High Energy QCD: The Color Glass Condensate, the Glasma & the Quark-Gluon Plasma
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Transcript of High Energy QCD: The Color Glass Condensate, the Glasma & the Quark-Gluon Plasma
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High Energy QCD: The Color Glass Condensate, the
Glasma & the Quark-Gluon Plasma
Raju VenugopalanBrookhaven National Laboratory
Orsay Summer School, July 3-4, 2014
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Outline of lectures
Lecture I: The parton model, pQCD, the Color Glass Condensate, QCD Factorization in strong fields
Lecture II: The Glasma: instabilities, turbulence, thermalization, hydodynamics
Lecture III: The Ridge puzzle: Long range gluon entanglement or collectivity in the world’s smalles fluids
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A standard model of heavy ion collisons
Color Glass
Condensates
Initial
Singularity
Glasma sQGP - perfect fluid
Hadron Gas
t
RV, ICHEP talk, arXiv:1012.4699
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4
Big Bang
CGC/Glasma
QGP
Little Bang
WMAP data(3x105 years)
Inflation
Hot Era
Plot by T. Hatsuda
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The Color Glass Condensate
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The big role of wee gluons
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The big role of wee glue
Bj, DESY lectures (1975)
At LHC, ~14 units in rapidity!
(Nucleus-Nucleus Collisions at Fantastic Energies)
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The big role of wee glue
What is the role of wee partons ? ✔
How do the wee partons interact and produce glue ? ✔
Can it be understood ab initio in QCD ? ✔
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The DIS Paradigm
Measure of resolution power
Measure of inelasticity
Measure of momentum fraction of struck quark
quark+anti-quarkmom. dists.
gluon mom. dists
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Bj-scaling: apparent scale invariance of structure functions
Nobel to Friedman, Kendall, Taylor
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Puzzle resolved in QCD…
QCD Parton ModelLogarithmic scaling violations
Gross, Wilczek, Politzer
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The proton at high energies
Parton model
QCD -log corrections
*
u
u
d
*u
u
d
g
g
x f(x)
1/3 x
x f(x)
~1/7 x
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Sea quarks
Valence quarks
“x-QCD”- small x evolution
# of valence quarks
# of quarks
*
dd
u
u
d
g
g
x f(x)
x
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Structure functions grow rapidly at small x
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Where is the glue ?
For x < 0.01, proton dominated by glue-grows rapidlyWhat happens when glue density is large ?
# partons /unit rapidity
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The Bjorken Limit
• Operator product expansion (OPE), factorization theorems, machinery of precision physics in QCD
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Structure of higher order perturbative contributions in QCD
*
P
Q2, x
Q02, x0
+ + …
+ higher twist (power suppressed) contributions…
Coefficient functions C - computed to NNLO for many processes Splitting functions P - computed to 3-loops
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Resolving the hadron…
Ren.Group-DGLAP evolution(sums large logs in Q2)
Increasing Q2
Phase space density (# partons / area / Q2 ) decreases- the proton becomes more dilute…
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BEYOND pQCD IN THE Bj LIMIT
• Works great for inclusive, high Q2 processes
• Higher twists important when Q2 ≈ QS2(x)
• Problematic for diffractive/exclusive processes
• Formalism not convenient to treat shadowing, multiple scattering, diffraction, energy loss, impact parameter dependence, thermalization…
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The Regge-Gribov Limit in QCD
• Physics of strong fields in QCD, multi-particle production, Novel universal properties of QCD ?
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Large x
Small x
Resolving the hadron…
Ren.group-BFKL evolutionin QCD(sums large logs in x)
Gluon density saturates at phase space density f = 1 /S
- strongest (chromo-) E&M fields in nature…
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Bremsstrahlung-linear QCD evolution
Gluon recombinationand screening-non-linear QCD evolution
Proton becomes a dense many body system at high energies
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Parton Saturation
• Competition between attractive bremsstrahlung and repulsive recombination and screening effects
Maximum phase space density (f = 1/S) =>
This relation is saturated for
Gribov,Levin,Ryskin (1983)Mueller,Qiu (1986)
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Many-body dynamics of universal gluonic matter
How does this happen ? What arethe right degrees of freedom ?
How do correlation functions of these evolve ?
Is there a universal fixed point for the RG evolution of d.o.f
Does the coupling run with Qs2 ?
