Hi Frequency List

8/2/2019 Hi Frequency List

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It is I who am It is he / she who is ..

It is they / we who are ..

It is you who are ..

EconomicsStatististics

Mathematics

Thermodynamics is / has / does / requires

PhysicsLinguistics

Electronics

Statistics ----------------> are / have / do / take

A number of students ----------------> are / have / do / wantThe number of students ----------------> is / has / does / wants

There is followed by

There has been ----------------> subject (singular)

There are followed by

There have been ----------------> subject (plural)

11There was a Korean among the spectators.

Among the spectators, there was a Korean.

Among the spectators was a Korean.

12One of my neighbours likes classical music.He is one of my neighbours who likes classical music.

One of my friends who likes classical music is visiting me.

He is the only one among my neighbours who likes classical music.

13The evidence obtained by the archeologists

The type of programme

The box of oranges is / has / does / wants

Why so many students like grammar

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}

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Their playing so many games

SUBJUNCTIVES

Exception to S-V AGREEMENT

14 The returning officer recommends that he recount the votes.advised shesuggested they

urged you

demanded we

insisted I

ordered

directed

proposed *(the votes be recounted.)

*(the votes be NOT recounted.)

15 The retuning officer recommends recounting the votes.advisedsuggested

urged

demanded

insisted

ordered

directed

proposed

16 The returning officer insisted that they carried out the elections without biaslast week.

[This is NOT a subjunctive structure].

The evidence produced by the two archeologists suggests that inhabitants of theisland were excellent craftsmen.

[This is NOT a subjunctive structure].

17 It is important that he recount the votes.essential sheimperative they not recount the votes.

necessary we not recount the votes.vital you

crucial I

requiredthe votes be recounted.

3

(Base form)


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the votes be NOT recounted.

CAUSATIVE VERBS

(Exception to S-V Agreement)

18

Make

HaveLet (+) object pronoun / noun (+) base form of the verb

Help

Examples:

(a) Let him go.

(b) Let him goes.[X]

(c) Please have him / the clerk file the letters.

(d) You make me feel unhappy.

(e) The students help the teacher carry the books.

CAUSATIVE VERBS(Exception to S-V Agreement)

19 Have him remove the rubbish.burn

take away

(base form active voice)

Have the rubbish removed.

burnt.

taken away.

(Past participle form passive voice)

VERBS OF PERCEPTION

(Exception to S-V Agreement)

20 .See / saw.Notice / noticed (+) object pronoun / noun (+) taking / take.Spot / spotted took/ takes [X]

.Hear / heard

Examples:

(a) I heard someone scream / screaming.

(b) I saw a boyjumped / jumps.[X]

(c) I notice a dog bark/barking.

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PRONOUNS

21Use only OBJECT PRONOUNS / POSSESSIVE PRONOUNS afterPREPOSITIONS

all of

among us / thembetween my / your / their friends

with

tofrom him/ her / me/ them / you

about his father/ her sister/ your friend

exceptbut

22.. more efficient than

.. less responsible than.. slower than

23Use onlyINFINITIVE FORM after OBJECT PRONOUN.

Examples:

(a) He advised meto workharder.

(b) The instructor told them to run faster.

(Take note: EXCEPTIONS to this rule: See Verbs Of Perception)

PRONOUNS

24 Kamal, Tan and he produced excellent results.she

theywe

I

you

They invited everyone including Kamal, Tan and him.

her.

them.

us.I.

5

}} Followed bySUBJECT PRONOUN(Ex. he / she / they/ we / I / you)

Subject Subject

SubjectPronoun

Object Pronoun

Object Object


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you.

PRONOUNS

25Use a possessive pronoun or a possessive form of a noun before the ing

form.

Example:

The lecturers do not like your coming late to class.

hisher

our

theirmy

Tans

PRONOUNS

26 Yours yours Theirs theirs

Ours ours

Hers hers

PRONOUNS

27 They managed to complete the project themselves.themself.theirselves.

NOUN-PRONOUN Agreement

PRONOUN-PRONOUN Agreement

28 Everyone who participated in the concert did their [] best.Everybody his

Each one his/ her

Each and everyone her

Ifone aspires to become successful, he / she must practise hard.

one

you []

they []

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You must be aware ofyour responsibilities.

All of us who will be sitting for the English 1119 Exam will be asked to show

their[], your [], our identity card at the examination hall.

ADJECTIVES

29 He always works careless [] / carelessly.He is a carelessly [] / careless worker.

The carelessly [] / careless worker ..

