Heritability Estimates for Conformation Traits

Gladys Huapaya and Gerrit Kistemaker Canadian Dairy Network

Introduction The classification system used in Canada has received a major revision in 2005; however, the heritabilities that are used in routine genetic evaluations were estimated in May 2006 using classification records recorded prior to this change. At the moment more than 5 years of data from the current system is available which is enough data to estimate the heritability. The routine genetic evaluation for type traits uses a two trait model where data prior to the change in August 2005 is used as one trait and data after August 2005 is assumed to be a different but highly correlated trait. The objective of this study was to estimate the heritabilities and correlations for the current Classification System using Ayrshire and Jersey data and to present the estimated heritabilities for all breeds. The second objective was to show the impact of using estimated heritabilities (as recommended by the DCBGC in March 2011) in the calculation of bull proofs and cow indexes. Data and Methods Holstein data and pedigrees files from the December 2010 proof run were used in this research. Ayrshire and Jersey data and pedigrees files were more recent and were from the official April 2011 proof run. Classification records for animals calving at less than 21 months of age or over 42 months were removed, and only first classification records from 1999 and later were used. Records from herds with at least 35 classified records in at least 7 rounds for both the old and the current system were selected. After data edits 646,780 records from the old classification system (rounds 61 to 71) and 618,030 records from the current classification system (rounds 72 to 80) were available for 29 linear and 7 measured traits in the Holstein breed. Twenty independent data samples were created by randomly selecting herds until each data sample contained approximately 40,000 classifications records. On average 51% of the records were from the old classification system and the remaining 49% of the records were from the current classification system. More extensive results were presented at the previous meeting. For Ayrshire, after editing 36,778 records were available for the 29 linear traits (52% from old and 48% from the current classification system). For Jersey, 19,748 records were available for the 29 linear traits (49.6 % from old and 50.4 %

from the current classification system). For each of these breeds this data set was used in a single analysis to estimate heritabilities for each trait. For each data set the parameters were estimated using the Variance Components Estimation (VCE) software package. For each trait the following model was used: Y=Age*Stage*Time + Herd*Round*Classifier + Animal +e This model is very similar to the model used in the current genetic evaluation system for type. Each trait was analyzed separately and data from the old and current classification system were treated as genetically correlated traits. Some of the traits were added in 2005 (Ayrshire and Jersey) and as a result these traits had no data in the old system, to be able to get proofs for all bulls a related trait was used as the old data and this is indicated in the result tables. Results and Discussion Estimated heritabilities for Holstein, averaged across 20 samples, are shown in Table 1. This table also includes the heritability values that are currently used in the routine genetic evaluations (“Official”) which were estimated using data from the old classification system in May 2006. The estimated heritability for the traits using the old data were similar to the heritabilities that are in use (estimated using similar data in May 2006). Comparison of the heritability estimates from the old and the current system shows that for the majority of the traits the heritabilities using records from the current classification system were lower than estimates using data from the old classification system. For 13 traits the differences were significant at the 1% level and an additional 9 trait were significantly different at the 5% level, in all these case the heritability was lower when using records from the current system. Comparing heritability estimates for the current classification system (estimated using the two trait model) to those used in official routine genetic evaluations shows (Table 1 and Figure 1) that most heritabilities would go down if these new estimates are implemented. The median genetic correlations between the two systems ranged from 0.89 to 0.99 depending on the trait. For most traits the range of estimates (since there were 20 replicates) included 1 indicating that it is possible that the actual correlation is 1. The two exceptions were Conformation (the maximum was 0.99) and Rear leg rear view (maximum was 0.98) indicating that for these traits the correlation is less than 1.

