HeritageSA JULY 2002 (Page 1)...history (b) It has rare, uncommon or endangered qualities that are...

HERITAGESouth AustraliaJ U LY 2 0 0 2 • N U M B E R 2 1

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I S S U E S A N D I N F O R M A T I O N O N H E R I T A G E C O N S E R V A T I O N I N S O U T H A U S T R A L I A

Heritage South Australia Government of South Australia

Contents

New Minister / 2

20th century heritage – nominate your favouriteplaces / 2

The Store, North Adelaide / 3

Rejuvenation of a local church: Port AdelaideUniting Church / 4

2002–Year Of The Outback–Assessing OurOutback Heritage / 5

Wine with a dash of lime / 6

National Trust and Bank SA Icons List / 8

Educational resources on the Heritage SA Website / 10

Heritage News / 12

State Heritage Register Update / 12

The State Government’sHeritage SA has a vital rolein identifying, conservingand protecting SouthAustralia’s built and mari-time heritage as well as itsarchaeological sites. SouthAustralia has an inter-national reputation for itsheritage sites includingmany historical buildingsand it is my aim as the Ministerresponsible for heritage to enhance thisreputation. To make sure this happens Iam encouraging cooperation betweengovernment and the community onheritage issues.

I also want Heritage SA to have a newstatus and a new focus on the integrationof heritage, economic development andplanning issues. This process is alreadyunderway, along with a series of otherchanges which are part of ALP policy.

These include: • establishing a heritageadvisory committee consist-ing of representatives ofrelevant Government auth-orities, departments andcommunity organisations,• ensuring linkages be-tween the State heritageAuthority and theDevelopment Assessment

Commission on matters of planning andpolicy,• inviting local government, communityand industry to cooperate in theestablishment of annual Celebrating OurHeritage awards to recognise the bestexamples of interpreting or reusingheritage sites,• and, setting up a cemetery fund whichwill enable communities to pay forpreservation works at historical sites.

Hon. John HillMinister for Environment and Conservation

Later this year Heritage SA will beengaging consultants to undertake thefirst of a series of State-wide 20th centuryheritage surveys to identify places eligible for entry in the State Heritage Register.

The first survey will target the period1946-59, and we invite readers tonominate structures from that period thatmight be judged to meet one or more ofthe assessment criteria, which arecontained in the Heritage Act 1993.

(a) It demonstrates important aspects ofthe evolution or pattern of the State’shistory

(b) It has rare, uncommon or endangeredqualities that are of cultural significance.

(c) It may yield information that willcontribute to an understanding of thestate’s history, including its natural history.

(d) It is an outstanding representative of aparticular class of places of culturalsignificance.

(e) It demonstrates a high degree ofcreative, aesthetic or technicalaccomplishment or is an outstanding

representative of particular constructiontechniques or design characteristics.

(f) It has strong cultural or spiritualassociations for the community or agroup within it.

(g) It has a special association with thelife or work of a person or organisation oran event of historical importance.

Structures which are notable architec-turally or technologically might includedwellings, tall buildings or reinforcedconcrete structures. Uncommon struc-tures might include shop fronts or servicestations in near original condition, whilepost-war immigration could be reflectedin significant churches or social clubvenues.

Nomination forms are enclosed with thisissue and can also be downloaded fromour web site: www.heritage.sa.gov.au.All nominations will be acknowledged,but it may be some months before theyare assessed. If you are unsure as towhether a place would meet the criteria,please phone Senior Heritage OfficerHamish Angas on 8204 9246.

2 HERITAGE SOUTH AUSTRALIA • NEWSLETTER No.21 • JULY 2002

NEW MINISTER

20TH CENTURY HERITAGE

Newsletter of Heritage South Australia

Department for Environment and Heritage

ISSN 1443-9719

July 2002 Number 21

Editor Francesca Stropin

Products and services advertised are not necessarily endorsed by Heritage SouthAustralia

AdvertisingIf anyone would like to advertise in this newsletter, please contact

The Editor, Heritage South Australia NewsletterGPO Box 1047 Adelaide South Australia 5001

Telephone: (08) 8204 9243

Facsimile: (08) 8204 9455

Front Cover:

The former Eudunda Farmers Store in the mainstreet of Jamestown, now trading as Foodland, issignificant as a rare example of a large, earlytwentieth century shopfront and is an outstandingarchitectural representative of large commercialpremises of the period.

The Store is also important for its association withtwo organisations of historical importance – theSouth Australian Farmers Co-operative Union andthe Eudunda Farmers Co-operative Society.

The supermarket was entered in the State HeritageRegister in 2002, along with other places ofcultural significance (see back page).

Nominate your favourite places

for Environment and Conservation

3HERITAGE SOUTH AUSTRALIA • NEWSLETTER No.21 • JULY 2002

THE STORE : NORTH ADELAIDE

Saturday morning at The Store in NorthAdelaide is a lively place – cyclists, joggers,gym addicts and ardent café goers crowdthis popular corner location to enjoy thedelights of fine coffee and robust cookedbreakfasts. The customers would besurprised to know that in 1973 this twostorey building was devoid of its elegantconcave roof verandah and very differentto its current appearance.

