HESCO 6th STG Project Environmentaland SocialAssessment

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July 2007
Élan Partners (Pvt.) Ltd. Suite 4, 1st Floor, 20-B Blair Center, G-8 Markaz, Islamabad Tel.: +92 (51) 225 3696-97 • Fax: +92 (51) 225 3698 • Email: [email protected]
Report disclaimer: Élan Partners has prepared this document in accordance with the instructions of Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO) for its sole and specific use. Any other persons, companies, or institutions who use any information contained herein do so at their own risk.
HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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Executive Summary
The Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO) is planning to undertake the 6th Secondary Transmission and Grid (STG) project in various parts of its territory. HESCO is seeking financing from the World Bank (WB) for this 5-year project. In line with the prevailing legislation in the country and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of the project has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.
Study Methodology
The present study was conducted using a standard methodology prescribed by national and international agencies. Various phases of the study included screening, scoping, data collection and compilation, stakeholder consultation, impact assessment, and report compilation.
Legislative Framework
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997) requires the proponents of every development project in the country to conduct an environmental assessment and submit its report to the relevant environmental protection agency.
In addition, the World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) requires that environmental and social assessment be carried out before commencing projects such as the 6th STG. The OP 4.12 specifies the procedure that needs to be followed to address the involuntary resettlement the project would cause.
The present ESA has been carried out in response to the above-mentioned Act and WB safeguard policies.
Project Overview
The overall objective of the HESCO’s 6th STG project is to help increase the efficiency, reliability, and quality of its electricity supply. The project seeks to decrease technical as well as commercial losses, increase electricity availability, and improve the voltage profile within the HESCO’s electricity network.
In its total span of five years, the 6th STG project envisages establishment of fifteen new grid stations, in addition to converting seven, augmenting nineteen, rehabilitating 216, and extending another ten of the existing grid stations. The project also includes laying of 451 km of new and rehabilitation of 2,980 km of existing transmission lines.
The present ESA addresses the project components that will be undertaken during the Year 2006-07. These include the establishment of four new grid stations, in addition to the extension of one and conversion of four grid stations. A total of about 111 km of new transmission lines will also be added to the existing HESCO system during this period.
Executive Summary HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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Description of the Environment
The project area lies in the Lower Indus Plain, which essentially forms the western extension of Indo-Gangetic Plain. The Indus Plain has been made up of the silt brought by the Indus and its numerous tributaries, such as Jhelum, Chenab, Ravi and Sutlej on the east bank, and Kabul, Kurram, Tochi, and others on the west bank. The Indus Plain is known for its agricultural fertility and cultural development throughout history.
Topographically, Sindh can be divided into four distinct parts with the dry and barren Kirthar Range in the west, a central alluvial plain bisected by the Indus River, a desert belt in the east, and the Indus delta in the south. The entire project area is located in the central alluvial plain on either sides of the Indus River.
The agriculture is by far the main economic activity in the project area, which lies within the Indus Basin Irrigation system – one of the most extensive canal irrigation systems in the world. The groundwater extraction augments the canal water for irrigation in the area.
Ecologically, the project area was once part of the thorn forest ecozone. However, urban centers, villages and agriculture activities have greatly modified this ecozone in most parts of the project area. Whatever wild species now found in the area are essentially those which have adapted to the modified conditions and presence of human beings.
Administratively, the project area falls under various districts of Sindh. These include Jacobabad, Shikarpur, Larkana, Sanghar, Hyderabad, Mirpur Khas, Badin and Thatta.
Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholder consultations were carried out as part of the ESA study. These consultations were conducted with the institutional as well as the grassroots stakeholders. It was ensured that the rural women were also included during these consultations. The main objectives of the consultations were to: apprise the stakeholders about the proposed project activities; obtain their views, concerns and recommendations; and address/incorporate them in the project design - thus enhancing the environmental and social performance of the project.
Impact Assessment and Mitigation
During the present ESA, the project’s potential social and environmental impacts were identified. Each identified impact was then characterized with respect to its nature, reversibility, geo-extent, consequence-severity and likelihood. Based upon this characterization, the impacts were then assessed to be of high, medium or low significance.
The ESA revealed that most of the impacts of the proposed project would be confined to the construction phase and temporary in nature. Appropriate control and housekeeping measures – recommended in the ESA – would address these issues adequately. The environmental and social monitoring would ensure compliance to and effectiveness of these control measures.
The key social issues identified and assessed as described above included land procurement, damaged crops and safety hazards. The ESA has recommended that the
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land for the grid stations should be acquired in accordance with the Land Acquisition Act of 1894, on the basis of willing seller – willing buyer, mutually agreed prices and the owner having the option to refuse selling the land. The project will acquire a total of about 16 acres of land in this manner. To mitigate the damaged crops – caused by the transmission line construction activities – the ESA has recommended payment of compensation to the landowners/cultivators. The ESA has estimated that crops would be damaged over a total of about 793 acres of land belonging to about 400 landowners/cultivators. The associated compensation amount has been estimated to be about Rs. 6.9 million. Finally, to address the safety concerns associated with the construction activities, and the electrocution risk, precautionary measures have been included in the ESA.
The key environmental impacts of the proposed project as identified in the ESA included soil erosion and degradation and water contamination. The soil erosion would be caused by the grid station and transmission line construction activities, particularly in the hilly terrain of the project area. These concerns will be addressed through appropriate siting, design and construction techniques employed during the proposed project. The soil and water contamination could be caused by the inappropriate waste disposal and leakage/spillage of oils and chemicals. These concerns will be forestalled through waste disposal system recommended in the ESA.
The total cost of the environmental and social management of the project, including implementing the mitigation measures has been estimated to be about Rs. 13.8 million. This includes the crop compensation of about Rs. 6.9 million mentioned earlier.
Environmental and Social Management Plan
An environmental and social management plan (ESMP) has been developed to provide an implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the ESA. The ESMP provides the organization structure for the environmental and social management system during the project, and defines the roles and responsibilities of various players. The ESMP includes a mitigation plan, a monitoring plan, the communication and documentation requirements, and training needs, in the context of the environmental and social management of the project.
Findings and Recommendations
On the basis of the overall impact assessment and, more specifically, the nature and magnitude of the residual environmental and socioeconomic impacts identified during the present ESA, it is concluded that the proposed project is unlikely to cause any significant, lasting impact on the social, physical and biological environment of the area, provided that the proposed activities are carried out as mentioned in this report, and the mitigation measures included in this report are completely and effectively implemented.
The key recommendations pertaining to the environmental and social performance of the proposed project are as follows:
The ESA and ESMP should be included in the project tender documents. The ESMP should be included in the construction contracts, so that the mitigation measures become a contractual binding over the contractors.
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HESCO should follow the Resettlement Plan (RP) for acquiring land for the project, and to compensate the project affected persons (PAPs).
HESCO should acquire in-house environmental management capacity. For this purpose, an Environment and Social Cell should be established with in the Company. Initially, at least one each of environmental and socioeconomic experts should be part of the Cell.
The Company should develop a comprehensive program to eliminate the PCB- containing transformer oil from its entire system. To start with, the grid stations and workshops should be provided with the PCB testing kits. The present status of soil contamination in the grid stations, warehouses and workshops should also be determined through site investigations.
HESCO should develop its Environmental and Social Policy, which should demonstrate the Company’s commitment towards sound environmental management practices throughout its operations. The Company should adhere to the environmental legislation and regulations, particularly for conducting environmental and social assessments for all its future projects.
