Hie-Joon KimB.S. Chemistry, Seoul National University, Korea, 1970 Ph.D. Chemistry, University of Chicago, USA, 1977

Professor Emeritus Seoul National University

Experience

Philosophical Questions Scientific Answers

(Thinking Power Books, 2012)

Chemistry of Life, Chemistry for Life (Free

Academy, 2009)

Representative

Publications

Professor , Department of Chemistry

Seoul National University (1997-2012)

Chair Professor , Gwangju Institute of Science and

Technology (2013-Present)

SNU Teaching Award (2007)

Chapter 2

Genetic Material

INTRODUCTION

J. Expt. Med. 79, 137 (1944)

http://www.chemistryexplained.com/images/chfa_01_img0106.jpg

Avery, MacLeod, McCarty

Hospital of the Rockefeller Institute for Medical Research

Studies on the Chemical Nature of the

Substance Inducing Transformation of

Pneumococcal Types

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2-1 Genetic Transformation

Biologists have long attempted by chemical

means to induce in higher organisms predictable

and specific changes which thereafter could be

transmitted in series as hereditary characters.

2-1 Genetic Transformation

Among microorganisms the most striking example

of inheritable and specific alterations in cell

structure and function that can be experimentally

induced and are reproducible under well defined

and adequately controlled conditions is the

transformation of specific types of Pneumococcus.

https://cnho.files.wordpress.com/2010/11/streptococcus_20pneumoniae.jpg

http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://highenergy2011.com/bacterium.html&ei=rfBaVeqeFcb28QW2roDoAg&bvm=bv.93564037,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNFydm08sGSvwxGn1BhimtyiDfEkZw&ust=1432109562398480http://www.google.co.kr/url?sa=i&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&source=images&cd=&cad=rja&uact=8&ved=0CAcQjRw&url=http://highenergy2011.com/bacterium.html&ei=rfBaVeqeFcb28QW2roDoAg&bvm=bv.93564037,d.dGc&psig=AFQjCNFydm08sGSvwxGn1BhimtyiDfEkZw&ust=1432109562398480

2-2 Griffiths Experiment

This phenomenon was first described by Griffith who

succeeded in transforming an attenuated and non-

encapsulated (R) variant derived from one specific type into

fully encapsulated and virulent (S) cells of a heterologous

specific type.

R Strain (rough)

S Strain (smooth)

2-2 Griffiths Experiment

Griffith found that mice injected subcutaneously with

a small amount of a living R culture derived from

Pneumococcus Type II together with a large inoculum

of heat-killed Type III (S) cells frequently succumbed

to infection, and that the hearts blood of these

animals yielded Type III pneumococci in pure culture.http://keepinapbiologyreal.wikispaces.com/file/view/to_wikispaces_grifith.jpg/199323320/to_wikispaces_grifith.jpg

Frederick Griffith1928

rough strain(nonvirulent)

mouse lives

smooth strain(virulent)

heat-killedsmooth strain

rough strain &heat-killed

smooth strain

mouse dies mouse lives mouse dies

2-2 Griffiths Experiment

2-3 Elemental Analysis

Four purified preparations were analyzed for content of nitrogen,

phosphorus, carbon, and hydrogen.

C H N P N/P ratio

34.27 3.89 14.21 8.57 1.66

-- -- 15.93 9.09 1.75

35.50 3.76 15.36 9.04 1.69

-- -- 13.40 8.45 1.58

Theory 34.20 3.21 15.32 9.05 1.69

The fact that transforming activity is destroyed

by these preparations containing depolymerase

for desoxyribonucleic acid provide evidence for

the belief that the active principle is a nucleic

acid of the desoxyribose type.

2-4 DNAse

DNAse

2-5 Ultraviolet Spectrum

Ultraviolet absorption curves showed

maxima in the region of 2600 and minima

in the region of 2350 . These findings are

characteristic of nucleic acids.

2-6 Antibody Reaction

The biochemical events underlying the

phenomenon suggest that the transforming

principle interacts with the R cell giving rise

to a coordinated series of enzymatic

reactions that culminate in the synthesis of

the Type III capsular antigen.

Oswald T. Avery (2007), Studies on the Chemical Nature of the Substance Inducing Transformation of Pneumococcal Types, Rsonance

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2-7 Hersheys Experiment

https://www.dnalc.org/content/c16/16406/16406_hershey_chase.jpg

Hershey, Chase - 1952blender experiment

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bacteriophage

Review

The great composer HndelAnd the great scientist Mendel

Both came from an ancestor commonOver an eon

As a result of biological evolutionTaking place through natural selection.

GeorgHndel(1685-1759)

Gregor Mendel(1822-1884)

Charles Darwin(1809-1882)

Nobel Lectures in Science

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