Estimated heritabilities for Ayrshire and Jersey are shown in Table 2 and 3. These tables also includes the heritability values that are currently used in the routine genetic evaluations (“Official”) which were estimated using data from the old classification system in May 2006. Heritabilities used for the others breeds (Table 4, Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Canadienne and Milking Shorthorn) were calculated as the average of the estimated heritabilities for Ayrshire and Jersey. Table 4 also shows the heritability values that are currently used in the routine genetic evaluations (“Official”) which were estimated using data from the old classification system in May 2006. The estimated heritabilities in Ayrshire and Jersey follow the same tendency as in Holstein. Estimates using the old data were similar to the heritabilities that are currently used (estimated using similar data in May 2006). For the majority of the traits the heritabilities using records from the current classification system were lower than estimates using data from the old classification system. One of the biggest changes was observed for Pin Setting in Ayrshire, heritability estimates using the old data were around 0.20 while estimates from the current data were 0.02 which is much more in line with the other breeds. The genetic correlations between the two systems ranged from 0.55 to 1.00 for Ayrshire and from 0.63 to 1.00 for Jersey when the same trait was available in the old and current systems. When a different trait was substituted the estimated correlation tended to be lower, especially for Teat Length. The impact of applying the heritabilities estimated using the current data (shown in bold in Tables 1 to 4) without changing the correlation between traits (as recommended by the DCGBC in March 2011) is shown in tables 5 and 6. Changes in bull proofs (Tables 5a to 5g) and cow indexes (Table 6a to 6g) are fairly small for most traits. Some traits have larger changes in proofs and indexes due to a larger change in the heritability. The largest change is observed in Ayrshire due to a drop in the heritability from 0.20 to 0.02. Conclusion and Recommendation Estimated heritabilities using data from the old system are comparable to previous estimates but estimates for the current system are lower. Based on the DCGBC recommendation in March 2011 proofs using estimated heritabilities from the current system were submitted to the September Interbull test run. It is recommended to implement these heritabilities in the December 2011 official proof run.

Table 1. Heritabilities and correlations currently used in Official Genetic Evaluations and estimates using December 2010 data from Old and Current System for the Holstein Breed.

TRAIT Official Estimated Heritability Correlation Heritability

Old Heritability

Current Correlation

Conformation 0.26 0.98 0.27 0.21 ** 0.93 (max .99) Dairy Strength 0.36 0.95 0.35 0.24 ** 0.96 Rump 0.23 0.98 0.24 0.23 0.95 Feet and Legs 0.15 0.98 0.16 0.12 * 0.89 Mammary System 0.25 0.98 0.25 0.24 0.95 Stature 0.53 M 1.00 0.52 M 0.45 ** 0.98 Front End 0.26 1.00 0.26 0.24 * 0.97 Chest Width 0.22 1.00 0.22 0.18 ** 0.96 Body Depth 0.32 1.00 0.32 0.29 * 0.97 Loin Strength 0.25 1.00 0.26 0.19 ** 0.98 Pin Width 0.34 M 1.00 0.34 M 0.31 ** 0.98 Pin Setting 0.09 1.00 0.09 0.07 ** 0.99 Rump Angle 0.37 M 1.00 0.41 M 0.39 * 0.98 Bone Quality 0.30 1.00 0.31 0.26 ** 0.98 Foot Angle 0.11 1.00 0.10 0.09 * 0.98 Heel Depth 0.08 1.00 0.08 0.07 0.93 Set of Rear Legs 0.05 1.00 0.05 0.04 ** 0.91 Rear Legs Side View 0.24 1.00 0.23 0.20 * 0.96 Rear Legs Rear View 0.12 1.00 0.12 0.11 0.93 (max .98) Udder Depth 0.41 M 1.00 0.42 M 0.42 0.99 Udder Texture 0.14 1.00 0.16 0.14 ** 0.92 Median Suspensory 0.14 1.00 0.15 0.17 * 0.96 Fore Attachment 0.28 1.00 0.28 0.24 ** 0.98 Fore Teat Placement 0.31 1.00 0.32 0.30 * 0.99 Teat Length 0.29 M 0.95 0.29 0.30 0.95 Rear Attachment Height 0.23 M 1.00 0.23 M 0.23 0.95 Rear Attachment Width 0.20 M 1.00 0.19 M 0.20 0.95 Rear Teat Placement 0.29 1.00 0.30 0.29 0.99 Angularity 0.26 1.00 0.26 0.17 ** 0.97 M Calculated using measurement data. Old and Current heritabilities are: * significant different at 5% level and ** highly different at 1% level.