The building was constructed in 1894 byJames Schmidt, a baker. It is a typicalVictorian commercial building, matchedon the opposite corner by the Old LionHotel, retaining its bush hammeredsandstone ashlar walling with red brickdressings. Whilst only the shell is original,the former shop is of great environmentalsignificance as a highly distinctiveprominent corner building. After 1973,the western section of the building wasconverted to the ANZ bank andMelbourne Street Meats operated in theeastern section. Now into the fourth yearof operation its current use as a café/bar

and local store makes it a well loveddestination by local residents.

Internally the shop shelves are stackedwith everyday necessities through to sushichef bonito flakes! Carbonara, vegetablecouscous and Thai crunchy beef serve asexotic ready-made takeaways. The kitchento the café section is set up in the formerbank vault. Underneath the store is asubstantial cellar now used to store wines,and hearsay has it that the cellars of TheStore, the Old Lion and other build-ings were connected by undergroundpassages!

Signage to the building is clear andrestrained. So often, stores andrestaurants can become unrecognizableunderneath a jumble of corporateadvertising signs vying for attention. Thephilosophy at The Store is a refreshingchange with carefully positioned clearsigns readily visible to patrons and passersby. An above verandah sign projects atright angles to the balcony and with its

contemporary design and clear typogra-phy is sufficient to identify the buildingand the nature of the business.

The heritage listing of the buildingprovides an appropriate framework forensuring that any changes to the buildingare undertaken in a sympathetic manner.It is not seen as an onerous constraint bythe proprietors, Alison and Adam, whochose this building and the location inanticipation of it becoming a focal pointfor the local community. They arecommitted to retaining the character andheritage qualities of the building and havebeen delighted with the response andsupport by local residents.

Elizabeth VinesHeritage Consultant & Adviser

above left: Signage to the building is clear andrestrainedabove: Whilst only the shell is original, theformer shop is of great environmentalsignificance as a highly distinctive prominentcorner building

Internally the shop shelves arestacked with everydaynecessities through to sushi chefbonito flakes!

Port Adelaide Uniting Church is animposing landmark building onCommercial Road in Port Adelaide.Opened on Sunday 13 December 1868,the building has since been in continuoususe as a place of worship up to the presentday. The parishioners of the time hadengaged James MacGeorge, a notableSouth Australian architect, to design forthem an imposing church in the GothicRevival style and it is a tribute to thearchitect and builder that 134 years laterthis building still stands in good condition.The church now survives as one of the fewremaining examples of MacGeorge’swork. Constructed in Dry Creek sand-stone and highlighted externally byelaborate brickwork, the church is enteredby a magnificent flight of steps leading upto the porch with its three wide arches.

The daunting task of maintaining asubstantial heritage building with limitedresources is a familiar problem for manychurches. The Port Adelaide congregationwith its Minister, Howard Groom leadingthis project commissioned a ConservationPlan undertaken by McDougall & Vines in1999. This document has been used bythe church to guide its activities. Externalmaintenance works have been undertakenand in 2001 it was decided to draw up aplan for the interior upgrading of thechurch.

Internally the church preserves manyspecial characteristics of nineteenthcentury Protestant churches. Of particularnote is the pipe organ built in 1884 byFincham & Hobday. It is considered to beof major importance by the HistoricalSociety of South Australia and is the onlysurviving example in regular use in SouthAustralia.

The church interior was last painted in1962. The aim of the most recent internalworks has been to repair the internalfabric of the building and restore it asmuch as possible to its original appear-ance on a limited budget. The project hasbeen an exciting one involving manymembers of the local church community.It was agreed that new paintwork shouldreflect as closely as possible the originalpaint scheme, and paint scrapings wereundertaken by heritage architect ElizabethVines, to expose the original layers andcolour scheme. A striking dado frieze wasuncovered which was traced, profession-ally painted in a small section (traininglocal parishioners) and completed by a

team of artists from within thecongregation who stencilled on the newfrieze. , A sample of the scraping has beenpreserved on one of the walls. The existingpaint on the 25 external organ pipes wascarefully scraped back to expose theoriginal decoration which included strikingcolours of blue, deep red, gold and grey.These were also fully restored by a team ofartists from within the congregation, andthe pipes were reinstated after a majoroverhaul of the organ itself.

Other works included improved lighting,carpentry and joinery works and provisionof additional natural daylight – all under-taken on a voluntary basis by tradesmenwithin the congregation.

The outcome of the works to the interiorof the church is a transformation of theworship space of the church which hascaptured the imagination and commit-ment of the local congregation. Virtually

every member of the congregation hashad some semi-skilled or skilled contrib-ution to the work which has given greatsatisfaction. The church complex itself is avaluable community resource and itpossesses exceptional acoustic qualitieswhich makes it ideal for small concertsand recitals. Wedding parties haveexpressed delight and appreciation at thetransformed interior of the church.

