High Frequency Voltage Stress - IEEEewh.ieee.org/r10/taiwan/pses/archive/2012_04_27/IEEE...

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High Frequency Voltage Stress Presented by: Flore Chiang Date: March 30, 2012

Transcript of High Frequency Voltage Stress - IEEEewh.ieee.org/r10/taiwan/pses/archive/2012_04_27/IEEE...

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High Frequency Voltage StressPresented by:  Flore ChiangDate:  March 30, 2012

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Now the additional data is available!

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ground rules:

1. intro to PD.

2. experimental results.

3. comparison with current practice.

4. why different?

5. how air and solid dielectrics behave under high frequency stress?

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IEC 60664‐4:2005 (2nd Ed.)

Any type of periodic voltages with a fundamental frequency 

(f0) above 30 kHz and up to 10 MHz

Key phenomenon = partial discharge (PD)

Its deteriorating effect is aggravated roughly in proportionally 

to the frequency

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partial discharge (PD)is a localized discharge within a solid or fluid dielectric system, restricted to only a part of dielectric material thus only partially bridging the electrodes, and is typically observed: in cavities, voids (bubbles) or gaps;

between interfaces of different dielectric properties;

at sharp electrode edges or protrusions.

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Electric arc video

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glow dischargedark discharge

Townsend regions normal glow abnormal glow

arc discharge

V

I

non‐thermal thermalbreakdown

voltage

glow‐to‐arctransition

background

saturation

nA µA mA A kA

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Slow motion video of lightning

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field homogeneity

inhomogeneous field (point‐to‐plane)……………….Case Ahomogeneous field (plane‐to‐plane)…………….. ….Case Bapproximately homogeneous field when the radius of curvature of the conductive parts is equal 

or greater than 20 % of the associated clearance.

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figure A.1 — breakdown at high frequency in air at atmospheric pressure, 

homogeneous field,                50 Hz – 25 MHz

breakdown voltage (Ub) is frequency‐dependent.

Ub degrades at 900 kHz, i.e., critical frequency.

 worst‐case scenario         at 2.5 MHz, i.e., f (min)

~80% retention rate

little effect on             small clearances.

f (kHz)

Ub (kV peak)

Larger Clearances (d)

d = 4.0 mm

d = 3.5 mm

d = 3.0 mm

d = 2.5 mm

d = 2.0 mm

d = 1.5 mm

d = 1.0 mm

d = 0.5 mm

f (mains) 50 Hz

f (critical) 900 kHz

f (minimum) 2.5 MHz

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inhomogeneous field distribution• the corona discharge phenomenon in 

inhomogeneous fields (point‐to‐plane) is much more intense than homogeneous (plane‐to‐plane) that can be observed by naked eye.

• the worst‐case Ub is about 50% of that at power frequency.

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0

10

20

30

40

50

60

330 400 500 600 800 1000 1200 1500 1600 1800 2000 2500 3000 4000 5000 6000 8000 10000120001500020000

Clearances (m

m)

Required Withstand Voltage or PEAK working voltage (V peak)

Method 1 (B/S)

Method 2 (B/S)

Method 3 (B/S)

Method 4 (B/S)

Method 1 (R)

Method 2 (R)

Method 3 (R)

Method 4 (R)

Legacy B/S

Legacy R

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electrical breakdown in gases, i.e., clearancestypically takes more than 100 μs to develop. power frequency (10 ms):  

• a.c. (peak) and d.c. are virtually identical (98.77%).

high frequencies (16.7 μs):  

• insufficient time to constitute complete breakdown.

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– +

+

+ionized air particle

ionization region

EC

+–

+–+–+–

excited air molecule

––

+

+

+ ++

electron

neutral air particles

if the clearances are large or at high frequencies, the ions might get trapped, resulting in the gradient distortion and consequent field strength weakening.

pseudo or phantom electrode

+

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figure C.3 — breakdown      at high frequency, solid insulation; d = 0.75 mm; comparison on short‐time breakdown field strength Eb:

Eb (kV peak per mm)

60 Hz1 MHz100 MHz

f (kHz)

Higher Frequencies

50/60 Hz = 1      e

1 MHz = 0.66

100 MHz = 0.013

the bottom has not yet been reached!?

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solid insulation• compared to air insulation, solid insulation provides 

at least a ten‐fold increase in electric strength.• however, in practice, a PD can occur in embedded 

voids or air gaps in solid dielectrics at a PD‐inception voltage far below its breakdown voltage, reducing its voltage withstand ability, and likely resulting in the complete destruction of most solid dielectrics.

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modeling a gas‐filled void

• εr (air) = 1.0006;

• εr (PC, polycarbonate) = 2.3;

• εr (FR‐4) = 4.4;

C (remainder) >> C (void)

C (void) >> C (series)

for any dielectric of the same size:

V (void) = εr * V (dielectric)

111

1

r

)()(

)()(

td

VCC

CVVvoidseries

seriesvoid

dAC 0r

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1

6

7

2

5

8

3

4

void‐to‐tree transition

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the experiment

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Figure B.3 — Breakdown Voltage (Ub)Ub is less relevant to frequency factor

larger creepage distances do not  add to the breakdown voltage, Ub

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0

5

10

15

20

25

30

100 125 160 200 300 400 500 600 700 800 900 1000 1100 1200 1300 1400 1500 1600 1700 1800

Creepage Distances (mm)

RMS Working Voltage (V r.m.s.) or PEAK Working Voltage (V peak)

Legacy (B/S)

30 kHz < f ≤ 100 kHz

100 kHz < f ≤ 200 kHz

200 kHz < f ≤ 400 kHz

400 kHz < f ≤ 700 kHz

700 kHz < f ≤ 1 000 kHz

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surface breakdown, i.e., creepage distancesunlike clearances, creepage distances and solid insulation are NOT replenishable — permanent damage such as puncture or carbonized tracking, is likely. in this sense, clearances are less vulnerable to PD.

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please humor me while I speculate…what does it mean by saying “creepage distances must be equal to or greater than clearances?”

geometry?geometry?

however, from this aspect it is difficult to understand what is the relationship between CL and CR.

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I would say when we’re talking about the creepage distances we have to keep in mind that we re talking about clearances as well.

air 

solid insulation

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how creepage distances and clearancesinteract with each other?

air

solid insulation

–– –

15.5 eV(N2)

8.5 eV(PE)

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