HERO OF THE SKIES - GCET20 · “If it is feasible to establish a market to implement a policy, no...

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15.10.2019 1 1 Source: https://www.pixelstalk.net LINK HERO OF THE SKIES Translation “fictional land” = planet earth “evil forces” = environ. problems “Ganon” = climate change “Triforce” = sustainability (triangle) “Mystical Sword” = cap‐and‐trade 2 Source: https://.www.nintendo‐europe.com Translation “Dark World” = GHG emitters

Transcript of HERO OF THE SKIES - GCET20 · “If it is feasible to establish a market to implement a policy, no...

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Source: https://www.pixelstalk.net

LINKHERO OF THE SKIES

Translation• “fictional land” = planet earth• “evil forces” = environ. problems• “Ganon” = climate change• “Triforce” = sustainability (triangle)• “Mystical Sword” = cap‐and‐trade

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Source: https://.www.nintendo‐europe.com

Translation• “Dark World” = GHG emitters

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Source: https://www.nintendo‐europe.com

Translation• “Minish Cap” = well, you’ve guessed ;‐)

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Source: https://www.nintendo‐europe.com

Translation• “travelling” = spreading of CaT• “Link’s awakening” = you guess ;‐)

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Lessons from (not) linking carbon markets?A comparative analysis of the

Tokyo – Saitama and New Zealand – Australia cases

Sven Rudolph, Takeshi Kawakatsu, Elena Aydos, Achim Lerch, and Joseph Dellatte

GCET20Cyprus University of Technology, Limassol

September 25‐28, 2019

University of Applied Sciencesfor Economics and Management

ToPCaPSToward a Trans‐Pacific Carbon Market: Politically Feasible and Sustainable!Research steps:(1) Define sustainability criteria for carbon markets,

apply them to carbon market design, and evaluatedomestic schemes in the Pacific region.

(2) Identify prerequisites for sustainable linking and check existing and upcoming domestic carbonmarkets for necessary adjustments.

(3) Analyze political chances and obstacles in the respective jurisdictions and identify strategiesto utilize the former and overcome the latter.

Methodological approaches:• Ecological Economics & New Political Economy• Case studies (qualitative, quantitative data)

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Headline Statements

A1. Global warming is likely to reach 1.5°C between 2030 and 2052if it continues to increase at the current rate (high confidence).

C2. Pathways limiting global warming to 1.5°C with no or limited overshoot would require rapid and far‐reaching transitions in energy, land, urban and infrastructure (including transport and buildings), and industrial systems (high confidence). These systems transitions are unprecedented in terms of scale, but not necessarily in terms of speed, and imply deep emissions reductions in all sectors, a wide portfolio of mitigation options and a significant upscaling of investments in those options (medium confidence).

D1. Estimates of the global emissions outcome of current nationally stated mitigation ambitions as submitted under the Paris Agreement would lead to global greenhouse gas emissions in 2030 of 52–58 GtCO2eq yr‐1 (medium confidence). Pathways reflecting these ambitions would not limit global warming to 1.5°C, even if supplemented by very challenging increases in the scale and ambition of emissions reductions after 2030 (high confidence).

D.6 Sustainable development supports, and often enables,the fundamental societal and systems transitions and transformationsthat help limit global warming to 1.5°C.

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Source: Francois Mori/AP

The challenge

Source: UNFCCC 2015

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The rational for cap‐and‐trade

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“If it is feasible to establish a market to implement a policy, no policy‐maker can afford to do without one.

Unless I am very much mistaken, markets can be usedto implement any anti‐pollution policy that you or I can dream up.”

(Dales 1968: 100)

Carbon markets are “apparent failure” (Spash 2009);The EU ETS is “clinically dead” (Kemfert 2015)!

Cap‐and‐trade is efficient and effective in theory (Tietenberg 2006)!Positive experiences in practice do exist (Ellerman et al. 2000, EDF 2014)!

A sustainable design is possible (Rudolph et al. 2012)!Linking domestic pricing schemes is possible (Mehling/Haites 2011)!

Carbon markets are spreading globally and across governance levels (ICAP 2019)!

are spreading across jurisdictions, and …

US interstate carbon markets

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Sustainabledomestic CaT

Source: Rudolph et al. 2012

Sustainable DesignCoverage mandatory participation

all GHG (based on CO2e)all polluters

Cap target 25‐40% reduction by 2020 (base 1990)absolute volume cap (equal per capita rights)“Contraction and Convergence”

Allocation unit of 1 t of CO2e/aequally accessible marketfrequent, non‐discriminatory auctions100% auctioning

RevenueUse

100% revenue recycling earmarkedequal per capita dividend, support for poorest

FlexibilityMechanisms

unlimited bankingno borrowingoffsets limited to sustainable projects

PriceManagement

price floor (≥ SC‐CO2, 40 US$/t)no price ceiling

Compliance control periods not longer than 3 years continuous emission monitoring or verified reportingemission and allowance tracking and registrationfines (>p) for non‐compliance(over‐)compensation of excess emissions

SupportingMeasures

border adjustmentlinking

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Increases sustainability (Rudolph et al. 2017):

• efficiency gains due to MAC differences (efficiency, justice)

• lower administration and transaction costs (efficiency)

• reduction of competitive distortions (efficiency, justice)

• prevention of carbon leakage (effectiveness, justice)

• removal of price differences (equality)

• increased margin for re‐distribution (justice)

