High Intensity Soil Survey Poster
1
High Intensity Soil Survey: A Recommendation for Policies, High Intensity Soil Survey: A Recommendation for Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines for Implementation Procedures, and Guidelines for Implementation Mark S. McClain Mark S. McClain Soil Horizons, Inc. (Lafayette, Indiana) & Soil Horizons, Inc. (Lafayette, Indiana) & MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (Kennesaw, Georgia) MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (Kennesaw, Georgia) November 14, 2006 November 14, 2006 Symposium—High Intensity Soil Surveys: II Symposium—High Intensity Soil Surveys: II Soil Science Society of America 2006 Annual Meetings Soil Science Society of America 2006 Annual Meetings ~ ~ INTRODUCTION INTRODUCTION A recommendation for policies, procedures, and guideline for the implementation of site- specific High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) and Order 1 NCSS Soil Surveys is presented in this poster. This will include map scales, base maps, map unit purity, field mapping procedures, identification of map units, soils and map legend, map labeling, the HISS report and map, and a proposed Soil Investigative Process. MAP SCALE MAP SCALE The High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) and site-specific mapping scale must be large enough to allow refined distinctions among homogeneous delineations of soils. The soil scientist and the end-user of the HISS map must select a map scale which is suitable to their needs. According to SSSNNE Special Publication #3, the base map should be 1:12,000 (1”=1000’) or larger. This area is shown in Table 1 as an Order 1 Soil Survey. Table 1. Guide to Map Scales and Minimum-Size Delineations 1 Traditionally, the minimum size delineation is assumed to be a 1/4 inch square, or a circle with an area of 1/16 in . Cartographically, this is about the smallest area in which a conventional soil map symbol can be legibly printed. Smaller areas can, but rarely are, delineated and the symbol “lined in” from outside the delineation. 1 Modified from: Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the Basin and Range Province, defined for Soil Survey. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin No. 28, Reno, NV. 2 Traditionally, the minimum size delineation is assumed to be a 1/4 inch square, or a circle with an area of 1/16 inches 2 . Cartographically, this is about the smallest area in which a conventional soil map symbol can be legibly printed. Smaller areas can, but rarely are, delineated and the symbol “lined in” from outside the delineation. HISS BASE MAP HISS BASE MAP The soil scientist that is mapping the High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) should insure that the site-specific base maps are of suitable quality and meet the Map Scale requirements defined previously. It is highly desirable and preferable to use base maps that are integral components of a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is compatible with Computer Aided Drafting (CAD). It is best to use digital base maps. Some of the suitable base maps include the following: 1. Aerial Photography/Digital Orthophotography (GIS) 2. Satellite Imagery (GIS) 3. Site-specific topographic maps 4 (CAD) 4. USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps 5 (GIS) 5. Other GIS base maps 4 These topographic maps should have a vertical or elevation interval of 2 feet or less. 5 The scale and normal presentation of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps will be altered when used in the GIS, but these maps are still very goods maps to use in the preliminary interpretation and map compilation. Order of Soil Survey Map Scale Minimum Size Delineation 3 Acres Order 1 High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) 1:120 1” = 10’ 1” = 120” 0.0001 1:240 1” = 20’ 1” = 240” 0.0006 1:360 1” = 30’ 1” = 360” 0.0013 1:600 1” = 50’ 1” = 600” 0.0052 1:1,200 1” = 100’ 1” = 1,200” 0.0143 Order of Soil Survey Map Scale Inches Per Mile Minimum Size Delineation 2 Acres Order 1 1:500 126.7 0.0025 1:1,000 63.4 0.100 1:2,000 31.7 0.040 1:5,000 12.7 0.25 1:7,920 8.0 0.62 1:10,000 6.34 1.00 Order 2 1:12,000 5.28 1.43 1:15,840 4.00 2.50 1:20,000 3.17 4.00 1:24,000 2.64 5.7 Order 3 1:30,000 2.11 9.0 1:31,680 2.00 10.0 Order 4 1:60,000 1.05 36 1:62,500 1.01 39 1:63,360 1.00 40 Order 5 1:80,000 0.79 64 1:100,000 0.63 100 1:125,000 0.51 156 1:250,000 