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Acronyms
AJK Azad Jammu and Kashmir Amsl Above mean sea level BHU Basic Health Unit BOD Biological oxygen demand CITES Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species COD Chemical oxygen demand Cusecs Cubic feet per second DC Deputy Commissioner DCO District Coordination Officer DISCO Distribution Company DO Dissolved oxygen ECA Employment of Child Act EDO Executive District Officer EIA Environmental Impact Assessment EPA Environmental Protection Agency ESA Environmental and Social Assessment ESG Environmental and Social Guidelines ESI Environmental and Social Inspector ESMP Environmental and Social Management Plan ESO Environmental and Social Officer ESR Environmental and Social Report FESCO Faisalabad Electric Supply Company GDP Gross Domestic Product GENCO Generating Company GEPCO Gujranwala Electric Power Company GIS Geographical information system GoP Government of Pakistan GRM Grievance Redressal Mechanism GSC Grid Station Construction (Department) GSO Grid Station Operation (Department) GS Grid Station GWh Gega watt hour Ha Hectare HDI Human Development Index HESCO Hyderabad Electric Supply Company HSE Health safety and environment HT High tension
Acronyms HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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IBIS Indus Basin Irrigation System ICT Islamabad Capital Territory IEE Initial Environmental Examination IESCO Islamabad Electric Supply Company IUCN International Union for Conservation of Nature KESC Karachi Electric Supply Company KM Kilometer KV Kilo volts KWh Kilo watt hour LAA Land Acquisition Act (of 1894) LESCO Lahore Electric Supply Company LOS Laws of Seas LPG Liquefied petroleum gas LT Low tension MAF Million acre feet MARPOL Marine Pollution (Convention for the Prevention of Pollution
from Ships) MEA Multilateral Environmental Agreements MEPCO Multan Electric Power Company MVA Mega volt amperes MW Mega watts M&E Monitoring and Evaluation NEQS National Environmental Quality Standards NGO Non Governmental Organization NOx Oxides of nitrogen NTDC National Transmission and Dispatch Company NTPS Natural (Gas) Thermal Power Station NWFP North Western Frontier Province OP Operational Policy O&M Operation and Maintenance PAPs Project affected persons PCB Poly Chlorinated Biphenyl PEPC Pakistan Encl Protection Council PESCO Peshawar Electric Supply Company PD Project Director PEPA Pakistan Environmental Protection Act PM Project Manager PM Particulate matter POP Persistent Organic Pollutants P&DD Planning and Development Department
Acronyms HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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QESCO Quetta Electric Supply Company RH Relative humidity RHC Rural Health Center RP Resettlement Plan RPF Resettlement Policy Framework SCARP Salinity Control and Rehabilitation Project SPDC Social Policy and Development Center STG Secondary transmission and grid TB Tuberculosis TDS Total dissolved solids ToR Terms of Reference XEN Executive Engineer UNFCCC United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change USEPA United States Environmental Protection Agency WAPDA Water and Power Development Authority WB World Bank WBG World Bank Group WWF World Wide Fund for Nature
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3 Project Description ..................................................................... 3-1 3.1 HESCO’s Existing System.............................................................3-1 3.2 Project Objectives ..........................................................................3-2 3.3 Project Components ......................................................................3-2 3.4 Construction Activities....................................................................3-9 3.5 Operation and Maintenance Activities .........................................3-12
Significance....................................................................................5-9
Contents HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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Contents HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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VOLUME 2: APPENDICES
Appendix A: ToR for ESA Appendix B: Study Team Appendix C: Photographs Appendix D: Wildlife Species of Project Area Appendix E: Field Data (Details of Stakeholder Consultations;
Socioeconomic data; PAPs List) Appendix F: Health Effects of PCBs Appendix G Health Effects of Electromagnetic Radiation.
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Exhibit 1.2: Projection of Power Demand Growth - Pakistan ..... 1-10
Exhibit 1.3: Population, Income and Electricity Consumption – HESCO.............................................. 1-10
Exhibit 1.4: Historical and Projected Electricity Demand- HESCO......................................................................... 1-10
Exhibit 2.1: Selected NEQS for Waste Effluents.......................... 2-14 Exhibit 2.2: NEQS for Industrial Gaseous Emissions ................. 2-15 Exhibit 2.3: NEQS for Motor Vehicles Exhaust and Noise.......... 2-16 Exhibit 2.4: WHO Ambient Air Quality Standards........................ 2-16 Exhibit 2.5: WHO Drinking Water Quality Standards .................. 2-17
Exhibit 3.1: HESCO’s Technical Profile ........................................ 3-14 Exhibit 3.2: HESCO System........................................................... 3-15 Exhibit 3.3: Transmission Lines in HESCO’s Area...................... 3-17 Exhibit 3.4: Grid Stations in HESCO’s Area ................................. 3-21 Exhibit 3.5: Project Components .................................................. 3-23 Exhibit 3.6: Land to be Acquired for Project................................ 3-25
Exhibit 4.1: Land Use in Sindh ...................................................... 4-17 Exhibit 4.2: Meteorological Data – Mean Monthly Maximum
Temperatures.............................................................. 4-17 Exhibit 4.3: Meteorological Data – Mean Monthly Minimum
Exhibits HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
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Exhibit 4.12: Wildlife Protected Areas in HESCO Area ................. 4-24 Exhibit 4.13: Bukhshapur Grid Station and its Feed -
Schematic Diagram .................................................... 4-26 Exhibit 4.14: Larkana-III Grid Station Site - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-28 Exhibit 4.15: Chamber Grid Station Site - Schematic Diagram .... 4-30 Exhibit 4.16: Tando Bago Grid Station Site - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-32 Exhibit 4.17: Feed for Larkana-III Grid Station - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-34 Exhibit 4.18: Feed for Chamber Grid Station - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-38 Exhibit 4.19: Feed for Tando Bago Grid Station - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-48 Exhibit 4.20: Feed for Matiari Grid Station - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-51 Exhibit 4.21: Feed for Kandiari Grid Station - Schematic
Diagram ....................................................................... 4-53 Exhibit 4.22: Jacobabad – Humayun Transmission Line -
Schematic Diagram .................................................... 4-55 Exhibit 4.23: Samaro – Naukot Transmission Line -
Schematic Diagram .................................................... 4-63
Index ............................................................................ 5-12 Exhibit 5.4: Literacy Ratio in the Project Districts by Gender.... 5-13 Exhibit 5.5: Literacy Ratio in Project Area ................................... 5-13 Exhibit 5.6: Enrolment Ratio in Project Area ............................... 5-14 Exhibit 5.7: Educational Institutes in Project Area...................... 5-14 Exhibit 5.8: Healthcare Facilities in Project Area ........................ 5-15 Exhibit 5.9: Agro-ecological Zones of Pakistan........................... 5-16 Exhibit 5.10: Characteristics of Agro-ecological Zones of
Pakistan....................................................................... 5-17 Exhibit 5.11: Annual Production of Key Crops in Project Area.... 5-19 Exhibit 5.12: Irrigation Command Area .......................................... 5-20 Exhibit 5.13: Places of Archeological, Historical or Religious
Significance Falling in Project Area Districts .......... 5-21
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Consultations.............................................................. 7-13 Exhibit 7.4: Summary of Communities’ Concerns and
Expectations ............................................................... 7-15
Project Design Phase (Unmitigated)......................... 8-18 Exhibit 8.5: Environmental Impact Characterization for
Project Construction Phase (Unmitigated) .............. 8-19 Exhibit 8.6: Environmental Impact Characterization for
Project Operation Phase (Unmitigated).................... 8-20 Exhibit 8.7: Outline ToR for Developing PCB Elimination
Plan .............................................................................. 8-21
(Unmitigated) .............................................................. 9-17 Exhibit 9.3: Impact Characterization for Project Design
Phase (Unmitigated)................................................... 9-19 Exhibit 9.4: Characterization of Construction Phase
Underneath.................................................................. 9-24 Exhibit 9.8: Characterization of Operation Phase
Exhibit 10.2: Roles and Responsibilities...................................... 10-14 Exhibit 10.3: Mitigation Plan .......................................................... 10-15 Exhibit 10.4: Effects Monitoring Plan for Construction Period .. 10-47 Exhibit 10.5: Grievance Redressal Mechanism ........................... 10-49
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Exhibit 10.6: Environmental and Social Trainings ...................... 10-51 Exhibit 10.7: Cost of Environmental and Social Management ... 10-52
Exhibit 11.1: Summary of Concern Raised by Stakeholders and their Mitigation .................................................... 11-4
Exhibit 11.2: Environmental Screening Matrix (Mitigated) ........... 11-5
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1 Introduction
The Hyderabad Electric Supply Company (HESCO) is planning to undertake the 6th Secondary Transmission and Grid (STG) project in various parts of its territory (see Exhibit 1.1 for HESCO territory and project location). HESCO is seeking finances from the World Bank (WB) for a portion of this 5-year project. In line with the prevailing legislation in the country and WB safeguard policies, an environmental and social assessment (ESA) of the project has been carried out. This document presents the report of this assessment.
1.1 Project Proponent
HESCO is a public utility company, providing electricity to the entire Sindh province, except for Karachi and parts of the Thatta district. HESCO was incorporated in 1998 under the Companies Ordinance 1984. Before this, it was one of the eight Area Electricity Boards of the Water and Power Development Authority (WAPDA).