Table 2. Heritabilities and correlations currently used in Official Genetic Evaluations and estimates using April 2011 data from Old and Current System for the Ayrshire Breed.

TRAIT Official Estimated Heritability Ayrshire

Heritability Holstein

Correlation Heritability Old

Heritability Current

Correlation

Conformation 0.23 0.95 0.22 0.20 0.84 Dairy Strength (DS) 0.37 0.90 0.36 0.21 0.81 Rump 0.24 0.95 0.22 0.14 0.71 Feet and Legs (FL) 0.21 0.95 0.21 0.15 0.93 Mammary System 0.22 0.95 0.15 0.18 0.92 Stature 0.55 0.95 0.54 0.38 1.00 Front End 0.26 0.50 DS 0.18 0.44 Chest Width 0.25 0.95 0.25 0.15 0.64 Body Depth 0.32 0.90 DS 0.28 0.54 Loin Strength 0.22 0.95 0.17 0.15 0.93 Pin Width 0.30 0.90 0.28 0.31 0.71 Pin Setting 0.20 0.95 0.21 0.02 0.64 Rump Angle 0.35 0.95 0.33 0.34 0.97 Bone Quality 0.34 0.95 0.34 0.35 0.96 Foot Angle (FAN) 0.08 0.95 0.05 0.06 0.66 Heel Depth 0.08 0.85 FAN 0.07 0.74 Set of Rear Legs 0.11 0.95 0.09 0.06 1.00 Rear Legs Side View 0.18 0.95 0.19 0.20 0.94 Rear Legs Rear View 0.12 0.90 FL 0.18 0.64 Udder Depth 0.32 0.95 0.29 0.32 1.00 Udder Texture 0.13 0.95 0.12 0.16 0.76 Median Suspensory 0.16 0.95 0.14 0.17 0.57 Fore Attachment 0.23 0.95 0.24 0.26 0.86 Fore Teat Placement 0.17 0.95 0.15 0.27 0.55 Teat Length 0.29 0.50 DS 0.31 0.26 Rear Attachment Height 0.19 0.95 0.16 0.24 0.57 Rear Attachment Width 0.19 0.95 0.18 0.21 0.58 Rear Teat Placement 0.24 0.95 0.18 0.28 0.82 Angularity 0.26 0.95 DS 0.16 0.60

Table 3. Heritabilities and correlations currently used in Official Genetic Evaluations and estimates using April 2011 data from Old and Current System for the Jersey Breed.

TRAIT Official Estimated Heritability Jersey

Heritability Holstein

Correlation Heritability Old

Heritability Current

Correlation

Conformation 0.23 0.95 0.22 0.18 0.98 Dairy Strength (DS) 0.32 0.90 0.28 0.16 0.91 Rump 0.17 0.95 0.11 0.13 0.65 Feet and Legs (FL) 0.13 0.95 0.13 0.13 1.00 Mammary System 0.20 0.95 0.15 0.16 0.97 Stature 0.46 0.95 0.48 0.36 0.97 Front End 0.26 0.50 DS 0.18 0.66 Chest Width 0.17 0.95 0.23 0.09 1.00 Body Depth 0.32 0.90 DS 0.27 0.56 Loin Strength 0.22 0.95 0.18 0.17 0.92 Pin Width 0.21 0.90 0.15 0.15 0.63 Pin Setting 0.04 0.95 0.03 0.05 0.81 Rump Angle 0.29 0.95 0.31 0.30 0.93 Bone Quality 0.15 0.95 0.16 0.19 0.99 Foot Angle (FAN) 0.06 0.95 0.05 0.13 1.00 Heel Depth 0.08 0.85 FAN 0.07 0.97 Set of Rear Legs 0.07 0.95 0.07 0.03 0.99 Rear Legs Side View 0.14 0.95 0.13 0.18 0.87 Rear Legs Rear View 0.12 0.90 FL 0.07 1.00 Udder Depth 0.30 0.95 0.28 0.38 1.00 Udder Texture 0.12 0.95 0.13 0.10 0.83 Median Suspensory 0.19 0.95 0.17 0.14 0.99 Fore Attachment 0.22 0.95 0.21 0.25 0.92 Fore Teat Placement 0.22 0.95 0.19 0.27 1.00 Teat Length 0.29 M 0.50 DS 0.22 0.16 Rear Attachment Height 0.22 0.95 0.16 0.24 0.89 Rear Attachment Width 0.18 0.95 0.17 0.17 0.90 Rear Teat Placement 0.29 0.95 0.30 0.25 1.00 Angularity 0.26 0.95 DS 0.15 0.46

