HHS En2 Essential Commands.v2

8/11/2019 HHS En2 Essential Commands.v2

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LESSON 2

ESSENTIAL COMMANDS


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WARNING

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Lesson 2: Essential Commands


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Table of Contentsntroduction and #bjectives....................................................................................................................+e-uirements and Setup..........................................................................................................................

e-uirements.........................................................................................................................................Setup.......................................................................................................................................................#perating System% /indows ...................................................................................................................0

How to open a "( window.................................................................................................................0"ommands and Tools 1/indows*2#S3..............................................................................................0

"ommands......................................................................................................................................4Tools...................................................................................................................................................5

6ame #n% Taking "ommand...........................................................................................................78#perating System% (inux.........................................................................................................................79

:eed ;our Head% "onsole, Terminal or Shell...........................................................................................................................74

How to open a Terminal window......................................................................................................74"ommands and Tools 1#S>3..............................................................................................................75

"ommands....................................................................................................................................75Tools.................................................................................................................................................87

?asic "ommand !-uivalences for /indows, #S> and (inux...........................................................8=

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Contribtors

Pete Her@og, S!"#$

6lenn )orman, S!"#$

$arta ?arcelA, S!"#$

?ob $onroe, S!"#$

$arco valdi, S!"#$

6reg Playle, S!"#$

Simone #nofri, S!"#$

Bim Truett, S!"#$

Caume &bella, S!"#$

Tom Thomas, S!"#$

Cairo HernDnde@

&neesh 2ogra

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Introd"tion and Ob#e"ti$es

/hether you imagine Hugh Cackman in the movie Swordfishor think of Trinity hacking into

a E)> system in The Matrix Reloaded, when you picture a hacker theyFre working at thecommand line. :or good reason.

;ou can do very big, very powerful things in the command line interface 1 CLI3. ;oudonFt have to be a master at the command line but you should be comfortableworking with it.

#nce youFve mastered the basics of the "(, you can start using these commands in textfiles 1called s"ri%ts3G itFs the easiest programming ever.

/e will discuss commands and basic tools for /indows, #S> and (inux operating systems.;ouFll need to know them for exercises in the following lessons. &t the end of this lesson,you should be familiar with%

6eneral /indows, (inux and #S> commands

?asic network commands and tools, including

ping

tracert/traceroute

netstat

ipconfig/ifconfig

route

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Re'irements and Set%

Re'irements

To complete this lesson you will need%

& P" running /indows

& P" running (inux

#ptionally a $ac running #S>

&ccess to the nternet

Set%

(i)re 2*+:6eneral )etwork Setup

This is the network in which weFll do most of our work. t consists of your P", the nternet, andthe S!"#$ Hacker Highschool test network, which you will access through the nternet.

)ote that access to the S!"#$ test network is restricted. n order to gain access to it, yourinstructor must contact the system administrator, as detailed on thehttp%**www.hackerhighschool.org web site.

However, you can also substitute any test network for these exercises. NE,ERrun tests againstcomputers you donFt own That may be a criminal offense, and can be dangerous in lots ofother ways.

f you want to set up your own test network, it can be as easy as testing another computer inyour classroom or home. )o special set'up is needed #f course if you want something morerobust or something that lets you experience the challenges and flaws of accessing anothercomputer over the nternet, then youFll need an nternet'based test network. This can also bedone by making alliances with other schools or homes and letting them access certaincomputers of yours remotely and you access theirs. ?ut make sure you know what youFredoing in setting it up because what you donFt want is for those open computers to gethijacked by some random person on the nternet who does damage for which you will beresponsible.

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O%eratin) S.stem: Windo/s

n the days of yore, if we werenFt working in E)>, we all worked in 2#S. /e didnFt need to

open a "(G we lived in one. Then E)> developed IwindowJ interfaces, an idea thateventually came to the P" with $icrosoft /indows.

#nce /indows arrived, we opened 2#S in a window on our desktop and called that a"ommand %rom%t. (ong after /indows had moved beyond being 2#S'based, /indowsstill has a "( K and many people still call it a DOS bo0. tFs not really 2#S any more, but forour purposes, it doesnFt matter. HereFs how you open one.

1o/ to o%en a CLI /indo/

The procedure is similar for all versions of /indows.

+* "lick the ST&T button.

2* "hoose the E) option 1skip this in Lista and later3.

3* Type "ommandif you are using /indows 5+*54 or "mdfor all other versions of/indows and press !nter or click #B.

!* & window similar to the following will appear%

&* )ow you can use the commands and tools listed below.

Commands and Tools Windo/sDOS4

"ommands provide built'in operating system functions. Tools do more% they probenetworks, search for 5osts1which is, by the way, what we call computers attached to a

network3, and let you see or set your hostFs routing information.

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Commands

/ords in italics are options that you must enter.Some commands have both long and short versions.