The project was made possible by fundingfrom the Cultural Heritage ProjectsProgram, receiving a $26,000 grant. It hasalso been assisted from Heritage SA’svolunteers fund and the State HeritageFund.

Elizabeth VinesHeritage Consultant & Adviser

below: Minister Howard Groom pointing atoriginal sections of the frieze


Rejuvenation of a local church : Port Adelaide Uniting Church

above: Exterior of Church

below: Volunteers painting the organ pipes


Heritage South Australia has com-pleted two major surveys of theheritage of the South Australianoutback in 2002 – the Year of theOutback – one along theOodnadatta Track and the othercovering the Birdsville and StrzeleckiTracks.

Since 1981 Heritage SA has been pursuinga systematic program of heritage surveysin South Australia, known as the RegionalHeritage Survey Program. The purpose ofthis Program is to identify and record allthe non-Aboriginal heritage of the State.

The Regional Heritage Survey Program hasidentified places of State heritage valuefor entry in the State Heritage Register andpotential State Heritage Areas. As part ofthese heritage surveys local heritageplaces and local heritage areas have alsobeen identified and documented. In orderto record all the non-Aboriginal heritageof South Australia, the State has beendivided into fourteen regions. Surveys ofthirteen of the fourteen regions have nowbeen completed.

The remaining region – Far North & FarWest (Region 13) – comprises two-thirdsof the area of South Australia and issparsely populated. Consequently a con-ventional regional survey is considered notappropriate for this region and therefore itis proposed to undertake targeted areasurveys to ascertain its heritage resources.The proposal is to identify and documentheritage places within Region 13 alongknown transport corridors, such as theOodnadatta Track, the Birdsville &Strzelecki Tracks, the Stuart & BarrierHighways and the Indian Pacific RailwayLine (Port Augusta to SA-WA border).

Oodnadatta Track Heritage Survey:The first ‘outback’ heritage survey alongthe Oodnadatta Track was commissionedin March 2000 following the route of theformer Ghan Railway Line from west ofMarree to the SA-NT border. It wasundertaken by Austral Archaeology, inpartnership with Historical Research PtyLtd, and funded by the South AustraliaGovernment through the State HeritageFund and the Capital Investing Program.The Minister for Environment andConservation, Hon John Hill MP hasrecently launched the final report of theOodnadatta Track Heritage Survey.

Quoting from the Historical Background ofthe final report:

The project area for this heritage survey ofthe Oodnadatta Track in the north ofSouth Australia is the overland transportand communications corridor runningwest and then north from the township ofMarree to the Northern Territory border.This was the route of John McDouallStuart’s 1861 journey of exploration, andlater the Overland Telegraph which in1872 connected Adelaide and theSouthern Ocean shore through AliceSprings in the heart of Australia, to Darwinon the tropical north coast 3,000km away.Later still the same corridor was the routeof the Great Northern Railway toOodnadatta in 1890, which became theCentral Australian Railway to Alice Springsin 1929. The axis of the project area is theline of the Central Australian Railway,which most people today refer to as the‘Old Ghan’. Today the railway is closed,superseded by the modern railwaythrough Tarcoola and the Stuart Highwayfurther west, and all that remains is anunsealed road mainly used by touristsheaded for the Simpson Desert or theNorthern Territory.

Places illustrating the heritage of thissurvey area encompass such themes asAboriginal contact, exploration, pastor-alism, transport and communications,social life and organisations (hotels,settlements and outback general stores)and geology and natural history (moundsprings).

Birdsville and Strzelecki TracksHeritage Survey:The Birdsville & Strzelecki Tracks HeritageSurvey, which is about to be published,both in hard copy and on the internet, has

been a joint project between Heritage SAand the Australian Heritage

Commission. It was undertaken byHistorical Research Pty Ltd, inassociation with Austral Archaeology,Lyn Leader-Elliot and Iris Iwanicki. The

survey commenced in mid-April 2001with the final report of the survey being

presented to Heritage SA and theAustralian Heritage Commission at theend of June 2002. The survey wasmanaged by Heritage SA and jointlyfunded by the South AustralianGovernment through the State HeritageFund and by the Australian HeritageCommission.

In the case of the Birdsville Track, thesurvey area began at Marree and finishedin Birdsville in Queensland and for theStrzelecki Track it commenced atLyndhurst in the Flinders Ranges andfinished north of Innamincka at the end ofthe Cordillo Downs Road on the SA-QLDBorder near the Cadelga Ruins.

The Australian Heritage Commission wasparticularly interested in testing thematicapproaches for assessing and identifyingheritage places on a national scale. It iscurrently conducting a number of researchprojects into national themes and nationalplaces. In this context the Commissionpursued a theme related to pastoralism,beef growing and outback communi-cation routes. The data collected duringthe Birdsville & Strzelecki Tracks projectshould put the significance of the tracks,and the heritage places located alongthem, in a national context.