Table 4. Heritabilities and correlations currently used in Official Genetic Evaluations and estimates using April 2011 data from Old and Current System for the Brown Swiss, Guernsey, Canadienne and Milking Shorthorn.

TRAIT Official Estimated Heritability CB

HeritabilityHolstein

Correlation Heritability Current

Conformation 0.23 0.95 0.19 Dairy Strength (DS) 0.35 0.90 0.19 Rump 0.20 0.95 0.14 Feet and Legs (FL) 0.17 0.95 0.14 Mammary System 0.21 0.95 0.17 Stature 0.50 0.95 0.37 Front End 0.26 0.50 0.18 Chest Width 0.21 0.95 0.12 Body Depth 0.32 0.90 0.27 Loin Strength 0.22 0.95 0.16 Pin Width 0.26 0.90 0.23 Pin Setting 0.12 0.95 0.04 Rump Angle 0.32 0.95 0.32 Bone Quality 0.25 0.95 0.27 Foot Angle (FAN) 0.07 0.95 0.10 Heel Depth 0.08 0.85 0.08 Set of Rear Legs 0.09 0.95 0.04 Rear Legs Side View 0.16 0.95 0.19 Rear Legs Rear View 0.12 0.90 0.12 Udder Depth 0.31 0.95 0.35 Udder Texture 0.13 0.95 0.13 Median Suspensory 0.18 0.95 0.16 Fore Attachment 0.23 0.95 0.25 Fore Teat Placement 0.20 0.95 0.27 Teat Length 0.29 0.50 0.27 Rear Attachment Height 0.20 0.95 0.24 Rear Attachment Width 0.19 0.95 0.19 Rear Teat Placement 0.26 0.95 0.27 Angularity 0.26 0.95 0.16

Table 5a. Change in Holstein bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 357 7501 744 Dairy Strength 3 1005 6673 920 1Rump 182 8138 282 Feet & Legs 662 6498 1439 Mammary System 109 8172 321 Stature (meas) 6 25 173 1633 3919 1952 702 192Height at Front End 182 8217 203 Chest Width 562 7583 457 Body Depth 279 8136 187 Loin Strength 638 7188 776 Pin Width (meas) 163 8250 189 Pin Setting 2 1023 6516 1058 3Rump Angle (meas) 130 8374 98 Bone Quality 328 7950 324 Foot Angle 761 7147 694 Heel Depth 617 7395 590 Set of Rear Legs 7 1449 6067 1078 1Rear Leg Side View 462 7651 489 Rear Leg Rear View 413 7941 248 Udder Depth (meas) 116 8453 33 Udder Texture 77 8504 21 Median Suspensory 2 44 1321 4087 2515 618 15Fore Attachment 330 7894 378 Fore Teat Placement 65 8447 90 Teat Length (meas) 120 8344 138 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 66 8474 62 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 35 8528 39 Rear Teat Placement 38 8501 63 Angularity 10 1420 6322 848 2

Table 5b. Change in Ayrshire bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 33 698 33 Dairy Strength 1 7 164 459 124 9Rump 4 134 476 143 7Feet & Legs 87 590 87 Mammary System 52 659 53 Stature (meas) 64 606 93 1Height at Front End 2 124 553 84 Chest Width 8 164 462 127 3Body Depth 73 665 26 Loin Strength 1 74 614 75 Pin Width (meas) 37 719 8 Pin Setting 64 51 67 87 102 93 85 215Rump Angle (meas) 21 742 1 Bone Quality 2 740 22 Foot Angle 126 517 120 1Heel Depth 37 647 80 Set of Rear Legs 5 37 230 333 145 13 1Rear Leg Side View 41 697 26 Rear Leg Rear View 1 129 461 167 6Udder Depth (meas) 2 755 7 Udder Texture 60 650 54 Median Suspensory 31 717 16 Fore Attachment 30 697 37 Fore Teat Placement 128 521 112 3Teat Length (meas) 26 707 31 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 76 630 58 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 51 686 27 Rear Teat Placement 35 687 42 Angularity 5 150 468 137 4