How does saturation transition tochiral symmetry breaking and confinement
ln(ΛQCD2)
DGLAP+higher twists
BFKL+higher twists
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Saturation scale grows with energy
Typical gluon momenta are large
Bulk of high energy cross-sections:a) obey dynamics of novel non-linear QCD regimeb) Can be computed systematically in weak coupling
Typical gluon kT in hadron/nuclear wave function
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Many-body high energy QCD: The Color Glass Condensate
nuclear sizeenergy
reso
lutio
n
Gelis,Iancu,Jalilian-Marian,RV: Ann. Rev. Nucl. Part. Sci. (2010), arXiv: 1002.0333
Dynamically generated semi-hard “saturation scale” opens window forsystematic weak coupling study of non-perturbative dynamics
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Parton Saturation:Golec-Biernat--Wusthoff dipole model
q
q P
* z
1-z
r
Parameters: Q0 = 1 GeV; = 0.3; x0 = 3* 10-4 ; 0 = 23 mb
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Evidence from HERA for geometrical scalingGolec-Biernat, Stasto,Kwiecinski
F2
F2D
VM, DVCS = Q2 / QS2 D V
Marquet, Schoeffel hep-ph/0606079
Gelis et al., hep-ph/0610435
Scaling seen for F2D and VM,DVCS for same QS as F2
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolutionPhoton wave function
State of the art dipole saturation models:
i) rcBK –higher twist corrections to pQCD BFKL small x evolution
ii) IP-Sat based on eikonalized treatment of DGLAP higher twists – form same as MV model
Bartels,Golec-Biernat,KowalskiKowalski, Teaney;Kowalski, Motyka, Watt
Albacete,Kovchegov
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Albacete,Milhano,Quiroga-Arias,Rojo, arXiv:1203.1043
Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution a la BK
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Albacete,Milhano,Quiroga-Arias,Rojo, arXiv:1203.1043
Comparison of running coupling rcBK eqn. with precision small x combined HERA data
Comparison of rc BK to DGLAP fits-bands denote pdf uncertainties
Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution a la BK
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution a la IP-Sat
(Few) parameters fixed by χ2 ~ 1 fit to combined (H1+ZEUS) red. cross-section
Rezaiean,Siddikov,Van de Klundert,RV: 1212.2974
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution a la IP-SatRezaiean,Siddikov,Van de Klundert,RV: 1212.2974
Exclusive Vector meson production:
More stable gluondist. at small x relative to NNLOpdf fits
Comparable quality fits for energy (W) and t-distributions
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The nuclear wavefunction at high energies|A> = |qqq…q> + … + |qqq…qgg…g>
At high energies, interaction time scales of fluctuations are dilated well beyond typical hadronic time scales
Lots of short lived (gluon) fluctuations now seen by probe -- proton/nucleus -- dense many body system of (primarily) gluons
Fluctuations with lifetimes much longer than interaction time for the probe function as static color sources for more short lived fluctuations
Nuclear wave function at high energies is a Color Glass Condensate
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The nuclear wavefunction at high energies
DynamicalWee modes
Valence modes-are static sources for wee modes
|A> = |qqq…q> + … + |qqq…qgg…gg>
Higher Fock components dominate multiparticle production- construct Effective Field Theory
Born--Oppenheimer LCseparation natural for EFT.
RG eqns describe evolution of wavefunctionwith energy
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What do sources look like in the IMF ?
Wee partons “see” a large density of color sources at small transverse resolutions
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Effective Field Theory on Light Front
Poincare group on LF Galilean sub-group of 2D Quantum Mechanicsisomorphism
Susskind Bardacki-Halpern
Eg., LF dispersion relation
Energy
Momentum
Mass
Large x (P+) modes: static LF (color) sources a
Small x (k+ <<P+) modes: dynamical fields
non-pert. gauge invariant “density matrix” defined at initial scale 0
+
CGC: Coarse grained many body EFT on LFMcLerran, RV
RG equations describe evolution of W with x JIMWLK, BK
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Classical field of a large nucleus
For a large nucleus, A >>1, “Pomeron” excitations “Odderon” excitations
McLerran,RVKovchegovJeon, RVAcl from
2R / 1/QCD
Wee partondist. : determined from RG
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Quantum evolution of classical theory: Wilson RG
Fields Sources
Integrate out Small fluctuations => Increase color charge of sources
Wilsonian RG equations describe evolution of all N-point correlation functions with energy
JIMWLK Jalilian-marian, Iancu, McLerran,Weigert, Leonidov,Kovner
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40
Saturation scale grows with energy
Typical gluon momenta are large
Bulk of high energy cross-sections:a) obey dynamics of novel non-linear QCD regimeb) Can be computed systematically in weak coupling
Typical gluon kT in hadron/nuclear wave function
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JIMWLK RG evolution for a single nucleus:
(keeping leading log divergences)
JIMWLK eqn. Jalilian-Marian,Iancu,McLerran,Weigert,Leonidov,Kovner
LHS independent of =>
+( )
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CGC Effective Theory: B-JIMWLK hierarchy of correlators
“time”“diffusion coefficient”
At high energies, the d.o.f that describe the frozen many-body gluon configurations are novel objects: dipoles, quadrupoles, …
Universal – appear in a number of processes in p+A and e+A; how do these evolve with energy ?