Along with the Oodnadatta Track HeritageSurvey, the Birdsville & Strzelecki Tracksproject is part of a much largerundertaking entitled the Inland Rivers –Outback Tracks : a regional heritagetourism strategy for the Lake Eyre Basin.In addition to assessing and documentingthe historic heritage resources of theBirdsville and Strzelecki Tracks, recommen-dations about the potential and suitabilityof heritage places for use in heritagetourism itineraries have been prepared.The documentation for this heritagesurvey and its methodology should besuitable for use in developing heritagetourism products as part of the InlandRivers – Outback Tracks project.

Hamish AngasSenior Heritage Officer

2002 – YEAR OF THE OUTBACK – Assessing Our Outback Heritage

On 24 May, 2002 professionals fromdiverse backgrounds, owners of heritageplaces, lime industry members andtradespeople met at the Yalumba Wineryfor a seminar on lime and its application inbuilding conservation.

The use of lime has been an integral partof building construction in South Australiafor over 150 years. Lime is not oneconstant material and there may be manydifferent varieties and ways to describetheir features and performance. The oneday seminar attracted 60 delegates andincluded a number of people frominterstate. The interest from those thatattended showed the need for furtherresearch and training in this area.

Discussions ranged from the constituentsof historic lime mortars to theirperformance and specifications. Tra-ditional and modern plastering methods

were explained, as were traditional limewashing recipes. A tour of AdelaideBrighton Cement lime making plant atAngaston, helped delegates to understand

modern methods of lime production. Below is a transcript from one of thespeakers.

Delegates at the seminar

Lime has been an essential part of buildingconstruction in South Australia from thebeginning of European settlement,forming part of the everyday fabric of ourlives. Nearly every historic building inSouth Australia uses lime somewhere in itsstructure; even a house built entirely oftimber will have lime mortar jointsbetween the bricks of its chimney andfireplace. This dependence on lime is notnew. The Romans used lime mortar intheir masonry structures, and their recipewas not much different from that used byAustralian bricklayers today.

MortarMany people misunderstand the functionof mortar, thinking it acts like glue to holdstones or bricks together. Mortar is notglue, although it does have some adhesiveeffect. Its two other important functionsare weatherproofing – keeping out windand rain – and evening out the forcesacting so that the wall does not act likehundreds of pieces of stone trying to rollsideways off one another, but as a singlemonolithic mass with its forces directeddownwards.

To make traditional mortar, sand is addedto slaked lime. The architect Vitruvius inthe first century AD recommended: “limemust be very strong, and making it into

mortar, five parts of sand are to be addedto two of lime”. The recipe changed onlyslightly in the next two thousand years.James Nangle wrote in Australian BuildingPractice in 1900: “Lime mortar is generallycomposed of two parts of sand and onepart of lime”.

What is lime?Lime is dead animals. Millions of deadanimals. Or to be more accurate, bits ofdead animals; the external shells of marinecreatures – mostly coral and molluscs –which have the trick of buildingthemselves a calcareous exoskeleton forprotection from predators.

There are two forms of limestone in SouthAustralia. Along the southern coasts ofYorke Peninsula, Kangaroo Island and theWest coast are aeolian limestone deposits,blown there by the wind. These are toocontaminated with silica and iron to bemuch use to the building industry. But inmany places in the Adelaide Hills and theeast coast of Yorke Peninsula there aremassive ancient limestone deposits whichwere formed on the seabed. Almost all ofour good quality limestone was formed inwarm shallow seawater. It is difficult toimagine what South Australia looked likewhen these were laid down – probablysomething like the Great Barrier Reef,

made up of millions of tons of limestonebuilt by the Scleractinia, the reef-buildingcorals.

The lime cycle The raw material for lime mortar islimestone or calcium carbonate (CaCO3).To make mortar this is first burned orcalcined in a kiln. The limestone releasescarbon dioxide (CO2) as it is heated, andwhat is left is quicklime or calcium oxide(CaO). To make mortar, this is slaked bymixing it with water, and it becomesslaked lime or calcium hydroxide(Ca(OH)2). Sand is added and the mortar isincorporated into a building. Whathappens next is quite remarkable, for theslaked lime has a strong affinity for carbondioxide, and it slowly absorbs it, directlyfrom the air and from gas dissolved inrainwater. In this process of carbonation,the mortar hardens as it slowly turns backinto limestone. The end product of thelime cycle is the same calcium carbonatethat was laid down by the coral polyps.

HERITAGE NEWS


Wine with a dash of Lime: Heritage SA Conservation Seminar

Lime in South Australian Buildings

TheLimeCycle

LimestoneCaCO3

QuicklimeCaO

heatedcarbonated

water added

Slaked LimeCa(OH)2


Lime ProductionThe process of producing lime for thebuilding industry created a thrivingindustry in nineteenth century SouthAustralia. The limestone has to be burnedfor several hours at over 880˚C to formquicklime. In colonial South Australianearly every town had a lime kiln, at firstjust a primitive hole in the ground. Withintwo years of European settlement therewere kilns along the banks of the Torrensin the Adelaide parklands, at PortAdelaide, Walkerville and Prospect.

