Herbicide Selection and Management in Pome and Stone Fruit · Herbicide Mode of Action Herbicides...
Transcript of Herbicide Selection and Management in Pome and Stone Fruit · Herbicide Mode of Action Herbicides...
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Herbicide Selection and Management
in Pome and Stone Fruit Bernard Zandstra
Michigan State University Traverse City, MI January 25, 2012
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Herbicide Mode of Action Herbicides target a specific plant enzyme,
biochemical pathway, or reproductive function. This is called the Mode of Action (MOA). The active place in the biochemical or reproductive pathway is called the Target Site.
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MOA and Target Site MOA and Target Site for herbicides in the
same chemical family are similar. Using the same or related compounds may lead to crop injury or weed resistance. The more active a herbicide is, the greater the risk of weed resistance.
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Chemical Families and Representative Herbicides (1)
Family Herbicide MOA Substituted
Urea Karmex,
Lorox Photosystem II
Inhibitor
Substituted Uracil
Sinbar, Hyvar X
Photosystem II Inhibitor
Triazine Princep, Aatrex
Photosystem II Inhibitor
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Chemical Families and Representative Herbicides (2)
Family Herbicide MOA
Sulfonylurea Matrix, Sandea
Acetolactase Synthase Inhibitor
Dinitroaniline Prowl, Surflan Mitosis Inhibitor
Diphenylether Goal, Blazer
Protoporphyrinogen Oxidase Inhibitor
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Chemical Families and Representative Herbicides (3)
Family Herbicide MOA
Triazolinone Aim, Spartan PPO Inhibitor
Phenyl-Phthalimide Chateau PPO Inhibitor
Pyrimidinedione Treevix (Kixor) PPO Inhibitor
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Chemical Families and Representative Herbicides (4)
Family Herbicide MOA
Nitrile Gallery, Casoron Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor
Pyridazinone Solicam Pigment Inhibitor
Triketone Callisto Carotenoid Synthesis Inhibitor
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Methods of Selectivity • Metabolism of the herbicide • Placement in time or space • Plant anatomical differences • Resistance at site of action • Differences in stage of growth
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Fruit Tree Selectivity
New Planting
Established Tree
Soil Herbicide
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Directed Application
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Broadcast Application
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Leaching Potential • The more soluble a herbicide is the
greater the potential for leaching into the root zone and for crop injury.
• Sandy soil with less than 1% organic matter is very porous and herbicides may leach into tree root zone. Observe label precautions about soil type and herbicide rates.
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Residual Herbicides for Tree Fruit (1)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Surflan Mitosis Inhibitor 3.0 20
Prowl H2O Mitosis Inhibitor 0.3 44
Devrinol Mitosis Inhibitor 73 70
Kerb Mitosis Inhibitor 15 60
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Residual Herbicides for Tree Fruit (2)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Trellis (Gallery)
Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor 1.0 120
Casoron Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor 21 60
Alion Cellulose Synthesis Inhibitor 3 ?
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Residual Herbicides for Tree Fruit (3)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Chateau PPO Inhibitor 2 20
Goal PPO Inhibitor 0.1 35
Treevix PPO Inhibitor 2100 17
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Residual Herbicides for Tree Fruit (4)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Matrix ALS Inhibitor 10 4
Sandea ALS Inhibitor 15 30
Mission ALS Inhibitor 2100 16
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Residual Herbicides for Tree Fruit (5)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Karmex PSII Inhibitor 42 90
Princep PSII Inhibitor 2 60
Sinbar PSII Inhibitor 710 120
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Postemergence Herbicides for Tree Fruit (1)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Roundup EPSPS Inhibitor 15K 45
Gramoxone PSI Inhibitor 620K 1000
Fusilade DX ACCase Inhibitor 1 15
Poast ACCase Inhibitor 4400 5
Select ACCase Inhibitor 10 3
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Postemergence Herbicides for Tree Fruit (2)
Herbicide MOA Solubility (ppm)
Half Life (days)
Rely 280 Glutamine Inhibitor 1370K 7
Aim PPO Inhibitor 12K 0
Venue PPO Inhibitor 1 7
Treevix PPO Inhibitor 2100 17
Sandea ALS Inhibitor 15 30
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Adjuvants • Material added to the spray mixture that
helps overcome spray barriers and disruptors.
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Spray Barriers • Natural plant characteristics that reduce
herbicide contact or in other ways reduce effectiveness of herbicides.
• Eg: Leaf angle, cuticle wax, leaf hairs, growth habit, plant size, reproductive stage, level of dormancy.
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Spray Disruptors • Factors other than plant physiology and
morphology that cause reduced effectiveness of herbicides.
• Eg: Hard water, high pH water, tank mix components, wind, rain.
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Types of Adjuvants 1. Activator Agents – overcome plant spray
barriers. 2. Spray Modifier Agents – modify physical and
mechanical barriers.
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Activator Agents 1. Nonionic Surfactant (NIS) – 80-90% long-
chain alcohol. 2. Crop Oil Concentrate (COC) – 80%
petroleum oil and 20% surfactant. 3. Methylated Seed Oil (MSO) – Oil
concentrate from soybean oil; usually 100% oil.