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Solving the B-JIMWLK hierarchy
Weigert (2000)
JIMWLK includes multiple scatterings & leading log evolution in x
Expectation values of Wilson line correlators at small x satisfy a Fokker-Planck eqn. in functional space
This translates into a hierarchy of equations for n-point Wilson line correlators
As is generally the case, Fokker-Planck equations can be re-expressed as Langevin equations – in this case for Wilson lines
Blaizot,Iancu,WeigertRummukainen,Weigert
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B-JIMWLK hierarchy: Langevin realizationNumerical evaluation of Wilson line correlators on 2+1-D lattices:
Langevin eqn:
“square root” of JIMWLK kernel
Gaussian random variable
“drag”
Initial conditions for V’s from the MV model
Daughter dipole prescription for running coupling
(more sophisticated treatment recently by Lappi & Mantysaari)
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Dumitru,Jalilian-Marian,Lappi,Schenke,RV, PLB706 (2011)219
Rummukainen,Weigert (2003)
We are now able to compute all n-point correlations of a theory of strongly correlated gluons and study their evolution with energy!
Correlator of Light-like Wilson lines Tr(V(0,0)V^dagger (x,y))
Functional Langevin solutions of JIMWLK hierarchy
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution
B-JIMWLK eqn. for dipole correlator
Dipole factorization:
Nc ∞
Resulting closed form eqn. is the Balitsky-Kovchegov (BK) eqn. Widely used in phenomenological applications
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Inclusive DIS: dipole evolution
B-JIMWLK eqn. for dipole correlator
State-of-the art is now increasingly NLL-significant theory advances
Balitsky,Chirilli,Kovchegov,Weigert,Kovner,Lublinsky, Mulian,Caron-Huot,Triantafyllopolous,Grabovsy,Stasto,Xiao,…
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Semi-inclusive DIS: quadrupole evolution
Dominguez,Marquet,Xiao,Yuan (2011)
Dipoles: Fundamental in high energy QCD, ubiquitous in DIS and hadronic collisions
Quadrupoles: also fundamental, appear in less inclusive processes
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Semi-inclusive DIS: quadrupole evolution
RG evolution provides fresh insight into multi-parton correlationsDumitru,Jalilian-Marian,Lappi,Schenke,RV: arXiv:1108.1764
Quadrupoles, like Dipoles, exhibit Geometrical Scaling
Rate of energy evolution of dipole and quadrupole saturation scalesIancu,Triantafyllopolous,arXiv:1112.1104
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Universality: Di-jets in p/d-A collisionsJalilian-Marian, Kovchegov (2004)Marquet (2007), Tuchin (2010)Dominguez,Marquet,Xiao,Yuan (2011)
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Universality: Di-jets in p/d-A collisionsJalilian-Marian, Kovchegov (2004)Marquet (2007), Tuchin (2010)Dominguez,Marquet,Xiao,Yuan (2011)
Another test: Quarkonium production in p+A
Color singlet channel is sensitive to dipoles & quadrupolesColor octet to dipole correlators alone Kang,Ma,RV: 1309.7337
Ma, RV: in preparationQiu,Sun,Xiao,Yuan: 1310.2230
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Universality: Di-jets in p/d-A collisions
PHENIX, PRL107, 172301 (2011)
Away-side (ΔΦ ~ π) forward-forward di-hadron correlations: very sensitive to strong color fields
Recent computations includes pedestal, shadowing (color screening) and broadening (multiple scattering) effects in CGC framework
Integrated yield in dAIntegrated yield in ppLappi,Mantysaari,
1209.2853See also Stasto,Xiao,Yuan,1109.1817
Related approach,Kang,Vitev,Xing,1112.6021
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Going forward with p+A at the LHC ?ALICE, arXiv:1210.4520
Compilation from Albacete et al 1209.2001
Hybrid formulation –matching collinearand small x factorization in forward physics
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Matching collinear and small x formalismsStasto,Xiao,Yuan,Zaslavsky,1405.6311
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CGC: the state of the art Numerical solutions of Leading Log JIMWLK hierarchy – and good analytical approximations Rummukainen, Weigert, Dumitru,Jalilian-Marian,Lappi,Schenke,RV, Mantysaari,Iancu,Triantafyllopolous
Influence of non-Gaussian initial conditions on evolution Dumitru,Jalilian-Marian,Petreska,RV,Schenke,Jeon
Factorization of leading logs in A+A; first discussions of NLLx Braun,Kovner,Lublinsky,Dusling,Gelis,Lappi,RV; Gelis,Jeon,RV Increasing number of NLO+ computations: Structure functions, single inclusive hadron production in p+A Balitsky,Chirilli,Kovchegov,Weigert, Gardi, Rummukainen,Kuokkonen,Albacete,Horowitz, Xiao, Yuan, Mueller, Munier, Stasto, Motyka, Triantafyllopolous, Tuchin; Gelis, Laudet NLO corrections to the BK/JIMWLK kernel beyond running coupling corrections ?
Beginnings of global analysis
Salam,Ciafaloni,Colferai,Stasto,Triantafyllopolous, Sabio-Vera,Kovner,Lublinsky,Mulian,Grabovsjy,Balitsky,Chirilli,Kovchegov,Caron-Huot
AAMQS collaboration,Rezaiean,Levin,Tribedy,RV,Siddikov