In later years lime-burning became anorganised industry, mainly exploiting therich limestone deposits of the east coast ofYorke Peninsula, with ketches bringingquicklime across from the ports ofStansbury, Edithburgh and Port Vincent.Other major kilns were built along therailways at Kulpara and Tailem Bend.

Most of the kilns were massive masonrystructures, square in plan, which wereloaded with mallee firewood and lumps of

limestone and allowed to burn for a day.In later decades most of them convertedto gas burners. The old traditional industryin the farmlands survived into the 1960s,but then wound down in the face ofcompetition from more efficient modernindustrial plants. South Australia’s buildinglime today comes from Adelaide Brighton

Cement’s mechanised kilns at Angaston.

Peter BellHeritage Consultant

The Kulpara Lime KilnKeith Johns, Limestone Resources of SouthAustralia, Geological Survey of SA Bulletin 38,1963.

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Haigh’s Chocolates‘Meet me at Haigh’s’ has been a typicalSouth Australian statement since thefounder of Haigh’s Chocolates, AlfredErnest Haigh, established his firm-longregarded as an Adelaide institution-at theBeehive Corner. Now in its fourth-generation, Haigh’s is the oldest survivingchocolate-making firm in Australia, andone of only a handful of chocolatemanufacturers world-wide makingchocolate directly from cocoa beans.

Haigh’s only use SA grown apricots,oranges and almonds, while about a thirdof the chocolate production is dipped byhand. Among over 200 products, theirfloral-scented rose and violet chocolatecreams topped with a crystallised flower,uphold a long Anglo-Saxon tradition. Achocolate Bilby, based on the SA’sendangered native marsupial, hasreplaced the bunny as Haigh’s popularEaster symbol.

Green and Gold Cookery BookFor over 77 years, the Green and GoldCookery Book has been a ubiquitousfeature of most South Australian (andAustralian) households. Conceived in1923 to raise funds to help theestablishment and ongoing developmentof King’s College (now Pembroke School),sales of the book have now exceeded

400,000 copies. Its original recipes werecollected from Congregational and BaptistChurch members in Adelaide and rural SA.For many SA women, the Green and GoldCookery Book was their first cookbook, acopy often presented to them by theirmothers or grandmothers.

As well as recipes and cooking hints, thebook includes domestic advice rangingfrom how to boil an egg to removinglipstick marks from shirt collars! Australianrecipe classics include Lamingtons, Jubileecake, Anzac crisps, meat pie, tomatosauce and Broken Hill Steam Pudding.

The Green and Gold Cookery Book is morethan simply a recipe book, documentingthe history of South Australian familyculinary traditions and household life.Now in the thirty-sixth edition, the Greenand Gold Cookery Book continues tomake a contribution to Pembroke College,and although revised, it is little changedfrom its original edition.

Adelaide Christmas PageantAdelaide’s annual Christmas Pageant hasbeen a spectacular and cherished eventheralding the advent of the Christmasseason since 1933. With the exception ofa 4 year break during World War II, theAdelaide Christmas Pageant – the largestof its kind in the world – has delighted

hundreds of thousands of children andadults. To ensure that he had an audiencefor the first parade, the founder, SirEdward Hayward (an owner of JohnMartins), hired a plane to fly low overAdelaide’s suburbs announcing theprocession.

Around 1000 ‘inside’ volunteers make upthe characters of the pageant, while‘outside’ volunteers include bandmusicians, police troopers, marching girls,indigenous participation and dance trays.An extra 120 volunteers work behind thescenes – as well as 57 or so children. Thepageant is the only one world-wide thathas no commercial advertising apart fromthe acknowledgment of its currentsponsor, the state’s Credit Unions, whichappears at the beginning. At one point,the 3.3 kilometre route from South toNorth Terrace is occupied by the entirepageant of 12 bands, 54 extravagantfloats and 4 walking sets.

Ligurian BeesKangaroo Island is the only place in theworld where a pure strain of Ligurian beessurvives. Named by Roman historians afterthe Italian province in which they werefirst found, Ligurian bees were introducedto Kangaroo Island in 1884 by thesecretary of the SA Chamber ofManufactures Mr A. Bonney.

As well as being better suited to SA’sMediterranean climate, the yellow andblack striped Ligurian bee is renown for itsdocile nature. Highly productive, Ligurianbees supply a very high quality honey,mostly exported interstate and overseas,notably to Singapore and Japan.

National Trust and BankSA Icons List

This is the second year of the BankSA Heritage Icons List, and once again an array of unusual items and eventshave graced the list. The items and events are not protected under heritage legislation but instead are markers ofthings of value to the community. Through their listing, entities that are valued by our community are recognised.The following are the entities listed for 2003:


Although Richard Bowyer Smith (1837-1919) is credited with its invention,George Whittaker is also acknowledged ashaving contributed to its development.

In 1884 Smith received a SA government‘reward’ of 500 pounds and one squaremile of land at Ardrossan ‘for theinvention of the stump jump plough’.Smith’s and Whittaker’s principal wereapplied to other agricultural implements,and today there are even 26-furrowploughs whereby individual discs jump upindependently when they strike anyobstructions!