Table 5c. Change in Jersey bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 27 414 69 Dairy Strength 6 111 286 99 8Rump 62 381 67 Feet & Legs 3 481 26 Mammary System 31 420 59 Stature (meas) 46 436 28 Height at Front End 70 350 89 1Chest Width 13 112 255 113 17Body Depth 33 442 35 Loin Strength 34 415 61 Pin Width (meas) 77 383 49 1Pin Setting 65 382 63 Rump Angle (meas) 31 477 2 Bone Quality 40 433 37 Foot Angle 3 16 109 241 123 16 2Heel Depth 22 435 53 Set of Rear Legs 5 25 103 160 146 59 12Rear Leg Side View 37 432 41 Rear Leg Rear View 10 91 244 144 21Udder Depth (meas) 40 452 18 Udder Texture 20 447 43 Median Suspensory 1 59 391 59 Fore Attachment 19 462 29 Fore Teat Placement 26 448 36 Teat Length (meas) 93 375 42 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 8 468 34 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 11 482 17 Rear Teat Placement 12 466 32 Angularity 2 128 309 69 2

Table 5d. Change in Brown Swiss bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 22 188 16 Dairy Strength 2 45 130 42 7Rump 1 28 153 44 Feet & Legs 15 194 17 Mammary System 25 177 24 Stature (meas) 27 165 34 Height at Front End 37 162 27 Chest Width 15 57 108 39 7Body Depth 12 195 19 Loin Strength 29 153 44 Pin Width (meas) 13 208 5 Pin Setting 5 7 23 47 55 39 37 13Rump Angle (meas) 226 Bone Quality 9 212 5 Foot Angle 2 31 150 43 Heel Depth 11 193 22 Set of Rear Legs 13 81 82 33 14 3Rear Leg Side View 19 189 18 Rear Leg Rear View 226 Udder Depth (meas) 14 206 6 Udder Texture 226 Median Suspensory 15 206 5 Fore Attachment 10 211 5 Fore Teat Placement 1 30 158 37 Teat Length (meas) 10 212 4 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 16 181 29 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 226 Rear Teat Placement 4 217 5 Angularity 40 145 39 2

Table 5e. Change in Guernsey bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 10 124 19 Dairy Strength 22 86 41 4Rump 15 99 37 2Feet & Legs 21 116 16 Mammary System 6 135 12 Stature (meas) 6 126 21 Height at Front End 1 14 106 32 Chest Width 19 103 31 Body Depth 16 130 7 Loin Strength 25 100 28 Pin Width (meas) 9 131 13 Pin Setting 1 4 12 33 33 43 20 7Rump Angle (meas) 153 Bone Quality 4 147 2 Foot Angle 26 89 38 Heel Depth 10 130 13 Set of Rear Legs 10 15 22 32 42 20 9 3Rear Leg Side View 20 119 14 Rear Leg Rear View 153 Udder Depth (meas) 6 137 10 Udder Texture 153 Median Suspensory 7 137 9 Fore Attachment 4 146 3 Fore Teat Placement 21 120 12 Teat Length (meas) 4 147 2 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 21 118 14 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 153 Rear Teat Placement 149 4 Angularity 23 89 40 1

Table 5f. Change in Canadienne bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 10 32 2 Dairy Strength 4 9 25 5 1Rump 5 33 6 Feet & Legs 7 35 2 Mammary System 1 41 2 Stature (meas) 5 36 3 Height at Front End 5 37 2 Chest Width 1 8 23 11 1Body Depth 3 37 4 Loin Strength 6 35 3 Pin Width (meas) 4 38 2 Pin Setting 1 3 7 7 13 10 0 3Rump Angle (meas) 44 Bone Quality 1 41 2 Foot Angle 8 26 10 Heel Depth 1 41 2 Set of Rear Legs 2 4 8 16 11 2 1Rear Leg Side View 2 42 Rear Leg Rear View 44 Udder Depth (meas) 2 40 2 Udder Texture 44 Median Suspensory 3 40 1 Fore Attachment 42 2 Fore Teat Placement 8 26 10 Teat Length (meas) 3 39 2 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 1 39 4 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 44 Rear Teat Placement 44 Angularity 3 10 22 9