ADJECTIVE (+) NOUN:

Examples: Diligent worker

Graceful worker

Skillful mechanic

Pretty woman

E X C E P T I O N:

(i) Adjective (+) VERB

Examples: Smell sweet

Tastes delicious

Tastes good

Tastes wonderful

Looks angry / tired

Appeared calm/ sad

Seemed cheerful / tired Feel hungry/ sick

(ii) adjective (+) adjective

Example: Dark brown shirt

ADVERBS

30 ADVERB (+) VERBExamples: works diligently

dances gracefully speaks fluently

E X C E P T I O N :

(i) adverb (+) adjective very suitable job

terribly cruel man

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(ii) adverb (+) adverb very slowly

quite efficiently

good VS. well

31 Good (adj): He eats only good food.She has many good friends.

Well (adv): She sings well.

Well (adj): She is well (in good health)

real VS really

32 .real hungry .really hungry

He has real faith.

He really has faith.

He is really faithful.

hard VS. hardly

33 Hard (adverb): He works hard.He works hardly.

Hard (adjective): He is a hard worker.

The test is very hard.

Hardly (adverb): He hardly comes to class.

He has hardly any friends.

fast & late, lately

34Fast (adverb): She likes to finish her workfast.

Fast (adjective): Although he is a fast runner, he lost the race.

late (adverb): He was dismissed because he always came late.lately.[]

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late (adjective): I managed to catch the late bus.

Lately (adverb) recently

Lately she has been acting rather strangely.

-ed & -ing Adjectives

35 Examples: Bored ....boring connected..connecting

Interested . interesting crowded crowding

Excited ..exciting prepared preparing

Confused....confusing developed .developing

Satisfied .satisfying involved.involving

The bored audience became very restless.[the audience experienced boredom]

The boring speech made the audience became very restless.

[the speech caused excitement in the reader]

I read a very exciting novel last week.

[the novel caused excitement in the reader]

The excited audience surrounded the singer.

[the audience experienced excitement]

36He appeared flushed.

determined. (past participles adjectives)reserved.

Adjective Clauses

37 who human (to refer to subject)whom human (to refer to object)

that Human & non-human (to refer to subject or object)which Non-human (to refer to subject or object)

whose Human + non-human (to show possession)

38 (i) The studentwho obtained the highest score.

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(ii) The student whomthe lecturer warned.

(iii) The student whose book was lost.

39 (a) The manwhomtheycaught was a priest.

(b) The manwhowas a priest was finally caught.

(c) The manwho (they thought) was a priest was actually an innocent man.

40 (a) John, whomtheyknew very wee, was arrested by the police yesterday.

(b) John, whotheyknewwas a spy, was arrested by the police yesterday.

(c) The manwhomthe police suspected committed suicide.

(d) The man whothe policesuspectedwas responsible for the murder

committed suicide.

41 The house where I lived in The house which I lived in .

The supermarket where I bought this dress from..

The supermarket which I bought this dress from

42 The chairon which he was comfortably sitting on collapsed.The chairon which he was comfortably sitting collapsed.

The chairwhich he was comfortably sitting on collapsed.

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owner possession

subject verb

subject

subject

verbobject

verb

subjectverb

subject

S2S1 V2 V1 V1

object

object

subject verb

S1 S2 V2 V1

V1

verb


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43 I locked the drawerwhich I left the money.I locked the drawerin which I left the money.

(I left the money in the drawer).

44 I like meeting foreigners and talking to them about their cultures which hasbenefited me a great deal.(VERY ambiguous. Avoid it!!!)I like meeting foreigners and talking to them about their cultures; and this has

benefited me a great deal.

(Or) ..their cultures. This has benefited me .

Verb Tenses

45 He finished his assignment and then tooka rest.After he had finished, he tooka rest.Afterfinishing his assignment, he took a rest.

Having finished his assignment, he tooka rest.

46 Perfect Tenses

Verb To HAVE (+) past participle

Has / have / had (+) swum

begunflown

drunk

hadraised / risen

lain/ laid

47 Tense Sequence

Before he became the President of that club, he was the Treasurer. had been

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Simple Past TenseSimple Past Tense

Past Perfect Tense

Simple Present Tense Simple Present Tense


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Before he becomes the President of that club, he is the Treasurer.

has been

48 Active Voice & Passive Voice

Verb To BE (+) past participle

is/ are/ am done / sungwas/ were/ been written / eaten

had established (active voice) S-V-OThey had established that company before Malaysia got her independence.

Was established (passive voice) O-V-SThat company was established in 1968.