The rational for linking

Source: http://www.fightersgeneration.com

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A survey on linkingGeneral surveys• early survey on variety of analytical approaches (Marchinski, Flachsland and Jakob 2012)• later surveys on institutional side of linking (ICAP 2015; Mehling 2016).Cost‐Benefit‐Analysis• cost‐efficiency of linking ex‐ante and ex‐post (Jaffe and Stavins 2009; Flachsland, Marchinski and Edenhofer 2009; Ranson and Stavins 2013) • risk of linking e.g. differing targets in EU and CN (Zeng and Weishaar 2016)“How to (not, de‐) link”• design related issues and design adjustments (Fankhauser and Hepburn 2010)• linking methodologies and operational ideas for potential linkages (Mehling and Tuerk 2011)• facets of the question “how to link?” and design adjustments (Mehling and Haites 2011)• methodology summary with emphasis on in‐/direct links (Dellink, Jamet, Château and Duval 2010)• de‐linking (Pizer and Yates 2015)• pathways for future linking (PMR and ICAP 2016; ICAP 2018)• limits to and requirements for future linking (La Hoz, Theuer, Schneider and Broekhoff 2018)• bottom‐up linking as contribution to Kyoto Protocol  (Anger 2007, Flachsland, Marschinski and Edenhofer;

Redmond and Convery 2015) or Art. 6 Paris Agreement (Bodansky, Hoedl, Metcalf and Stavins 2016).• multi‐lateral linking based on Art. 6  Paris Agreement (Mehling and Gorlach 2016)Case studies• state‐of‐the‐art summaries (Jevnaker and Wettestad 2016; Tuerk and Gubina 2016)• EU‐US (Sterk and Kruger 2009)• EU‐AU (Jotzo and Betz 2009)• Sub‐national in North America (Haites and Mehling 2009)• EU‐CN (Zeng and Weishaar, 2016)• NZ‐ (Leining, Ormsby, and Kerr 2017)Political economy of linking• political barriers (Gulbransen, Wettestad, Victor and Underdal 2018)

Cases of AU‐NZ andTokyo‐Saitama?• design adjustments?• inst'l requirements?• political background?

Source: http://www.fightersgeneration.com

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Lessons from linking Tokyo and SaitamaResults• direct bilateral link of the TMG and Saitama ETS in place since• significant emission reductions, even beyond targets and decreasing credit prices

Source: http://www.fightersgeneration.com

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Lessons from linking Tokyo and Saitama

Base-year

esmission

2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 2017

SG TMG

20% 22% 22% 24% 27% 28%

13% 22% 22% 23% 25% 26% 27%26%

SG 1st compliance period SG 2nd compliance period(~2019)

TMG 1st compliance period TMG 2nd compliance period(~2019)

Source: data TMG 2016

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Lessons from linking Tokyo and Saitama

Source: TMG 2016

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Lessons from linking Tokyo and Saitama

Barriers• greatly differing economic structure (tertiary vs. secondary sectors)• lack of cross‐jurisdiction trading infrastructure

Results• direct bilateral link of the TMG and Saitama ETS in place since• significant emission reductions, even beyond targets and decreasing credit prices

Promoters• geographic proximity• early efforts to link incl. trans‐jurisdiction working groups• close economic ties• similar overall emission reduction targets• early linking (1st year Saitama, 2nd year Tokyo)• design alignment by Saitama following TMG• political leadership of both governors• institutional guidance by the better equipped partner

Source: http://www.fightersgeneration.com

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Tokyo SaitamaCoverage mandatory

CO2

Facilities (commercial and industrial buildings) ≥ 1500kl/year of crude oil1,200 facilities: office buildings: 1,000; factories: 200 (2016)Total coverage 20%

574 facilities: office buildings: 166; factories: 408 (2016)Total coverage 18%

Cap absolute volume via reduction obligations–8/6% (2014), –17/15% (2019), –25/27% (2024); emitters’ base‐year

, –15/13% (2019), –2%/20% by2024; 

Allocation Allocation of Excess Reduction Credits onlyBilateral trading only

Revenue Use No revenues FlexibilityMechanisms

Banking only between consecutive compliance periodsBorrowing prohibitedOffset credits from 3 types of projectsOutside credits for compliance up to 1/3 of facilities’ reduction obligations

, plus Forest Absorption Credits

Price control No measures in place, but allowed 

Compliance 5‐year control periodsAnnual emission reporting, third‐party verification1st stage: ex‐post reduction of shortfall multiplied by 1.32nd stage: name‐and‐shame, fines up to JPY 500,000 plus shortfall charge

No compensation or finesNo compensation or fines

Supportingmeasures

No border adjustmentSub‐national link

No border adjustmentSub‐national link

Design alignment Tokyo and Saitama

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Lessons from not linking AU and NZ

Barriers• weak political position of domestic carbon pricing argument and failure (AU)• early focus on indirect link via KP FlexMechs (NZ)• inconsistency of Kyoto II participation • major design discrepancies

o no cap (NZ 2008‐, AU 2012‐15)o KP offsets (NZ no limits, AU limited and only after 2015)o one‐for‐two surrender obligation (NZ)

Results• direct bilateral link of the AU CPM and the NZ ETS failed• indirect link AU‐NZ via KP FlexMechs

Promoters• geographical proximity• early efforts to link incl. trans‐jurisdiction working groups

Source: https://www.giantbomb.com/

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over Ganon (a.k.a. climate change), …Linking GHG CaT should be a key strategy in an ambitious climate regime!

Linking can even increase the sustainability of domestic GHG CaT!

Linking allows climate policy collaboration across governance levels!

over Dark Link (a.k.a. bad or non‐linking), by …geographic proximity and close economic ties, 

political will and early inter‐governmental collaboration,

similar GHG reduction targets and design alignment in crucial area, and

Source: https://.www.tumblr.com

May Link Prevail …

[email protected]‐u.ac.jp