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Hiccup

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 For the Canadian comedy, see Hiccups (TV series).

Singultus

ICD-10 R06.6

ICD-9 76.

DiseasesDB !7

MedlinePlus 00"06

eMedicine emerg#$!$

MeSH %006606

& hiccup or hiccough 'pronounced / hˈ  ɪkəp/ HIK  -əp( is a myoclonus of the diaphragm 

that repeats several times per minute. )n humans, the a*rupt rush of air into the lungs

causes the vocal cords to close, creating a +hic+ sound.

)n medicine it is knon as synchronous diaphragmatic flutter '-%F(, or singultus,from the atin singult , +the act of catching one/s *reath hile so**ing+.12 3he hiccup is

an involuntary action involving a refle4 arc.12

& *out of hiccups, in general, resolves itself ithout intervention, although many home

remedies claim to shorten the duration. 5edical treatment is occasionally necessary incases of chronic hiccups.

Contents

hide2

• 1 auses 

o 1.1 Factors

o 1.$ hylogenetic hypothesis

• $ 3reatment

• " -ociety and culture

• 8 -ee also

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• ! References

• 6 Further reading

• 7 94ternal links

edit! Causes

3his section may re"uire cleanup to meet #i$ipedia%s "uality standards& leaseimprove this section if you can. 3he talk page may contain suggestions. (April 2011)

iccup sound

3he sound of a human hiccup

 ro!lems listening to this "ile# $ee media help.

edit! 'actors

• ar*onated *everages, alcohol, dry *reads, and some spicy foods.$2

• hemotherapy has *een implicated in hiccups.

edit! Phylogenetic hypothesis

hristian -traus and co;orkers at the Respiratory Research <roup, =niversity of

algary, anada, propose that the hiccup is an evolutionary remnant of earlier  amphi*ian

respiration> amphi*ians such as tadpoles gulp air and ater across their gills via a rather

simple motor refle4 akin to mammalian hiccuping."2 )n support of this idea, they o*servethat the motor pathays that ena*le hiccuping form early during fetal development,

 *efore the motor pathays that ena*le normal lung ventilation form. 3hus, according torecapitulation theory 'a theory that has lost much of the support it once had( the hiccup is

evolutionarily antecedent to modern lung respiration. &dditionally, they point out that

hiccups and amphi*ian gulping are inhi*ited *y elevated ?$ and can *e completelystopped *y the drug @aclofen 'a <&@& @ receptor  agonist(, illustrating a shared

 physiology and evolutionary heritage. 3hese proposals e4plain hy premature infants 

spend $.!A of their time hiccuping, indeed they are gulping Bust like amphi*ians, as their

lungs are not yet fully formed. Fetal intrauterine hiccups are of to types. 3he physiological type occurs prior to tenty;eight eeks after conception and tend to last

five to ten minutes. 3hese hiccups are part of fetal development and are associated iththe myelination of the hrenic nerve 'hich drives the diaphragm(.

edit! (reatment

3his section may contain original research. lease improve it *y verifying the

claims made and adding references. -tatements consisting only of original

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research may *e removed. 5ore details may *e availa*le on the talk page.(%cto!er 2010)

?rdinary hiccups resolve on their on ithout medical intervention. oever, there are a

num*er of anecdotal treatments for casual cases of hiccups. -ome of the more common

home remedies include: %rinking ater hile upside don, giving the afflicted a frightor shock, sticking a finger in the mouth 'not in a ay that ill induce vomiting(,

massaging the *ack of the throat 'hich ill stop the irritation in the epiglottis(, taking ateaspoon of vinegar , consuming a teaspoon of honey, drinking ater in an unorthodo4

manner 'leaning over and drinking from the far side of a glass(, drinking a full glass

through a paper toel, holding one/s *reath and altering one/s *reathing patterns, eating a

huge mouthfull of peanut *utter, a hot coffee, or drinking ater 'large amounts at a time(until hiccupping stops.

&n anecdotal medical approach is to install Cylocaine liniment "A or gel $A in the

e4ternal ear. -omeho this seems to *e a*le to *reak a vagus nerve triggering refle4

through its e4tensions to the e4ternal ear and 3ympanus '9ar drum(. 3he effect can *eimmediate, and also have lasting effect after the Cylocain effect e4pires after a*out to

hours.82

& solution involving sugar placed on or under the tongue as cited in the %ecem*er $",1D71 issue of the Ee 9ngland Journal of 5edicine. !2

iccups are treated medically only in severe and persistent 'termed +intracta*le+( cases,

such as in the case of a 1!;year;old girl ho, in $007, hiccuped continuously for five

eeks.62 aloperidol 'aldol, an anti;psychotic and sedative(, metoclopramide 'Reglan,a gastrointestinal stimulant(, and chlorpromaine '3horaine, an anti;psychotic ith

strong sedative effects( are used in cases of intracta*le hiccups. )n severe or resistantcases, *aclofen, an anti;spasmodic, is sometimes reGuired to suppress hiccups. 9ffective

treatment ith sedatives often reGuires a dose that renders the person either unconsciousor highly lethargic. ence, medicating singultus is done short;term, as the affected

individual cannot continue ith normal life activities hile taking the medication.

ersistent and intracta*le hiccups due to electrolyte im*alance 'hypokalemia,hyponatremia( may *enefit from drinking a car*onated *everage containing salt to

normalie the potassium;sodium *alance in the nervous system. 3he car*onation

 promotes Guicker a*sorption. ar*onated *everages *y themselves may provoke hiccups

in some people.