Established in 1958, WAPDA had two wings: Water and Power. The Water Wing was (and still is) responsible for developing and managing large water reservoirs and barrages, while its Power Wing was a vertically integrated utility, responsible for generation, transmission and distribution of electricity throughout Pakistan (except for the City of Karachi, where the Karachi Electric Supply Company – KESC - performs a similar function).
Under its un-bundling and restructuring program, WAPDA’s Power Wing has been broken down into eight distribution companies collectively called DISCOs, four generating companies collectively called GENCOs and a transmission company called National Transmission and Dispatch Company (NTDC). HESCO is one of the eight DISCOs; the other seven DISCOs are:
Peshawar Electric Supply Company (PESCO) - responsible for electricity distribution in the entire North Western Frontier Province (NWFP), northern parts of Azad Jammu and Kashmir (AJK) and the Northern Areas.
Islamabad Electric Supply Company (IESCO) - carrying out electricity distribution in Islamabad, Rawalpindi, Jhelum, Chakwal and Attock districts. In addition, IESCO also supplies bulk electricity to the central and southern parts of AJK.
Gujranwala Electric Power Company (GEPCO), which distributes electricity in Gujranwala, Sialkot, Mandi Bahauddin, Hafizabad, Narowal and Gujrat districts.
Lahore Electric Supply Company (LESCO) – supplying electricity to Lahore, Kasur, Sheikhupura and Okara districts.
Faisalabad Electric Supply Company (FESCO) - responsible for electricity distribution in Faisalabad, Sargodha, Khushab, Jhang, Toba Tek Singh, Bhalwal, Mianwali and Bhakkar districts.
Introduction HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
Multan Electric Power Company (MEPCO), which distributes electricity in the southern districts of the Punjab province.
Quetta Electric Supply Company (QESCO) - supplying electricity to the entire Balochistan Province, except Lasbela, which is covered under the KESC network.
Recently, TESCO – Tribal Areas Electric Supply Company – has also been established.
1.2 Project Background and Justification
Pakistan as a whole is an energy-deficient country and per capita electricity generation has traditionally been low (581 KWh as against the World average of 2,657 KWh1). The electricity demand in the country has grown at a rapid pace since 1985. Consumption of electricity increased from 17,608 GWh in 1985 to 55,507 GWh in 2004, representing an annual average growth rate of 6.2%. The growth in the electricity demand has however been uneven over the years. The consumption grew at a rate of 11% during 1985-99, the growth rate slowed down to 6.9% during 1990-95 and 2.5% during 1996-2000. Since the year 2000 however, the trend has reversed and electricity demand has picked up, mirroring the overall economic growth in the country. During the period 2001-04, the electricity demand grew at a rate of 3.3% (NEPRA 2005).
The electricity demand in the country is projected to grow at an annual compound growth rate of 7.9% during the period 2005-10, and increase from 15,500 MW in 2005 to 21,500 MW in 2010, as shown in Exhibit 1.2. This growth has been projected on the basis of increase both in population and per capita income; Exhibit 1.3 presents the linkage between the increasing population, per capita income and electricity consumption.
Much like rest of the country, HESCO is also experiencing growth in the electricity demand, as shown in Exhibit 1.4. In order to meet this increasing demand, the existing secondary transmission and grid system (132 and 66 KV) has to be expanded, in addition to the increased generation and primary transmission (500 KV and 220 KV) capacity. Towards this end, HESCO, being responsible for the expansion, operation and maintenance of the secondary transmission and grid (STG) system within its territory, has developed the 6th STG project.
The project includes establishment of new grid stations, extension / conversion / augmentation of existing grid stations and laying of new transmission lines. The project will ensure supply of electricity in new areas, load reduction on presently overloaded grid stations and transmission lines, and improvement in the voltage profile as well as the system reliability.
1.3 Project Overview
The overall objective of the 6th STG project is to help increase the efficiency, reliability and quality of the electricity supply. The project seeks to decrease the technical as well
1 Source: Medium Term Development Framework 2005-10, Government of Pakistan, 2005.
as commercial losses, increase the electricity availability, and improve the voltage profile, within the HESCO’s electricity network.
The 6th STG is a 5-year project, from 2006-7 to 20010-112, and has been broken down in five distinct year-wise phases. Each phase of the project consists of establishing new grid stations, extending/upgrading/augmenting existing grid stations, and laying transmission lines. The key components of these phases, as given in the Project Description Document (PDD), are tabulated below.3
2006-07 2007-08 2008-09 2009-10 2010-11 Total
New Grid Stations (GS) 4 2 4 3 2 15
GS Conversion 4 1 0 0 2 7
GS Augmentation 4 1 4 6 4 19
GS Extension 4 16 13 14 9 4 56
Rehabilitation of GS 5 60 50 52 26 28 216
New Transmission Lines (km) 111 170 130 27 13 451
Rehabilitation of Transmission Lines (km) 6
868 686 629 586 211 2,980
HESCO is seeking the WB financing for the first three years of the project. The present ESA addresses a portion of the STG components to be undertaken during year 2006-07 (see Section 1.4.3 for study scope).
1.4 ESA Study
1.4.1 Need of the Study
The World Bank Operational Policy 4.01 (OP 4.01) states that “The Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making”7. The study also responds to OP 4.12 on involuntary resettlement, and provides the required mitigation measures through a Resettlement Plan (RP).
In addition, the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (PEPA 1997)8 requires the proponents of every development project in the country to submit either an Initial
2 The original PC1 was prepared for the project duration from 2003-04 to 2007-08. 3 The original year-wise distribution of work within the total project duration as given in the PC1
has subsequently been revised, based upon changing load demand and priorities. 4 Not included in the present ESA. 5 Not included in the present ESA. 6 Not included in the present ESA. 7 Excerpts from OP4.01 – Environmental Assessment. January, 1999. 8 Act No. XXXIV of 1997. The Gazette of Pakistan, Islamabad, December 6, 1997.
Environmental Examination (IEE) or “where the project is likely to cause an adverse environmental effect,” an Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) to the concerned environmental protection agency (EPA). The IEE/EIA Regulations 2000 issued under the PEPA 1997 provide separate lists for the projects requiring IEE and EIA.
1.4.2 Study Objectives
assess the existing environmental and socioeconomic conditions of the project area,
identify likely impacts of the proposed project on the natural and human environment of the area, to predict and evaluate these impacts, and determine significance of these impacts, in light of the technical and regulatory concerns,
propose appropriate mitigation measures that should be incorporated in the design of the project to minimize if not eliminate the adverse impacts,
assess the compliance status of the proposed activities with respect to the environmental legislation and WB’s OPs,
develop an environmental and social management plan (ESMP) to provide an implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures identified during the study.
1.4.3 Study Scope
The present ESA study covers the following components of the proposed 6th STG project which will be carried out during the year 2006-07:
New grid stations: 4 (Larkana III, Chamber, Bukhshapur and Tando Bago)
Grid station extension: 1 (Nooriabad)
Grid station conversion: 4 (Matiari, Kandiari, Samaro and Naukot)
Transmission lines: 111 km
These components of the 6th STG project will be referred to as the ‘proposed project’ and the area where these components are located will be referred to as the ‘project area’ in this report. The study addresses the potential environmental and social impacts that may be encountered during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project, in accordance with the terms of reference (ToR) provided by HESCO for this purpose. (See Appendix A for the ToR of the ESA.)
1.4.4 Study Methodology
The key steps that were followed while conducting the ESA are briefly described below.
Scoping
During this phase, key information on the project was collected and reviewed. A ‘long list’ of the potential environmental as well as social issues likely to arise as a result of the
project was developed. The stakeholder analysis was also carried out for the consultation to be carried out subsequently.
Stakeholder Consultation
Stakeholder consultations were carried out during the ESA study. Meetings were held in Islamabad and Hyderabad with the institutional stakeholders and key environmental and social issues discussed. Extensive consultations with the grass root stakeholders were carried out at the project sites (grid station locations and transmission line routes). Efforts were made to solicit the concerns and views of rural women as well, and a female staff was part of the study team conducting the stakeholder consultations. While women were present in most of the consultations held, women-only consultations were conducted by the female staff. The main objective of the consultations was to apprise the key stakeholders about the project details, and to obtain their concerns, apprehensions and recommendations regarding the proposed activities.
Data Collection/Compilation
During this phase, data was collected and compiled, in order to develop a baseline of the project area’s physical, biological and human environment. For this purpose, both review of secondary sources and field data collection were carried out. Field visits to each of the new grid station sites, existing grid stations (which are to be extended/augmented/ upgraded) and transmission line routes were carried out.
