UNIVERSITY OF CRAIOVAFACULTY OF LETTERSDEPARTMENT OF BRITSH AND AMERICAN STUDIESPRAGMATICSCore Course Target populato!: 4th year students Specialization: Romanian (major) English (minor), Distance Learning programmeCourse "esg!er: Senior Lecturer TITELA V#LCEANUCourse "es$rpto!he course !ocuses on current approaches and methods in the comple" !ield o! pragmatics# $part !rom the %ul& o! theory, students are pro'ided seminar tas&s or home tas& assignment in order to understand that pragmatics is concerned (ith the relation language)user o! the language and that communication is em%edded in the cultural conte"t#he course %asically intends to raise and train linguistic and cultural a(areness, i#e# to de'elop pragmatic competence#Course o%&e$t'es to ma&e students a(are o! the status o! pragmatics in the !rame(or& o! linguistic sciences and in the uni'ersal !rame o! human communication* to ma&e students understand that pragmatics is an interdisciplinary science* to e"pose students to a 'ariety o! tas&s in order to de'elop re!lecti'e thin&ing o! pragmatic !actors in communicationCourse $o!te!t+# he hy%rid nature o! pragmatics De!initions o! pragmatics o(ards a uni!ied science,# Speech $ct heory $ustin-s constati'e 's# per!ormati'e utterances .elicity conditions Speech)act schema/# 0o)operation and con'ersational implicature 1rice-s 0ooperati'e 2rinciple 0on'ersational 3a"ims 4on)o%ser'ance o! con'ersational ma"ims 0on'ersational implicature4# Strategies o! politeness he !ace management 'ie(- positi'e politeness- negati'e politeness- !ace)threat acts typology5# 2resupposition 2ragmatic presupposition 2resupposition triggers 2resupposition !eatures6# Dei"is 2erson dei"is Empathetic dei"is 2lace dei"is ime dei"is Discourse dei"is Social dei"isB%lograp()7ro(n, 2#, Le'inson, S#0# +89:# Universals in Language Usage. Politeness Phenomena#0am%ridge: 0;20ottom, D#, +88:#Text and Culture. The politics of Interpretation.3inneapolis:;ni'ersity o! 3innesota0ruse, $# ,earer .aceNegat'ee"cuse than&ingPost'eapology cryingNegat'ereKuest complimentPost'ecomplaint %oastingI8d 4e eternally grateful if you did that for me.&e loo' for$ard to dining $ith you.4# Do the .$ on record (ith redressi'e action (positi'e politeness)# his (ill in'ol'epaying attention to the >-s positi'e !ace %y, e#g#, e"pressing agreement, sympathy orappro'al#E#g# I8m pretty sure I8ve seen him 4efore.&e are favoura4ly impressed 4y your performance.I must tell you that I li'e your dress very much.5# Dothe.$ onrecord, (ithout redressi'eaction, %aldly# hisstrategicchoiceisli&ely to appear in the !ollo(ing situations: emergency cases, tas&)oriented situations(instructions), the .$ is in the hearer-s %est interest, po(er di!!erential is great, thespea&er decides to %e ma"imally o!!ensi'e etc#E#g# Mind the stepF2es( you may use the dictionary.3ive me your pen.Ta'e careF%ave a ca'e.2oliteness strategies ha'e not only 'er%al realization, %ut also non)'er%al e#g# gi'ing agi!t, stum%ling, etc>arris (+8:4) suggests that thedis!unction%et(eentheinstitutional status)%asedreKuirementso! !aceandthemoreindi'idual sideo!!acein'ol'edinthenotiono!&indness correlates (ith on)record 's# o!!)record strategies o! politeness#hree !actors are in'ol'ed Ncalculated to determine the (eight o! the .$: the social"sta!$e%et(een>andS, >-spo+ero'erS, andtheran&o!,posto!# 2ositi'epoliteness strategies are addressedto>-s positi'e !ace (ants andare descri%edase"pressions o! solidarity, in!ormality and !amiliarity# E#g# e"aggerate interest in >, sympathize (ith >, a'oid disagreement4egati'e strategies con'ersely are addressed to >-s negati'e !ace and arecharacterized as e"pressions o! restraint, !ormality and distancing#E#g# %e con'entionally indirect, gi'e de!erence, apologizeFearethuscon!ronted(ithpolitenessstrategiesandmar&erso!di!!erent status:%eha'iour strategies (e#g# gi'e de!erence) are mi"ed (ith linguistic strategies (e#g#nominalize) (see Dde, +8:8)# Some are counta%le (e#g# intensi!iers), some grada%le (e#g#nominalization), some can trans!orm a negati'e into a positi'e strategy (e#g# contractionand ellipsis)#7ro(n and Le'inson interestingly state, ho(e'er, that @politeness is implicated %y thesemantic structure o! the (hole utterance, not communicated %y ?mar&ers@ or?mitigators@ in a simple signaling !ashion (hich may %e Kuanti!ied@ (+8:9:,,)# TAS-S AND TOPICS FOR DISCUSSIONCo,,e!t o! t(e .ollo+!g se!te!