Command 7r%ose

date 2isplay or set the date

time 2isplay or set the time

ver 2isplay the $S'2#S or /indows version

dir 2isplay the list of subdirectories and files in a directory.

cls "lear the screen.

mkdir directoryor

md directory

$ake a directory with the name directory%

md tools

chdir directoryor

cd directory

"hange the current directory to another directory%

cd tools

rmdir directoryor

rd directory

2elete the directory%

rd tools

tree directory2isplay the structure of folders and files in text'graphic format%

tree c:\tools

chkdsk"heck a disk and show a status report.

memShow the amount of memory used and free in the system.

rename sourcedest

or

ren source dest

"hange the name of files%

ren pictures MyPics

copy source dest"opy one or more files to another location%

copy c:\tools\myfile.txt c:\tmp\

move source dest$ove files and change the name of files and directories%

move c:\tools c:\tmp

typefile2isplay the content of one or more text files%

type c:\tools\myfile.txt

more file2isplay the information screen by screen%

more c:\tools\myfile.txt

delete fileor

del file

2elete one or more files%

del c:\tools\myfile.txt

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Tools

/ords in italics are options that you must enter.

Tool 7r%ose

ping host Lerify contact with the machine host.

This command sends "$P 1nternet "ontrol $essage Protocol3 pingpackets to another computer to see how long it takes to respond, or if itresponds at all. ;ou can use a hostname or an P address%

ping hackerhighschool.org

ping 216.92.116.13

#ptions include%

ping -n 100 hackerhighschool.org

which sends 7MM ping packets, and

ping -t 216.92.116.13

which pings the host until stopped with "T(N".

To see more options%

ping /h

tracert host Show the route that packets follow to reach the machine host.

The 2#S tra"ert command is an adaptation of the E)> tra"erote*12#S commands could only be eight characters long, back in the day.3?oth allow you to find the route that a packet follows from your host tothe destination host, tracert also tracks how long each hop takes and

travels, at the most, 9M hops. #ften you can see the hostnames of themachines through which the packets travel%

tracert hackerhighschool.org

tracert 216.92.116.13

Some options are%

tracert -n 25 hackerhighschool.org

to specify ), at the most, jumps, and

tracert -d 216.92.116.13

to hide hostnames.


tracert /?

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Tool 7r%ose

ipconfig Esed alone, displays information on your hostFs active network interfaces1ethernet, ppp, etc.3. t is similar to (inux if"onfi).

Some options are%

ipconfig /all

to show more details

ipconfig /renew

to renew the network connection when automatic configuration with2H"P is used, and

ipconfig /release

to deactivate networking when 2H"P is used.

$ore options%

ipconfig /?

route print 2isplays the routing table. rotecan also be used to set up or erasestatic routes.

Some options%

route print

to show the list of routes,

route delete

to delete a route, and

route add

to add a route.

$ore options%

route/?

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Tool 7r%ose

netstat 2isplays information on the status of the network and establishedconnections with remote machines.

Some options%

netstat -a

to check all the connections and listening ports,

netstat -n

to display addresses and port numbers in numeric form, and

netstat -e

to sample !thernet statistics.

#ptions can be used together%

netstat -an


netstat/?

:or additional information on these commands and tools try these options%

command/h

command/?

help command

from a "( window.

:or example, for additional information on the tool netstat, you have three possibilities%

netstat /h

netstat /?

help netstat

E0er"ises

8.7 #pen a "( window.

8.8 dentify the version of 2#S or /indows that you are using.

8.9 dentify the date and time of the system. f they are incorrect, correct them.

8.= dentify all the directories and files that are in c%O.

8.+ "reate the directory c%OhhsOlesson8. "opy to this directory the files with theextension .sys that are in c%O. /hat files have you found> file edirect the normal screen output of commandto file. f the filealready exists, it a%%endsthe output to the end of the file.

!xample%

ls '' listing.t#t

man command Show the pages of the online manual about command%

!an ls


command -h

command --help

!an command

help command

info command

:or example, for additional information on the lscommand, type in either of these twopossibilities%

ls (-help

!an ls

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Tools


Tool 7r%ose

ping host Lerify the contact with the machine host%

ping www.google.co!

traceroute host Show the route that the packets follow to reach the machine host%

tracert www.google.co!

ifconfig 2isplay information on active network interfaces 1ethernet, ppp,etc.3.

route 2isplay the routing table.

netstat 2isplay information on your network connections.

netstat -an

E0er"ises

8.4 dentify the owner of the file %ass/d. 1)ote% first locate where this file is.3

8.5 "reate the directory /or;in your own home directory 1for example, if your login is fred,create the directory in *home*fred3, and copy the file passwd to the directory workthat you just created. dentify the owner of the passwd copy.

8.7M "reate the directory *5ide in the work directory 1notice that the file name begins witha dot3. (ist the contents of this directory. /hat did you have to do to see the contentsof directory .hide this

application is called Terminal.

#S> is based on )et?S2 and :ree?S2 E)>, ancestors of (inux. ts 6E and "( approach issimilar to (inux% you can do everything you could possibly do in any 6E tool, plus vastlymore.

1o/ to o%en a Terminal /indo/

+* "lick on the S%otli)5ticon, an icon of a magnifying glass typically located on the topright of your screen, and search for Terminal.

2* Then press !nter or click on it. ;ou will see the Terminal window.