The secondary resources that were consulted included reports of the studies carried out earlier, published books and data, and relevant websites. With the help of these resources a generic profile of the entire project area was developed.
In addition to the above, extensive field visits were carried out in order to collect the primary data specific to the project sites (grid station locations and transmission line routes). During these field visits, key information on environmental and social parameters was collected. During the primary data collection, environmental as well as social hot spots falling at or near the project sites were identified, and most importantly, the project affectees were determined.
During the field investigations, detailed information was collected on the cultivated area falling under the transmission line routes, since damage to the crops would be the primary asset loss during the proposed project. Information was also collected on the owners/tenants of the cultivated land under the transmission lines.
Impact Assessment
During the impact assessment, the environmental, socioeconomic, and project information collected in previous steps was used to determine the potential impacts of the proposed project. Subsequent to this, the potential impacts were characterized in order to determine their significance. Mitigation measures were identified where required to minimize the significant environmental impacts. (Impact assessment methodology is further discussed in Chapter 8 of this document.) A management framework was also developed in the form of an ESMP for the implementation of the mitigation measures
identified during the study. The social screening checklist, provided in the terms of reference (ToR), was also used as one of the tools to conduct the social impact assessment.
The impact assessment has been carried out and the associated mitigation measures recommended on the basis of the surveyed transmission line routes and other project locations. Variations in the impacts and associated mitigation measures are expected if the project components are moved outside the surveyed corridor.
1.4.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines
As described in Section 1.4.3 above, the present ESA study covers the project components to be carried out during the year 2006-07, which is the first year of the 3- year project slice for which the WB financing is being sought. For the project components to be carried out during the remainder of the 3-year slice (ie, 2007-08 and 2008-09), details such as grid station locations and transmission lines routes are not known, and hence a detailed ESA cannot be conducted for this portion of the project at this stage.
In order to provide a broad framework to address the environmental as well as social aspects during this phase of the project (ie, 2007-08 and 2008-09), a set of environmental and social guidelines (ESG) has been prepared.
The ESG is a stand-alone document and has been provided under separate cover.
1.4.6 Resettlement Plan
Since the total number of the project affectees is expected to be more than 200, a Resettlement Plan (RP) has been developed, in accordance with the WB OP 4.12, in order to address the resettlement issues arising as a result of the project. The RP provides entitlement framework, compensation assessment and disbursement procedure, grievance redressal mechanism, monitoring requirements, resettlement budget and disclosure procedure for the proposed project.
The RP is a stand alone document and has been provided under separate cover.
1.4.7 Study Team
The ESA team consisted of environmental and socioeconomic experts having considerable experience in their respective field of expertise. The list of the experts is provided in Appendix B.
1.5 Document Structure
Chapter 2 discusses the World Bank’s safeguard policies, as well as the regulatory, legislative and institutional setup in the country, relevant to the environmental and social assessment. The Chapter also outlines the international environmental agreements to which the country is a party. Chapter 3 provides a simplified description of the proposed 6th STG project and its components. The environmental baseline conditions are
presented in Chapter 4, whereas the existing social and socioeconomic conditions of the project area are described in Chapter 5. The project alternatives are evaluated in Chapter 6. The stakeholder consultation has been covered in Chapter 7. The environmental impacts are assessed and their respective mitigations recommended in Chapters 8, whereas Chapter 9 details the social impacts of the project and the respective mitigation measures. Chapter 10 outlines the implementation mechanism for the mitigation measures, in the form of an environmental and social management plan. Finally, Chapter 11 presents the findings and conclusion of the study.
Exhibit 1.1: Project Location
Naushahro Firoz Jaffarabad Pakpattan Lahore Bannu Hangu Orakzai Peshawar Nowshera Charsadda
Swabi Mardan Malakand Mohmand Haripur Islamabad Mansehra Shangla Lower Dir
1. 2. 3. 4. 5. 6. 7. 8. 9. 10.
11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19.
S
EW
Legend
HESCO
Source: Atlas of Pakistan
24 O
24 O
62 O
62 O
64 O
64 O
66 O
66 O
68 O
68 O
70 O
70 O
72 O
72 O
74 O
74 O
76 O
76 O
78 O
26 O
26 O
28 O
28 O
30 O
30 O
32 O
32 O
34 O
34 O
36 O
36 O
ARABIAN SEA
I N
Year Total Demand (MW)
2005-06 15,500
2006-07 16,600
2007-08 17,900
2008-09 19,600
2009-10 21,500 Table borrowed from NEPRA’s State of the Industry Report – 2005 (Source: Mid Term Development Framework).
Exhibit 1.3: Population, Income and Electricity Consumption – HESCO
Year Population (Million)
Per Capita Energy Consumption (kWh)
2000-01 24.40 18,000 3,722 151
2001-02 24.90 19,440 3,871 153
2002-03 25.42 20,995 4,026 156
2003-04 25.94 22,675 4,187 159
2004-05 26.47 24,489 4,354 162
2005-06 27.02 26,448 4,529 165
2006-07 27.58 28,564 4,710 169
2007-08 28.14 30,849 4,898 172
2008-09 28.72 33,317 5,094 175
2009-10 29.32 35,982 5,298 178 Source: Table-5. PC1 Proforma 6th STG Programme, Sub Transmission Lines and Grid Stations, 2003-04 to 2007-08. HESCO September 2004.
Exhibit 1.4: Historical and Projected Electricity Demand- HESCO
Year Total Demand (MW) Growth Rate (%)
2005-06 1,084.80 4.62
2006-07 1,170.87 8.01
2007-08 1,244.07 6.25
2008-09 1,335.85 7.38
2009-10 1,429.84 7.04
2 Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework
This Chapter discusses the policy, legal and administrative framework as well as institutional set-up relevant to the environmental and social assessment of the proposed project. Also included in the Chapter are the environmental and social guidelines from the national agencies as well as international donors and other organizations.
2.1 The World Bank Operational Policies
The WB Operating Policies (Ops) relevant to the proposed project are discussed in the following sections.
2.1.1 Environmental Assessment (OP 4.01)
The World Bank requires environmental assessment (EA) of projects proposed for Bank financing to help ensure that they are environmentally sound and sustainable, and thus to improve decision making.1 The OP defines the EA process and various types of the EA instruments.
The proposed project consists of activities which have environmental and social consequences, including:
Damage to assets (such as crops),
Loss of land,
Safety hazard.
To identify the extent and consequences of these impacts, and to develop an EMP for their mitigation, an ESA is being carried out, in accordance with this OP.
2.1.2 Involuntary Resettlement (OP 4.12)
The WB’s experience indicates that involuntary resettlement under development projects, if unmitigated, often gives rise to severe economic, social, and environmental risks: production systems are dismantled; people face impoverishment when their productive assets or income sources are lost; people are relocated to environments where their productive skills may be less applicable and the competition for resources greater; community institutions and social networks are weakened; kin groups are dispersed; and cultural identity, traditional authority, and the potential for mutual help are diminished or
1 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. January 1999.
Policy, Legal and Administrative Framework HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
lost. This policy includes safeguards to address and mitigate these impoverishment risks.2
The overall objectives of the Policy are given below.
Involuntary resettlement should be avoided where feasible, or minimized, exploring all viable alternative project designs.
Where it is not feasible to avoid resettlement, resettlement activities should be conceived and executed as sustainable development programs, providing sufficient investment resources to enable the persons displaced by the project to share in project benefits. Displaced persons should be meaningfully consulted and should have opportunities to participate in planning and implementing resettlement programs.
Displaced persons should be assisted in their efforts to improve their livelihoods and standards of living or at least to restore them, in real terms, to pre-displacement levels or to levels prevailing prior to the beginning of project implementation, whichever is higher.
The Policy defines the requirement of preparing a resettlement plan or a resettlement policy framework, in order to address the involuntary resettlement.
For the proposed project, land will need to be acquired for the establishment of the new grid stations. During the site/route selection, settlements are generally avoided, however at some places acquisition of cultivable land – though temporary - cannot be avoided.
Similarly, crops along the proposed transmission lines may be damaged during the construction and operation phases of the proposed project.
In view of the above, the OP 4.12 will be triggered, and since the number of affectees is expected to be more than 200, a Resettlement Plan (RP) has been developed in accordance with this OP (the RP is provided under separate cover).