49 Perfect Tenses

I have stayed here

She has lived there

50Verb Usage

(a) The bankwas opened at 10:00 oclock.

(b) The bank was open at 10:00 oclock.

(c) The man wasfreed last Sunday.

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Present Perfect Tense

S

V

O

O

V

S

for the past 3 years.

for the last 3 years.

for more than 3 years now.during the last 3 years.

since 3 years ago.

since 1980.

since my/her father died.}(Opened : Past participle, used as a VERB)

(Open : used as an ADJECTIVE)

(Freed : Past participle, used as a VERB)


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(d) The man was free last Sunday.

(e) The doorwas locked by the security guard.

(f) I could not enter because the door was locked.

Dangling Modifier

51 While returning from Johor,Returning from Johor,

Having returned from Johor,

After returning from Johor,

Being in a great hurry,Finding him hiding in the closet,

Found hiding in the closet,

Examples:(a) While returning from Johor, we witnessed that accident.

(b) Being in a great hurry, he forgot to bring some of his important document.

Comparison

52 (a) He was better than his room-mate in English.(b) He was the better student between / ofthe two.

(c) He was the best student among all of them.

53 different fromas skillful as

more skillful than

as < ADJECTIVE > asexample: He is as efficient as his manager in chairing a meeting.

as < ADVERB > asexample: He runs the event as efficiently as a master of an event.

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(Free : usedas an ADJECTIVE)

(locked : Past participle, used as a VERB)

(locked : Past Participle used as anADJECTIVE)

}Followed by a

subject

Subject

adjective

adverb


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54 more happier more happy

happier

55 (a) She behaves as if she were the Principal of this college. as though

(b) She talks as if she owned this college.

as though

56 The more .the less.the least

The more .the more.

the most

Examples:

(a) The more you give, the more you will get.

(b) The more you play, the less you will focus.

57 (a) The salary of a teacher is lower than a doctor.(b) The salary .that of a doctor.

(c) A teachers salary is lower than a doctor.

(d) A teachers.... a doctors.

(e) My cat is bigger than my neighbour.(f) My cat .neighbours (cat).

58She sang as she had never sung before.

She sang like Whitney Houston.

Statement with S-V Order

59(a) She speaks so well and so do I.

(b) She doesnt speak well and neither do I.

(c) Not until she apologizes will I ever speak to her.

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verb subject

verb subject

verb verbsubject subject


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Only after

Only when

Only if

(d) Not onlydoesshespeakwell, butshe also writes well.

(Shenot onlyspeaks well but also writes well).

(e) So expensive was the watch that I could not afford it.

(f) Never again will I buy a Honda Prelude.

(g) Seldom have I seen such good behaviour among students.

Rarely

Hardly Scarcely Not once

(h)No sooner had he arrived, he asked to see all the files.

(As soon as he arrived, he asked to see all the files).

(h) Under no circumstances are you allowed to return home during

orientation week.

(i) By no means will the authorities allow you to meet your parents.

(j) He didnt submit the report nor did he give a good reason for it.

Questions with S-V Order

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SV

VS

V S

V S

V S

V S

VS


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60 Direct Question: What isthe price?

Indirect Question: Can you tell me what the priceis?

Reported Question: He asked me what the pricewas.

Question Tag: That bookis useful, isnt it?

Use of Wh- words in Statements

61 (a) I dont know what he intends to do.

(b) Where he has hidden the treasure is not known.

(c) Ask him why his brother went to Australia.

Double Negatives

62(a)

Can hardly cannot hardly

Can barely cannot barely

Can scarcely cannot barely

Examples:

She can barely read at the age of seven. She is illiterate.

She cannot hardly read at the age of seven. She is illiterate.

(b)

With hardly any without hardly no

With barely any without barely no

With scarcely any without barely no

Example:He comes here with scarcely any stable income.

CONDITIONALS

63Conditional 1: * * * (Likely / True)

If she leaves now, she will reach on time.

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S

V

V

S

S

S

V

S V

V

V

S V

S


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Conditional 2: * * * (Unlikely / Untrue)

If she left now, she would reach on time. could reach should reach

If she were more proficient, she would pass the exam.

Conditional 3: * * * (statement of regrets)If she had left earlier, she would have reached on time.

Had she left earlier, she would have reached on time.

If she had been the best student, she would have received an award.

more on Conditionals :

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I wish I were in Arabia now.

I wish I had been in Arabia at that time.

She speaks as if/ as though she were the principal of this college.