Table 5g. Change in Milking Shorthorn bull proofs when using the new heritabilities. Trait

Change in Proof <-4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 +3

Conformation 1 30 9 Dairy Strength 1 5 27 7 Rump 3 35 2 Feet & Legs 1 30 9 Mammary System 1 34 5 Stature (meas) 3 36 1 Height at Front End 14 23 3 Chest Width 7 27 6 Body Depth 4 33 3 Loin Strength 3 32 5 Pin Width (meas) 37 3 Pin Setting 3 10 18 8 1Rump Angle (meas) 5 35 Bone Quality 36 4 Foot Angle 29 11 Heel Depth 33 7 Set of Rear Legs 5 26 9 Rear Leg Side View 15 25 Rear Leg Rear View 37 3 Udder Depth (meas) 6 34 Udder Texture 29 11 Median Suspensory 35 5 Fore Attachment 2 36 2 Fore Teat Placement 36 4 Teat Length (meas) 31 9 Rear Attachment Height(meas) 1 35 4 Rear Attachment Width (meas) 33 7 Rear Teat Placement 37 3 Angularity 4 25 10 1

Table 6a. Change in Holstein cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 765 340784 1692892 441826 3616

Dairy Strength 2 176 7846 128013 636199 1012633 566546 118619 9501 345 3

Rump 70727 2344466 64690

Feet & Legs 416 252892 1688958 532885 4732

Mammary System 56329 2298589 124965

Stature (meas) 2 8 45 6666 435396 1609614 418983 8914 232 20 3

Height at Front End 150776 2167292 161814 1

Chest Width 916 356628 1779898 341306 1135

Body Depth 5 235712 2044611 199551 4

Loin Strength 11 7018 417697 1516440 521580 17099 38

Pin Width (meas) 11 195983 2088798 195072 19

Pin Setting 342 263033 1789587 425765 1156

Rump Angle (meas) 2 130452 2228898 120530 1

Bone Quality 34 273607 1921098 285039 105

Foot Angle 79 257513 1948335 273913 43

Heel Depth 171908 2167844 140131

Set of Rear Legs 126 277002 1916659 286049 47

Rear Leg Side View 934 353143 1786390 338321 1095

Rear Leg Rear View 136757 2247149 95977

Udder Depth (meas) 76765 2354590 48528

Udder Texture 27306 2448611 3966

Median Suspensory 149 245069 1910546 324007 112

Fore Attachment 83 277140 1881060 321336 264

Fore Teat Placement 65380 2345013 69490

Teat Length (meas) 60737 2333083 86063

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 21560 2442370 15953

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 14098 2452346 13439

Rear Teat Placement 15460 2447548 16875

Angularity 65 3813 103137 688765 1129700 489092 62884 2411 16

Table 6b. Change in Ayrshire cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 10668 99991 11461

Dairy Strength 13 198 2080 11186 30352 40404 26609 9190 1836 226 25 1

Rump 1 9 279 5458 30365 52198 28182 5232 385 11

Feet & Legs 6 948 24738 70536 24812 1075 5

Mammary System 4 12141 97717 12251 7

Stature (meas) 5 29 588 6445 28258 47135 30232 8172 1164 84 7 0 1

Height at Front End 23 793 26575 77965 16116 621 26 1

Chest Width 22 566 7140 33425 50763 25270 4520 400 14

Body Depth 6 17287 94698 10123 6

Loin Strength 627 23319 73099 24278 792 3

Pin Width (meas) 6883 112838 2399

Pin Setting 5347 5194 8330 11665 14271 15678 15731 14127 11132 8321 5551 3368 3405

