HeritageTourism&MuseumManagement

14/11/2011

1

HERITAGE TOURISM &

MUSEUM MANAGEMENT LESSON 2: TOURISM, HERITAGE & HERITAGE TOURISM

(1st PART)

Alexander Technological Educational Institute of Thessaloniki, Greece

Department of Tourism Management

Dr Christina Bonarou

[email protected]

Definitions of tourism

All travel is not tourism.

“Tourism comprises the activities of persons

travelling to and staying in places outside their

usual environment for not more than one

consecutive year for leisure, business and other

purposes not related to the exercise of an

activity remunerated from within the place

visited.” (World Tourism Organization/WTO)

2

Heritage Tourism & Museum Management 2011-2012 / Lesson 2

14/11/2011

2

Criteria in order to characterize

a trip as belonging to tourism:


3

Displacement outside the usual environment:

domestic or international travel.

Type of purpose: the travel must occur for any purpose

different from wage-earning in the place visited.

Tourism is not restricted to recreation or visiting friends & family

Multi-motivational tourists

Duration: maximal duration (12 months), not a minimal.

Tourism displacement can be with or without an overnight stay.

Overnight visitors (tourists)

Same-day visitors (excursionist)

Definitions of tourism (1)

“The temporary movement of people to

destinations outside their normal places of

work and residence, the activities undertaken

during their stay in those destinations, and the

facilities created to cater to their needs.”

(Mathieson and Wall,1982)

4


14/11/2011

3



5

“Tourism is a collection of activities, services and

industries that delivers a travel experience,

including transportation, accommodations, eating

and drinking establishments, retail shops,

entertainment businesses, activity facilities and other

hospitality services provided for individuals or

groups traveling away from home.”

(Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt.

Introduction - Online Lesson http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300)


“The sum of the phenomena and relationships

arising from the interaction of tourists, business

suppliers, host governments and host

communities in the process of attracting and

hosting these tourists and other visitors.”

(Macintosh and Goeldner,1986)

6


14/11/2011

4

Why is tourism important?


7

A vital source of income for many countries.

Tourism generates income through

the consumption of goods and services by tourists,

the taxes levied on businesses in the tourism industry &

the opportunity for employment in the service industries

associated with tourism.

An important factor to promote mutual

understanding among people & expand social,

economic, cultural and scientific cooperation.

Tourism statistics 8

(Holden, 2006)

14/11/2011

5

Tourism statistics 9


10

14/11/2011

6

11

Tourism trends


12

people are becoming more experienced in travelling and “careful” in

their choice of destination, leading them to search for new places and

new tourism products;

they are more mobile - cross border travel is easier than ever thanks to

the liberalisation of the airlines, construction of new roads and

European integration;

they are taking shorter but more frequent holidays throughout the year;

they are more active whilst on holiday, seeking out different activities;

the European population is getting older but staying active longer;

and finally people are increasingly concerned about the environment.

(European Commission 2002)

14/11/2011

7

Tourism facts


13

Tourism does not occur by chance: it is a product of changing economic, technological and social factors.

The major tourism-generating countries of the world are those with highly developed economies.

Despite the dramatic growth in participation in tourism during the last half-century, the majority of the world’s population are excluded, typically because of poverty.

Climate: an influential factor in determining the destination areas to which recreational tourists travel.

Mediterranean: the most popular tourism destination area in the world.

Heritage…


14

…has always been a major tourism attraction;

…is a fundamental resource for the tourism development;

...many countries and cities use it to market the destination.

Heritage tourism dominates the industry in many parts of the world and involves millions of people.

14/11/2011

8

Past, history & heritage


15

“Heritage is not simply the past but the

modern-day use of elements of the past.” (Timothy and Boyd 2003:4)

“History is what a historian regards as

worth recording and heritage is what

contemporary society chooses to inherit

and to pass on.” (Turnbridge and Asworth 1996:6)

What is heritage?


16

Property that is or can be inherited;

Some sort of inheritance to be passed down to current and future generations;

Heritage is selective: deliberately or intentionally societies filter heritage through value systems that undoubtedly change over time and space.

For every object of heritage there are also heritage practices.

14/11/2011

9

Definitions of culture (1)


17

1. A particular form or stage of civilization, as that of a certain

nation or period: e.g. Greek culture.

2. Development or improvement of the mind by education or

training.

3. The quality in a person or society that arises from a concern

for what is regarded as excellent in manners, letters, arts,

scholarly pursuits, etc.

4. That which is excellent in the arts, manners, etc.

5. The behaviors and beliefs characteristic of a particular social,

ethnic, or age group: e.g. the youth culture.

http://dictionary.reference.com



18

Broadly, social heritage of a group (organized community or society).