0.25 623 1:500,000 0.127 2,500 1:750,000 0.084 5,600 Very General 1:1,000,000 0.063 10,000 1:7,500,000 0.0084 560,000 1:15,000,000 0.0042 2,240,000 Typical HISS Minimum Map Scale (See Table 2) NCSS Order 1 Minimum Map Scale USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps USGS 15-minute topographic quadrangle maps Typical USDA-NRCS Soil Survey Table 2. High Intensity Soil Survey Map Scales FIELD MAPPING PROCEDURES FIELD MAPPING PROCEDURES 1. Soil map unit delineations are made by the soil scientist in the field either by traversing traversing the landscape and recognizing variability or by a series of necessary transects transects. Special care is taken to insure accurate soil delineation boundaries and to be cognizant of the map unit purity of the consociation. Remotely sensed data and base maps are essential for High Intensity Soil Survey. 2. Sufficient soil observations soil observations must be made to insure accurate placement of soil map unit boundaries. 3. The soil map units soil map units are delineated for the specific-use specified for the unique land use application for which the HISS map is being made. The HISS map may or may not be an Order 1 NCSS Soil Survey. 4. The ground control ground control is essential and at the density specified by the soil scientist. The ground control may be provided by a surveyor or engineer as survey control on the site or it the soil scientist may use a sub-meter Global Positioning System (GPS) data collector during the soil investigative process. IDENTIFICATION OF MAP UNITS IDENTIFICATION OF MAP UNITS The identification of the soil map units depends upon whether it is an Order 1 NCSS Soil Survey or a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey. In Order 1 NCSS Soil Surveys, soils are classified using Soil Taxonomy and the current Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Map units are defined in terms of soil series and phases as defined in the Official Series Descriptions and the ranges of inclusions. Order 1 Soil Surveys meet the standards of the NCSS. The identification of map units is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey and may or may not conform to NCSS standards. SOILS AND MAP LEGEND SOILS AND MAP LEGEND There are three basic types of soils legends used in High Intensity Soil Surveys: 1. A total numeric legend 2. An alpha-numeric legend 3. A total alpha legend For Order 1 Soil Surveys, the NCSS program in each state uses their own method and protocols for maintaining legends. The Soils and Map Legend is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey may or may not conform to NCSS standards. MAP LABELING MAP LABELING It is essential that the soil scientist preparing the High Intensity Soil Survey sign, date, and certify (i.e., seal with stamp) the HISS report. The SSSNNE Special Publication #3 requires that one of the following statements be included on all HISS and accompanying reports: “This map product is within the technical standards of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. It is a special purpose product, produced by a private sector soil consultant, and is not a product of the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. There is a report that accompanies this map.” “This map product is not within the technical standards of the National Cooperative Soil Survey because….” The Map Labeling is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey and may or may not conform to NCSS standards. A statement certifying and clarifying these limitations should be included on the HISS and accompanying report. HISS REPORT AND MAP HISS REPORT AND MAP The HISS narrative report that is to accompany the map has the following minimum requirements: 1. Mapping Standards used (e.g., NCSS) 2. Signature, date, and seal of soil scientist 3. Location (Vicinity Map) and size High Intensity Soil Survey USDA-NRCS Soil Survey Preliminary Investigation Site-Specific Investigation (On-Site Investigation) Specific-Use HISS NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey Figure 2. Hierarchical Soil Investigative Process HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE PROCESS PROCESS Specific-Use Soil Inventory (On-Site Investigation) Increasing Order of Complexity Increasing Intensity of Investigation Preliminary Investigation USDA-NRCS Soil Survey Specific-Use Soil Inventory (On-Site Investigation) High Intensity Soil Survey NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey Map & Report Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey Map & Report Site-Specific Investigation (On-Site Investigation) Figure 3. Soil Investigative Process Examples of Specific-Use High Intensity Examples of Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Surveys: Soil Surveys: 1. 