last >oor in suEcient #uantities, under ade#uate pressure and at

sometimes to tall$ diferent temperatures. The planning efort re#uired on the part

o the ser(ice engineers responsible or the suppl$ and disposal ser(ices in high-rise

buildings is thereore (er$ much greater than in the case o smaller and medium

si;ed proOects. The pressure load on the indi(idual components is reduced throughsubdi(ision into se(eral pressure stages with technical ser(ice centres in the

basement or on the ground >oor, on intermediate >oors and on the roo.

9.?.9 2)*T3AT* A*1 A6-C*1T**@

The s$stems should be designed in such a wa$ as to ensure >exible di(ision o the

areas !large rooms, indi(idual rooms" so that their use can subse#uentl$ be

changed without extensi(e con(ersions. A (ariet$ o (entilation and air-conditioning

s$stems can be installed, depending on the purpose or which the building is used.

The high- rise head#uarters o the 1eutsche Ban' in +ran'urt am /ain, or

instance, is supplied b$ a two-channel high-pressure s$stem in which the air is

inOected rom abo(e and discharged through corresponding exhaust air windows. Asecond, independent two-channel high-pressure s$stem additionall$ blows air into

the rooms rom the alse >oors. +ig 9.? 2entilation and Air-conditioning s$stem n

principle, all air-conditioning and (entilation s$stems must meet the same basic

re#uirements 5 The air in the room must be continuousl$ renewed !at three to six

old exchange o air is normall$ re#uired per hour". 5 The outside air >ow must be

guaranteed with a minimum resh air >ow o :D to LD m:Rh per person. 5 The ris' o

drats must be minimi;ed and an$ nuisance due to the transmission o sound


14/18

eliminated. 5 t must be possible to shut of indi(idual plant segments when the

corresponding parts o the building are not in use.

68NIT8TIONressure stages are also re0uired for the sanitation, thus permitting the use of smaller pumps$

6anitary dispensing points must additionally be isolated from the building as such forsoundproofing reasons$ The internal heat loads +e$g$ hot e2haust air, e2haust heat from

refrigeration systems/ accumulated in high1rise buildings are commonly used to heat water with

the aid of heat pumps or heat reco"ery systems$ 6tudies shown that the height does not ha"e any

effect on the flow rate and rate of fall, since fiscal matter and effluent do not simply drop to theground under the force of gra"ity, but more or less wind their way downwards along the pipe

walls$


15/18


16/18

means that occupants can be directed down the saest path, and will almost ne(er

be trapped. As usual, the areas o reuge are encased in re resistant concrete, are

well (entilated, and can be lit b$ emergenc$ lights.

9.L.< +6) )0T*@U)6

and-operated re extinguishers must be installed at clearl$ mar'ed and generall$

accessible points in high-rise buildings in order to ght incipient res. These

extinguishers are intended or use b$ the building&s residents. owe(er, teams

should be present on e(er$ >oor made up o the people who wor' and li(e thereQ

the$ must then be instructed on what to do i a re brea's out and also be

amiliari;ed with the use o these hand-operated re extinguishers.

9.L.? +6)-+@T*@ 7AT)6

The cases outlined abo(e ha(e shown how important it is to ha(e an efecti(e

suppl$ o reghting water when combating a re in a high-rise building. o that theremen can start to ght the re as soon as the$ arri(e on the scene, wet risers

must be installed in e(er$ stairwell or in their (icinit$ and a wall h$drant with hose

line connected to these risers on e(er$ >oor. The hoses must be suEcientl$ long to

direct re-ghting water to e(er$ point on that >oor. An ade#uatel$ dimensioned

water line and ade#uate water pressure must be ensured when planning and

designing the building. n (er$ high buildings, booster s$stems must be installed in

the wet risers to increase the water pressure. 7hether the water or re-ghting can

be ta'en rom the public mains or rom separate water reser(oirs or tan's must be

decided in each indi(idual instance in accordance with local conditions and

regulations. +or greater saet$, it ma$ be useul to install not onl$ wet risers, but

also dr$ risers into which the re brigade can eed water at the re#uired pressurerom the ground >oor.

9.L.L 46*I3)6

An automatic sprin'ler s$stem is the most efecti(e protecti(e measure or ghting

and controlling a re in a high-rise building. Care must be ta'en to ensure that the

complete building is protected b$ such sprin'lers. n the cases outlined abo(e, there

were either no sprin'lers at all or no acti(ated sprin'lers on the burning >oors.


17/18

Based on past experience, the installation o sprin'ler s$stems is in man$ countries

prescribed b$ law or high-rise buildings rom a certain height onwards P as rom LD

m in @erman$, or example. n some cases, the statutor$ regulations e(en stipulate

that sprin'lers ha(e to be installed retroacti(el$ in high-rise buildings erected beore

the regulations came into orce.

Automatic sprin'ler s$stems throughout the building are important since the$ must

ght a re as earl$ as possible and must either extinguish the re directl$ or 'eep it

under control until the re brigade arri(es to nish of the Oob. owe(er, a sprin'ler

s$stem will normall$ be unable to control a re in ull >ame, or instance i it leaps

rom a >oor with no sprin'lers to one with sprin'lers. prin'ler s$stems are simpl$

not dimensioned to cope with such de(elopments. prin'ler s$stems must meet the

ollowing re#uirements

5 The$ must rapidl$ control a re in the re compartment in which it brea's outQ

5 The$ must limit the emission and spread o >ames, hot umes and smo'e, the$

must trigger an alarm in the building, preerabl$ also indicating to the central

control panel where the seat o the re is located, the alert must be orwarded to

the re brigade or other auxiliar$ orces.

5 The abilit$ o the s$stem to indicate to the central control panel where the seat o

the re is located presupposes that a separate sprin'ler s$stem with an alarm (al(e

is assigned to each >oor and to each re compartment.

As alread$ mentioned in connection with re-detection s$stems, the installation o

an automatic re-detection s$stem in addition to the sprin'ler s$stem is ad(isableso that res can be disco(ered and signaled more #uic'l$. prin'ler s$stems must

be installed in accordance with the applicable directi(es or standards, the best

'nown o which include *+4A, C)A, +C and 2d. All the components used or

installation must compl$ with the rele(ant standards. The (arious directi(es and

standards permit a (ariet$ o solutions with regard to the water suppl$ 7ater

suppl$ rom the public mains P possibl$ (ia an intermediate tan' on the ground P (ia

booster pumps on the ground to suppl$ se(eral groups o >oors with diferent


18/18

pressure le(els intermediate tan's on (arious upper >oors, under either normal

pressure or excess pressure, to suppl$ the sprin'ler groups abo(e or below deep

tan's and pressuri;ed tan's on the roo, as well as intermediate tan's in the middle

o the building, to suppl$ the sprin'lers below with static or high pressure Tan's on

upper >oors can be replenished (ia low-capacit$ pumps.

1epending on the t$pe o suppl$ selected, it ma$ be necessar$ to install risepressure- reducing (al(es on the indi(idual >oors. +or a sprin'ler s$stem to operate

smoothl$, it must not onl$ be correctl$ installed and set, but also be regularl$

inspected and ser(iced b$ specialist personnel.

9.L.K T)6 )HU4/)*T

ther automatic re-ghting e#uipment ma$ be appropriate or certain s$stems in a

high-rise building, such as transormers, electrical switchgear and control rooms,

computer centers and telephone switchboards.

High Rise Building Mixed Use Development

Documents

Transcript of High Rise Building Mixed Use Development