2.1.3 Forestry (OP 4.36)
The objective of this Policy is to assist the WB’s borrowers to harness the potential of forests to reduce poverty in a sustainable manner, integrate forests effectively into sustainable economic development, and protect the vital local and global environmental services and values of forests.
None of the project components would be located inside any forested areas. Hence the OP 4.36 is not triggered.
2.1.4 Natural Habitat (OP 4.04)
The conservation of natural habitats, like other measures that protect and enhance the environment, is essential for long-term sustainable development. The Bank therefore
2 Excerpts from WB OP 4.12. WB Operational Manual. December 2001.
supports the protection, maintenance, and rehabilitation of natural habitats and their functions … 3
All of the proposed project components are located in areas where the natural habitat has already been significantly modified, as a result of human habitation, cultivation and associated activities. Also, no protected areas are known to exist at or in the immediate vicinity of the project sites. Therefore the OP 4.04 is not triggered for the proposed project.
2.1.5 Pest Management (OP 4.09)
Through this OP, the WB supports a strategy that promotes the use of biological or environmental control methods and reduces reliance on synthetic chemical pesticides.
This OP is not triggered since the proposed project does not involve usage of pesticides. (Usage of the chemical herbicides to clear vegetation under the transmission lines will not be allowed during the proposed project.)
2.1.6 Safety of Dams (OP 4.37)
The Policy seeks to ensure that appropriate measures are taken and sufficient resources provided for the safety of dams the WB finances. However this OP is not relevant since the proposed project does not involve construction of dams.
2.1.7 Projects on International Waterways (OP 7.50)
This OP defines the procedure to be followed for projects the WB finances that are located on any water body that forms a boundary between, or flows through two or more states. However, no project components will be located on any such waterways, hence this OP is not triggered.
2.1.8 Cultural Property (OP 4.11)
The World Bank’s general policy regarding cultural properties is to assist in their preservation, and to seek to avoid their elimination. The specific aspects of the Policy are given below. 4
The Bank normally declines to finance projects that will significantly damage non- replicable cultural property, and will assist only those projects that are sited or designed so as to prevent such damage.
The Bank will assist in the protection and enhancement of cultural properties encountered in Bank-financed projects, rather than leaving that protection to chance. In some cases, the project is best relocated in order that sites and structures can be preserved, studied, and restored intact in situ. In other cases, structures can be relocated, preserved, studied, and restored on alternate sites. Often, scientific study, selective salvage, and museum preservation before destruction is all that is necessary. Most such projects should include the training and strengthening of
3 Excerpts from WB OP 4.04. WB Operational Manual. June 2001. 4 Excerpts from the OPN 11.03. WB Operational Manual. September 1986.
institutions entrusted with safeguarding a nation’s cultural patrimony. Such activities should be directly included in the scope of the project, rather than being postponed for some possible future action, and the costs are to be internalized in computing overall project costs.
Deviations from this policy may be justified only where expected project benefits are great, and the loss of or damage to cultural property is judged by competent authorities to be unavoidable, minor, or otherwise acceptable. Specific details of the justification should be discussed in project documents.
This policy pertains to any project in which the Bank is involved, irrespective of whether the Bank is itself financing the part of the project that may affect cultural property.
During the present ESA, no site of historical, cultural or archaeological importance was found to be affected by the project. Hence OP 4.11 is not triggered.
However, in case of discovery of any sites or artifacts of historical, cultural, archeological or religious significance during the project execution, the work will be stopped at that site. The cultural property will be protected from damage, the provincial and federal archeological departments will be notified immediately, and their advice sought prior to resumption of any further construction activities in these sites.
2.1.9 Indigenous People (OP 4.10)
For purposes of this policy, the term “Indigenous Peoples” is used in a generic sense to refer to a distinct, vulnerable, social and cultural group possessing the following characteristics in varying degrees:5
self-identification as members of a distinct indigenous cultural group and recognition of this identity by others;
collective attachment to geographically distinct habitats or ancestral territories in the project area and to the natural resources in these habitats and territories;
customary cultural, economic, social, or political institutions that are separate from those of the dominant society and culture; and
an indigenous language, often different from the official language of the country or region.
The OP defines the process to be followed if the project affects the indigenous people.
During the ESA, no indigenous people - with a social and cultural identity distinct from the dominant society that makes them vulnerable to being disadvantaged in the development process - were found in the areas where different project components would be located. Therefore this OP is not triggered.
5 Excerpts from the OP 4.10. WB Operational Manual. July 2005.
However if such groups are identified during the project implementation, the proponents will develop an Indigenous People Development Plan, in compliance with the OP and get it approved by the Bank.
2.1.10 Projects in Disputed Areas (OP 7.60)
Projects in disputed areas may raise a number of delicate problems affecting relations not only between the Bank and its member countries, but also between the borrower and one or more neighboring countries. In order not to prejudice the position of either the Bank or the countries concerned, any dispute over an area in which a proposed project is located is dealt with at the earliest possible stage.
The Bank may proceed with a project in a disputed area if the governments concerned agree that, pending the settlement of the dispute, the project proposed for country A should go forward without prejudice to the claims of country B. 6
HESCO territory does not fall in any of the disputed areas. Hence this OP is not triggered.
2.1.11 Disclosure of Project Document
Whenever the Bank requires an environmental assessment (EA), the proposed borrower prepares an EA report as a separate, free-standing document. The EA report is publicly available (a) after the borrower has made the draft EA report available at a public place accessible to project-affected groups and local NGOs in accordance with OP/BP 4.01, Environmental Assessment, and (b) after such EA report has been officially received by the Bank, but before the Bank begins formal appraisal of the project. 7 In line with Policy (and the requirements of the national law –discussed later in the Chapter), HESCO will disclose this ESA to all the stakeholders before the commencement of the proposed project. The ESA report will be made available to the stakeholders. In addition, the executive summary of the ESA will be translated into Urdu language, and made available to the affected communities (and also kept at the project sites). In addition, the Executive Summary of the ESA will be disclosed through the HESCO’s official website.
2.1.12 Applicability of Safeguard Policies
Applicability of the WB safeguard policies – on the basis of the discussion in Sections 2.2.1 to 2.1.10 above - with respect to the environmental and social issues associated with the proposed project is summarized below.
Operational Policy Triggered
Forestry (OP 4.36) No
6 Excerpts from the OP 7.60. WB Operational Manual. November 1994. 7 Excerpts from the World Bank Policy on Disclosure of Information. June 2002.
Safety of Dams (OP 4.37) No
Projects in International Waters (OP 7.50) No
Cultural Property (OP 4.11) No
Indigenous People (OP 4.10) No
Projects in Disputed Area (7.60) No
Disclosure of Project Information Yes
2.2 Laws and Regulations
Pakistan’s statute books contain a number of laws concerned with the regulation and control of the environmental and social aspects. However, the enactment of comprehensive legislation on the environment, in the form of an act of parliament, is a relatively new phenomenon. Most of the existing laws on environmental and social issues have been enforced over an extended period of time, and are context-specific. The laws relevant to the developmental projects are briefly reviewed below.
2.2.1 Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997 (the Act) is the basic legislative tool empowering the government to frame regulations for the protection of the environment (the ‘environment’ has been defined in the Act as: (a) air, water and land; (b) all layers of the atmosphere; (c) all organic and inorganic matter and living organisms; (d) the ecosystem and ecological relationships; (e) buildings, structures, roads, facilities and works; (f) all social and economic conditions affecting community life; and (g) the inter- relationships between any of the factors specified in sub-clauses ‘a’ to ‘f’). The Act is applicable to a broad range of issues and extends to socioeconomic aspects, land acquisition, air, water, soil, marine and noise pollution, as well as the handling of hazardous waste. The discharge or emission of any effluent, waste, air pollutant or noise in an amount, concentration or level in excess of the National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS) specified by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak- EPA) has been prohibited under the Act, and penalties have been prescribed for those contravening the provisions of the Act. The powers of the federal and provincial Environmental Protection Agencies (EPAs), established under the Pakistan Environmental Protection Ordinance 1983,8 have also been considerably enhanced under this legislation and they have been given the power to conduct inquiries into possible breaches of environmental law either of their own accord, or upon the registration of a complaint.
8 Superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
The requirement for environmental assessment is laid out in Section 12 (1) of the Act. Under this section, no project involving construction activities or any change in the physical environment can be undertaken unless an initial environmental examination (IEE) or an environmental impact assessment (EIA) is conducted, and approval is received from the federal or relevant provincial EPA. Section 12 (6) of the Act states that this provision is applicable only to such categories of projects as may be prescribed. The categories are defined in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 and are discussed in Section 2.2.2 below.
