A seminar on-“Herbal Drugs to Combat Fish Diseases”

AAH- 312

Submitted to:Dr. G. DashDept. of AAH

Submitted by:Krishna Pada SinghaRoll No.- FS-11/13B.F.Sc 3rd Yr.

INTRODUCTION:

Many herbs and plants have been used in many cultures around the world for both human and animals as well as fish.Some of these remedies have anti-viral properties as well as anti-bacterial and anti-fungal properties.These natural plant products have been reported to have various properties such as anti-stress, growth promoters, appetizers, tonic and immunostimulants.Moreover, these substances also possess other valuable properties; they are nontoxic, biodegradable and biocompatible.Although the properties of herbs and plants are in use in herbal medicine around the World.

HERBS USED IN AQUACULTURE

Parts used:Neem leaves tied up in bundles are dipped in the fish ponds infected.They will work best when placed at the access of the water flow or at the 4 corners of the pond.

1. Neem tree (Azadirachta indica) leaf:From the practical side these compounds also exhibit a wide variety of biological activity, for example, pesticides, antifeedants, and cytotoxic properties.

Dosage: 150-200 twigs for a 1000 square-meter pond.

Neem's Effects against Bacteria:

There have been a number of clinical studies showing that Neem has significant effects on several bacterial strains. Among some of the more prominent strains studied were Staphylococcus aureus, Streptococcus pyogenes, Sornebacterium, E. Coli, and Salmonella typhosa. These bacteria’s can cause meningitis, cystitis, sore throats, typhoid, blood poisoning, and food poisoning. Neem's ability to exert significant effects over the above mentioned bacterial strains indicates it’s ability to resolve the aforementioned conditions.

There are certain compounds in Neem that demonstrate a unique ability to surround viruses, which prevents them from causing infection. Neem also inhibits viral multiplication by interacting with the surface of the cells to prevent the cell from becoming infected by the virus. Neem has been observed to be effective against a number of viral pathogens in various clinical studies demonstrating it contains unique properties to inhibit viral disease.

Neem's Effects against Viruses:

Neem's Effects on the Immune System:

Modern clinical studies have identified a number of compounds in the Neem tree that effectively regulate immune system functions.

There are immunomodulatory polysaccharide compounds, especially present in Neem bark, that apparently increase antibody production.

Neem seed oil (NSO) is composed of a complex mixture of biologically active compounds, azadirachtin is most active of these. Azadirachtin-A is most abundant.

There are more than 25 other active compounds found in neem, including meliantriol, vepol and salannin.

Neem oil can also suffocate mites, whiteflies, aphids and other types of soft bodied insects on contact.

The principle active ingredient, azadirachtin, acts as an insects growth regulator (IGR) preventing exoskeleton development and impeding the moulting process.

2. Tulsi (Ocimum tenuiflorum):

The plant extract O. tenuiflorum treated fish group showed no mortality and more weight gain.

The antibody titre of the plant extract treated fish exhibited earlier and more antibody titre and the phagocytic activity was also more.

Therefore, O. tenuiflorum induces both non-specific and specific immunity.

O. tenuiflorum is a medicinal plant in traditional system of medicine, different parts of O. tenuiflorum have been recommended for the treatment of several diseases in fish.

Parts used: Leaves, stem, flower, root, seeds and even whole plant. Dosage: It is concluded that 10ppm O. tenuiflorum is more effective.

3. Kalmegh (Andrographis paniculata):

Kalmegh contains bitter principles andrographolide, a bicyclic diterpenoid lactone & kalmeghin.

Columnaris, a fish disease caused by the bacterium Flavobacterium columnare; of all tested herbs shows that kalmegh have a strongest antimicrobial activity against F. columnare.

Parts Used: Mostly the leaves.Dosage: The minimal inhibitory concentration was 31.25 μg/mL.

4. Garlic (Allium sativum):Raw, crushed garlic contains antimicrobial compound called allicin. It is use for control of EUS disease. Allicin is heat sensitive, rendering garlic and allicin supplements virtually useless in heat processed fish food. A little goes a long way – too much garlic can irritate mucous membranes and if it’s over-supplemented for too long, it can cause anemia due to iron-binding.

APPLICATION: Garlic (2 kg)+ Salt (2 kg)+CuSO4(20 gms)+ KMnO4 (20 gms).DOSAGE: Ingredients made into paste, is mixed in 30-50 liter of water and sprayed over pond water of 0.133ha pond.