Rump Angle (meas) 4747 115326 2047

Bone Quality 1988 114970 5162

Foot Angle 151 16939 88191 16901 38

Heel Depth 5401 102413 14305 1

Set of Rear Legs 11 486 8871 38056 49630 21630 3252 183 3

Rear Leg Side View 10323 104689 7108

Rear Leg Rear View 11 1383 23329 65888 29523 1953 33

Udder Depth (meas) 224 120586 1310

Udder Texture 8 13509 93888 14709 6

Median Suspensory 3005 115381 3734

Fore Attachment 1 10738 99455 11926

Fore Teat Placement 5 194 3475 27904 61543 26298 2581 117 3

Teat Length (meas) 5633 111805 4682

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 2 187 20734 86012 15103 82

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 9740 104831 7549

Rear Teat Placement 15 13669 95629 12803 4

Angularity 7 212 4650 29445 54227 28577 4724 273 5

Table 6c. Change in Jersey cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 28 9973 59085 17457 170

Dairy Strength 35 244 1694 7926 20439 27644 19360 7358 1725 263 25

Rump 65 11420 58251 16776 201

Feet & Legs 61 81139 5513

Mammary System 10 7441 66091 13148 23

Stature (meas) 11 47 73 1333 19710 47227 17022 1215 63 11 1

Height at Front End 3 30 620 11369 52030 21544 1071 44 2

Chest Width 1 14 377 3681 18840 35543 22019 5535 672 28 3

Body Depth 69 13158 61688 11747 51

Loin Strength 34 10237 59614 16655 173

Pin Width (meas) 9 687 18121 50647 16454 757 31 6 1

Pin Setting 13730 67695 5287 1

Rump Angle (meas) 8197 76085 2431

Bone Quality 50 11128 61735 13755 45

Foot Angle 1 23 376 4156 20875 36893 20071 3922 361 33 2

Heel Depth 1352 73359 12002

Set of Rear Legs 2 82 1544 11517 32260 30553 9551 1146 54 4

Rear Leg Side View 96 12540 63089 10945 43

Rear Leg Rear View 1 36 1273 13291 39163 27566 5097 277 9

Udder Depth (meas) 3 330 15049 61725 9490 115 1

Udder Texture 5642 71232 9838 1

Median Suspensory 1 374 16405 54634 14917 380 2

Fore Attachment 8007 73125 5581

Fore Teat Placement 44 10669 63248 12707 45

Teat Length (meas) 1 207 15456 61998 8924 126 1

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 3494 75582 7637

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 3389 79443 3881

Rear Teat Placement 1 8695 63777 11608 32

Angularity 1 14 364 4551 23045 36498 18640 3339 250 11

Table 6d. Change in Brown Swiss cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 1 1620 11736 1902

Dairy Strength 1 17 142 988 3392 5176 3794 1434 274 35 6

Rump 40 1905 8788 4319 207

Feet & Legs 1 1660 11738 1860

Mammary System 1 1945 11595 1716 2

Stature (meas) 1 35 483 3426 7169 3556 534 48 5 1 1

Height at Front End 38 2859 10063 2222 76 1

Chest Width 13 127 1041 4088 5794 3315 766 109 5 1

Body Depth 7 2017 11064 2162 9

Loin Strength 25 2077 9450 3595 112

Pin Width (meas) 1078 13049 1132

Pin Setting 8 54 368 1321 2688 3974 3529 2153 886 223 48 6 1

Rump Angle (meas) 15259

Bone Quality 910 13727 622

Foot Angle 11 1859 9730 3561 98

Heel Depth 1265 13391 603

Set of Rear Legs 23 904 4757 5984 2942 609 40

Rear Leg Side View 1635 12280 1344

Rear Leg Rear View 15259

Udder Depth (meas) 2 1539 12396 1322

Udder Texture 15259

Median Suspensory 1023 13260 976

Fore Attachment 1002 13445 812

Fore Teat Placement 79 2334 9351 3359 134 2

Teat Length (meas) 980 13759 520

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 10 1821 11649 1778 1

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 15259

Rear Teat Placement 397 14351 511

Angularity 8 285 2987 7312 4047 583 37

Table 6e. Change in Guernsey cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 1182 9561 2004 1