1. On-Site Septic System Suitability • Map depicting spatial distribution of the seasonal high water table • Map depicting spatial distribution of the limiting or restrictive layers (e.g., dense till, fragipans, bedrock) • Map depicting spatial distribution of hydraulic loading rates 2. Phytoremediation • Map depicting the variability and spatial distribution of contamination • Map depicting the variability and spatial distribution of soil physical and chemical properties used for plant specification 3. Wetlands and Jurisdictional Waters using the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual. 4. Precision Agriculture • Spatial Distribution of Organic Matter in the Landscape • Spatial Distribution of Nutrients in the Landscape MAP UNIT PURITY MAP UNIT PURITY Soil map units in the HISS should be either consociations or complexes. The criteria for consociations and complexes are found in the National Cooperative Soil Survey standards. The following figure from the SSSNNE Special Publication #3 graphically depicts the components of a consociation. The Soil Investigative Process (SIP) shown in Figures 2 and 3 involves the following progression: Preliminary Investigation, use of USDA-NRCS Soil Survey, Specific-Use Soil Inventory (On- Site Investigation), either an NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey or a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey, and then the follow-up Site-Specific Investigation, which is also an On-Site Investigation.
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Transcript of High Intensity Soil Survey Poster
High Intensity Soil Survey: A Recommendation for Policies, Procedures, and High Intensity Soil Survey: A Recommendation for Policies, Procedures, and Guidelines for ImplementationGuidelines for Implementation
Mark S. McClainMark S. McClainSoil Horizons, Inc. (Lafayette, Indiana) &Soil Horizons, Inc. (Lafayette, Indiana) &
MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (Kennesaw, Georgia)MACTEC Engineering and Consulting, Inc. (Kennesaw, Georgia)November 14, 2006November 14, 2006
Symposium—High Intensity Soil Surveys: IISymposium—High Intensity Soil Surveys: IISoil Science Society of America 2006 Annual MeetingsSoil Science Society of America 2006 Annual Meetings
~~INTRODUCTIONINTRODUCTION
A recommendation for policies, procedures, and guideline for the implementation of site-specific High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) and Order 1 NCSS Soil Surveys is presented in this poster. This will include map scales, base maps, map unit purity, field mapping procedures, identification of map units, soils and map legend, map labeling, the HISS report and map, and a proposed Soil Investigative Process.
MAP SCALEMAP SCALEThe High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) and site-specific mapping scale must be large enough to allow refined distinctions among homogeneous delineations of soils. The soil scientist and the end-user of the HISS map must select a map scale which is suitable to their needs. According to SSSNNE Special Publication #3, the base map should be 1:12,000 (1”=1000’) or larger. This area is shown in Table 1 as an Order 1 Soil Survey.
Table 1. Guide to Map Scales and Minimum-Size Delineations1
3 Traditionally, the minimum size delineation is assumed to be a 1/4 inch square, or a circle with an area of 1/16 in2. Cartographically, this is about the smallest area in which a conventional soil map symbol can be legibly printed. Smaller areas can, but rarely are, delineated and the symbol“lined in” from outside the delineation.
1 Modified from: Peterson, F.F. 1981. Landforms of the Basin and Range Province, defined for Soil Survey. Nevada Agricultural Experiment Station, Technical Bulletin No. 28, Reno, NV.2 Traditionally, the minimum size delineation is assumed to be a 1/4 inch square, or a circle with an area of 1/16 inches2. Cartographically, this is about the smallest area in which a conventional soil map symbol can be legibly printed. Smaller areas can, but rarely are, delineated and the symbol“lined in” from outside the delineation.