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Effects of Adjuvants on Spray Droplets
http://pubs.cas.psu.edu/freepubs/pdfs/uo221.pdf
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Spray Modifier Agents 1. Acidifiers – eg LI700 2. N Fertilizer – urea, ammonium nitrate 3. Compatibility Agents 4. Anti-Foam 5. Sticker 6. Drift Control 7. Silicone Surfactants – Silwet L-77, Sylgard 309
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Adjuvant Selection 1. Nonionic Surfactant (NIS) for most
postemergence herbicide application. 2. Crop Oil Concentrate (COC) for herbicides that
recommend it on the label. 3. Methylated Soybean Oil (MSO) for some ALS
inhibitors. 4. Acidifier for hard water if pH > 7. 5. Sticker spreader for insecticide and fungicide
application. 6. Drift retardant for blast sprayers.
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Optimum Weed Control 1. Know your weeds. 2. Know your herbicides. 3. Know your crop.
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Weeds 1. Identify weeds to family and genus if
possible. 2. It is normally easier to control weeds
preemergence than postemergence. 3. For perennials, attack them at several stages
during the year.
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Weed Identification Websites
• Weed Science Society of America Weed ID: – http://www.wssa.net/Weeds/ID/index.htm
• Identifying Weeds in Field Crops: – http://www.ipm.msu.edu/weeds-field.htm
• MSU Turf Weeds: – http://msuturfweeds.net/
• Midwestern Turfgrass Weed Identification and Control:
– http://www.turf.uiuc.edu/weed_web/index.htm • University of Illinois Weed Science:
– http://weeds.cropsci.illinois.edu/weedid.htm
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Weed Identification Publications (1)
“More Turfgrass and Related Weeds: Beyond the Color Atlas”
-L.B. McCarthy & D.W. Hall
“Weeds of the Northeast”
-R. Uva, J. Neal, and J. DiTomaso
“Weeds of the Northeast”
-R. Uva, J. Neal, & J. DiTomaso
http://www.cornellpress.cornell.edu/book/?GCOI=80140100077290
http://cdn.arbicoorganics.com/images/large/1601445-m.jpg
https://shopping.clemson.edu/images/More%20Turf%20Weeds.jpg
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Weed Identification Publications (2)
“Weeds of the South” -Charles T. Bryson & Michael S. DeFlice
“Weeds of the Midwestern United States & Central Canada”
-Charles T. Bryson & Michael S. DeFelice
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Herbicides 1. Know the Mode of Action (MOA). Use at least 2
MOA preemergence. Apply preemergence herbicides in fall and spring. Rotate MOA each year.
2. Include glyphosate in fall and spring, preemergence applications to kill biennials and winter annuals.
3. Use postemergence herbicides during the growing season to kill emerged weeds. Some weeds can be killed only postemergence. Observe PHI’s.
4. Be aware of potential crop injury.
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Crop 1. Each crop has specific herbicide registrations.
Do not assume all trees are the same. 2. Young trees are more susceptible; roots are
shallow and bark is thinner. 3. Watch for crop injury symptoms. 4. Maintain good pesticide records.
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A Weed Control Program For Apple (1)
Year 0 Fall: Chateau 8-10 oz + glyphosate 1 qt Year 1 Spring: Sinbar 1 lb or Karmex 3 lb June: glyphosate 1 qt + Venue 2 oz Fall: Alion 5 oz + glyphosate
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A Weed Control Program For Apple (2)
Year 2 Spring: Matrix 4 oz + Karmex 3 lb + glyphosate June: Treevix 1 oz + Venue 1 oz Fall: Solicam 4 lb + Casoron CS 1.4 gal + glyphosate Year 3 Spring: Princep 4 lb + Surflan or Prowl 4 qt June: Rely 280 3 pt + Venue 1 oz Fall: Chateau 8-10 oz + glyphosate
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A Cherry Weed Control Program (1)
Year 0 Fall: Chateau 6-10 oz + glyphosate 1 qt Year 1 Spring: Prowl 4 qt + Matrix 4 oz June: glyphosate 1 qt or Aim 2 oz + Venue 2 oz Fall: Alion 5 oz + glyphosate
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A Cherry Weed Control Program (2)
Year 2 Spring: Goal Tender 2 qt + Surflan 2 qt June: Gramoxone 2 qt (28 day PHI) + Venue 2 oz Fall: Chateau 0-1 oz + glyphosate 1 qt Year 3 Spring: Prowl 4 qt + Matrix June: Gramoxone 2 qt + Venue 2 oz Fall: Alion 5 oz + glyphosate
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New Labels Coming for Tree Fruit
• Mission (flazasulfuron) – Long residual • Trellis (isoxaben) – Long residual • Spartan (sulfentrazone) – Composite +
pigweed control • Stinger (clopyralid) – Post composite,
legume, nightshade
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Special Weed Problems Yellow Nutsedge – Sandea – Post Quackgrass – Kerb – Fall Annual Bluegrass – Select Max
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The End