A pattern of responses discovered, developed, or invented during the

group's history of handling problems which arise from interactions

among its members, and between them and their environment.

These responses are considered the correct way to perceive, feel,

think, and act, and are passed on to the new members through

immersion and teaching.

Culture determines what is acceptable or unacceptable, important

or unimportant, right or wrong, workable or unworkable.

It encompasses all learned and shared, explicit or tacit, assumptions,

beliefs, knowledge, norms, and values, as well as attitudes, behavior,

dress, and language.

http://www.businessdictionary.com

14/11/2011

10



19

Both processes (e.g. the ideas and way of life of

people) and the outcomes of those processes (e.g.

buildings, art, artefacts, customs). (Richards 2001a:7)

Everyone has a culture. It shapes how we see the

world, ourselves, and others.

Heritage & Culture: a complex connection


20

Societies filter heritage

through the value system of

their culture.

A culture is “inherited”

through transmission and

education from generation to

generation.

Both culture and heritage

are dynamic concepts. Drawing hands, M. C. Escher,1948

14/11/2011

11



21

“We inherit culture from our elders. Culture is

passed down to us not through biological means,

but through our participation with others in our

society. As human beings learn the ways of their

culture, they become culture bearers –instruments

of cultural transmission within their own context.

Culture, though, isn’t solely a matter of

inheritance and transmission…”

[To be cont.] (Erwin, 2010)



22

[cont.]

“…Human beings have the capability to be culture

makers. That is, we don’t simply receive and learn

culture, but as we interact with others, we have the

capacity and possibility of creating and shaping

culture. […] This bidirectional process of being

both culture bearers and culture makers is an

ongoing, never-ending process.”

(Erwin, 2010).

14/11/2011

12

References


23

Erwin, P. (2010). A Critical Approach to Youth Culture: Its Influence and Implications for Ministry.

Publisher: Zondervan

European Commission (2002). Using natural and cultural heritage for the development of sustainable

tourism in non-traditional tourism destinations.

http://ec.europa.eu/enterprise/sectors/tourism/documents/studies/index_en.htm

European Cooperation in Science and Technology/COST, http://www.cost.esf.org

Hall, M., & Zeppel, H. (1990). “Cultural and heritage tourism: The new grand tour?”. Historic

Environment, 7(3&4), 86-98.

Holden, A. (2006). Tourism studies and the social sciences. Abingdon; Routledge.

Lord, Gail Dexter (1999), “The Power of Cultural Tourism,” Keynote presentation, Wisconsin Heritage

Tourism Conference, Lac du Flambeau, Wisconsin, September 17, http://www.lord.ca/thepower.htm.

Mathieson, A. & Wall, G. (1982). Tourism: Economic, Physical and Social Impacts. New York: Longman

House.

McIntosh, R.W. & Goeldner, C.R. (1986). Tourism: Principles, Practices and Philosophies, 5th ed. John

Wiley & Sons, New York.

National Trust for Historic Preservation http://www.preservationnation.org

References


24

Northern Arizona University, Parks & Recreation Mgmt. Introduction - Online Lesson http://www.prm.nau.edu/prm300

Online dictionaries: http://dictionary.reference.com & http://www.businessdictionary.com

Richards, G. (1996, ed.). Cultural Tourism in Europe, CABI, Wallingford.

Schouten, F. (2005). Managing visitors: helping the frail to prevail. NHTV Breda University of Professional Education, The Netherlands. http://www.nhtv.nl/fileadmin/user_upload/Documenten/PDF/Onderzoek_en_advies/AcademicStudies_01.pdf

Timothy, D.J. (1997). “Tourism and the personal heritage experience”. Annals of Tourism Research, 34(3): 751–54

Timothy. D. & Boyd, S. (2003). Heritage tourism, Harlow: Prentice Hall.

Tunbridge, J.E. & Ashworth, G.J. (1996). Dissonant Heritage – The Management of the Past as a Resource in Conflict. New York: John Wiley & Sons.

UNESCO, http://whc.unesco.org

Zeppel, H. & Hall, C. (1992). Arts and heritage tourism. In Weiler, B. & Hall, C. (eds.) Special Interest Tourism. London: Belhaven, pp.47-68

14/11/2011

13

Questions?


25


26

Dr Christina Bonarou

E-mail: [email protected]

Office 2, Tel. 2310 013562

Office hours:

Wednesday, 10.30-12.30

HeritageTourism&MuseumManagement

Documents

Transcript of HeritageTourism&MuseumManagement