Stobie PolesThe Stobie pole is an extraordinaryinnovation that is quintesentially SouthAustralian. It was named after its inventor,James Cyril Stobie (1895-1953) whopatented his simple, though highlyeffective, design in 1924 for a steel andconcrete pole which revolutionised andfacilitated the distribution of electricity

throughout SA. One of their advantageswas the fact that they were termite proofand, unlike wooden poles, they survivedbushfires. There are approximately700,000 Stobie poles in SA – that’s almostone tree for every pole that has not beenchopped down.

South Australia has remained practicallythe sole place where the Stobie pole hasbeen used.

A ubiquitous item in South Australia’slandscape, derided as ugly, yet economicaland easy to make, their practical useendures. The life of a Stobie pole is around50 years.

Police GreysMuch loved by the South Australianpublic, the police greys are the first andoldest world-wide mounted police unitexclusively using grey horses. Greys werefavoured for the mounted police from asearly as the 1840s, and certainly usedexclusively by the SA mounted unit by theturn of the 19th Century, when they werealready ‘unique and famous throughoutAustralia’.

The mounted police escort the Governorfor the Opening of Parliament, and areused during the Opening of the AdelaideCup, as well as the Christmas Pageant. As a mark of respect and recognition oftheir service to the community whenretired, greys are allowed to live for the

term of their natural lives in familiarsurroundings.

Checkside PuntThe ‘checkside punt’ is an emphaticallySouth Australian colloquial term.

The checkside punt describes a kick inAustralian Rules Football that permits aplayer to bend the trajectory of the ballagainst its normal direction.

Other terms for the kick include the‘checkside kick’, ‘back screwie’, and‘banana or boomerang kick’. The check-side punt had been part of the trainingroutine designed and enforced by JackOatey, one-time coach of the SturtFootball Club. Oatey developed a style offootball where finesse, skill and techniquewere promoted above speed and physicalstrength.

Early in the first quarter of the 1968 GrandFinal between Port Adelaide and Sturt,Peter Endersbee kicked a checkside punt,not once but twice, within a few minutes,scoring two goals for Sturt, thus assuringa win for Sturt.

The press noted: ‘Port was suddenly anddramatically arrested by two magnificentcheckside punt goals from PeterEndersbee’.

Ligurian queen bees have also bred as avaluable genetic resource, and soldthroughout Australia and overseas since1887. With the passing of the SAGovernment Ligurian Bee Act inSeptember 1885, Kangaroo Island becamea Ligurian bee sanctuary and is the world’soldest bee sanctuary.

Stump Jump PloughThe stump jump plough was a SouthAustralian invention that revolutionisedbroad acre tillage world-wide. Much ofSouth Australia’s marginal farming landwas once covered by vast expanses ofmallee scrub. A difficult tree to removewith traditional axe and fire-clearingmethods, the mallee stump resistedremoval and hindered farming, and theopening up of new lands during the SAland rush of the 1870s.


Educational Resources Our heritage is literally everything we haveinherited from the past. Hence we are allcustodians of ‘heritage’, whether it befamily memorabilia, the houses we live in,the records of the organisations webelong to or the wider community’sinheritance from past generations, whichis managed by the various levels ofgovernment on our behalf. The challengein managing heritage lies in deciding whatare ‘the things we want to keep’.

Heritage South Australia is principallyconcerned with what is often termed‘built heritage’, as opposed to natural andAboriginal heritage. Built heritage includesbuildings, structures and places, as well asmaritime heritage such as shipwrecks andwhaling and sealing sites.

Developing an understanding of ourheritage can be approached in a variety ofways. The personal heritage of individualsor families is one useful approach. So tooare approaches based on our immediatelocalities or on particular types of heritageplaces.

Cemeteries The monuments in cemeteries are interest-ing in their own right with particularly fineexamples of stone masonry, andsometimes headstones made of lesscommon materials such as timber, slateand cast iron. The symbolism featured onsome monuments is a study of its own,while the inscriptions contain a great dealof history. Most of the State’s cemeteries(over 600) have had their inscriptionstranscribed by volunteers from the SouthAustralian Genealogy and Heraldry Societyhttp://users.chariot.net.au/~saghs/ whichmaintains a single alphabetical index tothem, arranged by surname. The indexand a great many other resources forfamily history research are available in theSociety’s library.

Jetties and Landing PlacesSouth Australia has a much larger numberof jetties than most of the other AustralianStates, as the two gulfs put much farmingland within easy reach of the sea. A largefleet of small coastal sailing vessels (mainlyketches) were developed to service theselanding places and carry cargo to themajor ports. The surviving jetties of theFleurieu Peninsula are reminders of theagricultural development of the area in the

1840s and 1850s. The jetties of YorkePeninsula followed in the wake of itssubdivision for agriculture from the mid-1860s. Several metropolitan jetties werebuilt with shipping, rather than recreation,in mind – most notably the original jettiesat Glenelg (1859), Semaphore (1860) andLargs (1882).