The requirement of conducting an environmental assessment of the proposed project emanates from this Act.
2.2.2 Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000
The Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 20009 (the ‘Regulations’), developed by the Pak-EPA under the powers conferred upon it by the Act, provide the necessary details on preparation, submission and review of the IEE and the EIA. Categorization of projects for IEE and EIA is one of the main components of the Regulations. Projects have been classified on the basis of expected degree of adverse environmental impacts. Project types listed in Schedule I are designated as potentially less damaging to the environment, and those listed in Schedule II as having potentially serious adverse effects. Schedule I projects require an IEE to be conducted, provided they are not located in environmentally sensitive areas. For the Schedule II projects, conducting an EIA is necessary.
The proposed project falls under the Schedule II of the Regulations, hence an EIA has to be conducted for it. The present ESA will be considered equivalent to the EIA of the proposed project, since its scope, structure and extent comply with the relevant guidelines issued by the Pak-EPA (the guidelines are further discussed below).
2.2.3 National and International Environmental Standards
National Standards
The National Environmental Quality Standards (NEQS), promulgated under the PEPA 1997, specify the following standards:
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (16 parameters) in gaseous emissions from industrial sources,
Maximum permissible limits for motor vehicle exhaust and noise,
For power plants operating on oil and coal:
Maximum allowable emission of sulfur dioxide,
Maximum allowable increment in concentration of sulfur dioxide in ambient air,
Maximum allowable concentration of nitrogen oxides in ambient air, and
9 S.R.O. 339 (1)/2001. Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency, Islamabad. 2000.
Maximum allowable emission of nitrogen oxide for steam generators as function of heat input.
Maximum allowable concentration of pollutants (32 parameters) in municipal and liquid industrial effluents discharged to inland waters, sewage treatment and sea (three separate set of numbers).
Selected NEQS for liquid effluents discharged to inland waters, gaseous emission from industrial sources and emissions from motor vehicles are provided in Exhibits 2.1, 2.2 and 2.3, respectively. These standards will be applicable to the gaseous emissions and liquid effluents discharged to the environment from the proposed project.
International Standards
The NEQS do not cover the ambient air quality or water quality standards. The international standards for ambient air quality and drinking water quality are presented in Exhibits 2.4 and 2.5, respectively.
For noise, the NEQS are limited to the vehicular noise. For noise generated by other sources, the WB standards are usually applied. The allowable noise limits per these standards are 55 dB(A) for daytime and 45 dB(A) for nighttime, measured at the receptor.
2.2.4 Land Acquisition Act, 1894
The Land Acquisition Act (LAA) of 1894 amended from time to time has been the de- facto policy governing land acquisition and compensation in the country. The LAA is the most commonly used law for acquisition of land and other properties for development projects. It comprises of 55 sections pertaining to area notifications and surveys, acquisition, compensation and apportionment awards and disputes resolution, penalties and exemptions.
WAPDA has been acquiring land for the grid stations under the provisions of this Act. For the proposed project as well, HESCO plans to use this Act to acquire land for the new grid stations. However, the Urgency/Emergency Clause (Section 17) will not be used, in the absence of an urgency or emergency. This Clause does not allow appeals or recourse in case of dispute on the land price.
2.2.5 National Resettlement Policy / Ordinance
The Ministry of Environment, Local Government and Rural Development formulated a draft policy in 2004 on involuntary resettlement with technical assistance from ADB. The policy aims to compensate for the loss of income to those who suffer loss of communal property including common assets, productive assets, structures, other fixed assets, income and employment, loss of community networks and services, pasture, water rights, public infrastructure like mosques, shrines, schools and graveyards.
The government has also developed a document entitled "Project Implementation and Resettlement of the Affected Persons Ordinance, 2002", later referred to as the "Resettlement Ordinance", for enactment by provincial and local governments, after incorporating local requirements. The Ordinance, being a new law, shall be supplementary to the LAA as well as other laws of Pakistan, and wherever applicable
under this policy. However, if necessary, appropriate amendments to the LAA 1894 will also be proposed to facilitate the application of the Resettlement Ordinance.
There has not been much progress on the enactment of the Resettlement Ordinance; hence this is not relevant for the proposed project.
2.2.6 Telegraph Act, 1885
This law was enacted to define the authority and responsibility of the Telegraph authority. The law covers, among other activities, installation and maintenance of telegraph lines and posts (poles). The Act defines the mechanism to determine and make payment of compensation associated with the installation of these lines and posts.
Under this Act, the land required for the poles is not acquired (or purchased) from the owner, nor the title of the land transferred. Compensation is paid to the owner for any structure, crop or tree that exists on the land; cost of the land is not paid to the owner.
WAPDA has been installing the transmission lines and towers, and determining the associated compensation, on the basis of this Act. For the proposed project as well, HESCO will use this Act. However, the land under the towers will be acquired and compensated if there is loss of access, and productive use of the land by the landowners/affectees is impacted.
2.2.7 Sindh Wildlife Protection Act, 1972
This law was enacted to protect the province’s wildlife resources directly and other natural resources indirectly. It classifies wildlife by degree of protection, ie, animals that may be hunted on a permit or special license, and species that are protected and cannot be hunted under any circumstances. The Act specifies restrictions on hunting and trade in animals, trophies, or meat. The Act also defines various categories of wildlife protected areas, ie, National Parks, Wildlife Sanctuaries and Game Reserve.
This Act will be applicable to the construction as well as operation and maintenance (O&M) activities of the proposed project.
2.2.8 Forest Act, 1927
The Act authorizes Provincial Forest Departments to establish forest reserves and protected forests. The Act prohibits any person to set fire in the forest, quarries stone, removes any forest-produce or cause any damage to the forest by cutting trees or clearing up area for cultivation or any other purpose.
This Act will be applicable to the construction as well as O&M activities of the proposed project.
2.2.9 Canal and Drainage Act, 1873
The Canal and Drainage Act (1873) prohibits corruption or fouling of water in canals (defined to include channels, tube wells, reservoirs and watercourses), or obstruction of drainage. This Act will be applicable to the construction and O&M works to be carried out during the proposed project.
2.2.10 The Sindh Irrigation Act, 1879
This Act has relevance to the study due to the presence of the extensive irrigation network in the project area. This Act covers the construction, maintenance and regulation of canals for the supply of water and for the levy of rates of water supplied in the Sindh. In this Act “canal” includes channels, pipes and reservoirs constructed and maintained by the Government for the supply for storage of water. Under section 27 of the Act a person desiring to have a supply of water from a canal for purposes other than irrigation shall submit a written application to a Canal Officer who may, with the sanction of the Provincial Government give permission under special conditions. The Act also prohibits the damaging, altering, enlarging or obstructing the canals without proper authority.
2.2.11 Provincial Local Government Ordinances, 2001
These ordinances were issued under the devolution process and define the roles of the district governments. These ordinances also address the land use, conservation of natural vegetation, air, water and land pollution, disposal of solid waste and wastewater effluents, as well as matters relating to public health.
2.2.12 Antiquity Act, 1975
The Antiquities Act of 1975 ensures the protection of cultural resources in Pakistan. The Act is designed to protect ‘antiquities’ from destruction, theft, negligence, unlawful excavation, trade and export. Antiquities have been defined in the Act as ancient products of human activity, historical sites, or sites of anthropological or cultural interest, national monuments, etc. The law prohibits new construction in the proximity of a protected antiquity and empowers the Government of Pakistan to prohibit excavation in any area that may contain articles of archeological significance.
Under this Act, the project proponents are obligated to:
Ensure that no activity is undertaken in the proximity of a protected antiquity, and
If during the course of the project an archeological discovery is made, it should be protected and reported to the Department of Archeology, Government of Pakistan, for further action.
2.2.13 Mines, Oil Fields and Mineral Development Act, 1948
This legislation provides procedures for quarrying and mining of construction material from state-owned as well as private land. These procedures will have to be followed during the proposed project.
2.2.14 Factories Act, 1934
The clauses relevant to the HESCO’s proposed project are those that address the health, safety and welfare of the workers, disposal of solid waste and effluents, and damage to private and public property. The Act also provides regulations for handling and disposing toxic and hazardous substances. The Pakistan Environmental Protection Act of 1997 (discussed above), supersedes parts of this Act pertaining to environment and environmental degradation.