Typically Terminal is located under A%%li"ations Btilities. mpress your friends by changingthe Terminal style depending on your preferences. Press both the "ommand and commakeys to get the Preference dialog for Terminal and choose your preferred colors. Esuallythis keyboard shortcut gives you access to program preferences in #S>.

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Commands and Tools OS@4

$ac ships with a bash shell, so almost all typical (inux commands work on #S> as well.

Commands


Command 7r%ose

date2isplay or set the date.

time command2isplay how long it takes for commandto execute.

fsck"heck a file system and show a status report. f you use an #S>

journaled volume such as $ac #S> 7M.9 or later, in which

journaling is enabled by default, you probably wonFt need to runthis command.

catfile2isplay the content of one or more text files%

cat /etc/passwd

pwd 2isplay the name of the current directory.

hostname 2isplay the name of the computer you are currently using.

finger user 2isplay information on a user%

finger root

ls (ist the contents of the current directory%

ls -la

(ist the contents of another directory%

ls -la /etc

cd directory "hange from current directory to directory. f no directory nameis specified it changes to the userFs home directory.

:or the login name IfredJ the command

cd

changes the directory to *Esers*fred, and

cd -

changes to the last visited directory 1think of IsubtractingJ onedirectory3, and

cd /t!p

changes to the *tmp directory.

cp source dest "opy the filesourceto the file dest.

cp /etc/passwd /t!p/"unnies

rm file 2elete files. #nly users with proper access permissions 1or root3can delete certain files.

r! letter.t#t

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Command 7r%ose

mv source dest $ove or rename files and directories.

!$ secrets.%ip innocent.%ip

mkdir directory $ake a directory with the name directory.

!kdir tools

rmdir directory 2elete the directory with the name directory but only if it isempty%

r!dir tools

?onus -uestion% how do you delete a directory with files in it file Redire"tthe normal screen output of commandto file%

ls ' listing.t#t

f this file already exist, it will get "lobbered, meaningoverwritten

command >> file edirect the normal screen output of commandto file. f the filealready exists, it a%%endsthe output to the end of the file.

!xample%

ls '' listing.t#t

man command Show the pages of the online manual about command%

!an ls


command -h

command --help

!an command

help command

info command

:or example, for additional information on the lscommand, type in either of these twopossibilities%

ls (-help

!an ls

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Tools


Tool 7r%ose

ping host Lerify contact with the machine host.

This command sends ping packets using "$P 1nternet "ontrol$essage Protocol3 to another computer to see how long it takes torespond, or if it responds at all. ;ou can use a hostname or an Paddress%

ping www.hackerhighschool.org

ping 216.92.116.13

#ptions include%

ping -c 100 www.hackerhighschool.org

which sends 7MM ping packets, and

ping -t 216.92.116.13

which pings the host until stopped with "T(N".

$ore options%

!an ping

traceroutehost

Show the route that packets follow to reach the machine host.

tra"erote has the same scope as /indows tra"ertbut uses differentnetwork protocols% traceroute uses E2P 1Eser 2atagram Protocol3 andtracert uses "$P 1nternet "ontrol $essage Protocol3. ;ou may obtain

different results using tracert and traceroute from same network sourceand destination.

?oth allow you to find the route that a packet follows from your host tothe destination host. !ach also tracks how long each hop takes andtravels for, at the most, 9M hops. #ften you can see the hostnames ofthe machines through which the packets travel%

traceroute www.hackerhighschool.org

traceroute 216.92.116.13

To specify the maximum 1'm3 number of hops%

traceroute -! 25 www.hackerhighschool.org

To save 2)S lookups by showing the P address rather than a hostname%

traceroute -n 216.92.116.13


!an traceroute

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Tool 7r%ose

ifconfig Esed alone, displays information on your hostFs active network interfaces1ethernet, ppp, etc.3. t is similar to /indows i%"onfi).

To show more details, meaning to be $erbose%

ifconfig -$

To show only the en1 network interface information%

ipconfig en1

To deactivate the network interface%

ifconfig en1 down

To bring it up%

ifconfig en1 up

)ote% you must have permission to use this command, so you may needto put sdoin front of these commands. Then you will have to enter yourpassword. Bse sdo "arefll.

sudo ifconfig en1 up

$ore options%

!an ifconfig

netstat 2isplays information on the status of the network and establishedconnections with remote machines. #n ?S2'like systems, netstat is alsoused to see your routing table.

To sample all the connections and listening ports%

netstat -a

To display the routing table%

netstat -r

Esed with 'n to show addresses numerically%

netstat -nr

To show information for en1network interface.

netstat -r -ii en1


!an netstat

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E0er"ises

8.78 dentify the name and the P address of your machine.

8.79 Trace the route to www.hackerhighschool.org. dentify P addresses of theintermediate routers and find your path.

8.7= n /indows use tra"ertto see the path between you and www.hackerhighscool.org assee by /indows, and send the output on a file named ot%t*t0tfor further analysis.

8.7+ Then run the e-uivalent traceroute command on #S> and (inux from the samenetwork, putting the output in files named ot%t2OS@*t0tand ot%t2Lin0*t0t. (ook atthe output files carefully.

+* &re the paths the same or are there differences

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