5. Ginger (Zingiber officinale): It has a long tradition of being very effective in gastrointestinal distress.

6. Onion (Allium cepa): Onion used with soybean meal for growth performances, feed utilization & chemical composition in case of tilapia.

Use to minimize Protozoan disease and worm of fish.

Banana plant cell helps in increasing pH of the pond water through their alkaline secretion.

The pores on the surface on banana trunk are the opening to the pockets of oxygen, which ultimately helps to increasing the oxygen content.

Method: Banana logs are cut into pieces and immersed into pond water.

7. USE OF BANANA LOGS IN POND:

Musa paradisiaca

Method: In the hatching pool, the extract of water-immersed catechu nut is used in proper dose to make the eggshell hard.

8. Broken Catechu Nut Extract:

Use for to obtain higher Hatching rate. It helps in shell hardening and prevents immature release of hatchlings.

Use for control Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome (Red-spot Disease).

Dosage: 5-30kg for a 1000 square meter in surface area and 1.5 - 2 meters in depth pond.

Method: This plant leaves are tied up in bundles are dipped in the fish ponds infected.

9. Castor Oil Plant (Ricinus communis ):

10. Little Hog Weed (Portulaca oleracea):

Use for control the bacterial effect.

Dosage: 1.5 - 3 kg / 100kg of fishes.

Method: Wash the leaves with fresh water and then with 3% salt water. Feed the fish once/day during 5-7 days. Especially to the brood fishes, the leaves should be shredded and scattered all over the pond.

Note: it will work best when the fishes are in deep hunger.

11. Bhringaraj (Eclipta alba):

Use for parasites control.

Dosage: 10g of Eclipta alba leaves, 1 - 3 times/day.

Method: 10g of Eclipta alba (L.) leaves, combined with 10g of Betel leaves, mixed with 3g of squid liver oil to create a mixture. Put this mixture into 1kg fish-feed, then feed the fish 1 – 3 times/day.

Dosage: 3kg Water-pepper leaves/100kg fishes, or 1-2kg water pepper powder/100kg fishes.

Method: Water pepper trunk and leaf boiled, mixed with fish-feed, feed the fish continuously 3-6days.

12. Water-pepper (Persicaria hydropiper):Use for Epizootic Ulcerative Syndrome control.

13. Water Hyacinth:Correct the water quality. Besides rectifying the foul odor of the water, the plant takes care of absorbing the heavy metal particularly Mercury (Hg), Lead (Pb) and Arsenic (As).

14. Nodular Plants:The nodular plants are mainly (Family- Leguminaceae) used to increase the nitrogen content of the pond by action of nitrifying bacteria.

15. Bamboo Sticks: Farmers place bamboo sticks vertically in rural fish ponds. So fishes rub their body against the bamboo sticks. This helps in removing a large number of ecto-parasite mainly argulus from their body. Also helps to prevent poaching.

Other Herbs

Pineapple:The enzyme bromelain is the anti-parasite component in Pineapple. Other fruit commonly recommended includes papaya, pomegranate and blackberries.

Extra virgin coconut oil:

The high lauric acid content in coconut oil reportedly kills parasites.

Pumpkin Seed:Offers curcurbitin, a noted anti-parasite compound that works through paralysis of the parasitesm, which allows them to be eliminated naturally.

Cruciferous vegetables:

Thiols sulfur-bearing chemicals, such as those found in cabbage, are recommended in anti-parasite diets.

Papaya seed: Carpain is the active anti-parasite component. Also contains enzymes to improve protein digestion.

Raw or dehydrated raw carrots, pumpkin and other vegetables high in Vitamin A are said to increase resistance to parasite larvae. It’s important not to over-supplement Vitamin A, however, so make sure it’s only a part of a balanced diet and avoid high-carbohydrate sources.

Sea Cucumber: Anti-parasite properties have been proven effective even on malaria.

Brewer’s Yeast (Probiotics):

Recent research into the use of probiotics on fish has been very promising.

All species have anti-parasite properties and kelp is often recommended. Again, heavy processing deactivates most of these components so stick to gently-dried options. Seaweed will also help to reestablish electrolyte alkaline reserves.

Seaweed:

Water

Quality

Lack of

Knowledge

Time Consuming

Low availability

More amount

DecompositionLimitations of Herbal Plants

CONCLUSION:

Herbal compounds have the ability to inhibit the generation of oxygen anions and scavenge free radical, hence reducing stress effects. The herbal compounds have some advantage and some disadvantage. But it will be good if we use herbal plant extract instead of chemicals.

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