(Untrue Present)

Its time you went to bed. (Untrue Present)

I would rather you didnt spend all the time on television. (Untrue Present)

Parallel Structure:

65 adj adj adj present present present noun noun noun past past past

verb verb verb infinitive infinitive infinitive

Examples :

(a) She advised me to stop smoking, drinking and to gamble..

(b) I dont like to smoke, drink and gambling.

(c) The nation is facing many problems such as poverty, unemployment, and

there is corruption.

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gambling

gamble

corruption

(gerund gerund gerund)

(infinitive infinitive infinitive)

(noun noun noun)


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66 I like to workas a labourer and not clerk.

I scolded him not because he came late but he was rude.

I believe that all students should work very hard and they should cooperate

with their lecturers.

Transitive & Intransitive Verbs

67 Transitive Verbs verbs, followed by an objectIntransitive Verbs verbs, NOT followed by an object.

TRANSITIVE VERBS INTRANSITIVE VERBS

(a) The farmer raises vegetables.

(raise, raised, raised, raising)

(b) The sun rises in the east.

(rise, rose, risen, rising)

(c) I will set the book on the desk. (set, set, set, setting)

(d) I will sit in the front row.

(sit, sat, sat, sitting)

(e) I am laying the book on the desk.

(lay, laid, laid, laying)

(f) He is lying on the bed.

(g) He wants to lie down.

(lie, lay, lain, lying)

(h) He lied (to me) about his age.

(lie, lied, lied, lying)

(i) I shined my shoes.

(shine, shined, shined, shining)

(j) The sun shone through thewindow.

(shine, shone, shone, shining)

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asbecause

that

V O

V O

V O

V O V

V

V


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(k) I hung my clothes in the closet. (hang, hung, hung, hanging)

(l) They hanged the criminal by theneck.

(hang, hanged, hanged, hanging)

(m) The lumberjacks felled 10 trees. (fell, felled, felled, felling)

(n) Henry fell down on the road.

(fall, fell, fallen, falling)

(o) She is cooking some rice and boilingsome water.

(p) The rice is cooking and the water

is boiling.

Cardinal & Ordinal Numbers

68 The firstThe second

The thirdThe tenth

Gate One : The first gate

Act Two : The second act

Chapter Ten : The tenth chapterStudent Four : The fourth student

Redundancy

69 Discuss about ascend toreturn back comprise of consist of

repeat again despite of in spite of

descend down near to

70 The car which it met with an accident was towed to the workshop.

The lady whose her handbag was stolen reported the matter to the police.

71 Sufficient enough Loud in terms of volume

Approach toward

Wrong positions of Words

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V

V

V

O

V

V O

O

V

V O


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72 (a) This pair of shoes only cost RM14.

(b) This building only is 20 feet high.

(c) The police just have completed their investigation.

(d) The add stated that a piano was needed for the school

in a good condition.

Prepositions

73 interested in insist on object to capable of

similarto blame on

in dangerof blamefor

according to reply to

The ones who want to achieve and win championships motivate themselves.

(Mike Ditka)"

Miscellaneous Items

74Exception to INFINITIVE [ to (+) base form of verb ]:

Looking forward to

Accustomed to

Opposed to (+) ing formObject to

In addition to

Examples:I am looking forward to getting a reply from you.

She is accustomed to eating three plates of rice at one go.

Used to (+) ing form

(+) base form

75 The reason why he came is because..

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The reason why he came is that..

He came here because

76 Because of ..Owing to Due to .

Countable & Uncountable Nouns

77

COUNTABLE: UNCOUNTABLE:

Fewer (students) Less (time)

A number of Some amount of

Nouns that can be Countable and Uncountable

Sometimes, the same noun can be countable anduncountable, often with a

change of meaning.

Countable Uncountable

There are two hairs in my coffee! hair I don't have much hair.

There are two lights in ourbedroom.

lightClose the curtain. There's too muchlight!

Shhhhh! I thought I heard a noise It's difficult to work when there is

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Countable Nouns Uncountable Nouns

All, Everybody, everything

Almost all books, almost

everyone

Most of, Many, a lot of, plenty

of

Some

A few

Nobody, no one

All, everything

few

HOW MANY? HOW MUCH?

100% 100%

99% 99%

75% 75%

50% 50%

25% 25%

5%

5%

Zero Nothing

Books, Pencils, cars,

people, buses

Air, water, knowledge,

information, butter

little

A little

some

Most of, Much, a lot

of, plenty of

Almost all


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noise. too much noise.

Have you got a paper to read? (=

newspaper)paper

I want to draw a picture. Have you

got some paper?