Dairy Strength 2 70 579 2547 4440 3500 1341 245 23 1

Rump 44 1676 6872 3865 289 2

Feet & Legs 2 1866 9546 1333 1

Mammary System 1071 10764 913

Stature (meas) 2 125 2054 6562 3602 394 9

Height at Front End 15 1099 7910 3645 78 1

Chest Width 94 2606 7237 2666 143 2

Body Depth 1 1482 9823 1442

Loin Strength 55 2411 7763 2464 55

Pin Width (meas) 537 10805 1406

Pin Setting 1 13 146 833 2389 3535 3073 1845 733 157 22 1

Rump Angle (meas) 12748

Bone Quality 633 11445 670

Foot Angle 34 2006 8165 2525 18

Heel Depth 663 11040 1045

Set of Rear Legs 56 256 888 2698 4443 3006 1095 273 31 2

Rear Leg Side View 4 1607 9842 1294 1

Rear Leg Rear View 12748

Udder Depth (meas) 484 11302 962

Udder Texture 12748

Median Suspensory 736 10921 1091

Fore Attachment 805 11517 426

Fore Teat Placement 1 90 2944 7977 1710 26

Teat Length (meas) 462 11987 299

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 3 1995 9628 1121 1

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 12748

Rear Teat Placement 381 12072 295

Angularity 5 224 2370 5840 3594 676 39

Table 6f. Change in Canadienne cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 4 679 2570 398

Dairy Strength 11 59 362 1133 1348 614 104 18 2

Rump 1 29 915 2218 481 7

Feet & Legs 656 2683 312

Mammary System 2 376 3036 237

Stature (meas) 75 974 1940 626 35 1

Height at Front End 4 539 2632 461 15

Chest Width 10 149 834 1554 895 185 23 1

Body Depth 13 750 2523 362 3

Loin Strength 4 608 2373 658 8

Pin Width (meas) 312 3106 233

Pin Setting 11 82 268 595 912 912 536 238 78 19

Rump Angle (meas) 3651

Bone Quality 369 2901 381

Foot Angle 14 531 2316 769 21

Heel Depth 210 3250 191

Set of Rear Legs 21 258 989 1522 732 117 11 1

Rear Leg Side View 383 2938 330

Rear Leg Rear View 3651

Udder Depth (meas) 217 3232 202

Udder Texture 3651

Median Suspensory 307 3083 261

Fore Attachment 228 3212 211

Fore Teat Placement 30 611 2071 895 44

Teat Length (meas) 238 3309 104

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 1 453 2660 536 1

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 3651

Rear Teat Placement 110 3447 94

Angularity 1 16 194 1160 1703 545 30 2

Table 6g. Change in Milking cow indexes when using the new heritabilities.

Trait

Change in Index

<-5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 +7Conformation 126 1564 332

Dairy Strength 1 4 30 184 497 683 443 146 27 7

Rump 5 431 1297 284 5

Feet & Legs 125 1599 298

Mammary System 98 1558 366

Stature (meas) 1 6 70 428 951 501 61 3 1

Height at Front End 14 776 1156 75 1

Chest Width 4 89 528 899 429 70 3

Body Depth 7 375 1273 357 9 1

Loin Strength 8 348 1303 354 9

Pin Width (meas) 168 1605 248 1

Pin Setting 8 118 493 833 484 80 6

Rump Angle (meas) 196 1826

Bone Quality 35 1833 154

Foot Angle 66 1265 680 11

Heel Depth 45 1744 233

Set of Rear Legs 29 451 1159 363 19 1

Rear Leg Side View 543 1425 54

Rear Leg Rear View 1829 193

Udder Depth (meas) 433 1530 59

Udder Texture 1545 477

Median Suspensory 17 1685 320

Fore Attachment 79 1855 88

Fore Teat Placement 196 1475 349 2

Teat Length (meas) 5 1666 351

Rear Attachment Height(meas) 1 148 1603 270

Rear Attachment Width (meas) 1612 410

Rear Teat Placement 9 1913 100

Angularity 3 60 469 915 484 87 4