GaolsGaols open for public inspection includethe Adelaide Gaol (1841) – the first in theState; the Redruth Gaol at Burra (1856) –the first outside Adelaide; the MountGambier Gaol (1865) – which now servesas a backpackers hostel; and theGladstone Gaol (1881).

LighthousesLighthouses perform a vital role in theguiding of vessels. The State’s oldest, CapeWilloughby Lighthouse on KangarooIsland, was completed in 1852 to markBackstairs Passage between the Island andthe mainland, and was named ‘Sturt’sLight’ in honour of the noted explorerCaptain Charles Sturt.

Many of the earlier lighthouses were builtin direct response to shipwrecks in watersaround Kangaroo Island, Yorke Peninsulaand the South East coast. The technologyof the lights themselves was generallybased on lamps and mechanismsimported from England, but thelighthouse buildings illustrate variousdesigns adapted to the particularenvironments in which they were built.Covering some of the most rugged andremote coasts of South Australia,lighthouses and their associated quartersand landings are a reminder of thedifficulties faced by both the builders andthe lighthouse keepers and their families.

After the Commonwealth took over thecare and control of all Australianlighthouses in the first decades of the 20thcentury, lighthouse design became morestandardised. More recently, with theadvent of automatic lights and satellitenavigation systems, many SouthAustralian lighthouses have been de-manned.

Lighthouses open for public inspectioninclude the Cape Jaffa Lighthouse, nowlocated on shore at Kingston in the SouthEast and managed by the Kingston Branchof the National Trust, and the formerSouth Neptune Island Lighthouse, now

located at Port Adelaide and forming partof the South Australian MaritimeMuseum. R.H. Parsons Lighthouses ofSouth Australia (The author, 1997) and G.Reid From Dusk To Dawn: A History ofAustralian Lighthouses (MacMillan 1988)are useful resources, as is the web siteLighthouses of Australia http://www.lighthouse.net.au/lights/default3.htm.

MinesCopper mining was one of the Colony’smajor nineteenth century industries andliterally put many towns on the map,including Kapunda, Burra and Moonta. MrGreg Drew has produced pamphlets andbooklets on several mining towns andsites which are retailed by the GovernmentInformation Centre, 77 Grenfell Street,Adelaide. A bibliography of Australianmining history is maintained by theAustralian Mining History Associationhttp://www.econs.ecel.uwa.edu.au/AMHA/amhamain.htm.

Place namesPlace names are often overlooked as anaspect of our heritage. Potential studiesinclude the adoption of Aboriginal names,the borrowing of names from settlers’homelands and the abolition of Germanplace names during the First World War.The most authoritative guide is G.H.Manning Manning’s Place Names of SouthAustralia (1990).

Ports and HarboursFollowing the arrival of the first colonisingvessels in South Australia in 1836,development of the new colony waslargely dependent on the establishment ofa safe harbour and port facilities whichallowed the movement of vessels, cargoesand passengers from other Australiancolonies and overseas. Port Adelaide wasthe result. As settlement spread, outportsdeveloped to service the transport andcommunication needs of local farmers andother settlers. Significant ports for theexport trade included Port Augusta, PortPirie and Port Germein. The River Murraydeveloped as a major inland waterwayfrom the 1850s and river ports such asGoolwa, Mannum and Morgan wereestablished.

As technological changes introduced moreeffective transportation systems many ofthese ports have fallen into decline, butreminders of their maritime heritage arestill evident in buildings, local museum

Educational Resources on the Heritage SA Web Site

The Education and Research pages on Heritage SA’s web site (www.heritage.sa.gov.au) contain a range of materialdirecting people to useful sources of information, as the following selection illustrates:


collections, memorials and shipwrecks.Local histories are generally the mostaccessible sources for the history of theoutports, supplemented by R.H. ParsonsSouthern Passages: A Maritime History ofSouth Australia (Wakefield Press 1986).

Parks and Reserves (under theNational Parks & Wildlife Act)Parks and Reserves are generallyestablished to protect the naturalenvironment. Nevertheless, there are aconsiderable number of built heritageplaces within parks which are entered inthe State Heritage Register and listed onParksWeb <http://www.environment.sa.gov.au/parks/heritage.html>

In addition Belair National Park andCleland Conservation Park are entered inthe Register in their entirety. Belair isnotable as South Australia’s first nationalpark (1891) and was the second inAustralia after Royal National Park (1879)near Sydney. Cleland now contains tworeserves dating from the nineteenthcentury, Mount Lofty Summit andWaterfall Gully, which are significant aslong established tourist attractions.