$es ! ter,s o. t(e Polte!ess Pr!$ple 4PP/a!" o. t(e ,a7,s o. polte!ess:a" A! &e8ll all miss 3eorge and Caroline( $on8t $eD:! &ell( $e8ll all miss 3eorge.b" P! Someone8s eating the icing off the ca'e.C! It $asn8t me.c" - I $ouldn8t mind a cup of coffee.- Could you spare me a cup of coffeeDd" A! %er performance $as outstandingF:! 2es( $asn8t itDA! 2our performance $as outstandingF:! 2es( $asn8t itDe" A! "o you li'e these apricotsD:! I8ve tasted 4etter.f" Please accept this large gift as a to'en of our esteem.g" I8m terri4ly sorry to hear that your cat died.h" This is a draft of chapter G. Please read it and comment on.i" :asil8s $ife is in hospital!2ou/ust lie there$ithyour feet upandI8ll goandcarry youupanotherhundred$eight of lime creams6#" In a very expensive gourmet restaurant( a notice reads! If you $ant to en/oy thefull flavour of your food and drin' you $ill( naturally( not smo'e during this meal.%o$ever( if you did smo'e you $ould also 4e impairing the en/oyment of otherguests.PRESUPPOSITIONPresuppositionmay %e rightly considered as one o! the most contro'ersialconcepts in pragmatics# =riginally, the term (as restricted to re!erence, %ut it soone"panded its scope# 2resupposition is another type o! implicature* unli&econ'ersational implicature (hich is situated, presupposition is dependent, to a higherdegree, on the linguistic !orm o! the utterance# Le'inson (+8:/: +69):) dra(s our attention to the t(o distinct uses o! the termpresupposition: as an ordinary term and as a technical one# he !ormer is attached toany &ind o! %ac&ground assumption against (hich the utterance ma&es sense or isrational, (hereas the latter is restricted to ?certain pragmatic in!erences orassumptions that seem at least to %e %uilt into linguistic e"pressions and (hich can %eisolated using speci!ic linguistic tests (constancy under negation)@# $s seen !rom thede!inition, Le'inson is cautious in identi!ying the nature o! pragmatic presupposition#2resuppositions re!er andremainconstant i! the sentences arenegated(theysur'i'e the negation test)# Sur'i'al o! the negation testdistinguishes presupposition!rom entailment# Let us no( !ocus on more comple" sentences:Sue denies that she sa$ Mary yesterday.Dts negation reads:Sue does not deny that she sa$ Mary yesterday.he presuppositions that hold true under negation are:- here are t(o identi!ia%le persons Sue and 3ary (proper names), respecti'ely*- Sue sa( 3ary yesterday#$nd they are triggered %y the 'er% to deny# here!ore, the Kuestion arises: Fhat arethe linguistic e"pressions that engender presuppositionM Le'inson (+8:/:+:+)4)discusses Garttunen-s (+89/) collection o! /+ presupposition triggers$ and considersit ?thecoreo! phenomenathat are generally considered presuppositional@#Dn!act,Le'inson pleads !or a loose de!inition o! presupposition, i#e# presupposition (hich isnot characterised %y %eha'iour under negation alone# Dn (hat !ollo(s, (e shall caterthis use!ul chec&list (although in a simpli!ied 'ersion):+# De!inite descriptions (Stra(son, +85 didn8t see the man with two heads E there exists a man $ith t$o heads.,# .acti'e 'er%s (Gipars&y and Gipars&y, +89+):to 4e a$are that( to 4e glad that( to 4e proud that( to 4e sad that( to 4e sorry that( it isodd( to 'no$( toreali@e( regret/# Dmplicati'e 'er%s (Garttunen, +89+%): to 4e expected to( forget( to happen to( manage( ought to6 Fhat Stalna&er (+89/) calls presupposition re