2.2.15 Pakistan Explosive Act, 1884
This Act provides regulations for the handling, transportation and use of explosives during quarrying, blasting and other purposes. The transmission line tower installation sometimes needs blasting at rocky/mountainous areas, however for the HESCO’s proposed project, no such blasting is envisaged.
2.2.16 Employment of Child Act, 1991
Article 11(3) of the Constitution of Pakistan prohibits employment of children below the age of 14 years in any factory, mines or any other hazardous employment. In accordance with this Article, the Employment of Child Act (ECA) 1991 disallows the child labor in the country. The ECA defines a child to mean a person who has not completed his/her fourteenth years of age. The ECA states that no child shall be employed or permitted to work in any of the occupation set forth in the ECA (such as transport sector, railways, construction, and ports) or in any workshop wherein any of the processes defined in the Act is carried out. The processes defined in the Act include carpet weaving, bidi (kind of a cigarette) making, cement manufacturing, textile, construction and others).
HESCO and its contractors will be bound by the ECA to disallow any child labor at the project sites or campsites.
2.2.17 Pakistan Penal Code, 1860
The Code deals with the offences where public or private property or human lives are affected due to intentional or accidental misconduct of an individual or organization. The Code also addresses control of noise, noxious emissions and disposal of effluents. Most of the environmental aspects of the Code have been superseded by the Pakistan Environmental Protection Act, 1997.
2.3 Obligations under International Treaties
Pakistan is signatory of several Multilateral Environmental Agreements (MEAs), including:
Basel Convention,
UN Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC),
Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL),
UN Convention on the Law of Seas (LOS),
Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants (POPs),
Cartina Protocol.
These MEAs impose requirements and restrictions of varying degrees upon the member countries, in order to meet the objectives of these agreements. However, the implementation mechanism for most of these MEAs is weak in Pakistan and institutional setup non existent.
In order to address this state of affairs, the GoP has recently approved a PC1 for the establishment of the National MEA Secretariat under the Ministry of Environment in Islamabad. The Secretariat will handle and coordinate activities, and develop action plans for each MEA vis-à-vis the country’s obligation under these agreements. The Secretariat will then be responsible to ensure implementation of these action plans. The Secretariat will also evaluate future MEAs and advise the Government for acceding (or otherwise) these agreements.
For the proposed project, the Stockholm Convention has the direct relevance. The Convention addresses the eradication of the persistent organic pollutants (POPs). The transformer oil used to contain poly-chlorinated biphenyl PCB), which is one of the POPs. Though now its usage has been abandoned, old transformers in Pakistan still contain oil containing PCB (this issue is further discussed in Chapters 6 and 8 of this report).
2.4 Institutional Setup for Environmental Management
The apex environmental body in the country is the Pakistan Environmental Protection Council (PEPC), which is presided by the Chief Executive of the Country. Other bodies include the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency (Pak-EPA), provincial EPAs (for four provinces, AJK and Northern Areas), and environmental tribunals.
The EPAs were first established under the 1983 Environmental Protection Ordinance; the PEPA 1997 further strengthened their powers. The EPAs have been empowered to receive and review the environmental assessment reports (IEEs and EIAs) of the proposed projects, and provide their approval (or otherwise).
The proposed projects would be located in the Sindh Province. Hence this ESA report will be sent to the Sindh EPA for review.
2.5 Environmental and Social Guidelines
Two sets of guidelines, the Pak-EPA’s guidelines and the World Bank Environmental Guidelines are reviewed here. These guidelines address the environmental as well as social aspects relevant to the proposed project.
2.5.1 Environmental Protection Agency’s Environmental and Social Guidelines
The Federal EPA has prepared a set of guidelines for conducting environmental assessments. The guidelines derive from much of the existing work done by international donor agencies and NGOs. The package of regulations, of which the guidelines form a part, includes the PEPA 1997 and the NEQS. These guidelines are listed below.
Guidelines for the Preparation and Review of Environmental Reports,
Guidelines for Public Consultation,
Sectoral Guidelines.
It is stated in the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Review of IEE and EIA Regulations, 2000 that the EIA or IEE must be prepared, to the extent practicable, in accordance with the Pakistan Environmental Protection Agency Environmental Guidelines.
2.5.2 World Bank Environmental and Social Guidelines
The principal World Bank publications that contain environmental and social guidelines are listed below.
Pollution Prevention and Abatement Handbook 1998: Towards Cleaner Production
Environmental Assessment Sourcebook, Volume I: Policies, Procedures, and Cross- Sectoral Issues.
Social Analysis Sourcebook.
All environmental and social safeguard operational policies.
Parameter Unit Standards (maximum allowable limit)
Temperature increase °C < 3
pH value (acidity/basicity) pH 6-9 5-day biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) at 20 °C
mg/l 80
Chemical oxygen demand (COD) mg/l 150 Total suspended solids mg/l 200 Total dissolved solids mg/l 3,500 Grease and oil mg/l 10 Phenolic compounds (as phenol) mg/l 0.1 Chloride (as Cl) mg/l 1,000 Fluoride (as F) mg/l 10 Sulfate (SO4) mg/l 600 Sulfide (S) mg/l 1.0 Ammonia (NH3) mg/l 40 Cadmium mg/l 0.1 Chromium (trivalent and hexavalent) mg/l 1.0 Copper mg/l 1.0 Lead mg/l 0.5 Mercury mg/l 0.01 Selenium mg/l 0.5 Nickel mg/l 1.0 Silver mg/l 1.0 Total toxic metals mg/l 2.0 Zinc mg/l 5 Arsenic mg/l 1.0 Barium mg/l 1.5 Iron mg/l 8.0 Manganese mg/l 1.5 Boron mg/l 6.0 Chlorine mg/l 1.0 Source: Government of Pakistan (2000). Notes: 1. The standard assumes that dilution of 1:10 on discharge is available. That is, for each cubic meter of
treated effluent, the recipient water body should have 10 m3 of water for dilution of this effluent. 2. Toxic metals include cadmium, chromium, copper, lead, mercury, selenium, nickel and silver. The effluent
should meet the individual standards for these metals as well as the standard for total toxic metal concentration.
mg/Nm3 unless otherwise stated
Parameter Source of Emission Standards (maximum allowable limit)
Smoke Smoke opacity not to exceed 40% or 2 Ringlemann Scale or equivalent smoke number
(a) Boilers and furnaces: i. Oil fired ii. Coal fired iii. Cement Kilns
300 500 300
Particulate matter 1
500
Hydrogen sulphide Any 10
Other Plants except power Plants operating on oil and coal
1,700
Carbon Monoxide Any 800
Lead Any 50 Mercury Any 10 Cadmium Any 20 Arsenic Any 20 Copper Any 50 Antimony Any 20 Zinc Any 200 Oxides of Nitrogen 3 Nitric acid manufacturing unit 3,000
Other plants except power plants operating on oil or coal: i. Gas fired ii. Oil fired iii. Coal fired
400 600
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000). Explanations:
1. Based on the assumption that the size of the particulate is 10 micron or more. 2. Based on 1% sulphur content in fuel oil. Higher content of sulphur will cause standards to be pro-
rated. 3. In respect of emissions of sulphur dioxide and nitrogen oxides, the power plants operating on oil and
coal as fuel shall in addition to NEQS specified above, comply with the standards provided separately.
Parameter Standards (maximum permissible limit) Measuring Method
Smoke 40% or 2 on the Ringlemann Scale during engine acceleration mode.
To be compared with Ringlemann Chart at a distance of 6 meters or more.
Carbon Monoxide. New Vehicle = 4.5% Used Vehicle = 6%
Under idling conditions: non- dispersive infrared detection through gas analyzer.
Noise 85 db(A) Sound meter at 7.5 meter from the source.
Source: Government of Pakistan (2000).
Exhibit 2.4: WHO Ambient Air Quality Standards
Pollutant Maximum Allowable
Source: World Health Organization.