3he administration of intranasal vinegar  as found to ease the chronic and severe hiccups

of a three;year old Japanese girl. Hinegar may stimulate the dorsal all of the

nasopharyn4, here the pharyngeal *ranch of the glossopharyngeal nerve 'the afferent of

the hiccup refle4 arc( is located.72

%r. @ryan R. ayne, a neurosurgeon at the ouisiana -tate =niversity ealth -ciences

enter in Ee ?rleans, has had some success ith an e4perimental procedure in hich a

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vagus nerve stimulator is implanted in the upper chest of patients ith an intracta*le case

of hiccups. +)t sends rhythmic *ursts of  electricity to the  *rain *y ay of the vagus nerve,

hich passes through the neck. 3he Food and %rug &dministration approved the vagusnerve stimulator in 1DD7 as a ay to control seiures in some patients ith epilepsy+.2

edit! Society and culture

)ists of miscellaneous information should *e a+oided& lease relocate anyrelevant information into appropriate sections or articles. (April 2011)

&merican harles ?s*orne had the hiccups for 6 years, from 1D$$ to 1DD0, and as

entered in the &uinness 'orld ecords as the man ith the longest attack of hiccups.D2

)n $007, Florida teenager Jennifer 5ee gained media fame for hiccuping around !0 times

 per minute for more than five eeks.102 & neurologist suggested that she may have had

3ourette syndrome, and the hiccups may have *een +tics+ caused *y it, *ut this has *eendisputed.112 Inon as +iccup <irl+, she as arrested after a fatal ro**ery and accused

of murder in ?cto*er of $010> her attorney suggests that 3ourette/s -yndrome may *eused to defend her case.1$2

@riton hristopher -ands had hiccups for a period of almost three years hich ere

eventually discovered to *e due to a tumor located on the part of the *rain that controls

vascular activity. ?nce $#" of the tumor as removed, the hiccups appeared to lessen, and-ands no longer suffers from the condition.1"2

)n -lavic and @altic folklore, it is said that hiccups occur hen the person e4periencing

them is *eing talked a*out *y someone not present. iccups in )ndian folklore aresimilarly said to occur hen the person e4periencing them is *eing thought of *ysome*ody close.citation needed 2

)n lato/s $ymposium, &ristophanes has a case of the hiccups and is advised *y

9ry4imachus, a physician, to cure them *y holding his *reath> or, failing that, *y gargling

or provoking sneeing.

edit! See also

• <etting the ind knocked out of you

• -neee• ough

• 5r. iccup

edit! ,eferences

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1. a b Wilkes, <arry '$ &ugust $007(. +iccups+. eedicine. 5edscape.

http:##emedicine.medscape.com#article#77!786;overvie. Retrieved $00D;08;$$.

$.  +iccups appenK+. =niversity of 5aryland 5edical enter 'Winter $00D(.

http:##.umm.edu#pediatrics#pdf#nesletterLin0D.pdf . Retrieved $011;08;07.

".  -traus, .> Hasilakos, I> Wilson, RJ> ?shima, 3> Melter, 5> %erenne, J>-imiloski, 3> Whitela, W& 'Fe*ruary $00"(. +& phylogenetic hypothesis for the origin

of hiccough+. *io+ssays ./ '$(: 1$N1. doi:10.100$#*ies.10$$8. 5)% 1$!"D$8!. 10.100$#*ies.10$$8. http:##".interscience.iley.com#cgi;

 *in#a*stract#10$!$6"D1#&@-3R&3OR93RPQ1-R93RPQ0Q&*stract.

8.  +5iracle hiccough cure gets the attention it deserves+. @5J. $006;10;07.

http:##.*mB.com#content#"""#7!0#1$$$.".e4tract.

!.  9ngleman 9<, ankton J, ankton @ '%ecem*er 1D71(. +<ranulated sugar as

treatment for hiccups in conscious patients+. . +ngl. -. ed. ./ '$6(: 18D.

doi:10.10!6#E9J51D711$$"$!$6$$ . 5)% !1$$D07.

@osell, Wendy '$007;0";$!(. +5ac<yver 3ip: ure hiccups ith sugar+. 3he eople/s

harmacy 'ifehacker(. http:##lifehacker.com#$867"#macgyver;tip;cure;hiccups;ith;

sugar . Retrieved $00D;11;"0.

6.  +3een/s hiccups stop after five eeks+. &@ Ees ?nline. $007;0";0$.

http:##.a*c.net.au#nes#nesitems#$0070"#s1617D".htm.7.  )asaki, E> et al. '5ay $007(. +iccup treated *y administration of intranasal

vinegar+. o to Hattatsu 9 '"(: $0$N!. 5)% 17!1!1"8.

.  -chaffer, &manda '$006;01;10(. +& orrific ase of iccups, a Eovel

3reatment+. Ee Pork 3imes. http:##.nytimes.com#$006#01#10#health#10hicc.html .Retrieved $00;08;$8.

D.  +-urvivor of 6;Pear iccup -pell %ies+ '-unrise 9dition: $.@. ed.(. ?maha

World;erald. ! 5ay 1DD1.

10.  +Florida girl hiccuping again after returning to school+. msn*c.msn.com.

5arch 16, $007. http:##.msn*c.msn.com#id#1768"11 .

11.  +iccup <irl: +) have 3ourette/s++. W3-;3H, tampa*ays10.com. January 10,

$00. http:##.tampa*ays10.com#nes#local#article.asp4OstoryidQ71!8!.

1$.  ++iccup <irl+ Jennifer 5ee 5ay =se 3ourette/s %efense, -ays ayer+. @- Ees. ?cto*er $7, $010. http:##.c*snes.com#"01;!080"L16$;$00$0!";

!080".html.

1".  -ymons, Jane '5ay , $00(. +-o does holding your *reath R9&P *anish

hiccupsO+. ondon: 3he -un. 

http:##.thesun.co.uk#sol#homepage#oman#health#article11"77!".ece.