Railway StructuresRailways have been of immensesignificance to the development of theState. Early lines often linked ports withtheir hinterlands, and it was not until the1880s that most country lines wereconnected to Adelaide. The Colony’s firstrailway, built to connect the River Murraytrade to an ocean port, was the horse-powered Goolwa-Port Elliot line, whichopened in 1854. The 1852 RailwaySuperintendent’s House and the 1862stables still stand at Goolwa. The firststeam railway was the Adelaide-PortAdelaide line of 1856 and two of theoriginal stations survive at Bowden andAlberton. The oldest country stationbuilding is at Kapunda (1860) and datesfrom the opening of the line fromAdelaide via Gawler. The National RailwayMuseum http://www.natrailmuseum.org.au/ at Port Adelaide is South Australia’smajor railway museum. There are alsoseveral other historic railway groups whichmaintain working railways, most notablySteamRanger and the Pichi Richi RailwayPreservation Society. The SteamRangerlinks page http://members.optusnet.com.au/~steamranger/fan/wwwlinks.htmprovides a good guide to other groups.

ShipwrecksFor the early European settlers seatransport was the life-line for SouthAustralia’s development, providing theonly link back home and the principalmeans of transporting people and cargoaround South Australia and the otherAustralian colonies.

With so many vessels either visiting orworking in coastal and inland waters, itwas inevitable that some would beunlucky. More than 800 vessels are knownto have been wrecked in South Australianwaters, with approximately 200 of thesesites known and identified. The AustralianNational Shipwrecks Database < http://dbase.mm.wa.gov.au/WEBFM/Shipwrecks/Shipsearch.html> and South AustralianAtlas <http://www.atlas.sa.gov.au/> con-tain data on these.

The shipwrecks which lie in SouthAustralian waters represent the types ofvessels and many of the activitiesassociated with the development of thecolony. They range from international

immigrant and cargo vessels to localservice and fishing craft. The earliestrecorded wreck was the South Australianat Encounter Bay in December 1837, whilethe earliest located wreck is the Solway, animmigrant vessel, also lost at EncounterBay in December 1837.

Shipwrecks and shipwreck artefacts offera fascinating glimpse into the past – eachhas a story to tell. The remains of vesselsprovide significant details about ship typeand construction, while cargo and thepossessions of crew and passengersprovide insights into the social andtechnological history of the era.

Brian SamuelsPrincipal Heritage Officer

COMMUNITYHISTORY FUNDPUBLICATION GRANTS

This program supports the publicationof material related to the history of South Australia. Themaximum grant available is $3,000. Works should be non-fiction and books, pamphlets or other medium will beaccepted for consideration.

SMALL PROJECT GRANTS

This program supports historical groups, communityhistory museums, National Trust branches, local councilsand other voluntary bodies to assist in the preservationand promotion of South Australian history. The maxiumumgrant available is $1,000. Projects which fit the applicationcriteria include:

• Marking of heritage trails• Copying of key documents for local research• Small conservation projects• Oral history projects• Digitising of photographic collections• Acquisition of significant historical documents• Projects which interpret history in the community

GUIDELINES

Copies of the guidelines and application forms areavailable from Margaret Phillips,Community History Fund, History Trustof South Australia, GPO Box 1836Adelaide SA 5001. Telephone 8226 8576

Applications close 30 August 2002

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Best Community ProjectAward to Maritime Trail

The Port Elliot Maritime Heritage Trail,produced by Heritage SA in partnershipwith the Port Elliot Surf Life Saving Club,recently won the best Community ProjectAward as part of the annual AlexandrinaCouncil Heritage Awards. This trail, whichincludes five interpretive signs and a guidebrochure, was launched in November2000 and has become a recognised touristattraction on the foreshore of HorseshoeBay.

Colin Lovell from the Port Elliot Surf Life SavingClub and Robyn Hartell of Heritage SA with theaward.

Cultural HeritageManagement Plan forNational ParksHeritage SA are managing a project toidentify and provide management guide-lines for the cultural heritage assetsmanaged by National Parks and WildlifeSA (NPWSA). The project will includeplaces already in the State HeritageRegister (over 70) as well as places of valueto the local community and the particularpark. The management guidelines willcover preparation of statements of heri-tage value, and assessment of riskmanagement with a state-wide priority forconservation works.

State Heritage places in National Parkscurrently include such places as:

State Heritage Areas (Belair NP andInnamincka/Cooper Creek);

A number of lighthouses (includingcottages, supply routes and cemetery);

Geological sites (such as Hallett Cove andKoonalda Cave, Nullarbor NP);

Fossil sites (eg Victoria Cave, NaracoorteCaves NP);

Whaling sites (at Coffin Bay and St PeterIsland);

Many ruins (Pingle Farm, OnkaparingaRiver NP);

Homesteads (Wilpena, Flinders RangesNational Park; Coorong National Park);

Mines (Talisker); and

Unusual sites such as Suicide Bridge(Chowilla Game Reserve) and MemoryCove, Lincoln NP).

Cantara Homestead, Coorong National Park

The entries of the following places in the State Heritage Register have beenconfirmed this year.

Gladstone : Former National Bank Gladstone BranchBank SA Building

Jamestown : Foodland Supermarket (former Eudunda Farmers Store)

near Melrose : Rankine’s Hut

Tarcowie : Stagg Farm Complex

Torrensville : Former Torrensville Uniting Church

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