Element/ Substance
Symbol/ Formula
Health Based WHO Guideline
Aluminium Al 0.2 mg/l Ammonia NH4 < 0.2 mg/l (up to 0.3 mg/l
in anaerobic waters) No guideline
Antimony Sb < 4 µg/l 0.005 mg/l Arsenic As 0.01 mg/l Asbestos No guideline Barium Ba 0.3 mg/l Berillium Be < 1 µg/l No guideline Boron B < 1 mg/l 0.3 mg/l Cadmium Cd < 1 µg/l 0.003 mg/l Chloride Cl 250 mg/l Chromium Cr+3, Cr+6 < 2 µg/l 0.05 mg/l Colour Not mentioned Copper Cu 2 mg/l Cyanide CN- 0.07 mg/l Dissolved oxygen O2 No guideline Fluoride F < 1.5 mg/l (up to 10) 1.5 mg/l Hardness mg/l CaCO3 No guideline Hydrogen sulfide H2S No guideline Iron Fe 0.5 - 50 mg/l No guideline Lead Pb 0.01 mg/l Manganese Mn 0.5 mg/l Mercury Hg < 0.5 µg/l 0.001 mg/l Molybdenum Mb < 0.01 mg/l 0.07 mg/l Nickel Ni < 0.02 mg/l 0.02 mg/l Nitrate and nitrite NO3, NO2 50 mg/l total nitrogen Turbidity Not mentioned pH No guideline Selenium Se < < 0.01 mg/l 0.01 mg/l Silver Ag 5 – 50 µg/l No guideline Sodium Na < 20 mg/l 200 mg/l Sulfate SO4 500 mg/l Inorganic tin Sn No guideline TDS No guideline Uranium U 1.4 mg/l Zinc Zn 3 mg/l
Source: World Health Organization, 1993.
3 Project Description
This Chapter provides a simplified description of various components of the proposed project and their salient features, location, and phases.
3.1 HESCO’s Existing System
HESCO is one of the eight DISCOs which have been established as a result of WAPDA’s restructuring. The key technical data of the HESCO’s system is provided in Exhibit 3.1.
3.1.1 HESCO Area
The area within the HESCO network comprises the following districts of the Sindh province:
Jacobabad, 1 Naushahro Feroze,
Matiari Jamshoro
Kashmore Qamber.
Exhibit 3.2 presents a map of the HESCO system.
The total population in this area is about 28 million4. The major urban centers of the area include Hyderabad, Sukkur, Larkana, Mirpur Khas, Shikarpur and Nawabshah.
3.1.2 Transmission Lines
The HESCO system comprises of one-hundred-and-four 132-KV and forty-one 66-KV transmission lines. A list of these transmission lines is provided in Exhibit 3.3.
i.
1 Jacobabad has recently been subdivided to carve out a new district. 2 Hyderabad has recently been subdivided to carve out new districts. 3 Parts of the Thatta district are covered by Karachi Electric Supply Company (KESC). 4 Source: Table-5. PC1 Proforma 6th STG Programme, Sub Transmission Lines and Grid
Stations, 2003-04 to 2007-08. HESCO September 2004.
Project Description HESCO 6th STG Project (2006-07) ESA Report
3.1.3 Grid Stations
There are seventy-nine 132-KV and thirty-eight 66 KV grid stations within the HESCO system; a list of these grid stations is provided in Exhibit 3.4.
3.2 Project Objectives
The overarching objective of the 6th STG project is to increase the efficiency, reliability and quality of the electricity supply. The project aims to achieve:
Strengthening of electricity transmission network to reduce bottlenecks and improve system reliability and quality
Strengthening of electricity distribution network to reduce losses and improvement in supply.
This will be achieved by adding new grid stations, upgrading/augmenting/converting the existing ones and adding new transmission lines.
3.3 Project Components
In its total span of five years, the 6th STG project envisages establishment of fifteen new grid stations, in addition to converting seven, augmenting nineteen, rehabilitating fifty-six, and extending another fifty-six of the existing grid stations. The project also includes laying of 451 km of new and rehabilitation of 2,980 km of existing transmission lines.
The present ESA addresses the project components which will be undertaken during the Year 2006-07. These components and their salient information are tabulated below.
Project Component Features
New Grid Stations
1. Bukhshapur 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer 2 × 11 KV feeders
2. Larkana-III 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer 4 × 11 KV feeders
3. Chamber 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer 3 × 11 KV feeders
4. Tando Bago 66 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer 4 × 11 KV feeders
Conversion of Existing Grid Stations (66 KV to 132 KV)
5. Matiari 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer
6. Kandiari 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer
7. Samaro 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer
8. Naukot 132 KV grid station; 1 × 10 MVA transformer
Extension of Existing Grid Stations
9. Nooriabad 132 KV grid station; 1 × Transformer Bay
New Transmission Lines
10. Feed for the proposed Bukhshapur Grid Station (In/Out from Kandhkot – Kashmore transmission line)
Length: 0.05 km
11. Feed for the proposed Tando Bago Grid Station (Tee-off from Badin – Pangrio transmission line)
Length: 3.57 km
12. Feed for the proposed Larkana-III Grid Station (Tee-off from Larkana – Naseerabad transmission line)
Length: 6.78 km
13. Feed for Kandiari Grid Station (In/Out from Sanghar – Mirpur Khas transmission line)
Length: 1.87 km
14. Feed for Matiari Grid Station (In/Out from Hala Road – Hala transmission line)
Length: 0.82 km
15. Humayun – Jacobabad transmission line Length: 20.98 km
16. Samaro – Naukot transmission line Length: 55.96 km
17. Feed for the proposed Chamber Grid Station (Transmission line from Tando Allahyar Grid Station to Chamber).
Length: 27.09 km
The above components are shown in Exhibit 3.5 and described in the following sections.
3.3.1 Bukhshapur Grid Station
Bukhshapur – a small town on the Indus Highway in Jacobabad district – and its surrounding areas are currently been supplied electricity from two grid stations at Kandhkot and Kashmore. Owing to the fact that this area is far away from these grid stations, the 11-KV feeders in the area are lengthy and fully loaded. As a result, the distribution network in the area experiences low-voltage and frequent power outages. Also, the existing feeders have limited provision for any future load growth.
In order to address the above problems, and in view of the anticipated load growth, a new 132-KV grid station has been planned at Bukhshapur. This will result in the reduced losses associated with low-voltage on the existing feeders, fewer power outages and improved voltage profile, while also catering to the future load growth in the area. Furthermore, the proposed Bukhshapur grid station will provide relief to the existing grid stations at Kashmore and Kandhkot, thus enabling them to absorb additional load.
The new grid station will be fed from the 132-KV Kandhkot – Kashmore transmission line, which runs close to the proposed site for the new grid station.
The new grid station will have one power transformer, having a capacity of 10 MVA. Initially, two of the existing 11-KV feeders from the Kandhkot and Kashmore grid stations will be shifted to the new grid station. Additional feeders will be added as and when new consumers are connected to the system.
About 4 acres of land is usually required for the grid station of this size. The land currently being considered for this purpose is located just outside the Bukhshapur town, about a kilometer from the Indus Highway. The land is currently under cultivation and is privately owned. HESCO plans to acquire the land under the Land Acquisition Act, on the basis of ‘willing buyer – willing seller’, at market prices, with consensus on prices, and the landowner to have the option to refuse to sell the land.
3.3.2 Larkana-III Grid Station
The southern parts of Larkana City and the surrounding settlements are currently being fed by the Larkana-I and Larkana-II grid stations. The electricity demand in the area is increasing because of the increasing population. The 11-KV feeders in the area are lengthy and fully loaded. As a result, the distribution network in the area experiences low-voltage and frequent power outages.
In order to address the above problems, and in view of the anticipated load growth, a new 132-KV grid station south of the Larkana City has been planned. This will result in the reduced losses associated with low-voltage on the existing feeders, fewer power outages and improved voltage profile, while also catering to the future load growth in the area. In addition, the new grid station will also relieve the existing grid stations (Larkana-I and Larkana-II), thus allowing additional load to be absorbed by these grid stations.
The proposed grid station will be fed from the existing Larkana – Naseerabad transmission line through a new 7-km long transmission line (further discussed later in the Chapter).
The new grid station will have a transformer having a capacity of 10 MVA. Initially, four existing 11-KV feeders from the Larkana-I and Larkana-II grid stations will be shifted to the new grid station. Additional feeders will be added as and when new consumers are connected to the system.
About 4 acres of land is usually required for the grid station of this size. HESCO is looking for a suitable tract of land near the road leading to Baqrani, south of Larkana. The land is currently under cultivation and is privately owned. HESCO plans to acquire the land under the Land Acquisition Act, on the basis of ‘willing buyer – willing seller’, at market prices, with consensus on prices, and the landowner to have the option to refuse to sell the land.
3.3.3 Chamber Grid Station
Chamber (a small town south of Tando Allahyar) and its surrounding areas are currently being fed from Tando Jam and Tando Allahyar grid stations. Owing to the large distances and increasing electricity demand, the 11-KV feeders in the area are lengthy
and fully loaded. As a result, the distr

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