HISS BASE MAPHISS BASE MAP The soil scientist that is mapping the High Intensity Soil Survey (HISS) should insure that the site-specific base maps are of suitable quality and meet the Map Scale requirements defined previously. It is highly desirable and preferable to use base maps that are integral components of a Geographic Information System (GIS) that is compatible with Computer Aided Drafting (CAD). It is best to use digital base maps. Some of the suitable base maps include the following:
1. Aerial Photography/Digital Orthophotography (GIS)
2. Satellite Imagery (GIS)3. Site-specific topographic maps4 (CAD)4. USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle
maps5 (GIS)5. Other GIS base maps
4 These topographic maps should have a vertical or elevation interval of 2 feet or less.5 The scale and normal presentation of the USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps will be altered when used in the GIS, but these maps are still very goods maps to use in the preliminary interpretation and map compilation.
Order ofSoil
SurveyMap Scale
Minimum Size Delineation3
Acres
Order 1High Intensity Soil
Survey (HISS)
1:120 1” = 10’1” = 120”
0.0001
1:240 1” = 20’1” = 240”
0.0006
1:360 1” = 30’1” = 360”
0.0013
1:600 1” = 50’1” = 600”
0.0052
1:1,200 1” = 100’1” = 1,200”
0.0143
Order ofSoil
Survey
Map Scale InchesPer Mile
Minimum Size Delineation2
Acres
Order 1
1:500 126.7 0.0025
1:1,000 63.4 0.100
1:2,000 31.7 0.040
1:5,000 12.7 0.25
1:7,920 8.0 0.62
1:10,000 6.34 1.00
Order 2
1:12,000 5.28 1.43
1:15,840 4.00 2.50
1:20,000 3.17 4.00
1:24,000 2.64 5.7
Order 3 1:30,000 2.11 9.0
1:31,680 2.00 10.0
Order 41:60,000 1.05 36
1:62,500 1.01 39
1:63,360 1.00 40
Order 5
1:80,000 0.79 64
1:100,000 0.63 100
1:125,000 0.51 156
1:250,000 0.25 623
1:500,000 0.127 2,500
1:750,000 0.084 5,600
VeryGeneral
1:1,000,000 0.063 10,000
1:7,500,000 0.0084 560,000
1:15,000,000 0.0042 2,240,000
Typical HISS Minimum Map Scale (See Table 2)
NCSS Order 1 Minimum Map Scale
USGS 7.5-minute topographic quadrangle maps
USGS 15-minute topographic quadrangle maps
Typical USDA-NRCS Soil Survey
Table 2. High Intensity Soil Survey Map Scales FIELD MAPPING PROCEDURESFIELD MAPPING PROCEDURES
1. Soil map unit delineations are made by the soil scientist in the field either by traversingtraversing the landscape and recognizing variability or by a series of necessary transectstransects. Special care is taken to insure accurate soil delineation boundaries and to be cognizant of the map unit purity of the consociation. Remotely sensed data and base maps are essential for High Intensity Soil Survey.
2. Sufficient soil observationssoil observations must be made to insure accurate placement of soil map unit boundaries.
3. The soil map unitssoil map units are delineated for the specific-use specified for the unique land use application for which the HISS map is being made. The HISS map may or may not be an Order 1 NCSS Soil Survey.
4. The ground controlground control is essential and at the density specified by the soil scientist. The ground control may be provided by a surveyor or engineer as survey control on the site or it the soil scientist may use a sub-meter Global Positioning System (GPS) data collector during the soil investigative process.
IDENTIFICATION OF MAP UNITSIDENTIFICATION OF MAP UNITSThe identification of the soil map units depends upon whether it is an Order 1 NCSS Soil Survey or a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey. In Order 1 NCSS Soil Surveys, soils are classified using Soil Taxonomy and the current Keys to Soil Taxonomy. Map units are defined in terms of soil series and phases as defined in the Official Series Descriptions and the ranges of inclusions. Order 1 Soil Surveys meet the standards of the NCSS. The identification of map units is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey and may or may not conform to NCSS standards.