Our house has seven rooms. room Is there room for me to sit here?

We had a great time at the party. time Have you got time for a coffee?

Macbeth is one of Shakespeare's

greatest works.work I have no money. I need work!

78 That kind of a person.That kind of the personThat kind of person.

79Prefer < -ing > to < -ing >Prefer < infinitive > to < infinitive >

Would rather < base form > than < base form >

Compare these sentences:

I would rather you went now. (but ..)

I would rathergo now.

80 I wish I were a good singer.

I wish I had bought the winning lottery ticket.

81very / so / too / such

(a) He is very intelligent.

(b) He is so intelligent that everyone admires him.

(c) He is so intelligent a student that everyone admires him.

(d) He is such an intelligent student that everyone admires him.

(e) He is too intelligent to fail the test.

82 As (+)subject(+) verb . While (+)subject(+) verb .Examples:

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(a)As he was fishing, a jet flew over him.

(b) While the match was going on, the spectators threw sharp objects to the

footballers.

During (+)NOUN, ..Examples:

(c)During the match, the spectators threw sharp objects to the footballers.

(d)Duringhis leadership, many projects were successfully implemented.

83 Lets contracted form of let usExample: Lets go for a drink

Lets (verb)Example: She lets her children watch TV only on Sundays.

84 Theyre They are the top scorers for MUET.

(Compare With): There are (many students in the mosque).

Youre You are the cream of the crop.

(Compare With): Your help means so much to the college.

Its It is high-time that you master the verb tenses. (Compare With): The cat licks its tail. (its )

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S V

S V

Noun

Noun

Contracted Form

Contracted Form

Contracted Form

Full Form

Full Form

Full Form


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85 Please leave me rest for a while. let me allow me

86 Make improvementadvancemistake

progress

profit

Do . work

chore

assignment

exercise

homework

87 In spite ofDespite

Because of (+) Noun / noun phrase

Owing toDue to (+) the fact that (+)subject(+) verb

As a result of

Examples:

(a) In spite ofthe accident, he still performs excellently in the exams.

(b) Because ofthe lack of training, the defending champion performed badlyin that final lapse of the competition.

88

if / Unless

(a) Ifit rains, I shall not go out.

(b) Unless it rains, I shall not go out.

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}Noun

Noun Phrase

(If it does NOT rain)


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89Any / Any other

(a) John is better than any student in his class.

any other

(b) Any

student can apply for a scholarship.

90Tag Questions:

1st part of sentence 2nd part of sentence

She has gone home, hasnt she?Take note of the verb

(positive form? or negative form?)

Provide the opposite form of the verb

in the first part of the sentence

1st part of sentence 2nd part of sentence

She hasnt gone home, has she?Take note of the verb

(positive form? or negative form?)Provide the opposite form of the verbin the first part of the sentence

(*) Also, pay special attention to the subject (of the sentence).

(a) She has gone home, hasnt she?(b) She has a lot of money, doesnt she?

(c) They have done the speaking project, havent they?

(d) They have a lot of exercises to do, dont they?

(e) Dont be slow, will you?

(f) Stop walking, will you?

(g) Be careful when driving, wont you?

(h) Remember to lock all the doors, wont you?

(i) Im right, arent I?

(j) Im helpful, intelligent and beautiful, arent I?

(k) Lets go home, shall we?

(l) Lets eat here, shall we?

(m)Everybody is hungry, arent they?

(n) Everybody was late, werent they?

(o) Somebody witnessed the fight, didnt they? (also applies toEVERYONE,SOMEONE,NO ONE,NOBODY)

(p) No one likes homework, do they?

(q) Nothing is wrong with him, is it?

(r) Nobody likes him, do they?(s) He likesneithercoffee nortea, does he?

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91 Plumbers Union possessive pronoun

Plumbers Union adjective

92 both . and .....as well as

PERSONAL PRONOUN

93 SUBJECTPRONOUN

OBJECT

PRONOUN

POSSESSIVE

PRONOUN

REFLEXIVE

PRONOUN

HE HIM HIS * / HIS HIMSELF

SHE HER HER * /HERS HERSELF

IT IT ITS */ ITS ITSELF

I ME MY*/ MY MYSELF

YOU YOU YOUR*/

YOURS

YOURSEL /

YOURSELVES

WE US OUR */ OURS OURSELVES

THEY THEM THEIR */ THEIR THEMSELVES

''Never walk away from failure. On the contrary, study it carefully and imaginatively

for its hidden assets'' (Michael Korda)

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