Hermann Ebbinghaus
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Transcript of Hermann Ebbinghaus
HermannEbbinghaus
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(1850-1909)
Experiments on Memory
First half of 20th century•Methods based on associationism•Strength of associations•Forgetting
Second half of 20th century•Information processing (based on computer model)•Memory systems (iconic, working, long-term memory)
Storage(Maintain in
memory)
Retrieval(Recover from
memory)
Encoding(Code and put into memory)
Basic Memory Processes
COMPUTER VS. HUMAN MEMORY
COMPUTER HUMAN
PERMANENT XPERFECT XPARTIAL XVARIES WITH TIME XLOCALIZED XUNLIMITED CAPACITY XINFLUENCED BY MEANING X
Chinese Room Problem
Chinese text
Man in room is a fluent Chinese-English interpreter
English text
Chinese text
Man in room full of Chinese-English translation books. Man knows no Chinese.
English text
Do both men know Chinese?
Three Types of Memory
• Iconic (Sensory) Memory: 100-300 msec.• Short Term (Working) Memory: 1-30 sec.
• Long Term Memory: > 2 min.
INFORMATION PROCESSING MODEL OF MEMORY
Serial Position Curve
Contribution of Rehearsal to Serial Position Effect
Effect of Rate Presentationon Serial Position Effect
Manipulating the Recency Effect
“Shallow” Are these words in the same typeface?“HOUSE-trick”
“Medium” Do these words rhyme?“BALL-TALL”
“Deep” Are these words synonyms?“CAR-AUTOMOBILE”
Different Levels of Processing in Working Memory
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Which is the Real Penny?
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Maintenance Rehearsal– sheer repetition– mechanical– no attention to
meaning– little effort
Elaborative rehearsal– focus on meaning– relations between
items– organization
B K V J
M
YES NO
S B
B
YES NO
C K W N T L
T
YES NO
L D Z
N
YES NO
9 D 4 8 C 5 B X K 8
6
YES NO
Parallel Processing
•All items perceived simultaneously.•Reaction time is not influenced by # of items.
Serial Processing
•Items perceived successively.•Reaction time is influenced by # of items.
Serial ProcessingSelf-terminating
search•Items perceived successively.•Reaction time on “no” trials should be twice as long as on “yes” trials.
Serial ProcessingSerial exhaustive
search•Items perceived successively.•Reaction time on “yes” trials should be same as on “no” trials.
Two Types of Amnesia
HM A 29 year old motor-winder who had been rendered incapable of work by his frequent severe seizures. Because of his desperate condition, Dr. Scoville carried out a radical bilateral medial temporal-lobe resection on Sept 1, 1953.
He knew that he had had a brain operation, but I think only because the possibility had been entertained for so many years before the operation was finally performed. He kept saying, “It is as though I am just waking up from a dream; it seems as though it has just happened.”
As far as we can tell this man has retained little if anything of the events subsequent to operation, although his IQ rating is actually slightly higher than before. Ten months before I examined him his family had moved from their old house to a new one a few blocks away on the same street. He still has not learned the new address, though remembering the old one perfectly nor can he be trusted to find his way home alone. He does not know where objects constantly in use are kept; for example, his mother still has to tell him where to find the lawnmower, even though he may have been using it only the day before. She also states that he will do the same jigsaw puzzles day after day without showing any practice effect and that he will read the same magazines over and over without finding their contents familiar. [Milner, 1959, p. 49]
Serial Position Effect in Amnesics
Priming
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Pursuit Motor Task
Mirror Drawing Task
Patient HMSevere anterograde amnesiaNormal STM
Normal LTM (for events prior to surgery)Problem: transfer from STM to LTM
Could not consolidate new declarative knowledge
Capable of acquiring implicit knowledge
Declarative Memory
Conscious recollectionKnowing That
Episodic (autobiographical knowledge)Semantic (general knowledge)Experiments on free recall, recognition
Procedural MemoryKnowing howUnconsciousImplicit memory
Experiments on priming , conditioning & skill learning
TYPES OF MEMORY
SensoryMemory
Short-term(Secondary,Working)
Long-term(Primary)
Declarative(knowing what)
Procedural(knowing how)
Episodic Generic
Semantic Generic non-verbal