SOILS AND MAP LEGENDSOILS AND MAP LEGENDThere are three basic types of soils legends used in High Intensity Soil Surveys:
1. A total numeric legend2. An alpha-numeric legend3. A total alpha legend
For Order 1 Soil Surveys, the NCSS program in each state uses their own method and protocols for maintaining legends. The Soils and Map Legend is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey may or may not conform to NCSS standards.
MAP LABELINGMAP LABELING
It is essential that the soil scientist preparing the High Intensity Soil Survey sign, date, and certify (i.e., seal with stamp) the HISS report.
The SSSNNE Special Publication #3 requires that one of the following statements be included on all HISS and accompanying reports:
“This map product is within the technical standards of the National Cooperative Soil Survey. It is a special purpose product, produced by a private sector soil consultant, and is not a product of the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service. There is a report that accompanies this map.”
“This map product is not within the technical standards of the National Cooperative Soil Survey because….”
The Map Labeling is specified by the soil scientist in a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey and may or may not conform to NCSS standards. A statement certifying and clarifying these limitations should be included on the HISS and accompanying report.
HISS REPORT AND MAPHISS REPORT AND MAPThe HISS narrative report that is to accompany the map has the following minimum requirements:
1. Mapping Standards used (e.g., NCSS)2. Signature, date, and seal of soil scientist3. Location (Vicinity Map) and size of site4. Soils and Map Legend5. Soil Map Unit Descriptions and maximum
size of limiting inclusions for Order 1 Soil Surveys
6. Unique or distinguishing features of site, soils, and landform.
High Intensity Soil Survey
USDA-NRCS Soil Survey
Preliminary Investigation
Site-Specific Investigation (On-Site Investigation)
Specific-Use HISS
NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey
Figure 2. Hierarchical Soil Investigative Process
HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE PROCESSPROCESS
HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE HIERARCHICAL SOIL INVESTIGATIVE PROCESSPROCESS
Specific-Use Soil Inventory(On-Site Investigation)
Increasing Order of ComplexityIncreasing Intensity of Investigation
Preliminary Investigation
USDA-NRCS Soil Survey
Specific-Use Soil Inventory
(On-Site Investigation)
High Intensity Soil Survey
NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey Map & Report
Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey
Map & Report
Site-Specific Investigation
(On-Site Investigation)
Figure 3. Soil Investigative Process
Examples of Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Examples of Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Surveys:Surveys:
1.1. On-Site Septic System Suitability• Map depicting spatial distribution of the seasonal
high water table• Map depicting spatial distribution of the limiting
or restrictive layers (e.g., dense till, fragipans, bedrock)
• Map depicting spatial distribution of hydraulic loading rates
2. Phytoremediation• Map depicting the variability and spatial
distribution of contamination• Map depicting the variability and spatial
distribution of soil physical and chemical properties used for plant specification
3. Wetlands and Jurisdictional Waters using the 1987 Corps of Engineers Wetlands Delineation Manual.
4. Precision Agriculture• Spatial Distribution of Organic Matter in the
Landscape• Spatial Distribution of Nutrients in the Landscape
MAP UNIT PURITYMAP UNIT PURITY Soil map units in the HISS should be either consociations or complexes. The criteria for consociations and complexes are found in the National Cooperative Soil Survey standards. The following figure from the SSSNNE Special Publication #3 graphically depicts the components of a consociation.
The Soil Investigative Process (SIP) shown in Figures 2 and 3 involves the following progression: Preliminary Investigation, use of USDA-NRCS Soil Survey, Specific-Use Soil Inventory (On-Site Investigation), either an NCSS Order 1 Soil Survey or a Specific-Use High Intensity Soil Survey, and then the follow-up Site-Specific Investigation, which is also an On-Site Investigation.
